Unabomber Manifesto: Sentiment, Frequency
Jamie Reilly, Ph.D.
October 02, 2020
Introduction
This is an exercise for Introduction to Text Mining (Temple University CSD5000, Fall Semester 2020). We will be running some basic sentiment and frequency analyses on Theodore Kaczynski’s essay:
Industrial Society and its Future
Kaczynski’s cabin in rural Montana
Libraries
We will be relying on the tm package to do a lot of the heavy lifting here.
Read in unstructured text
https://github.com/reilly-lab/TempleTextMine2020/raw/master/unabomber_manifesto.txt
Paste should work by eliminating the line breaks and concatenating the text into a single character vector.
una2 <- paste(readLines("https://github.com/reilly-lab/TempleTextMine2020/raw/master/unabomber_manifesto.txt"),
collapse = " ") #concatenate into a single obs using the paste function -- opposite of str_split, collapse by space
# una2 <- paste(readLines('unabomber_manifesto.txt'), collapse = ' ')
# #concatenate into a single obs using the paste function -- opposite of
# str_split, collapse by space
str(una2) #character vector of length 1## chr "INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE Introduction 1. The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a "| __truncated__length(una2) #check that it's 1## [1] 1print(una2) #concatenated character vector - what we want for analysis## [1] "INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE Introduction 1. The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race. They have greatly increased the life-expectancy of those of us who live in “advanced” countries, but they have destabilized society, have made life unfulfilling, have subjected human beings to indignities, have led to widespread psychological suffering (in the Third World to physical suffering as well) and have inflicted severe damage on the natural world. The continued development of technology will worsen the situation. It will certainly subject human beings to greater indignities and inflict greater damage on the natural world, it will probably lead to greater social disruption and psychological suffering, and it may lead to increased physical suffering even in “advanced” countries. 2. The industrial-technological system may survive or it may break down. If it survives, it MAY eventually achieve a low level of physical and psychological suffering, but only after passing through a long and very painful period of adjustment and only at the cost of permanently reducing human beings and many other living organisms to engineered products and mere cogs in the social machine. Furthermore, if the system survives, the consequences will be inevitable: There is no way of reforming or modifying the system so as to prevent it from depriving people of dignity and autonomy. 3. If the system breaks down the consequences will still be very painful. But the bigger the system grows the more disastrous the results of its breakdown will be, so if it is to break down it had best break down sooner rather than later. 4. We therefore advocate a revolution against the industrial system. This revolution may or may not make use of violence; it may be sudden or it may be a relatively gradual process spanning a few decades. We can’t predict any of that. But we do outline in a very general way the measures that those who hate the industrial system should take in order to prepare the way for a revolution against that form of society. This is not to be a POLITICAL revolution. Its object will be to overthrow not governments but the economic and technological basis of the present society. 5. In this article we give attention to only some of the negative developments that have grown out of the industrial-technological system. Other such developments we mention only briefly or ignore altogether. This does not mean that we regard these other developments as unimportant. For practical reasons we have to confine our discussion to areas that have received insufficient public attention or in which we have something new to say. For example, since there are well-developed environmental and wilderness movements, we have written very little about environmental degradation or the destruction of wild nature, even though we consider these to be highly important. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MODERN LEFTISM 6. Almost everyone will agree that we live in a deeply troubled society. One of the most widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world is leftism, so a discussion of the psychology of leftism can serve as an introduction to the discussion of the problems of modern society in general. 7. But what is leftism? During the first half of the 20th century leftism could have been practically identified with socialism. Today the movement is fragmented and it is not clear who can properly be called a leftist. When we speak of leftists in this article we have in mind mainly socialists, collectivists, “politically correct” types, feminists, gay and disability activists, animal rights activists and the like. But not everyone who is associated with one of these movements is a leftist. What we are trying to get at in discussing leftism is not so much movement or an ideology as a psychological type, or rather a collection of related types. Thus, what we mean by “leftism” will emerge more clearly in the course of our discussion of leftist psychology. (Also, see paragraphs 227-230.) 8. Even so, our conception of leftism will remain a good deal less clear than we would wish, but there doesn’t seem to be any remedy for this. All we are trying to do here is indicate in a rough and approximate way the two psychological tendencies that we believe are the main driving force of modern leftism. We by no means claim to be telling the WHOLE truth about leftist psychology. Also, our discussion is meant to apply to modern leftism only. We leave open the question of the extent to which our discussion could be applied to the leftists of the 19th and early 20th centuries. 9. The two psychological tendencies that underlie modern leftism we call “feelings of inferiority” and “oversocialization.” Feelings of inferiority are characteristic of modern leftism as a whole, while oversocialization is characteristic only of a certain segment of modern leftism; but this segment is highly influential. FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY 10. By “feelings of inferiority” we mean not only inferiority feelings in the strict sense but a whole spectrum of related traits; low self-esteem, feelings of powerlessness, depressive tendencies, defeatism, guilt, self- hatred, etc. We argue that modern leftists tend to have some such feelings (possibly more or less repressed) and that these feelings are decisive in determining the direction of modern leftism. 11. When someone interprets as derogatory almost anything that is said about him (or about groups with whom he identifies) we conclude that he has inferiority feelings or low self-esteem. This tendency is pronounced among minority rights activists, whether or not they belong to the minority groups whose rights they defend. They are hypersensitive about the words used to designate minorities and about anything that is said concerning minorities. The terms “negro,” “oriental,” “handicapped” or “chick” for an African, an Asian, a disabled person or a woman originally had no derogatory connotation. “Broad” and “chick” were merely the feminine equivalents of “guy,” “dude” or “fellow.” The negative connotations have been attached to these terms by the activists themselves. Some animal rights activists have gone so far as to reject the word “pet” and insist on its replacement by “animal companion.” Leftish anthropologists go to great lengths to avoid saying anything about primitive peoples that could conceivably be interpreted as negative. They want to replace the world “primitive” by “nonliterate.” They seem almost paranoid about anything that might suggest that any primitive culture is inferior to our own. (We do not mean to imply that primitive cultures ARE inferior to ours. We merely point out the hypersensitivity of leftish anthropologists.) 12. Those who are most sensitive about “politically incorrect” terminology are not the average black ghetto- dweller, Asian immigrant, abused woman or disabled person, but a minority of activists, many of whom do not even belong to any “oppressed” group but come from privileged strata of society. Political correctness has its stronghold among university professors, who have secure employment with comfortable salaries, and the majority of whom are heterosexual white males from middle- to upper-middle-class families. 13. Many leftists have an intense identification with the problems of groups that have an image of being weak (women), defeated (American Indians), repellent (homosexuals) or otherwise inferior. The leftists themselves feel that these groups are inferior. They would never admit to themselves that they have such feelings, but it is precisely because they do see these groups as inferior that they identify with their problems. (We do not mean to suggest that women, Indians, etc. ARE inferior; we are only making a point about leftist psychology.) 14. Feminists are desperately anxious to prove that women are as strong and as capable as men. Clearly they are nagged by a fear that women may NOT be as strong and as capable as men. 15. Leftists tend to hate anything that has an image of being strong, good and successful. They hate America, they hate Western civilization, they hate white males, they hate rationality. The reasons that leftists give for hating the West, etc. clearly do not correspond with their real motives. They SAY they hate the West because it is warlike, imperialistic, sexist, ethnocentric and so forth, but where these same faults appear in socialist countries or in primitive cultures, the leftist finds excuses for them, or at best he GRUDGINGLY admits that they exist; whereas he ENTHUSIASTICALLY points out (and often greatly exaggerates) these faults where they appear in Western civilization. Thus it is clear that these faults are not the leftist’s real motive for hating America and the West. He hates America and the West because they are strong and successful. 16. Words like “self-confidence,” “self-reliance,” “initiative,” “enterprise,” “optimism,” etc., play little role in the liberal and leftist vocabulary. The leftist is anti-individualistic, pro-collectivist. He wants society to solve everyone’s problems for them, satisfy everyone’s needs for them, take care of them. He is not the sort of person who has an inner sense of confidence in his ability to solve his own problems and satisfy his own needs. The leftist is antagonistic to the concept of competition because, deep inside, he feels like a loser. 17. Art forms that appeal to modern leftish intellectuals tend to focus on sordidness, defeat and despair, or else they take an orgiastic tone, throwing off rational control as if there were no hope of accomplishing anything through rational calculation and all that was left was to immerse oneself in the sensations of the moment. 18. Modern leftish philosophers tend to dismiss reason, science, objective reality and to insist that everything is culturally relative. It is true that one can ask serious questions about the foundations of scientific knowledge and about how, if at all, the concept of objective reality can be defined. But it is obvious that modern leftish philosophers are not simply cool-headed logicians systematically analyzing the foundations of knowledge. They are deeply involved emotionally in their attack on truth and reality. They attack these concepts because of their own psychological needs. For one thing, their attack is an outlet for hostility, and, to the extent that it is successful, it satisfies the drive for power. More importantly, the leftist hates science and rationality because they classify certain beliefs as true (i.e., successful, superior) and other beliefs as false (i.e., failed, inferior). The leftist’s feelings of inferiority run so deep that he cannot tolerate any classification of some things as successful or superior and other things as failed or inferior. This also underlies the rejection by many leftists of the concept of mental illness and of the utility of IQ tests. Leftists are antagonistic to genetic explanations of human abilities or behavior because such explanations tend to make some persons appear superior or inferior to others. Leftists prefer to give society the credit or blame for an individual’s ability or lack of it. Thus if a person is “inferior” it is not his fault, but society’s, because he has not been brought up properly. 19. The leftist is not typically the kind of person whose feelings of inferiority make him a braggart, an egotist, a bully, a self-promoter, a ruthless competitor. This kind of person has not wholly lost faith in himself. He has a deficit in his sense of power and self-worth, but he can still conceive of himself as having the capacity to be strong, and his efforts to make himself strong produce his unpleasant behavior. [1] But the leftist is too far gone for that. His feelings of inferiority are so ingrained that he cannot conceive of himself as individually strong and valuable. Hence the collectivism of the leftist. He can feel strong only as a member of a large organization or a mass movement with which he identifies himself. 20. Notice the masochistic tendency of leftist tactics. Leftists protest by lying down in front of vehicles, they intentionally provoke police or racists to abuse them, etc. These tactics may often be effective, but many leftists use them not as a means to an end but because they PREFER masochistic tactics. Self-hatred is a leftist trait. 21. Leftists may claim that their activism is motivated by compassion or by moral principles, and moral principle does play a role for the leftist of the oversocialized type. But compassion and moral principle cannot be the main motives for leftist activism. Hostility is too prominent a component of leftist behavior; so is the drive for power. Moreover, much leftist behavior is not rationally calculated to be of benefit to the people whom the leftists claim to be trying to help. For example, if one believes that affirmative action is good for black people, does it make sense to demand affirmative action in hostile or dogmatic terms? Obviously it would be more productive to take a diplomatic and conciliatory approach that would make at least verbal and symbolic concessions to white people who think that affirmative action discriminates against them. But leftist activists do not take such an approach because it would not satisfy their emotional needs. Helping black people is not their real goal. Instead, race problems serve as an excuse for them to express their own hostility and frustrated need for power. In doing so they actually harm black people, because the activists’ hostile attitude toward the white majority tends to intensify race hatred. 22. If our society had no social problems at all, the leftists would have to INVENT problems in order to provide themselves with an excuse for making a fuss. 23. We emphasize that the foregoing does not pretend to be an accurate description of everyone who might be considered a leftist. It is only a rough indication of a general tendency of leftism. OVERSOCIALIZATION 24. Psychologists use the term “socialization” to designate the process by which children are trained to think and act as society demands. A person is said to be well socialized if he believes in and obeys the moral code of his society and fits in well as a functioning part of that society. It may seem senseless to say that many leftists are oversocialized, since the leftist is perceived as a rebel. Nevertheless, the position can be defended. Many leftists are not such rebels as they seem. 25. The moral code of our society is so demanding that no one can think, feel and act in a completely moral way. For example, we are not supposed to hate anyone, yet almost everyone hates somebody at some time or other, whether he admits it to himself or not. Some people are so highly socialized that the attempt to think, feel and act morally imposes a severe burden on them. In order to avoid feelings of guilt, they continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and find moral explanations for feelings and actions that in reality have a non-moral origin. We use the term “oversocialized” to describe such people. [2] 26. Oversocialization can lead to low self-esteem, a sense of powerlessness, defeatism, guilt, etc. One of the most important means by which our society socializes children is by making them feel ashamed of behavior or speech that is contrary to society’s expectations. If this is overdone, or if a particular child is especially susceptible to such feelings, he ends by feeling ashamed of HIMSELF. Moreover the thought and the behavior of the oversocialized person are more restricted by society’s expectations than are those of the lightly socialized person. The majority of people engage in a significant amount of naughty behavior. They lie, they commit petty thefts, they break traffic laws, they goof off at work, they hate someone, they say spiteful things or they use some underhanded trick to get ahead of the other guy. The oversocialized person cannot do these things, or if he does do them he generates in himself a sense of shame and self-hatred. The oversocialized person cannot even experience, without guilt, thoughts or feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality; he cannot think “unclean” thoughts. And socialization is not just a matter of morality; we are socialized to conform to many norms of behavior that do not fall under the heading of morality. Thus the oversocialized person is kept on a psychological leash and spends his life running on rails that society has laid down for him. In many oversocialized people this results in a sense of constraint and powerlessness that can be a severe hardship. We suggest that oversocialization is among the more serious cruelties that human beings inflict on one another. 27. We argue that a very important and influential segment of the modern left is oversocialized and that their oversocialization is of great importance in determining the direction of modern leftism. Leftists of the oversocialized type tend to be intellectuals or members of the upper-middle class. Notice that university intellectuals [3] constitute the most highly socialized segment of our society and also the most left-wing segment. 28. The leftist of the oversocialized type tries to get off his psychological leash and assert his autonomy by rebelling. But usually he is not strong enough to rebel against the most basic values of society. Generally speaking, the goals of today’s leftists are NOT in conflict with the accepted morality. On the contrary, the left takes an accepted moral principle, adopts it as its own, and then accuses mainstream society of violating that principle. Examples: racial equality, equality of the sexes, helping poor people, peace as opposed to war, nonviolence generally, freedom of expression, kindness to animals. More fundamentally, the duty of the individual to serve society and the duty of society to take care of the individual. All these have been deeply rooted values of our society (or at least of its middle and upper classes [4] for a long time. These values are explicitly or implicitly expressed or presupposed in most of the material presented to us by the mainstream communications media and the educational system. Leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, usually do not rebel against these principles but justify their hostility to society by claiming (with some degree of truth) that society is not living up to these principles. 29. Here is an illustration of the way in which the oversocialized leftist shows his real attachment to the conventional attitudes of our society while pretending to be in rebellion against it. Many leftists push for affirmative action, for moving black people into high-prestige jobs, for improved education in black schools and more money for such schools; the way of life of the black “underclass” they regard as a social disgrace. They want to integrate the black man into the system, make him a business executive, a lawyer, a scientist just like upper-middle-class white people. The leftists will reply that the last thing they want is to make the black man into a copy of the white man; instead, they want to preserve African American culture. But in what does this preservation of African American culture consist? It can hardly consist in anything more than eating black-style food, listening to black-style music, wearing black-style clothing and going to a black- style church or mosque. In other words, it can express itself only in superficial matters. In all ESSENTIAL respects most leftists of the oversocialized type want to make the black man conform to white, middle-class ideals. They want to make him study technical subjects, become an executive or a scientist, spend his life climbing the status ladder to prove that black people are as good as white. They want to make black fathers “responsible,” they want black gangs to become nonviolent, etc. But these are exactly the values of the industrial-technological system. The system couldn’t care less what kind of music a man listens to, what kind of clothes he wears or what religion he believes in as long as he studies in school, holds a respectable job, climbs the status ladder, is a “responsible” parent, is nonviolent and so forth. In effect, however much he may deny it, the oversocialized leftist wants to integrate the black man into the system and make him adopt its values. 30. We certainly do not claim that leftists, even of the oversocialized type, NEVER rebel against the fundamental values of our society. Clearly they sometimes do. Some oversocialized leftists have gone so far as to rebel against one of modern society’s most important principles by engaging in physical violence. By their own account, violence is for them a form of “liberation.” In other words, by committing violence they break through the psychological restraints that have been trained into them. Because they are oversocialized these restraints have been more confining for them than for others; hence their need to break free of them. But they usually justify their rebellion in terms of mainstream values. If they engage in violence they claim to be fighting against racism or the like. 31. We realize that many objections could be raised to the foregoing thumbnail sketch of leftist psychology. The real situation is complex, and anything like a complete description of it would take several volumes even if the necessary data were available. We claim only to have indicated very roughly the two most important tendencies in the psychology of modern leftism. 32. The problems of the leftist are indicative of the problems of our society as a whole. Low self-esteem, depressive tendencies and defeatism are not restricted to the left. Though they are especially noticeable in the left, they are widespread in our society. And today’s society tries to socialize us to a greater extent than any previous society. We are even told by experts how to eat, how to exercise, how to make love, how to raise our kids and so forth. THE POWER PROCESS 33. Human beings have a need (probably based in biology) for something that we will call the “power process.” This is closely related to the need for power (which is widely recognized) but is not quite the same thing. The power process has four elements. The three most clear-cut of these we call goal, effort and attainment of goal. (Everyone needs to have goals whose attainment requires effort, and needs to succeed in attaining at least some of his goals.) The fourth element is more difficult to define and may not be necessary for everyone. We call it autonomy and will discuss it later (paragraphs 42-44). 34. Consider the hypothetical case of a man who can have anything he wants just by wishing for it. Such a man has power, but he will develop serious psychological problems. At first he will have a lot of fun, but by and by he will become acutely bored and demoralized. Eventually he may become clinically depressed. History shows that leisured aristocracies tend to become decadent. This is not true of fighting aristocracies that have to struggle to maintain their power. But leisured, secure aristocracies that have no need to exert themselves usually become bored, hedonistic and demoralized, even though they have power. This shows that power is not enough. One must have goals toward which to exercise one’s power. 35. Everyone has goals; if nothing else, to obtain the physical necessities of life: food, water and whatever clothing and shelter are made necessary by the climate. But the leisured aristocrat obtains these things without effort. Hence his boredom and demoralization. 36. Nonattainment of important goals results in death if the goals are physical necessities, and in frustration if nonattainment of the goals is compatible with survival. Consistent failure to attain goals throughout life results in defeatism, low self-esteem or depression. 37, Thus, in order to avoid serious psychological problems, a human being needs goals whose attainment requires effort, and he must have a reasonable rate of success in attaining his goals. SURROGATE ACTIVITIES 38. But not every leisured aristocrat becomes bored and demoralized. For example, the emperor Hirohito, instead of sinking into decadent hedonism, devoted himself to marine biology, a field in which he became distinguished. When people do not have to exert themselves to satisfy their physical needs they often set up artificial goals for themselves. In many cases they then pursue these goals with the same energy and emotional involvement that they otherwise would have put into the search for physical necessities. Thus the aristocrats of the Roman Empire had their literary pretensions; many European aristocrats a few centuries ago invested tremendous time and energy in hunting, though they certainly didn’t need the meat; other aristocracies have competed for status through elaborate displays of wealth; and a few aristocrats, like Hirohito, have turned to science. 39. We use the term “surrogate activity” to designate an activity that is directed toward an artificial goal that people set up for themselves merely in order to have some goal to work toward, or let us say, merely for the sake of the “fulfillment” that they get from pursuing the goal. Here is a rule of thumb for the identification of surrogate activities. Given a person who devotes much time and energy to the pursuit of goal X, ask yourself this: If he had to devote most of his time and energy to satisfying his biological needs, and if that effort required him to use his physical and mental faculties in a varied and interesting way, would he feel seriously deprived because he did not attain goal X? If the answer is no, then the person’s pursuit of goal X is a surrogate activity. Hirohito’s studies in marine biology clearly constituted a surrogate activity, since it is pretty certain that if Hirohito had had to spend his time working at interesting non-scientific tasks in order to obtain the necessities of life, he would not have felt deprived because he didn’t know all about the anatomy and life-cycles of marine animals. On the other hand the pursuit of sex and love (for example) is not a surrogate activity, because most people, even if their existence were otherwise satisfactory, would feel deprived if they passed their lives without ever having a relationship with a member of the opposite sex. (But pursuit of an excessive amount of sex, more than one really needs, can be a surrogate activity.) 40. In modern industrial society only minimal effort is necessary to satisfy one’s physical needs. It is enough to go through a training program to acquire some petty technical skill, then come to work on time and exert the very modest effort needed to hold a job. The only requirements are a moderate amount of intelligence and, most of all, simple OBEDIENCE. If one has those, society takes care of one from cradle to grave. (Yes, there is an underclass that cannot take the physical necessities for granted, but we are speaking here of mainstream society.) Thus it is not surprising that modern society is full of surrogate activities. These include scientific work, athletic achievement, humanitarian work, artistic and literary creation, climbing the corporate ladder, acquisition of money and material goods far beyond the point at which they cease to give any additional physical satisfaction, and social activism when it addresses issues that are not important for the activist personally, as in the case of white activists who work for the rights of nonwhite minorities. These are not always PURE surrogate activities, since for many people they may be motivated in part by needs other than the need to have some goal to pursue. Scientific work may be motivated in part by a drive for prestige, artistic creation by a need to express feelings, militant social activism by hostility. But for most people who pursue them, these activities are in large part surrogate activities. For example, the majority of scientists will probably agree that the “fulfillment” they get from their work is more important than the money and prestige they earn. 41. For many if not most people, surrogate activities are less satisfying than the pursuit of real goals (that is, goals that people would want to attain even if their need for the power process were already fulfilled). One indication of this is the fact that, in many or most cases, people who are deeply involved in surrogate activities are never satisfied, never at rest. Thus the money-maker constantly strives for more and more wealth. The scientist no sooner solves one problem than he moves on to the next. The long-distance runner drives himself to run always farther and faster. Many people who pursue surrogate activities will say that they get far more fulfillment from these activities than they do from the “mundane” business of satisfying their biological needs, but that is because in our society the effort needed to satisfy the biological needs has been reduced to triviality. More importantly, in our society people do not satisfy their biological needs AUTONOMOUSLY but by functioning as parts of an immense social machine. In contrast, people generally have a great deal of autonomy in pursuing their surrogate activities. AUTONOMY 42. Autonomy as a part of the power process may not be necessary for every individual. But most people need a greater or lesser degree of autonomy in working toward their goals. Their efforts must be undertaken on their own initiative and must be under their own direction and control. Yet most people do not have to exert this initiative, direction and control as single individuals. It is usually enough to act as a member of a SMALL group. Thus if half a dozen people discuss a goal among themselves and make a successful joint effort to attain that goal, their need for the power process will be served. But if they work under rigid orders handed down from above that leave them no room for autonomous decision and initiative, then their need for the power process will not be served. The same is true when decisions are made on a collective basis if the group making the collective decision is so large that the role of each individual is insignificant. [5] 43. It is true that some individuals seem to have little need for autonomy. Either their drive for power is weak or they satisfy it by identifying themselves with some powerful organization to which they belong. And then there are unthinking, animal types who seem to be satisfied with a purely physical sense of power (the good combat soldier, who gets his sense of power by developing fighting skills that he is quite content to use in blind obedience to his superiors). 44. But for most people it is through the power process—having a goal, making an AUTONOMOUS effort and attaining the goal—that self-esteem, self-confidence and a sense of power are acquired. When one does not have adequate opportunity to go through the power process the consequences are (depending on the individual and on the way the power process is disrupted) boredom, demoralization, low self-esteem, inferiority feelings, defeatism, depression, anxiety, guilt, frustration, hostility, spouse or child abuse, insatiable hedonism, abnormal sexual behavior, sleep disorders, eating disorders, etc. [6] SOURCES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS 45. Any of the foregoing symptoms can occur in any society, but in modern industrial society they are present on a massive scale. We aren’t the first to mention that the world today seems to be going crazy. This sort of thing is not normal for human societies. There is good reason to believe that primitive man suffered from less stress and frustration and was better satisfied with his way of life than modern man is. It is true that not all was sweetness and light in primitive societies. Abuse of women was common among the Australian aborigines, transexuality was fairly common among some of the American Indian tribes. But it does appear that GENERALLY SPEAKING the kinds of problems that we have listed in the preceding paragraph were far less common among primitive peoples than they are in modern society. 46. We attribute the social and psychological problems of modern society to the fact that that society requires people to live under conditions radically different from those under which the human race evolved and to behave in ways that conflict with the patterns of behavior that the human race developed while living under the earlier conditions. It is clear from what we have already written that we consider lack of opportunity to properly experience the power process as the most important of the abnormal conditions to which modern society subjects people. But it is not the only one. Before dealing with disruption of the power process as a source of social problems we will discuss some of the other sources. 47. Among the abnormal conditions present in modern industrial society are excessive density of population, isolation of man from nature, excessive rapidity of social change and the breakdown of natural small-scale communities such as the extended family, the village or the tribe. 48. It is well known that crowding increases stress and aggression. The degree of crowding that exists today and the isolation of man from nature are consequences of technological progress. All pre-industrial societies were predominantly rural. The Industrial Revolution vastly increased the size of cities and the proportion of the population that lives in them, and modern agricultural technology has made it possible for the Earth to support a far denser population than it ever did before. (Also, technology exacerbates the effects of crowding because it puts increased disruptive powers in people’s hands. For example, a variety of noise- making devices: power mowers, radios, motorcycles, etc. If the use of these devices is unrestricted, people who want peace and quiet are frustrated by the noise. If their use is restricted, people who use the devices are frustrated by the regulations. But if these machines had never been invented there would have been no conflict and no frustration generated by them.) 49. For primitive societies the natural world (which usually changes only slowly) provided a stable framework and therefore a sense of security. In the modern world it is human society that dominates nature rather than the other way around, and modern society changes very rapidly owing to technological change. Thus there is no stable framework. 50. The conservatives are fools: They whine about the decay of traditional values, yet they enthusiastically support technological progress and economic growth. Apparently it never occurs to them that you can’t make rapid, drastic changes in the technology and the economy of a society without causing rapid changes in all other aspects of the society as well, and that such rapid changes inevitably break down traditional values. 51. The breakdown of traditional values to some extent implies the breakdown of the bonds that hold together traditional small-scale social groups. The disintegration of small-scale social groups is also promoted by the fact that modern conditions often require or tempt individuals to move to new locations, separating themselves from their communities. Beyond that, a technological society HAS TO weaken family ties and local communities if it is to function efficiently. In modern society an individual’s loyalty must be first to the system and only secondarily to a small-scale community, because if the internal loyalties of small-scale communities were stronger than loyalty to the system, such communities would pursue their own advantage at the expense of the system. 52. Suppose that a public official or a corporation executive appoints his cousin, his friend or his co- religionist to a position rather than appointing the person best qualified for the job. He has permitted personal loyalty to supersede his loyalty to the system, and that is “nepotism” or “discrimination,” both of which are terrible sins in modern society. Would-be industrial societies that have done a poor job of subordinating personal or local loyalties to loyalty to the system are usually very inefficient. (Look at Latin America.) Thus an advanced industrial society can tolerate only those small-scale communities that are emasculated, tamed and made into tools of the system. [7] 53. Crowding, rapid change and the breakdown of communities have been widely recognized as sources of social problems. But we do not believe they are enough to account for the extent of the problems that are seen today. 54. A few pre-industrial cities were very large and crowded, yet their inhabitants do not seem to have suffered from psychological problems to the same extent as modern man. In America today there still are uncrowded rural areas, and we find there the same problems as in urban areas, though the problems tend to be less acute in the rural areas. Thus crowding does not seem to be the decisive factor. 55. On the growing edge of the American frontier during the 19th century, the mobility of the population probably broke down extended families and small-scale social groups to at least the same extent as these are broken down today. In fact, many nuclear families lived by choice in such isolation, having no neighbors within several miles, that they belonged to no community at all, yet they do not seem to have developed problems as a result. 56. Furthermore, change in American frontier society was very rapid and deep. A man might be born and raised in a log cabin, outside the reach of law and order and fed largely on wild meat; and by the time he arrived at old age he might be working at a regular job and living in an ordered community with effective law enforcement. This was a deeper change than that which typically occurs in the life of a modern individual, yet it does not seem to have led to psychological problems. In fact, 19th century American society had an optimistic and self-confident tone, quite unlike that of today’s society. [8] 57. The difference, we argue, is that modern man has the sense (largely justified) that change is IMPOSED on him, whereas the 19th century frontiersman had the sense (also largely justified) that he created change himself, by his own choice. Thus a pioneer settled on a piece of land of his own choosing and made it into a farm through his own effort. In those days an entire county might have only a couple of hundred inhabitants and was a far more isolated and autonomous entity than a modern county is. Hence the pioneer farmer participated as a member of a relatively small group in the creation of a new, ordered community. One may well question whether the creation of this community was an improvement, but at any rate it satisfied the pioneer’s need for the power process. 58. It would be possible to give other examples of societies in which there has been rapid change and/or lack of close community ties without the kind of massive behavioral aberration that is seen in today’s industrial society. We contend that the most important cause of social and psychological problems in modern society is the fact that people have insufficient opportunity to go through the power process in a normal way. We don’t mean to say that modern society is the only one in which the power process has been disrupted. Probably most if not all civilized societies have interfered with the power process to a greater or lesser extent. But in modern industrial society the problem has become particularly acute. Leftism, at least in its recent (mid- to late-20th century) form, is in part a symptom of deprivation with respect to the power process. DISRUPTION OF THE POWER PROCESS IN MODERN SOCIETY 59. We divide human drives into three groups: (1) those drives that can be satisfied with minimal effort; (2) those that can be satisfied but only at the cost of serious effort; (3) those that cannot be adequately satisfied no matter how much effort one makes. The power process is the process of satisfying the drives of the second group. The more drives there are in the third group, the more there is frustration, anger, eventually defeatism, depression, etc. 60. In modern industrial society natural human drives tend to be pushed into the first and third groups, and the second group tends to consist increasingly of artificially created drives. 61. In primitive societies, physical necessities generally fall into group 2: They can be obtained, but only at the cost of serious effort. But modern society tends to guaranty the physical necessities to everyone [9] in exchange for only minimal effort, hence physical needs are pushed into group 1. (There may be disagreement about whether the effort needed to hold a job is “minimal”; but usually, in lower- to middle- level jobs, whatever effort is required is merely that of OBEDIENCE. You sit or stand where you are told to sit or stand and do what you are told to do in the way you are told to do it. Seldom do you have to exert yourself seriously, and in any case you have hardly any autonomy in work, so that the need for the power process is not well served.) 62. Social needs, such as sex, love and status, often remain in group 2 in modern society, depending on the situation of the individual. [10] But, except for people who have a particularly strong drive for status, the effort required to fulfill the social drives is insufficient to satisfy adequately the need for the power process. 63. So certain artificial needs have been created that fall into group 2, hence serve the need for the power process. Advertising and marketing techniques have been developed that make many people feel they need things that their grandparents never desired or even dreamed of. It requires serious effort to earn enough money to satisfy these artificial needs, hence they fall into group 2. (But see paragraphs 80-82.) Modern man must satisfy his need for the power process largely through pursuit of the artificial needs created by the advertising and marketing industry [11], and through surrogate activities. 64. It seems that for many people, maybe the majority, these artificial forms of the power process are insufficient. A theme that appears repeatedly in the writings of the social critics of the second half of the 20th century is the sense of purposelessness that afflicts many people in modern society. (This purposelessness is often called by other names such as “anomic” or “middle-class vacuity.”) We suggest that the so-called “identity crisis” is actually a search for a sense of purpose, often for commitment to a suitable surrogate activity. It may be that existentialism is in large part a response to the purposelessness of modern life. [12] Very widespread in modern society is the search for “fulfillment.” But we think that for the majority of people an activity whose main goal is fulfillment (that is, a surrogate activity) does not bring completely satisfactory fulfillment. In other words, it does not fully satisfy the need for the power process. (See paragraph 41.) That need can be fully satisfied only through activities that have some external goal, such as physical necessities, sex, love, status, revenge, etc. 65. Moreover, where goals are pursued through earning money, climbing the status ladder or functioning as part of the system in some other way, most people are not in a position to pursue their goals AUTONOMOUSLY. Most workers are someone else’s employee and, as we pointed out in paragraph 61, must spend their days doing what they are told to do in the way they are told to do it. Even people who are in business for themselves have only limited autonomy. It is a chronic complaint of small-business persons and entrepreneurs that their hands are tied by excessive government regulation. Some of these regulations are doubtless unnecessary, but for the most part government regulations are essential and inevitable parts of our extremely complex society. A large portion of small business today operates on the franchise system. It was reported in the Wall Street Journal a few years ago that many of the franchise-granting companies require applicants for franchises to take a personality test that is designed to EXCLUDE those who have creativity and initiative, because such persons are not sufficiently docile to go along obediently with the franchise system. This excludes from small business many of the people who most need autonomy. 66. Today people live more by virtue of what the system does FOR them or TO them than by virtue of what they do for themselves. And what they do for themselves is done more and more along channels laid down by the system. Opportunities tend to be those that the system provides, the opportunities must be exploited in accord with rules and regulations [13], and techniques prescribed by experts must be followed if there is to be a chance of success. 67. Thus the power process is disrupted in our society through a deficiency of real goals and a deficiency of autonomy in the pursuit of goals. But it is also disrupted because of those human drives that fall into group 3: the drives that one cannot adequately satisfy no matter how much effort one makes. One of these drives is the need for security. Our lives depend on decisions made by other people; we have no control over these decisions and usually we do not even know the people who make them. (“We live in a world in which relatively few people—maybe 500 or 1,000—make the important decisions”—Philip B. Heymann of Harvard Law School, quoted by Anthony Lewis, New York Times, April 21, 1995.) Our lives depend on whether safety standards at a nuclear power plant are properly maintained; on how much pesticide is allowed to get into our food or how much pollution into our air; on how skillful (or incompetent) our doctor is; whether we lose or get a job may depend on decisions made by government economists or corporation executives; and so forth. Most individuals are not in a position to secure themselves against these threats to more [than] a very limited extent. The individual’s search for security is therefore frustrated, which leads to a sense of powerlessness. 68. It may be objected that primitive man is physically less secure than modern man, as is shown by his shorter life expectancy; hence modern man suffers from less, not more than the amount of insecurity that is normal for human beings. But psychological security does not closely correspond with physical security. What makes us FEEL secure is not so much objective security as a sense of confidence in our ability to take care of ourselves. Primitive man, threatened by a fierce animal or by hunger, can fight in self-defense or travel in search of food. He has no certainty of success in these efforts, but he is by no means helpless against the things that threaten him. The modern individual on the other hand is threatened by many things against which he is helpless: nuclear accidents, carcinogens in food, environmental pollution, war, increasing taxes, invasion of his privacy by large organizations, nationwide social or economic phenomena that may disrupt his way of life. 69. It is true that primitive man is powerless against some of the things that threaten him; disease for example. But he can accept the risk of disease stoically. It is part of the nature of things, it is no one’s fault, unless it is the fault of some imaginary, impersonal demon. But threats to the modern individual tend to be MAN-MADE. They are not the results of chance but are IMPOSED on him by other persons whose decisions he, as an individual, is unable to influence. Consequently he feels frustrated, humiliated and angry. 70. Thus primitive man for the most part has his security in his own hands (either as an individual or as a member of a SMALL group) whereas the security of modern man is in the hands of persons or organizations that are too remote or too large for him to be able personally to influence them. So modern man’s drive for security tends to fall into groups 1 and 3; in some areas (food, shelter etc.) his security is assured at the cost of only trivial effort, whereas in other areas he CANNOT attain security. (The foregoing greatly simplifies the real situation, but it does indicate in a rough, general way how the condition of modern man differs from that of primitive man.) 71. People have many transitory drives or impulses that are necessarily frustrated in modern life, hence fall into group 3. One may become angry, but modern society cannot permit fighting. In many situations it does not even permit verbal aggression. When going somewhere one may be in a hurry, or one may be in a mood to travel slowly, but one generally has no choice but to move with the flow of traffic and obey the traffic signals. One may want to do one’s work in a different way, but usually one can work only according to the rules laid down by one’s employer. In many other ways as well, modern man is strapped down by a network of rules and regulations (explicit or implicit) that frustrate many of his impulses and thus interfere with the power process. Most of these regulations cannot be dispensed with, because they are necessary for the functioning of industrial society. 72. Modern society is in certain respects extremely permissive. In matters that are irrelevant to the functioning of the system we can generally do what we please. We can believe in any religion we like (as long as it does not encourage behavior that is dangerous to the system). We can go to bed with anyone we like (as long as we practice “safe sex”). We can do anything we like as long as it is UNIMPORTANT. But in all IMPORTANT matters the system tends increasingly to regulate our behavior. 73. Behavior is regulated not only through explicit rules and not only by the government. Control is often exercised through indirect coercion or through psychological pressure or manipulation, and by organizations other than the government, or by the system as a whole. Most large organizations use some form of propaganda [14] to manipulate public attitudes or behavior. Propaganda is not limited to “commercials” and advertisements, and sometimes it is not even consciously intended as propaganda by the people who make it. For instance, the content of entertainment programming is a powerful form of propaganda. An example of indirect coercion: There is no law that says we have to go to work every day and follow our employer’s orders. Legally there is nothing to prevent us from going to live in the wild like primitive people or from going into business for ourselves. But in practice there is very little wild country left, and there is room in the economy for only a limited number of small business owners. Hence most of us can survive only as someone else’s employee. 74. We suggest that modern man’s obsession with longevity, and with maintaining physical vigor and sexual attractiveness to an advanced age, is a symptom of unfulfillment resulting from deprivation with respect to the power process. The “mid-life crisis” also is such a symptom. So is the lack of interest in having children that is fairly common in modern society but almost unheard-of in primitive societies. 75. In primitive societies life is a succession of stages. The needs and purposes of one stage having been fulfilled, there is no particular reluctance about passing on to the next stage. A young man goes through the power process by becoming a hunter, hunting not for sport or for fulfillment but to get meat that is necessary for food. (In young women the process is more complex, with greater emphasis on social power; we won’t discuss that here.) This phase having been successfully passed through, the young man has no reluctance about settling down to the responsibilities of raising a family. (In contrast, some modern people indefinitely postpone having children because they are too busy seeking some kind of “fulfillment.” We suggest that the fulfillment they need is adequate experience of the power process—with real goals instead of the artificial goals of surrogate activities.) Again, having successfully raised his children, going through the power process by providing them with the physical necessities, the primitive man feels that his work is done and he is prepared to accept old age (if he survives that long) and death. Many modern people, on the other hand, are disturbed by the prospect of physical deterioration and death, as is shown by the amount of effort they expend trying to maintain their physical condition, appearance and health. We argue that this is due to unfulfillment resulting from the fact that they have never put their physical powers to any practical use, have never gone through the power process using their bodies in a serious way. It is not the primitive man, who has used his body daily for practical purposes, who fears the deterioration of age, but the modern man, who has never had a practical use for his body beyond walking from his car to his house. It is the man whose need for the power process has been satisfied during his life who is best prepared to accept the end of that life. 76. In response to the arguments of this section someone will say, “Society must find a way to give people the opportunity to go through the power process.” For such people the value of the opportunity is destroyed by the very fact that society gives it to them. What they need is to find or make their own opportunities. As long as the system GIVES them their opportunities it still has them on a leash. To attain autonomy they must get off that leash. HOW SOME PEOPLE ADJUST 77. Not everyone in industrial-technological society suffers from psychological problems. Some people even profess to be quite satisfied with society as it is. We now discuss some of the reasons why people differ so greatly in their response to modern society. 78. First, there doubtless are differences in the strength of the drive for power. Individuals with a weak drive for power may have relatively little need to go through the power process, or at least relatively little need for autonomy in the power process. These are docile types who would have been happy as plantation darkies in the Old South. (We don’t mean to sneer at the “plantation darkies” of the Old South. To their credit, most of the slaves were NOT content with their servitude. We do sneer at people who ARE content with servitude.) 79. Some people may have some exceptional drive, in pursuing which they satisfy their need for the power process. For example, those who have an unusually strong drive for social status may spend their whole lives climbing the status ladder without ever getting bored with that game. 80. People vary in their susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques. Some are so susceptible that, even if they make a great deal of money, they cannot satisfy their constant craving for the the shiny new toys that the marketing industry dangles before their eyes. So they always feel hard-pressed financially even if their income is large, and their cravings are frustrated. 81. Some people have low susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques. These are the people who aren’t interested in money. Material acquisition does not serve their need for the power process. 82. People who have medium susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques are able to earn enough money to satisfy their craving for goods and services, but only at the cost of serious effort (putting in overtime, taking a second job, earning promotions, etc.). Thus material acquisition serves their need for the power process. But it does not necessarily follow that their need is fully satisfied. They may have insufficient autonomy in the power process (their work may consist of following orders) and some of their drives may be frustrated (e.g., security, aggression). (We are guilty of oversimplification in paragraphs 80- 82 because we have assumed that the desire for material acquisition is entirely a creation of the advertising and marketing industry. Of course it’s not that simple. [11] 83. Some people partly satisfy their need for power by identifying themselves with a powerful organization or mass movement. An individual lacking goals or power joins a movement or an organization, adopts its goals as his own, then works toward those goals. When some of the goals are attained, the individual, even though his personal efforts have played only an insignificant part in the attainment of the goals, feels (through his identification with the movement or organization) as if he had gone through the power process. This phenomenon was exploited by the fascists, nazis and communists. Our society uses it too, though less crudely. Example: Manuel Noriega was an irritant to the U.S. (goal: punish Noriega). The U.S. invaded Panama (effort) and punished Noriega (attainment of goal). Thus the U.S. went through the power process and many Americans, because of their identification with the U.S., experienced the power process vicariously. Hence the widespread public approval of the Panama invasion; it gave people a sense of power. [15] We see the same phenomenon in armies, corporations, political parties, humanitarian organizations, religious or ideological movements. In particular, leftist movements tend to attract people who are seeking to satisfy their need for power. But for most people identification with a large organization or a mass movement does not fully satisfy the need for power. 84. Another way in which people satisfy their need for the power process is through surrogate activities. As we explained in paragraphs 38-40, a surrogate activity is an activity that is directed toward an artificial goal that the individual pursues for the sake of the “fulfillment” that he gets from pursuing the goal, not because he needs to attain the goal itself. For instance, there is no practical motive for building enormous muscles, hitting a little ball into a hole or acquiring a complete series of postage stamps. Yet many people in our society devote themselves with passion to bodybuilding, golf or stamp-collecting. Some people are more “other-directed” than others, and therefore will more readily attach importance to a surrogate activity simply because the people around them treat it as important or because society tells them it is important. That is why some people get very serious about essentially trivial activities such as sports, or bridge, or chess, or arcane scholarly pursuits, whereas others who are more clear-sighted never see these things as anything but the surrogate activities that they are, and consequently never attach enough importance to them to satisfy their need for the power process in that way. It only remains to point out that in many cases a person’s way of earning a living is also a surrogate activity. Not a PURE surrogate activity, since part of the motive for the activity is to gain the physical necessities and (for some people) social status and the luxuries that advertising makes them want. But many people put into their work far more effort than is necessary to earn whatever money and status they require, and this extra effort constitutes a surrogate activity. This extra effort, together with the emotional investment that accompanies it, is one of the most potent forces acting toward the continual development and perfecting of the system, with negative consequences for individual freedom (see paragraph 131). Especially, for the most creative scientists and engineers, work tends to be largely a surrogate activity. This point is so important that it deserves a separate discussion, which we shall give in a moment (paragraphs 87-92). 85. In this section we have explained how many people in modern society do satisfy their need for the power process to a greater or lesser extent. But we think that for the majority of people the need for the power process is not fully satisfied. In the first place, those who have an insatiable drive for status, or who get firmly “hooked” on a surrogate activity, or who identify strongly enough with a movement or organization to satisfy their need for power in that way, are exceptional personalities. Others are not fully satisfied with surrogate activities or by identification with an organization (see paragraphs 41, 64). In the second place, too much control is imposed by the system through explicit regulation or through socialization, which results in a deficiency of autonomy, and in frustration due to the impossibility of attaining certain goals and the necessity of restraining too many impulses. 86. But even if most people in industrial-technological society were well satisfied, we (FC) would still be opposed to that form of society, because (among other reasons) we consider it demeaning to fulfill one’s need for the power process through surrogate activities or through identification with an organization, rather than through pursuit of real goals. THE MOTIVES OF SCIENTISTS 87. Science and technology provide the most important examples of surrogate activities. Some scientists claim that they are motivated by “curiosity” or by a desire to “benefit humanity.” But it is easy to see that neither of these can be the principal motive of most scientists. As for “curiosity,” that notion is simply absurd. Most scientists work on highly specialized problems that are not the object of any normal curiosity. For example, is an astronomer, a mathematician or an entomologist curious about the properties of isopropyltrimethylmethane? Of course not. Only a chemist is curious about such a thing, and he is curious about it only because chemistry is his surrogate activity. Is the chemist curious about the appropriate classification of a new species of beetle? No. That question is of interest only to the entomologist, and he is interested in it only because entomology is his surrogate activity. If the chemist and the entomologist had to exert themselves seriously to obtain the physical necessities, and if that effort exercised their abilities in an interesting way but in some nonscientific pursuit, then they wouldn’t give a damn about isopropyltrimethylmethane or the classification of beetles. Suppose that lack of funds for postgraduate education had led the chemist to become an insurance broker instead of a chemist. In that case he would have been very interested in insurance matters but would have cared nothing about isopropyltrimethylmethane. In any case it is not normal to put into the satisfaction of mere curiosity the amount of time and effort that scientists put into their work. The “curiosity” explanation for the scientists’ motive just doesn’t stand up. 88. The “benefit of humanity” explanation doesn’t work any better. Some scientific work has no conceivable relation to the welfare of the human race—most of archaeology or comparative linguistics for example. Some other areas of science present obviously dangerous possibilities. Yet scientists in these areas are just as enthusiastic about their work as those who develop vaccines or study air pollution. Consider the case of Dr. Edward Teller, who had an obvious emotional involvement in promoting nuclear power plants. Did this involvement stem from a desire to benefit humanity? If so, then why didn’t Dr. Teller get emotional about other “humanitarian” causes? If he was such a humanitarian then why did he help to develop the H- bomb? As with many other scientific achievements, it is very much open to question whether nuclear power plants actually do benefit humanity. Does the cheap electricity outweigh the accumulating waste and the risk of accidents? Dr. Teller saw only one side of the question. Clearly his emotional involvement with nuclear power arose not from a desire to “benefit humanity” but from a personal fulfillment he got from his work and from seeing it put to practical use. 89. The same is true of scientists generally. With possible rare exceptions, their motive is neither curiosity nor a desire to benefit humanity but the need to go through the power process: to have a goal (a scientific problem to solve), to make an effort (research) and to attain the goal (solution of the problem.) Science is a surrogate activity because scientists work mainly for the fulfillment they get out of the work itself. 90. Of course, it’s not that simple. Other motives do play a role for many scientists. Money and status for example. Some scientists may be persons of the type who have an insatiable drive for status (see paragraph 79) and this may provide much of the motivation for their work. No doubt the majority of scientists, like the majority of the general population, are more or less susceptible to advertising and marketing techniques and need money to satisfy their craving for goods and services. Thus science is not a PURE surrogate activity. But it is in large part a surrogate activity. 91. Also, science and technology constitute a power mass movement, and many scientists gratify their need for power through identification with this mass movement (see paragraph 83). 92. Thus science marches on blindly, without regard to the real welfare of the human race or to any other standard, obedient only to the psychological needs of the scientists and of the government officials and corporation executives who provide the funds for research. THE NATURE OF FREEDOM 93. We are going to argue that industrial-technological society cannot be reformed in such a way as to prevent it from progressively narrowing the sphere of human freedom. But, because “freedom” is a word that can be interpreted in many ways, we must first make clear what kind of freedom we are concerned with. 94. By “freedom” we mean the opportunity to go through the power process, with real goals not the artificial goals of surrogate activities, and without interference, manipulation or supervision from anyone, especially from any large organization. Freedom means being in control (either as an individual or as a member of a SMALL group) of the life-and-death issues of one’s existence; food, clothing, shelter and defense against whatever threats there may be in one’s environment. Freedom means having power; not the power to control other people but the power to control the circumstances of one’s own life. One does not have freedom if anyone else (especially a large organization) has power over one, no matter how benevolently, tolerantly and permissively that power may be exercised. It is important not to confuse freedom with mere permissiveness (see paragraph 72). 95. It is said that we live in a free society because we have a certain number of constitutionally guaranteed rights. But these are not as important as they seem. The degree of personal freedom that exists in a society is determined more by the economic and technological structure of the society than by its laws or its form of government. [16] Most of the Indian nations of New England were monarchies, and many of the cities of the Italian Renaissance were controlled by dictators. But in reading about these societies one gets the impression that they allowed far more personal freedom than our society does. In part this was because they lacked efficient mechanisms for enforcing the ruler’s will: There were no modern, well-organized police forces, no rapid long-distance communications, no surveillance cameras, no dossiers of information about the lives of average citizens. Hence it was relatively easy to evade control. 96. As for our constitutional rights, consider for example that of freedom of the press. We certainly don’t mean to knock that right; it is very important tool for limiting concentration of political power and for keeping those who do have political power in line by publicly exposing any misbehavior on their part. But freedom of the press is of very little use to the average citizen as an individual. The mass media are mostly under the control of large organizations that are integrated into the system. Anyone who has a little money can have something printed, or can distribute it on the Internet or in some such way, but what he has to say will be swamped by the vast volume of material put out by the media, hence it will have no practical effect. To make an impression on society with words is therefore almost impossible for most individuals and small groups. Take us (FC) for example. If we had never done anything violent and had submitted the present writings to a publisher, they probably would not have been accepted. If they had been been accepted and published, they probably would not have attracted many readers, because it’s more fun to watch the entertainment put out by the media than to read a sober essay. Even if these writings had had many readers, most of these readers would soon have forgotten what they had read as their minds were flooded by the mass of material to which the media expose them. In order to get our message before the public with some chance of making a lasting impression, we’ve had to kill people. 97. Constitutional rights are useful up to a point, but they do not serve to guarantee much more than what might be called the bourgeois conception of freedom. According to the bourgeois conception, a “free” man is essentially an element of a social machine and has only a certain set of prescribed and delimited freedoms; freedoms that are designed to serve the needs of the social machine more than those of the individual. Thus the bourgeois’s “free” man has economic freedom because that promotes growth and progress; he has freedom of the press because public criticism restrains misbehavior by political leaders; he has a right to a fair trial because imprisonment at the whim of the powerful would be bad for the system. This was clearly the attitude of Simon Bolivar. To him, people deserved liberty only if they used it to promote progress (progress as conceived by the bourgeois). Other bourgeois thinkers have taken a similar view of freedom as a mere means to collective ends. Chester C. Tan, “Chinese Political Thought in the Twentieth Century,” page 202, explains the philosophy of the Kuomintang leader Hu Han-min: “An individual is granted rights because he is a member of society and his community life requires such rights. By community Hu meant the whole society of the nation.” And on page 259 Tan states that according to Carsum Chang (Chang Chun-mai, head of the State Socialist Party in China) freedom had to be used in the interest of the state and of the people as a whole. But what kind of freedom does one have if one can use it only as someone else prescribes? FC’s conception of freedom is not that of Bolivar, Hu, Chang or other bourgeois theorists. The trouble with such theorists is that they have made the development and application of social theories their surrogate activity. Consequently the theories are designed to serve the needs of the theorists more than the needs of any people who may be unlucky enough to live in a society on which the theories are imposed. 98. One more point to be made in this section: It should not be assumed that a person has enough freedom just because he SAYS he has enough. Freedom is restricted in part by psychological controls of which people are unconscious, and moreover many people’s ideas of what constitutes freedom are governed more by social convention than by their real needs. For example, it’s likely that many leftists of the oversocialized type would say that most people, including themselves, are socialized too little rather than too much, yet the oversocialized leftist pays a heavy psychological price for his high level of socialization. SOME PRINCIPLES OF HISTORY 99. Think of history as being the sum of two components: an erratic component that consists of unpredictable events that follow no discernible pattern, and a regular component that consists of long-term historical trends. Here we are concerned with the long-term trends. 100. FIRST PRINCIPLE. If a SMALL change is made that affects a long-term historical trend, then the effect of that change will almost always be transitory—the trend will soon revert to its original state. (Example: A reform movement designed to clean up political corruption in a society rarely has more than a short-term effect; sooner or later the reformers relax and corruption creeps back in. The level of political corruption in a given society tends to remain constant, or to change only slowly with the evolution of the society. Normally, a political cleanup will be permanent only if accompanied by widespread social changes; a SMALL change in the society won’t be enough.) If a small change in a long-term historical trend appears to be permanent, it is only because the change acts in the direction in which the trend is already moving, so that the trend is not altered by only pushed a step ahead. 101. The first principle is almost a tautology. If a trend were not stable with respect to small changes, it would wander at random rather than following a definite direction; in other words it would not be a long- term trend at all. 102. SECOND PRINCIPLE. If a change is made that is sufficiently large to alter permanently a long-term historical trend, then it will alter the society as a whole. In other words, a society is a system in which all parts are interrelated, and you can’t permanently change any important part without changing all other parts as well. 103. THIRD PRINCIPLE. If a change is made that is large enough to alter permanently a long-term trend, then the consequences for the society as a whole cannot be predicted in advance. (Unless various other societies have passed through the same change and have all experienced the same consequences, in which case one can predict on empirical grounds that another society that passes through the same change will be like to experience similar consequences.) 104. FOURTH PRINCIPLE. A new kind of society cannot be designed on paper. That is, you cannot plan out a new form of society in advance, then set it up and expect it to function as it was designed to do. 105. The third and fourth principles result from the complexity of human societies. A change in human behavior will affect the economy of a society and its physical environment; the economy will affect the environment and vice versa, and the changes in the economy and the environment will affect human behavior in complex, unpredictable ways; and so forth. The network of causes and effects is far too complex to be untangled and understood. 106. FIFTH PRINCIPLE. People do not consciously and rationally choose the form of their society. Societies develop through processes of social evolution that are not under rational human control. 107. The fifth principle is a consequence of the other four. 108. To illustrate: By the first principle, generally speaking an attempt at social reform either acts in the direction in which the society is developing anyway (so that it merely accelerates a change that would have occurred in any case) or else it has only a transitory effect, so that the society soon slips back into its old groove. To make a lasting change in the direction of development of any important aspect of a society, reform is insufficient and revolution is required. (A revolution does not necessarily involve an armed uprising or the overthrow of a government.) By the second principle, a revolution never changes only one aspect of a society, it changes the whole society; and by the third principle changes occur that were never expected or desired by the revolutionaries. By the fourth principle, when revolutionaries or utopians set up a new kind of society, it never works out as planned. 109. The American Revolution does not provide a counterexample. The American “Revolution” was not a revolution in our sense of the word, but a war of independence followed by a rather far-reaching political reform. The Founding Fathers did not change the direction of development of American society, nor did they aspire to do so. They only freed the development of American society from the retarding effect of British rule. Their political reform did not change any basic trend, but only pushed American political culture along its natural direction of development. British society, of which American society was an offshoot, had been moving for a long time in the direction of representative democracy. And prior to the War of Independence the Americans were already practicing a significant degree of representative democracy in the colonial assemblies. The political system established by the Constitution was modeled on the British system and on the colonial assemblies. With major alteration, to be sure—there is no doubt that the Founding Fathers took a very important step. But it was a step along the road that English-speaking world was already traveling. The proof is that Britain and all of its colonies that were populated predominantly by people of British descent ended up with systems of representative democracy essentially similar to that of the United States. If the Founding Fathers had lost their nerve and declined to sign the Declaration of Independence, our way of life today would not have been significantly different. Maybe we would have had somewhat closer ties to Britain, and would have had a Parliament and Prime Minister instead of a Congress and President. No big deal. Thus the American Revolution provides not a counterexample to our principles but a good illustration of them. 110. Still, one has to use common sense in applying the principles. They are expressed in imprecise language that allows latitude for interpretation, and exceptions to them can be found. So we present these principles not as inviolable laws but as rules of thumb, or guides to thinking, that may provide a partial antidote to naive ideas about the future of society. The principles should be borne constantly in mind, and whenever one reaches a conclusion that conflicts with them one should carefully reexamine one’s thinking and retain the conclusion only if one has good, solid reasons for doing so. INDUSTRIAL-TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY CANNOT BE REFORMED 111. The foregoing principles help to show how hopelessly difficult it would be to reform the industrial system in such a way as to prevent it from progressively narrowing our sphere of freedom. There has been a consistent tendency, going back at least to the Industrial Revolution for technology to strengthen the system at a high cost in individual freedom and local autonomy. Hence any change designed to protect freedom from technology would be contrary to a fundamental trend in the development of our society. Consequently, such a change either would be a transitory one—soon swamped by the tide of history—or, if large enough to be permanent would alter the nature of our whole society. This by the first and second principles. Moreover, since society would be altered in a way that could not be predicted in advance (third principle) there would be great risk. Changes large enough to make a lasting difference in favor of freedom would not be initiated because it would be realized that they would gravely disrupt the system. So any attempts at reform would be too timid to be effective. Even if changes large enough to make a lasting difference were initiated, they would be retracted when their disruptive effects became apparent. Thus, permanent changes in favor of freedom could be brought about only by persons prepared to accept radical, dangerous and unpredictable alteration of the entire system. In other words by revolutionaries, not reformers. 112. People anxious to rescue freedom without sacrificing the supposed benefits of technology will suggest naive schemes for some new form of society that would reconcile freedom with technology. Apart from the fact that people who make such suggestions seldom propose any practical means by which the new form of society could be set up in the first place, it follows from the fourth principle that even if the new form of society could be once established, it either would collapse or would give results very different from those expected. 113. So even on very general grounds it seems highly improbable that any way of changing society could be found that would reconcile freedom with modern technology. In the next few sections we will give more specific reasons for concluding that freedom and technological progress are incompatible. RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM IS UNAVOIDABLE IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 114. As explained in paragraphs 65-67, 70-73, modern man is strapped down by a network of rules and regulations, and his fate depends on the actions of persons remote from him whose decisions he cannot influence. This is not accidental or a result of the arbitrariness of arrogant bureaucrats. It is necessary and inevitable in any technologically advanced society. The system HAS TO regulate human behavior closely in order to function. At work people have to do what they are told to do, otherwise production would be thrown into chaos. Bureaucracies HAVE TO be run according to rigid rules. To allow any substantial personal discretion to lower-level bureaucrats would disrupt the system and lead to charges of unfairness due to differences in the way individual bureaucrats exercised their discretion. It is true that some restrictions on our freedom could be eliminated, but GENERALLY SPEAKING the regulation of our lives by large organizations is necessary for the functioning of industrial-technological society. The result is a sense of powerlessness on the part of the average person. It may be, however, that formal regulations will tend increasingly to be replaced by psychological tools that make us want to do what the system requires of us. (Propaganda [14], educational techniques, “mental health” programs, etc.) 115. The system HAS TO force people to behave in ways that are increasingly remote from the natural pattern of human behavior. For example, the system needs scientists, mathematicians and engineers. It can’t function without them. So heavy pressure is put on children to excel in these fields. It isn’t natural for an adolescent human being to spend the bulk of his time sitting at a desk absorbed in study. A normal adolescent wants to spend his time in active contact with the real world. Among primitive peoples the things that children are trained to do tend to be in reasonable harmony with natural human impulses. Among the American Indians, for example, boys were trained in active outdoor pursuits—just the sort of thing that boys like. But in our society children are pushed into studying technical subjects, which most do grudgingly. 116. Because of the constant pressure that the system exerts to modify human behavior, there is a gradual increase in the number of people who cannot or will not adjust to society’s requirements: welfare leeches, youth-gang members, cultists, anti-government rebels, radical environmentalist saboteurs, dropouts and resisters of various kinds. 117. In any technologically advanced society the individual’s fate MUST depend on decisions that he personally cannot influence to any great extent. A technological society cannot be broken down into small, autonomous communities, because production depends on the cooperation of very large numbers of people and machines. Such a society MUST be highly organized and decisions HAVE TO be made that affect very large numbers of people. When a decision affects, say, a million people, then each of the affected individuals has, on the average, only a one-millionth share in making the decision. What usually happens in practice is that decisions are made by public officials or corporation executives, or by technical specialists, but even when the public votes on a decision the number of voters ordinarily is too large for the vote of any one individual to be significant. [17] Thus most individuals are unable to influence measurably the major decisions that affect their lives. There is no conceivable way to remedy this in a technologically advanced society. The system tries to “solve” this problem by using propaganda to make people WANT the decisions that have been made for them, but even if this “solution” were completely successful in making people feel better, it would be demeaning. 118. Conservatives and some others advocate more “local autonomy.” Local communities once did have autonomy, but such autonomy becomes less and less possible as local communities become more enmeshed with and dependent on large-scale systems like public utilities, computer networks, highway systems, the mass communications media, the modern health care system. Also operating against autonomy is the fact that technology applied in one location often affects people at other locations far way. Thus pesticide or chemical use near a creek may contaminate the water supply hundreds of miles downstream, and the greenhouse effect affects the whole world. 119. The system does not and cannot exist to satisfy human needs. Instead, it is human behavior that has to be modified to fit the needs of the system. This has nothing to do with the political or social ideology that may pretend to guide the technological system. It is the fault of technology, because the system is guided not by ideology but by technical necessity. [18] Of course the system does satisfy many human needs, but generally speaking it does this only to the extend that it is to the advantage of the system to do it. It is the needs of the system that are paramount, not those of the human being. For example, the system provides people with food because the system couldn’t function if everyone starved; it attends to people’s psychological needs whenever it can CONVENIENTLY do so, because it couldn’t function if too many people became depressed or rebellious. But the system, for good, solid, practical reasons, must exert constant pressure on people to mold their behavior to the needs of the system. To much waste accumulating? The government, the media, the educational system, environmentalists, everyone inundates us with a mass of propaganda about recycling. Need more technical personnel? A chorus of voices exhorts kids to study science. No one stops to ask whether it is inhumane to force adolescents to spend the bulk of their time studying subjects most of them hate. When skilled workers are put out of a job by technical advances and have to undergo “retraining,” no one asks whether it is humiliating for them to be pushed around in this way. It is simply taken for granted that everyone must bow to technical necessity. and for good reason: If human needs were put before technical necessity there would be economic problems, unemployment, shortages or worse. The concept of “mental health” in our society is defined largely by the extent to which an individual behaves in accord with the needs of the system and does so without showing signs of stress. 120. Efforts to make room for a sense of purpose and for autonomy within the system are no better than a joke. For example, one company, instead of having each of its employees assemble only one section of a catalogue, had each assemble a whole catalogue, and this was supposed to give them a sense of purpose and achievement. Some companies have tried to give their employees more autonomy in their work, but for practical reasons this usually can be done only to a very limited extent, and in any case employees are never given autonomy as to ultimate goals—their “autonomous” efforts can never be directed toward goals that they select personally, but only toward their employer’s goals, such as the survival and growth of the company. Any company would soon go out of business if it permitted its employees to act otherwise. Similarly, in any enterprise within a socialist system, workers must direct their efforts toward the goals of the enterprise, otherwise the enterprise will not serve its purpose as part of the system. Once again, for purely technical reasons it is not possible for most individuals or small groups to have much autonomy in industrial society. Even the small-business owner commonly has only limited autonomy. Apart from the necessity of government regulation, he is restricted by the fact that he must fit into the economic system and conform to its requirements. For instance, when someone develops a new technology, the small-business person often has to use that technology whether he wants to or not, in order to remain competitive. THE ‘BAD’ PARTS OF TECHNOLOGY CANNOT BE SEPARATED FROM THE ‘GOOD’ PARTS 121. A further reason why industrial society cannot be reformed in favor of freedom is that modern technology is a unified system in which all parts are dependent on one another. You can’t get rid of the “bad” parts of technology and retain only the “good” parts. Take modern medicine, for example. Progress in medical science depends on progress in chemistry, physics, biology, computer science and other fields. Advanced medical treatments require expensive, high-tech equipment that can be made available only by a technologically progressive, economically rich society. Clearly you can’t have much progress in medicine without the whole technological system and everything that goes with it. 122. Even if medical progress could be maintained without the rest of the technological system, it would by itself bring certain evils. Suppose for example that a cure for diabetes is discovered. People with a genetic tendency to diabetes will then be able to survive and reproduce as well as anyone else. Natural selection against genes for diabetes will cease and such genes will spread throughout the population. (This may be occurring to some extent already, since diabetes, while not curable, can be controlled through use of insulin.) The same thing will happen with many other diseases susceptibility to which is affected by genetic degradation of the population. The only solution will be some sort of eugenics program or extensive genetic engineering of human beings, so that man in the future will no longer be a creation of nature, or of chance, or of God (depending on your religious or philosophical opinions), but a manufactured product. 123. If you think that big government interferes in your life too much NOW, just wait till the government starts regulating the genetic constitution of your children. Such regulation will inevitably follow the introduction of genetic engineering of human beings, because the consequences of unregulated genetic engineering would be disastrous. [19] 124. The usual response to such concerns is to talk about “medical ethics.” But a code of ethics would not serve to protect freedom in the face of medical progress; it would only make matters worse. A code of ethics applicable to genetic engineering would be in effect a means of regulating the genetic constitution of human beings. Somebody (probably the upper-middle class, mostly) would decide that such and such applications of genetic engineering were “ethical” and others were not, so that in effect they would be imposing their own values on the genetic constitution of the population at large. Even if a code of ethics were chosen on a completely democratic basis, the majority would be imposing their own values on any minorities who might have a different idea of what constituted an “ethical” use of genetic engineering. The only code of ethics that would truly protect freedom would be one that prohibited ANY genetic engineering of human beings, and you can be sure that no such code will ever be applied in a technological society. No code that reduced genetic engineering to a minor role could stand up for long, because the temptation presented by the immense power of biotechnology would be irresistible, especially since to the majority of people many of its applications will seem obviously and unequivocally good (eliminating physical and mental diseases, giving people the abilities they need to get along in today’s world). Inevitably, genetic engineering will be used extensively, but only in ways consistent with the needs of the industrial- technological system. [20] TECHNOLOGY IS A MORE POWERFUL SOCIAL FORCE THAN THE ASPIRATION FOR FREEDOM 125. It is not possible to make a LASTING compromise between technology and freedom, because technology is by far the more powerful social force and continually encroaches on freedom through REPEATED compromises. Imagine the case of two neighbors, each of whom at the outset owns the same amount of land, but one of whom is more powerful than the other. The powerful one demands a piece of the other’s land. The weak one refuses. The powerful one says, “OK, let’s compromise. Give me half of what I asked.” The weak one has little choice but to give in. Some time later the powerful neighbor demands another piece of land, again there is a compromise, and so forth. By forcing a long series of compromises on the weaker man, the powerful one eventually gets all of his land. So it goes in the conflict between technology and freedom. 126. Let us explain why technology is a more powerful social force than the aspiration for freedom. 127. A technological advance that appears not to threaten freedom often turns out to threaten it very seriously later on. For example, consider motorized transport. A walking man formerly could go where he pleased, go at his own pace without observing any traffic regulations, and was independent of technological support-systems. When motor vehicles were introduced they appeared to increase man’s freedom. They took no freedom away from the walking man, no one had to have an automobile if he didn’t want one, and anyone who did choose to buy an automobile could travel much faster and farther than a walking man. But the introduction of motorized transport soon changed society in such a way as to restrict greatly man’s freedom of locomotion. When automobiles became numerous, it became necessary to regulate their use extensively. In a car, especially in densely populated areas, one cannot just go where one likes at one’s own pace one’s movement is governed by the flow of traffic and by various traffic laws. One is tied down by various obligations: license requirements, driver test, renewing registration, insurance, maintenance required for safety, monthly payments on purchase price. Moreover, the use of motorized transport is no longer optional. Since the introduction of motorized transport the arrangement of our cities has changed in such a way that the majority of people no longer live within walking distance of their place of employment, shopping areas and recreational opportunities, so that they HAVE TO depend on the automobile for transportation. Or else they must use public transportation, in which case they have even less control over their own movement than when driving a car. Even the walker’s freedom is now greatly restricted. In the city he continually has to stop to wait for traffic lights that are designed mainly to serve auto traffic. In the country, motor traffic makes it dangerous and unpleasant to walk along the highway. (Note this important point that we have just illustrated with the case of motorized transport: When a new item of technology is introduced as an option that an individual can accept or not as he chooses, it does not necessarily REMAIN optional. In many cases the new technology changes society in such a way that people eventually find themselves FORCED to use it.) 128. While technological progress AS A WHOLE continually narrows our sphere of freedom, each new technical advance CONSIDERED BY ITSELF appears to be desirable. Electricity, indoor plumbing, rapid long-distance communications ... how could one argue against any of these things, or against any other of the innumerable technical advances that have made modern society? It would have been absurd to resist the introduction of the telephone, for example. It offered many advantages and no disadvantages. Yet, as we explained in paragraphs 59-76, all these technical advances taken together have created a world in which the average man’s fate is no longer in his own hands or in the hands of his neighbors and friends, but in those of politicians, corporation executives and remote, anonymous technicians and bureaucrats whom he as an individual has no power to influence. [21] The same process will continue in the future. Take genetic engineering, for example. Few people will resist the introduction of a genetic technique that eliminates a hereditary disease. It does no apparent harm and prevents much suffering. Yet a large number of genetic improvements taken together will make the human being into an engineered product rather than a free creation of chance (or of God, or whatever, depending on your religious beliefs). 129. Another reason why technology is such a powerful social force is that, within the context of a given society, technological progress marches in only one direction; it can never be reversed. Once a technical innovation has been introduced, people usually become dependent on it, so that they can never again do without it, unless it is replaced by some still more advanced innovation. Not only do people become dependent as individuals on a new item of technology, but, even more, the system as a whole becomes dependent on it. (Imagine what would happen to the system today if computers, for example, were eliminated.) Thus the system can move in only one direction, toward greater technologization. Technology repeatedly forces freedom to take a step back, but technology can never take a step back—short of the overthrow of the whole technological system. 130. Technology advances with great rapidity and threatens freedom at many different points at the same time (crowding, rules and regulations, increasing dependence of individuals on large organizations, propaganda and other psychological techniques, genetic engineering, invasion of privacy through surveillance devices and computers, etc.). To hold back any ONE of the threats to freedom would require a long and difficult social struggle. Those who want to protect freedom are overwhelmed by the sheer number of new attacks and the rapidity with which they develop, hence they become apathetic and no longer resist. To fight each of the threats separately would be futile. Success can be hoped for only by fighting the technological system as a whole; but that is revolution, not reform. 131. Technicians (we use this term in its broad sense to describe all those who perform a specialized task that requires training) tend to be so involved in their work (their surrogate activity) that when a conflict arises between their technical work and freedom, they almost always decide in favor of their technical work. This is obvious in the case of scientists, but it also appears elsewhere: Educators, humanitarian groups, conservation organizations do not hesitate to use propaganda or other psychological techniques to help them achieve their laudable ends. Corporations and government agencies, when they find it useful, do not hesitate to collect information about individuals without regard to their privacy. Law enforcement agencies are frequently inconvenienced by the constitutional rights of suspects and often of completely innocent persons, and they do whatever they can do legally (or sometimes illegally) to restrict or circumvent those rights. Most of these educators, government officials and law officers believe in freedom, privacy and constitutional rights, but when these conflict with their work, they usually feel that their work is more important. 132. It is well known that people generally work better and more persistently when striving for a reward than when attempting to avoid a punishment or negative outcome. Scientists and other technicians are motivated mainly by the rewards they get through their work. But those who oppose technological invasions of freedom are working to avoid a negative outcome, consequently there are few who work persistently and well at this discouraging task. If reformers ever achieved a signal victory that seemed to set up a solid barrier against further erosion of freedom through technical progress, most would tend to relax and turn their attention to more agreeable pursuits. But the scientists would remain busy in their laboratories, and technology as it progresses would find ways, in spite of any barriers, to exert more and more control over individuals and make them always more dependent on the system. 133. No social arrangements, whether laws, institutions, customs or ethical codes, can provide permanent protection against technology. History shows that all social arrangements are transitory; they all change or break down eventually. But technological advances are permanent within the context of a given civilization. Suppose for example that it were possible to arrive at some social arrangements that would prevent genetic engineering from being applied to human beings, or prevent it from being applied in such a way as to threaten freedom and dignity. Still, the technology would remain waiting. Sooner or later the social arrangement would break down. Probably sooner, given the pace of change in our society. Then genetic engineering would begin to invade our sphere of freedom, and this invasion would be irreversible (short of a breakdown of technological civilization itself). Any illusions about achieving anything permanent through social arrangements should be dispelled by what is currently happening with environmental legislation. A few years ago its seemed that there were secure legal barriers preventing at least SOME of the worst forms of environmental degradation. A change in the political wind, and those barriers begin to crumble. 134. For all of the foregoing reasons, technology is a more powerful social force than the aspiration for freedom. But this statement requires an important qualification. It appears that during the next several decades the industrial-technological system will be undergoing severe stresses due to economic and environmental problems, and especially due to problems of human behavior (alienation, rebellion, hostility, a variety of social and psychological difficulties). We hope that the stresses through which the system is likely to pass will cause it to break down, or at least will weaken it sufficiently so that a revolution against it becomes possible. If such a revolution occurs and is successful, then at that particular moment the aspiration for freedom will have proved more powerful than technology. 135. In paragraph 125 we used an analogy of a weak neighbor who is left destitute by a strong neighbor who takes all his land by forcing on him a series of compromises. But suppose now that the strong neighbor gets sick, so that he is unable to defend himself. The weak neighbor can force the strong one to give him his land back, or he can kill him. If he lets the strong man survive and only forces him to give the land back, he is a fool, because when the strong man gets well he will again take all the land for himself. The only sensible alternative for the weaker man is to kill the strong one while he has the chance. In the same way, while the industrial system is sick we must destroy it. If we compromise with it and let it recover from its sickness, it will eventually wipe out all of our freedom. SIMPLER SOCIAL PROBLEMS HAVE PROVED INTRACTABLE 136. If anyone still imagines that it would be possible to reform the system in such a way as to protect freedom from technology, let him consider how clumsily and for the most part unsuccessfully our society has dealt with other social problems that are far more simple and straightforward. Among other things, the system has failed to stop environmental degradation, political corruption, drug trafficking or domestic abuse. 137. Take our environmental problems, for example. Here the conflict of values is straightforward: economic expedience now versus saving some of our natural resources for our grandchildren. [22] But on this subject we get only a lot of blather and obfuscation from the people who have power, and nothing like a clear, consistent line of action, and we keep on piling up environmental problems that our grandchildren will have to live with. Attempts to resolve the environmental issue consist of struggles and compromises between different factions, some of which are ascendant at one moment, others at another moment. The line of struggle changes with the shifting currents of public opinion. This is not a rational process, nor is it one that is likely to lead to a timely and successful solution to the problem. Major social problems, if they get “solved” at all, are rarely or never solved through any rational, comprehensive plan. They just work themselves out through a process in which various competing groups pursuing their own (usually short- term) self-interest [23] arrive (mainly by luck) at some more or less stable modus vivendi. In fact, the principles we formulated in paragraphs 100-106 make it seem doubtful that rational, long-term social planning can EVER be successful. 138. Thus it is clear that the human race has at best a very limited capacity for solving even relatively straightforward social problems. How then is it going to solve the far more difficult and subtle problem of reconciling freedom with technology? Technology presents clear-cut material advantages, whereas freedom is an abstraction that means different things to different people, and its loss is easily obscured by propaganda and fancy talk. 139. And note this important difference: It is conceivable that our environmental problems (for example) may some day be settled through a rational, comprehensive plan, but if this happens it will be only because it is in the long-term interest of the system to solve these problems. But it is NOT in the interest of the system to preserve freedom or small-group autonomy. On the contrary, it is in the interest of the system to bring human behavior under control to the greatest possible extent. [24] Thus, while practical considerations may eventually force the system to take a rational, prudent approach to environmental problems, equally practical considerations will force the system to regulate human behavior ever more closely (preferably by indirect means that will disguise the encroachment on freedom). This isn’t just our opinion. Eminent social scientists (e.g. James Q. Wilson) have stressed the importance of “socializing” people more effectively. REVOLUTION IS EASIER THAN REFORM 140. We hope we have convinced the reader that the system cannot be reformed in such a way as to reconcile freedom with technology. The only way out is to dispense with the industrial-technological system altogether. This implies revolution, not necessarily an armed uprising, but certainly a radical and fundamental change in the nature of society. 141. People tend to assume that because a revolution involves a much greater change than reform does, it is more difficult to bring about than reform is. Actually, under certain circumstances revolution is much easier than reform. The reason is that a revolutionary movement can inspire an intensity of commitment that a reform movement cannot inspire. A reform movement merely offers to solve a particular social problem. A revolutionary movement offers to solve all problems at one stroke and create a whole new world; it provides the kind of ideal for which people will take great risks and make great sacrifices. For this reasons it would be much easier to overthrow the whole technological system than to put effective, permanent restraints on the development or application of any one segment of technology, such as genetic engineering, for example. Not many people will devote themselves with single-minded passion to imposing and maintaining restraints on genetic engineering, but under suitable conditions large numbers of people may devote themselves passionately to a revolution against the industrial-technological system. As we noted in paragraph 132, reformers seeking to limit certain aspects of technology would be working to avoid a negative outcome. But revolutionaries work to gain a powerful reward—fulfillment of their revolutionary vision—and therefore work harder and more persistently than reformers do. 142. Reform is always restrained by the fear of painful consequences if changes go too far. But once a revolutionary fever has taken hold of a society, people are willing to undergo unlimited hardships for the sake of their revolution. This was clearly shown in the French and Russian Revolutions. It may be that in such cases only a minority of the population is really committed to the revolution, but this minority is sufficiently large and active so that it becomes the dominant force in society. We will have more to say about revolution in paragraphs 180-205. CONTROL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 143. Since the beginning of civilization, organized societies have had to put pressures on human beings of the sake of the functioning of the social organism. The kinds of pressures vary greatly from one society to another. Some of the pressures are physical (poor diet, excessive labor, environmental pollution), some are psychological (noise, crowding, forcing human behavior into the mold that society requires). In the past, human nature has been approximately constant, or at any rate has varied only within certain bounds. Consequently, societies have been able to push people only up to certain limits. When the limit of human endurance has been passed, things start going wrong: rebellion, or crime, or corruption, or evasion of work, or depression and other mental problems, or an elevated death rate, or a declining birth rate or something else, so that either the society breaks down, or its functioning becomes too inefficient and it is (quickly or gradually, through conquest, attrition or evolution) replaced by some more efficient form of society. [25] 144. Thus human nature has in the past put certain limits on the development of societies. People could be pushed only so far and no farther. But today this may be changing, because modern technology is developing ways of modifying human beings. 145. Imagine a society that subjects people to conditions that make them terribly unhappy, then gives them drugs to take away their unhappiness. Science fiction? It is already happening to some extent in our own society. It is well known that the rate of clinical depression has been greatly increasing in recent decades. We believe that this is due to disruption of the power process, as explained in paragraphs 59-76. But even if we are wrong, the increasing rate of depression is certainly the result of SOME conditions that exist in today’s society. Instead of removing the conditions that make people depressed, modern society gives them antidepressant drugs. In effect, antidepressants are a means of modifying an individual’s internal state in such a way as to enable him to tolerate social conditions that he would otherwise find intolerable. (Yes, we know that depression is often of purely genetic origin. We are referring here to those cases in which environment plays the predominant role.) 146. Drugs that affect the mind are only one example of the new methods of controlling human behavior that modern society is developing. Let us look at some of the other methods. 147. To start with, there are the techniques of surveillance. Hidden video cameras are now used in most stores and in many other places, computers are used to collect and process vast amounts of information about individuals. Information so obtained greatly increases the effectiveness of physical coercion (i.e., law enforcement). [26] Then there are the methods of propaganda, for which the mass communication media provide effective vehicles. Efficient techniques have been developed for winning elections, selling products, influencing public opinion. The entertainment industry serves as an important psychological tool of the system, possibly even when it is dishing out large amounts of sex and violence. Entertainment provides modern man with an essential means of escape. While absorbed in television, videos, etc., he can forget stress, anxiety, frustration, dissatisfaction. Many primitive peoples, when they don’t have work to do, are quite content to sit for hours at a time doing nothing at all, because they are at peace with themselves and their world. But most modern people must be constantly occupied or entertained, otherwise they get “bored,” i.e., they get fidgety, uneasy, irritable. 148. Other techniques strike deeper than the foregoing. Education is no longer a simple affair of paddling a kid’s behind when he doesn’t know his lessons and patting him on the head when he does know them. It is becoming a scientific technique for controlling the child’s development. Sylvan Learning Centers, for example, have had great success in motivating children to study, and psychological techniques are also used with more or less success in many conventional schools. “Parenting” techniques that are taught to parents are designed to make children accept fundamental values of the system and behave in ways that the system finds desirable. “Mental health” programs, “intervention” techniques, psychotherapy and so forth are ostensibly designed to benefit individuals, but in practice they usually serve as methods for inducing individuals to think and behave as the system requires. (There is no contradiction here; an individual whose attitudes or behavior bring him into conflict with the system is up against a force that is too powerful for him to conquer or escape from, hence he is likely to suffer from stress, frustration, defeat. His path will be much easier if he thinks and behaves as the system requires. In that sense the system is acting for the benefit of the individual when it brainwashes him into conformity.) Child abuse in its gross and obvious forms is disapproved in most if not all cultures. Tormenting a child for a trivial reason or no reason at all is something that appalls almost everyone. But many psychologists interpret the concept of abuse much more broadly. Is spanking, when used as part of a rational and consistent system of discipline, a form of abuse? The question will ultimately be decided by whether or not spanking tends to produce behavior that makes a person fit in well with the existing system of society. In practice, the word “abuse” tends to be interpreted to include any method of child-rearing that produces behavior inconvenient for the system. Thus, when they go beyond the prevention of obvious, senseless cruelty, programs for preventing “child abuse” are directed toward the control of human behavior on behalf of the system. 149. Presumably, research will continue to increase the effectiveness of psychological techniques for controlling human behavior. But we think it is unlikely that psychological techniques alone will be sufficient to adjust human beings to the kind of society that technology is creating. Biological methods probably will have to be used. We have already mentioned the use of drugs in this connection. Neurology may provide other avenues for modifying the human mind. Genetic engineering of human beings is already beginning to occur in the form of “gene therapy,” and there is no reason to assume that such methods will not eventually be used to modify those aspects of the body that affect mental functioning. 150. As we mentioned in paragraph 134, industrial society seems likely to be entering a period of severe stress, due in part to problems of human behavior and in part to economic and environmental problems. And a considerable proportion of the system’s economic and environmental problems result from the way human beings behave. Alienation, low self-esteem, depression, hostility, rebellion; children who won’t study, youth gangs, illegal drug use, rape, child abuse, other crimes, unsafe sex, teen pregnancy, population growth, political corruption, race hatred, ethnic rivalry, bitter ideological conflict (e.g., pro-choice vs. pro- life), political extremism, terrorism, sabotage, anti-government groups, hate groups. All these threaten the very survival of the system. The system will therefore be FORCED to use every practical means of controlling human behavior. 151. The social disruption that we see today is certainly not the result of mere chance. It can only be a result of the conditions of life that the system imposes on people. (We have argued that the most important of these conditions is disruption of the power process.) If the systems succeeds in imposing sufficient control over human behavior to assure its own survival, a new watershed in human history will have been passed. Whereas formerly the limits of human endurance have imposed limits on the development of societies (as we explained in paragraphs 143, 144), industrial-technological society will be able to pass those limits by modifying human beings, whether by psychological methods or biological methods or both. In the future, social systems will not be adjusted to suit the needs of human beings. Instead, human being will be adjusted to suit the needs of the system. [27] 152. Generally speaking, technological control over human behavior will probably not be introduced with a totalitarian intention or even through a conscious desire to restrict human freedom. [28] Each new step in the assertion of control over the human mind will be taken as a rational response to a problem that faces society, such as curing alcoholism, reducing the crime rate or inducing young people to study science and engineering. In many cases there will be a humanitarian justification. For example, when a psychiatrist prescribes an anti-depressant for a depressed patient, he is clearly doing that individual a favor. It would be inhumane to withhold the drug from someone who needs it. When parents send their children to Sylvan Learning Centers to have them manipulated into becoming enthusiastic about their studies, they do so from concern for their children’s welfare. It may be that some of these parents wish that one didn’t have to have specialized training to get a job and that their kid didn’t have to be brainwashed into becoming a computer nerd. But what can they do? They can’t change society, and their child may be unemployable if he doesn’t have certain skills. So they send him to Sylvan. 153. Thus control over human behavior will be introduced not by a calculated decision of the authorities but through a process of social evolution (RAPID evolution, however). The process will be impossible to resist, because each advance, considered by itself, will appear to be beneficial, or at least the evil involved in making the advance will appear to be beneficial, or at least the evil involved in making the advance will seem to be less than that which would result from not making it (see paragraph 127). Propaganda for example is used for many good purposes, such as discouraging child abuse or race hatred. [14] Sex education is obviously useful, yet the effect of sex education (to the extent that it is successful) is to take the shaping of sexual attitudes away from the family and put it into the hands of the state as represented by the public school system. 154. Suppose a biological trait is discovered that increases the likelihood that a child will grow up to be a criminal, and suppose some sort of gene therapy can remove this trait. [29] Of course most parents whose children possess the trait will have them undergo the therapy. It would be inhumane to do otherwise, since the child would probably have a miserable life if he grew up to be a criminal. But many or most primitive societies have a low crime rate in comparison with that of our society, even though they have neither high- tech methods of child-rearing nor harsh systems of punishment. Since there is no reason to suppose that more modern men than primitive men have innate predatory tendencies, the high crime rate of our society must be due to the pressures that modern conditions put on people, to which many cannot or will not adjust. Thus a treatment designed to remove potential criminal tendencies is at least in part a way of re-engineering people so that they suit the requirements of the system. 155. Our society tends to regard as a “sickness” any mode of thought or behavior that is inconvenient for the system, and this is plausible because when an individual doesn’t fit into the system it causes pain to the individual as well as problems for the system. Thus the manipulation of an individual to adjust him to the system is seen as a “cure” for a “sickness” and therefore as good. 156. In paragraph 127 we pointed out that if the use of a new item of technology is INITIALLY optional, it does not necessarily REMAIN optional, because the new technology tends to change society in such a way that it becomes difficult or impossible for an individual to function without using that technology. This applies also to the technology of human behavior. In a world in which most children are put through a program to make them enthusiastic about studying, a parent will almost be forced to put his kid through such a program, because if he does not, then the kid will grow up to be, comparatively speaking, an ignoramus and therefore unemployable. Or suppose a biological treatment is discovered that, without undesirable side-effects, will greatly reduce the psychological stress from which so many people suffer in our society. If large numbers of people choose to undergo the treatment, then the general level of stress in society will be reduced, so that it will be possible for the system to increase the stress-producing pressures. In fact, something like this seems to have happened already with one of our society’s most important psychological tools for enabling people to reduce (or at least temporarily escape from) stress, namely, mass entertainment (see paragraph 147). Our use of mass entertainment is “optional”: No law requires us to watch television, listen to the radio, read magazines. Yet mass entertainment is a means of escape and stress-reduction on which most of us have become dependent. Everyone complains about the trashiness of television, but almost everyone watches it. A few have kicked the TV habit, but it would be a rare person who could get along today without using ANY form of mass entertainment. (Yet until quite recently in human history most people got along very nicely with no other entertainment than that which each local community created for itself.) Without the entertainment industry the system probably would not have been able to get away with putting as much stress-producing pressure on us as it does. 157. Assuming that industrial society survives, it is likely that technology will eventually acquire something approaching complete control over human behavior. It has been established beyond any rational doubt that human thought and behavior have a largely biological basis. As experimenters have demonstrated, feelings such as hunger, pleasure, anger and fear can be turned on and off by electrical stimulation of appropriate parts of the brain. Memories can be destroyed by damaging parts of the brain or they can be brought to the surface by electrical stimulation. Hallucinations can be induced or moods changed by drugs. There may or may not be an immaterial human soul, but if there is one it clearly is less powerful that the biological mechanisms of human behavior. For if that were not the case then researchers would not be able so easily to manipulate human feelings and behavior with drugs and electrical currents. 158. It presumably would be impractical for all people to have electrodes inserted in their heads so that they could be controlled by the authorities. But the fact that human thoughts and feelings are so open to biological intervention shows that the problem of controlling human behavior is mainly a technical problem; a problem of neurons, hormones and complex molecules; the kind of problem that is accessible to scientific attack. Given the outstanding record of our society in solving technical problems, it is overwhelmingly probable that great advances will be made in the control of human behavior. 159. Will public resistance prevent the introduction of technological control of human behavior? It certainly would if an attempt were made to introduce such control all at once. But since technological control will be introduced through a long sequence of small advances, there will be no rational and effective public resistance. (See paragraphs 127, 132, 153.) 160. To those who think that all this sounds like science fiction, we point out that yesterday’s science fiction is today’s fact. The Industrial Revolution has radically altered man’s environment and way of life, and it is only to be expected that as technology is increasingly applied to the human body and mind, man himself will be altered as radically as his environment and way of life have been. HUMAN RACE AT A CROSSROADS 161. But we have gotten ahead of our story. It is one thing to develop in the laboratory a series of psychological or biological techniques for manipulating human behavior and quite another to integrate these techniques into a functioning social system. The latter problem is the more difficult of the two. For example, while the techniques of educational psychology doubtless work quite well in the “lab schools” where they are developed, it is not necessarily easy to apply them effectively throughout our educational system. We all know what many of our schools are like. The teachers are too busy taking knives and guns away from the kids to subject them to the latest techniques for making them into computer nerds. Thus, in spite of all its technical advances relating to human behavior, the system to date has not been impressively successful in controlling human beings. The people whose behavior is fairly well under the control of the system are those of the type that might be called “bourgeois.” But there are growing numbers of people who in one way or another are rebels against the system: welfare leaches, youth gangs, cultists, satanists, nazis, radical environmentalists, militiamen, etc. 162. The system is currently engaged in a desperate struggle to overcome certain problems that threaten its survival, among which the problems of human behavior are the most important. If the system succeeds in acquiring sufficient control over human behavior quickly enough, it will probably survive. Otherwise it will break down. We think the issue will most likely be resolved within the next several decades, say 40 to 100 years. 163. Suppose the system survives the crisis of the next several decades. By that time it will have to have solved, or at least brought under control, the principal problems that confront it, in particular that of “socializing” human beings; that is, making people sufficiently docile so that heir behavior no longer threatens the system. That being accomplished, it does not appear that there would be any further obstacle to the development of technology, and it would presumably advance toward its logical conclusion, which is complete control over everything on Earth, including human beings and all other important organisms. The system may become a unitary, monolithic organization, or it may be more or less fragmented and consist of a number of organizations coexisting in a relationship that includes elements of both cooperation and competition, just as today the government, the corporations and other large organizations both cooperate and compete with one another. Human freedom mostly will have vanished, because individuals and small groups will be impotent vis-a-vis large organizations armed with supertechnology and an arsenal of advanced psychological and biological tools for manipulating human beings, besides instruments of surveillance and physical coercion. Only a small number of people will have any real power, and even these probably will have only very limited freedom, because their behavior too will be regulated; just as today our politicians and corporation executives can retain their positions of power only as long as their behavior remains within certain fairly narrow limits. 164. Don’t imagine that the systems will stop developing further techniques for controlling human beings and nature once the crisis of the next few decades is over and increasing control is no longer necessary for the system’s survival. On the contrary, once the hard times are over the system will increase its control over people and nature more rapidly, because it will no longer be hampered by difficulties of the kind that it is currently experiencing. Survival is not the principal motive for extending control. As we explained in paragraphs 87-90, technicians and scientists carry on their work largely as a surrogate activity; that is, they satisfy their need for power by solving technical problems. They will continue to do this with unabated enthusiasm, and among the most interesting and challenging problems for them to solve will be those of understanding the human body and mind and intervening in their development. For the “good of humanity,” of course. 165. But suppose on the other hand that the stresses of the coming decades prove to be too much for the system. If the system breaks down there may be a period of chaos, a “time of troubles” such as those that history has recorded at various epochs in the past. It is impossible to predict what would emerge from such a time of troubles, but at any rate the human race would be given a new chance. The greatest danger is that industrial society may begin to reconstitute itself within the first few years after the breakdown. Certainly there will be many people (power-hungry types especially) who will be anxious to get the factories running again. 166. Therefore two tasks confront those who hate the servitude to which the industrial system is reducing the human race. First, we must work to heighten the social stresses within the system so as to increase the likelihood that it will break down or be weakened sufficiently so that a revolution against it becomes possible. Second, it is necessary to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and the industrial society if and when the system becomes sufficiently weakened. And such an ideology will help to assure that, if and when industrial society breaks down, its remnants will be smashed beyond repair, so that the system cannot be reconstituted. The factories should be destroyed, technical books burned, etc. HUMAN SUFFERING 167. The industrial system will not break down purely as a result of revolutionary action. It will not be vulnerable to revolutionary attack unless its own internal problems of development lead it into very serious difficulties. So if the system breaks down it will do so either spontaneously, or through a process that is in part spontaneous but helped along by revolutionaries. If the breakdown is sudden, many people will die, since the world’s population has become so overblown that it cannot even feed itself any longer without advanced technology. Even if the breakdown is gradual enough so that reduction of the population can occur more through lowering of the birth rate than through elevation of the death rate, the process of de- industrialization probably will be very chaotic and involve much suffering. It is naive to think it likely that technology can be phased out in a smoothly managed, orderly way, especially since the technophiles will fight stubbornly at every step. Is it therefore cruel to work for the breakdown of the system? Maybe, but maybe not. In the first place, revolutionaries will not be able to break the system down unless it is already in enough trouble so that there would be a good chance of its eventually breaking down by itself anyway; and the bigger the system grows, the more disastrous the consequences of its breakdown will be; so it may be that revolutionaries, by hastening the onset of the breakdown, will be reducing the extent of the disaster. 168. In the second place, one has to balance struggle and death against the loss of freedom and dignity. To many of us, freedom and dignity are more important than a long life or avoidance of physical pain. Besides, we all have to die some time, and it may be better to die fighting for survival, or for a cause, than to live a long but empty and purposeless life. 169. In the third place, it is not at all certain that survival of the system will lead to less suffering than breakdown of the system would. The system has already caused, and is continuing to cause, immense suffering all over the world. Ancient cultures, that for hundreds of years gave people a satisfactory relationship with each other and with their environment, have been shattered by contact with industrial society, and the result has been a whole catalogue of economic, environmental, social and psychological problems. One of the effects of the intrusion of industrial society has been that over much of the world traditional controls on population have been thrown out of balance. Hence the population explosion, with all that that implies. Then there is the psychological suffering that is widespread throughout the supposedly fortunate countries of the West (see paragraphs 44, 45). No one knows what will happen as a result of ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect and other environmental problems that cannot yet be foreseen. And, as nuclear proliferation has shown, new technology cannot be kept out of the hands of dictators and irresponsible Third World nations. Would you like to speculate about what Iraq or North Korea will do with genetic engineering? 170. “Oh!” say the technophiles, “Science is going to fix all that! We will conquer famine, eliminate psychological suffering, make everybody healthy and happy!” Yeah, sure. That’s what they said 200 years ago. The Industrial Revolution was supposed to eliminate poverty, make everybody happy, etc. The actual result has been quite different. The technophiles are hopelessly naive (or self-deceiving) in their understanding of social problems. They are unaware of (or choose to ignore) the fact that when large changes, even seemingly beneficial ones, are introduced into a society, they lead to a long sequence of other changes, most of which are impossible to predict (paragraph 103). The result is disruption of the society. So it is very probable that in their attempts to end poverty and disease, engineer docile, happy personalities and so forth, the technophiles will create social systems that are terribly troubled, even more so than the present once. For example, the scientists boast that they will end famine by creating new, genetically engineered food plants. But this will allow the human population to keep expanding indefinitely, and it is well known that crowding leads to increased stress and aggression. This is merely one example of the PREDICTABLE problems that will arise. We emphasize that, as past experience has shown, technical progress will lead to other new problems that CANNOT be predicted in advance (paragraph 103). In fact, ever since the Industrial Revolution, technology has been creating new problems for society far more rapidly than it has been solving old ones. Thus it will take a long and difficult period of trial and error for the technophiles to work the bugs out of their Brave New World (if they every do). In the meantime there will be great suffering. So it is not at all clear that the survival of industrial society would involve less suffering than the breakdown of that society would. Technology has gotten the human race into a fix from which there is not likely to be any easy escape. THE FUTURE 171. But suppose now that industrial society does survive the next several decades and that the bugs do eventually get worked out of the system, so that it functions smoothly. What kind of system will it be? We will consider several possibilities. 172. First let us postulate that the computer scientists succeed in developing intelligent machines that can do all things better than human beings can do them. In that case presumably all work will be done by vast, highly organized systems of machines and no human effort will be necessary. Either of two cases might occur. The machines might be permitted to make all of their own decisions without human oversight, or else human control over the machines might be retained. 173. If the machines are permitted to make all their own decisions, we can’t make any conjectures as to the results, because it is impossible to guess how such machines might behave. We only point out that the fate of the human race would be at the mercy of the machines. It might be argued that the human race would never be foolish enough to hand over all power to the machines. But we are suggesting neither that the human race would voluntarily turn power over to the machines nor that the machines would willfully seize power. What we do suggest is that the human race might easily permit itself to drift into a position of such dependence on the machines that it would have no practical choice but to accept all of the machines’ decisions. As society and the problems that face it become more and more complex and as machines become more and more intelligent, people will let machines make more and more of their decisions for them, simply because machine-made decisions will bring better results than man-made ones. Eventually a stage may be reached at which the decisions necessary to keep the system running will be so complex that human beings will be incapable of making them intelligently. At that stage the machines will be in effective control. People won’t be able to just turn the machines off, because they will be so dependent on them that turning them off would amount to suicide. 174. On the other hand it is possible that human control over the machines may be retained. In that case the average man may have control over certain private machines of his own, such as his car or his personal computer, but control over large systems of machines will be in the hands of a tiny elite—just as it is today, but with two differences. Due to improved techniques the elite will have greater control over the masses; and because human work will no longer be necessary the masses will be superfluous, a useless burden on the system. If the elite is ruthless they may simply decide to exterminate the mass of humanity. If they are humane they may use propaganda or other psychological or biological techniques to reduce the birth rate until the mass of humanity becomes extinct, leaving the world to the elite. Or, if the elite consists of soft- hearted liberals, they may decide to play the role of good shepherds to the rest of the human race. They will see to it that everyone’s physical needs are satisfied, that all children are raised under psychologically hygienic conditions, that everyone has a wholesome hobby to keep him busy, and that anyone who may become dissatisfied undergoes “treatment” to cure his “problem.” Of course, life will be so purposeless that people will have to be biologically or psychologically engineered either to remove their need for the power process or to make them “sublimate” their drive for power into some harmless hobby. These engineered human beings may be happy in such a society, but they most certainly will not be free. They will have been reduced to the status of domestic animals. 175. But suppose now that the computer scientists do not succeed in developing artificial intelligence, so that human work remains necessary. Even so, machines will take care of more and more of the simpler tasks so that there will be an increasing surplus of human workers at the lower levels of ability. (We see this happening already. There are many people who find it difficult or impossible to get work, because for intellectual or psychological reasons they cannot acquire the level of training necessary to make themselves useful in the present system.) On those who are employed, ever-increasing demands will be placed: They will need more and more training, more and more ability, and will have to be ever more reliable, conforming and docile, because they will be more and more like cells of a giant organism. Their tasks will be increasingly specialized, so that their work will be, in a sense, out of touch with the real world, being concentrated on one tiny slice of reality. The system will have to use any means that it can, whether psychological or biological, to engineer people to be docile, to have the abilities that the system requires and to “sublimate” their drive for power into some specialized task. But the statement that the people of such a society will have to be docile may require qualification. The society may find competitiveness useful, provided that ways are found of directing competitiveness into channels that serve the needs of the system. We can imagine a future society in which there is endless competition for positions of prestige and power. But no more than a very few people will ever reach the top, where the only real power is (see end of paragraph 163). Very repellent is a society in which a person can satisfy his need for power only by pushing large numbers of other people out of the way and depriving them of THEIR opportunity for power. 176. One can envision scenarios that incorporate aspects of more than one of the possibilities that we have just discussed. For instance, it may be that machines will take over most of the work that is of real, practical importance, but that human beings will be kept busy by being given relatively unimportant work. It has been suggested, for example, that a great development of the service industries might provide work for human beings. Thus people would spent their time shining each other’s shoes, driving each other around in taxicabs, making handicrafts for one another, waiting on each other’s tables, etc. This seems to us a thoroughly contemptible way for the human race to end up, and we doubt that many people would find fulfilling lives in such pointless busy-work. They would seek other, dangerous outlets (drugs, crime, “cults,” hate groups) unless they were biologically or psychologically engineered to adapt them to such a way of life. 177. Needless to say, the scenarios outlined above do not exhaust all the possibilities. They only indicate the kinds of outcomes that seem to us most likely. But we can envision no plausible scenarios that are any more palatable than the ones we’ve just described. It is overwhelmingly probable that if the industrial- technological system survives the next 40 to 100 years, it will by that time have developed certain general characteristics: Individuals (at least those of the “bourgeois” type, who are integrated into the system and make it run, and who therefore have all the power) will be more dependent than ever on large organizations; they will be more “socialized” than ever and their physical and mental qualities to a significant extent (possibly to a very great extent) will be those that are engineered into them rather than being the results of chance (or of God’s will, or whatever); and whatever may be left of wild nature will be reduced to remnants preserved for scientific study and kept under the supervision and management of scientists (hence it will no longer be truly wild). In the long run (say a few centuries from now) it is likely that neither the human race nor any other important organisms will exist as we know them today, because once you start modifying organisms through genetic engineering there is no reason to stop at any particular point, so that the modifications will probably continue until man and other organisms have been utterly transformed. 178. Whatever else may be the case, it is certain that technology is creating for human beings a new physical and social environment radically different from the spectrum of environments to which natural selection has adapted the human race physically and psychologically. If man is not adjusted to this new environment by being artificially re-engineered, then he will be adapted to it through a long and painful process of natural selection. The former is far more likely than the latter. 179. It would be better to dump the whole stinking system and take the consequences. STRATEGY 180. The technophiles are taking us all on an utterly reckless ride into the unknown. Many people understand something of what technological progress is doing to us yet take a passive attitude toward it because they think it is inevitable. But we (FC) don’t think it is inevitable. We think it can be stopped, and we will give here some indications of how to go about stopping it. 181. As we stated in paragraph 166, the two main tasks for the present are to promote social stress and instability in industrial society and to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and the industrial system. When the system becomes sufficiently stressed and unstable, a revolution against technology may be possible. The pattern would be similar to that of the French and Russian Revolutions. French society and Russian society, for several decades prior to their respective revolutions, showed increasing signs of stress and weakness. Meanwhile, ideologies were being developed that offered a new world view that was quite different from the old one. In the Russian case, revolutionaries were actively working to undermine the old order. Then, when the old system was put under sufficient additional stress (by financial crisis in France, by military defeat in Russia) it was swept away by revolution. What we propose is something along the same lines. 182. It will be objected that the French and Russian Revolutions were failures. But most revolutions have two goals. One is to destroy an old form of society and the other is to set up the new form of society envisioned by the revolutionaries. The French and Russian revolutionaries failed (fortunately!) to create the new kind of society of which they dreamed, but they were quite successful in destroying the old society. We have no illusions about the feasibility of creating a new, ideal form of society. Our goal is only to destroy the existing form of society. 183. But an ideology, in order to gain enthusiastic support, must have a positive ideal as well as a negative one; it must be FOR something as well as AGAINST something. The positive ideal that we propose is Nature. That is, WILD nature: those aspects of the functioning of the Earth and its living things that are independent of human management and free of human interference and control. And with wild nature we include human nature, by which we mean those aspects of the functioning of the human individual that are not subject to regulation by organized society but are products of chance, or free will, or God (depending on your religious or philosophical opinions). 184. Nature makes a perfect counter-ideal to technology for several reasons. Nature (that which is outside the power of the system) is the opposite of technology (which seeks to expand indefinitely the power of the system). Most people will agree that nature is beautiful; certainly it has tremendous popular appeal. The radical environmentalists ALREADY hold an ideology that exalts nature and opposes technology. [30] It is not necessary for the sake of nature to set up some chimerical utopia or any new kind of social order. Nature takes care of itself: It was a spontaneous creation that existed long before any human society, and for countless centuries many different kinds of human societies coexisted with nature without doing it an excessive amount of damage. Only with the Industrial Revolution did the effect of human society on nature become really devastating. To relieve the pressure on nature it is not necessary to create a special kind of social system, it is only necessary to get rid of industrial society. Granted, this will not solve all problems. Industrial society has already done tremendous damage to nature and it will take a very long time for the scars to heal. Besides, even pre-industrial societies can do significant damage to nature. Nevertheless, getting rid of industrial society will accomplish a great deal. It will relieve the worst of the pressure on nature so that the scars can begin to heal. It will remove the capacity of organized society to keep increasing its control over nature (including human nature). Whatever kind of society may exist after the demise of the industrial system, it is certain that most people will live close to nature, because in the absence of advanced technology there is no other way that people CAN live. To feed themselves they must be peasants or herdsmen or fishermen or hunters, etc. And, generally speaking, local autonomy should tend to increase, because lack of advanced technology and rapid communications will limit the capacity of governments or other large organizations to control local communities. 185. As for the negative consequences of eliminating industrial society—well, you can’t eat your cake and have it too. To gain one thing you have to sacrifice another. 186. Most people hate psychological conflict. For this reason they avoid doing any serious thinking about difficult social issues, and they like to have such issues presented to them in simple, black-and-white terms: THIS is all good and THAT is all bad. The revolutionary ideology should therefore be developed on two levels. 187. On the more sophisticated level the ideology should address itself to people who are intelligent, thoughtful and rational. The object should be to create a core of people who will be opposed to the industrial system on a rational, thought-out basis, with full appreciation of the problems and ambiguities involved, and of the price that has to be paid for getting rid of the system. It is particularly important to attract people of this type, as they are capable people and will be instrumental in influencing others. These people should be addressed on as rational a level as possible. Facts should never intentionally be distorted and intemperate language should be avoided. This does not mean that no appeal can be made to the emotions, but in making such appeal care should be taken to avoid misrepresenting the truth or doing anything else that would destroy the intellectual respectability of the ideology. 188. On a second level, the ideology should be propagated in a simplified form that will enable the unthinking majority to see the conflict of technology vs. nature in unambiguous terms. But even on this second level the ideology should not be expressed in language that is so cheap, intemperate or irrational that it alienates people of the thoughtful and rational type. Cheap, intemperate propaganda sometimes achieves impressive short-term gains, but it will be more advantageous in the long run to keep the loyalty of a small number of intelligently committed people than to arouse the passions of an unthinking, fickle mob who will change their attitude as soon as someone comes along with a better propaganda gimmick. However, propaganda of the rabble-rousing type may be necessary when the system is nearing the point of collapse and there is a final struggle between rival ideologies to determine which will become dominant when the old world-view goes under. 189. Prior to that final struggle, the revolutionaries should not expect to have a majority of people on their side. History is made by active, determined minorities, not by the majority, which seldom has a clear and consistent idea of what it really wants. Until the time comes for the final push toward revolution [31], the task of revolutionaries will be less to win the shallow support of the majority than to build a small core of deeply committed people. As for the majority, it will be enough to make them aware of the existence of the new ideology and remind them of it frequently; though of course it will be desirable to get majority support to the extent that this can be done without weakening the core of seriously committed people. 190. Any kind of social conflict helps to destabilize the system, but one should be careful about what kind of conflict one encourages. The line of conflict should be drawn between the mass of the people and the power-holding elite of industrial society (politicians, scientists, upper-level business executives, government officials, etc.). It should NOT be drawn between the revolutionaries and the mass of the people. For example, it would be bad strategy for the revolutionaries to condemn Americans for their habits of consumption. Instead, the average American should be portrayed as a victim of the advertising and marketing industry, which has suckered him into buying a lot of junk that he doesn’t need and that is very poor compensation for his lost freedom. Either approach is consistent with the facts. It is merely a matter of attitude whether you blame the advertising industry for manipulating the public or blame the public for allowing itself to be manipulated. As a matter of strategy one should generally avoid blaming the public. 191. One should think twice before encouraging any other social conflict than that between the power- holding elite (which wields technology) and the general public (over which technology exerts its power). For one thing, other conflicts tend to distract attention from the important conflicts (between power-elite and ordinary people, between technology and nature); for another thing, other conflicts may actually tend to encourage technologization, because each side in such a conflict wants to use technological power to gain advantages over its adversary. This is clearly seen in rivalries between nations. It also appears in ethnic conflicts within nations. For example, in America many black leaders are anxious to gain power for African Americans by placing back individuals in the technological power-elite. They want there to be many black government officials, scientists, corporation executives and so forth. In this way they are helping to absorb the African American subculture into the technological system. Generally speaking, one should encourage only those social conflicts that can be fitted into the framework of the conflicts of power-elite vs. ordinary people, technology vs nature. 192. But the way to discourage ethnic conflict is NOT through militant advocacy of minority rights (see paragraphs 21, 29). Instead, the revolutionaries should emphasize that although minorities do suffer more or less disadvantage, this disadvantage is of peripheral significance. Our real enemy is the industrial- technological system, and in the struggle against the system, ethnic distinctions are of no importance. 193. The kind of revolution we have in mind will not necessarily involve an armed uprising against any government. It may or may not involve physical violence, but it will not be a POLITICAL revolution. Its focus will be on technology and economics, not politics. [32] 194. Probably the revolutionaries should even AVOID assuming political power, whether by legal or illegal means, until the industrial system is stressed to the danger point and has proved itself to be a failure in the eyes of most people. Suppose for example that some “green” party should win control of the United States Congress in an election. In order to avoid betraying or watering down their own ideology they would have to take vigorous measures to turn economic growth into economic shrinkage. To the average man the results would appear disastrous: There would be massive unemployment, shortages of commodities, etc. Even if the grosser ill effects could be avoided through superhumanly skillful management, still people would have to begin giving up the luxuries to which they have become addicted. Dissatisfaction would grow, the “green” party would be voted out of office and the revolutionaries would have suffered a severe setback. For this reason the revolutionaries should not try to acquire political power until the system has gotten itself into such a mess that any hardships will be seen as resulting from the failures of the industrial system itself and not from the policies of the revolutionaries. The revolution against technology will probably have to be a revolution by outsiders, a revolution from below and not from above. 195. The revolution must be international and worldwide. It cannot be carried out on a nation-by-nation basis. Whenever it is suggested that the United States, for example, should cut back on technological progress or economic growth, people get hysterical and start screaming that if we fall behind in technology the Japanese will get ahead of us. Holy robots! The world will fly off its orbit if the Japanese ever sell more cars than we do! (Nationalism is a great promoter of technology.) More reasonably, it is argued that if the relatively democratic nations of the world fall behind in technology while nasty, dictatorial nations like China, Vietnam and North Korea continue to progress, eventually the dictators may come to dominate the world. That is why the industrial system should be attacked in all nations simultaneously, to the extent that this may be possible. True, there is no assurance that the industrial system can be destroyed at approximately the same time all over the world, and it is even conceivable that the attempt to overthrow the system could lead instead to the domination of the system by dictators. That is a risk that has to be taken. And it is worth taking, since the difference between a “democratic” industrial system and one controlled by dictators is small compared with the difference between an industrial system and a non-industrial one. [33] It might even be argued that an industrial system controlled by dictators would be preferable, because dictator-controlled systems usually have proved inefficient, hence they are presumably more likely to break down. Look at Cuba. 196. Revolutionaries might consider favoring measures that tend to bind the world economy into a unified whole. Free trade agreements like NAFTA and GATT are probably harmful to the environment in the short run, but in the long run they may perhaps be advantageous because they foster economic interdependence between nations. It will be easier to destroy the industrial system on a worldwide basis if the world economy is so unified that its breakdown in any one major nation will lead to its breakdown in all industrialized nations. 197. Some people take the line that modern man has too much power, too much control over nature; they argue for a more passive attitude on the part of the human race. At best these people are expressing themselves unclearly, because they fail to distinguish between power for LARGE ORGANIZATIONS and power for INDIVIDUALS and SMALL GROUPS. It is a mistake to argue for powerlessness and passivity, because people NEED power. Modern man as a collective entity—that is, the industrial system—has immense power over nature, and we (FC) regard this as evil. But modern INDIVIDUALS and SMALL GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS have far less power than primitive man ever did. Generally speaking, the vast power of “modern man” over nature is exercised not by individuals or small groups but by large organizations. To the extent that the average modern INDIVIDUAL can wield the power of technology, he is permitted to do so only within narrow limits and only under the supervision and control of the system. (You need a license for everything and with the license come rules and regulations.) The individual has only those technological powers with which the system chooses to provide him. His PERSONAL power over nature is slight. 198. Primitive INDIVIDUALS and SMALL GROUPS actually had considerable power over nature; or maybe it would be better to say power WITHIN nature. When primitive man needed food he knew how to find and prepare edible roots, how to track game and take it with homemade weapons. He knew how to protect himself from heat, cold, rain, dangerous animals, etc. But primitive man did relatively little damage to nature because the COLLECTIVE power of primitive society was negligible compared to the COLLECTIVE power of industrial society. 199. Instead of arguing for powerlessness and passivity, one should argue that the power of the INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM should be broken, and that this will greatly INCREASE the power and freedom of INDIVIDUALS and SMALL GROUPS. 200. Until the industrial system has been thoroughly wrecked, the destruction of that system must be the revolutionaries’ ONLY goal. Other goals would distract attention and energy from the main goal. More importantly, if the revolutionaries permit themselves to have any other goal than the destruction of technology, they will be tempted to use technology as a tool for reaching that other goal. If they give in to that temptation, they will fall right back into the technological trap, because modern technology is a unified, tightly organized system, so that, in order to retain SOME technology, one finds oneself obliged to retain MOST technology, hence one ends up sacrificing only token amounts of technology. 201. Suppose for example that the revolutionaries took “social justice” as a goal. Human nature being what it is, social justice would not come about spontaneously; it would have to be enforced. In order to enforce it the revolutionaries would have to retain central organization and control. For that they would need rapid long-distance transportation and communication, and therefore all the technology needed to support the transportation and communication systems. To feed and clothe poor people they would have to use agricultural and manufacturing technology. And so forth. So that the attempt to insure social justice would force them to retain most parts of the technological system. Not that we have anything against social justice, but it must not be allowed to interfere with the effort to get rid of the technological system. 202. It would be hopeless for revolutionaries to try to attack the system without using SOME modern technology. If nothing else they must use the communications media to spread their message. But they should use modern technology for only ONE purpose: to attack the technological system. 203. Imagine an alcoholic sitting with a barrel of wine in front of him. Suppose he starts saying to himself, “Wine isn’t bad for you if used in moderation. Why, they say small amounts of wine are even good for you! It won’t do me any harm if I take just one little drink.... “ Well you know what is going to happen. Never forget that the human race with technology is just like an alcoholic with a barrel of wine. 204. Revolutionaries should have as many children as they can. There is strong scientific evidence that social attitudes are to a significant extent inherited. No one suggests that a social attitude is a direct outcome of a person’s genetic constitution, but it appears that personality traits are partly inherited and that certain personality traits tend, within the context of our society, to make a person more likely to hold this or that social attitude. Objections to these findings have been raised, but the objections are feeble and seem to be ideologically motivated. In any event, no one denies that children tend on the average to hold social attitudes similar to those of their parents. From our point of view it doesn’t matter all that much whether the attitudes are passed on genetically or through childhood training. In either case they ARE passed on. 205. The trouble is that many of the people who are inclined to rebel against the industrial system are also concerned about the population problems, hence they are apt to have few or no children. In this way they may be handing the world over to the sort of people who support or at least accept the industrial system. To insure the strength of the next generation of revolutionaries the present generation should reproduce itself abundantly. In doing so they will be worsening the population problem only slightly. And the important problem is to get rid of the industrial system, because once the industrial system is gone the world’s population necessarily will decrease (see paragraph 167); whereas, if the industrial system survives, it will continue developing new techniques of food production that may enable the world’s population to keep increasing almost indefinitely. 206. With regard to revolutionary strategy, the only points on which we absolutely insist are that the single overriding goal must be the elimination of modern technology, and that no other goal can be allowed to compete with this one. For the rest, revolutionaries should take an empirical approach. If experience indicates that some of the recommendations made in the foregoing paragraphs are not going to give good results, then those recommendations should be discarded. TWO KINDS OF TECHNOLOGY 207. An argument likely to be raised against our proposed revolution is that it is bound to fail, because (it is claimed) throughout history technology has always progressed, never regressed, hence technological regression is impossible. But this claim is false. 208. We distinguish between two kinds of technology, which we will call small-scale technology and organization-dependent technology. Small-scale technology is technology that can be used by small-scale communities without outside assistance. Organization-dependent technology is technology that depends on large-scale social organization. We are aware of no significant cases of regression in small-scale technology. But organization-dependent technology DOES regress when the social organization on which it depends breaks down. Example: When the Roman Empire fell apart the Romans’ small-scale technology survived because any clever village craftsman could build, for instance, a water wheel, any skilled smith could make steel by Roman methods, and so forth. But the Romans’ organization-dependent technology DID regress. Their aqueducts fell into disrepair and were never rebuilt. Their techniques of road construction were lost. The Roman system of urban sanitation was forgotten, so that not until rather recent times did the sanitation of European cities equal that of Ancient Rome. 209. The reason why technology has seemed always to progress is that, until perhaps a century or two before the Industrial Revolution, most technology was small-scale technology. But most of the technology developed since the Industrial Revolution is organization-dependent technology. Take the refrigerator for example. Without factory-made parts or the facilities of a post-industrial machine shop it would be virtually impossible for a handful of local craftsmen to build a refrigerator. If by some miracle they did succeed in building one it would be useless to them without a reliable source of electric power. So they would have to dam a stream and build a generator. Generators require large amounts of copper wire. Imagine trying to make that wire without modern machinery. And where would they get a gas suitable for refrigeration? It would be much easier to build an icehouse or preserve food by drying or picking, as was done before the invention of the refrigerator. 210. So it is clear that if the industrial system were once thoroughly broken down, refrigeration technology would quickly be lost. The same is true of other organization-dependent technology. And once this technology had been lost for a generation or so it would take centuries to rebuild it, just as it took centuries to build it the first time around. Surviving technical books would be few and scattered. An industrial society, if built from scratch without outside help, can only be built in a series of stages: You need tools to make tools to make tools to make tools ... . A long process of economic development and progress in social organization is required. And, even in the absence of an ideology opposed to technology, there is no reason to believe that anyone would be interested in rebuilding industrial society. The enthusiasm for “progress” is a phenomenon peculiar to the modern form of society, and it seems not to have existed prior to the 17th century or thereabouts. 211. In the late Middle Ages there were four main civilizations that were about equally “advanced”: Europe, the Islamic world, India, and the Far East (China, Japan, Korea). Three of those civilizations remained more or less stable, and only Europe became dynamic. No one knows why Europe became dynamic at that time; historians have their theories but these are only speculation. At any rate, it is clear that rapid development toward a technological form of society occurs only under special conditions. So there is no reason to assume that a long-lasting technological regression cannot be brought about. 212. Would society EVENTUALLY develop again toward an industrial-technological form? Maybe, but there is no use in worrying about it, since we can’t predict or control events 500 or 1,000 years in the future. Those problems must be dealt with by the people who will live at that time. THE DANGER OF LEFTISM 213. Because of their need for rebellion and for membership in a movement, leftists or persons of similar psychological type often are unattracted to a rebellious or activist movement whose goals and membership are not initially leftist. The resulting influx of leftish types can easily turn a non-leftist movement into a leftist one, so that leftist goals replace or distort the original goals of the movement. 214. To avoid this, a movement that exalts nature and opposes technology must take a resolutely anti-leftist stance and must avoid all collaboration with leftists. Leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature, with human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology. Leftism is collectivist; it seeks to bind together the entire world (both nature and the human race) into a unified whole. But this implies management of nature and of human life by organized society, and it requires advanced technology. You can’t have a united world without rapid transportation and communication, you can’t make all people love one another without sophisticated psychological techniques, you can’t have a “planned society” without the necessary technological base. Above all, leftism is driven by the need for power, and the leftist seeks power on a collective basis, through identification with a mass movement or an organization. Leftism is unlikely ever to give up technology, because technology is too valuable a source of collective power. 215. The anarchist [34] too seeks power, but he seeks it on an individual or small-group basis; he wants individuals and small groups to be able to control the circumstances of their own lives. He opposes technology because it makes small groups dependent on large organizations. 216. Some leftists may seem to oppose technology, but they will oppose it only so long as they are outsiders and the technological system is controlled by non-leftists. If leftism ever becomes dominant in society, so that the technological system becomes a tool in the hands of leftists, they will enthusiastically use it and promote its growth. In doing this they will be repeating a pattern that leftism has shown again and again in the past. When the Bolsheviks in Russia were outsiders, they vigorously opposed censorship and the secret police, they advocated self-determination for ethnic minorities, and so forth; but as soon as they came into power themselves, they imposed a tighter censorship and created a more ruthless secret police than any that had existed under the tsars, and they oppressed ethnic minorities at least as much as the tsars had done. In the United States, a couple of decades ago when leftists were a minority in our universities, leftist professors were vigorous proponents of academic freedom, but today, in those of our universities where leftists have become dominant, they have shown themselves ready to take away from everyone else’s academic freedom. (This is “political correctness.”) The same will happen with leftists and technology: They will use it to oppress everyone else if they ever get it under their own control. 217. In earlier revolutions, leftists of the most power-hungry type, repeatedly, have first cooperated with non-leftist revolutionaries, as well as with leftists of a more libertarian inclination, and later have double- crossed them to seize power for themselves. Robespierre did this in the French Revolution, the Bolsheviks did it in the Russian Revolution, the communists did it in Spain in 1938 and Castro and his followers did it in Cuba. Given the past history of leftism, it would be utterly foolish for non-leftist revolutionaries today to collaborate with leftists. 218. Various thinkers have pointed out that leftism is a kind of religion. Leftism is not a religion in the strict sense because leftist doctrine does not postulate the existence of any supernatural being. But, for the leftist, leftism plays a psychological role much like that which religion plays for some people. The leftist NEEDS to believe in leftism; it plays a vital role in his psychological economy. His beliefs are not easily modified by logic or facts. He has a deep conviction that leftism is morally Right with a capital R, and that he has not only a right but a duty to impose leftist morality on everyone. (However, many of the people we are referring to as “leftists” do not think of themselves as leftists and would not describe their system of beliefs as leftism. We use the term “leftism” because we don’t know of any better words to designate the spectrum of related creeds that includes the feminist, gay rights, political correctness, etc., movements, and because these movements have a strong affinity with the old left. See paragraphs 227-230.) 219. Leftism is a totalitarian force. Wherever leftism is in a position of power it tends to invade every private corner and force every thought into a leftist mold. In part this is because of the quasi-religious character of leftism; everything contrary to leftist beliefs represents Sin. More importantly, leftism is a totalitarian force because of the leftists’ drive for power. The leftist seeks to satisfy his need for power through identification with a social movement and he tries to go through the power process by helping to pursue and attain the goals of the movement (see paragraph 83). But no matter how far the movement has gone in attaining its goals the leftist is never satisfied, because his activism is a surrogate activity (see paragraph 41). That is, the leftist’s real motive is not to attain the ostensible goals of leftism; in reality he is motivated by the sense of power he gets from struggling for and then reaching a social goal. [35] Consequently the leftist is never satisfied with the goals he has already attained; his need for the power process leads him always to pursue some new goal. The leftist wants equal opportunities for minorities. When that is attained he insists on statistical equality of achievement by minorities. And as long as anyone harbors in some corner of his mind a negative attitude toward some minority, the leftist has to re-educated him. And ethnic minorities are not enough; no one can be allowed to have a negative attitude toward homosexuals, disabled people, fat people, old people, ugly people, and on and on and on. It’s not enough that the public should be informed about the hazards of smoking; a warning has to be stamped on every package of cigarettes. Then cigarette advertising has to be restricted if not banned. The activists will never be satisfied until tobacco is outlawed, and after that it will be alcohol, then junk food, etc. Activists have fought gross child abuse, which is reasonable. But now they want to stop all spanking. When they have done that they will want to ban something else they consider unwholesome, then another thing and then another. They will never be satisfied until they have complete control over all child rearing practices. And then they will move on to another cause. 220. Suppose you asked leftists to make a list of ALL the things that were wrong with society, and then suppose you instituted EVERY social change that they demanded. It is safe to say that within a couple of years the majority of leftists would find something new to complain about, some new social “evil” to correct because, once again, the leftist is motivated less by distress at society’s ills than by the need to satisfy his drive for power by imposing his solutions on society. 221. Because of the restrictions placed on their thoughts and behavior by their high level of socialization, many leftists of the over-socialized type cannot pursue power in the ways that other people do. For them the drive for power has only one morally acceptable outlet, and that is in the struggle to impose their morality on everyone. 222. Leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, are True Believers in the sense of Eric Hoffer’s book, “The True Believer.” But not all True Believers are of the same psychological type as leftists. Presumably a true-believing nazi, for instance, is very different psychologically from a true-believing leftist. Because of their capacity for single-minded devotion to a cause, True Believers are a useful, perhaps a necessary, ingredient of any revolutionary movement. This presents a problem with which we must admit we don’t know how to deal. We aren’t sure how to harness the energies of the True Believer to a revolution against technology. At present all we can say is that no True Believer will make a safe recruit to the revolution unless his commitment is exclusively to the destruction of technology. If he is committed also to another ideal, he may want to use technology as a tool for pursuing that other ideal (see paragraphs 220, 221). 223. Some readers may say, “This stuff about leftism is a lot of crap. I know John and Jane who are leftish types and they don’t have all these totalitarian tendencies.” It’s quite true that many leftists, possibly even a numerical majority, are decent people who sincerely believe in tolerating others’ values (up to a point) and wouldn’t want to use high-handed methods to reach their social goals. Our remarks about leftism are not meant to apply to every individual leftist but to describe the general character of leftism as a movement. And the general character of a movement is not necessarily determined by the numerical proportions of the various kinds of people involved in the movement. 224. The people who rise to positions of power in leftist movements tend to be leftists of the most power- hungry type, because power-hungry people are those who strive hardest to get into positions of power. Once the power-hungry types have captured control of the movement, there are many leftists of a gentler breed who inwardly disapprove of many of the actions of the leaders, but cannot bring themselves to oppose them. They NEED their faith in the movement, and because they cannot give up this faith they go along with the leaders. True, SOME leftists do have the guts to oppose the totalitarian tendencies that emerge, but they generally lose, because the power-hungry types are better organized, are more ruthless and Machiavellian and have taken care to build themselves a strong power base. 225. These phenomena appeared clearly in Russia and other countries that were taken over by leftists. Similarly, before the breakdown of communism in the USSR, leftish types in the West would seldom criticize that country. If prodded they would admit that the USSR did many wrong things, but then they would try to find excuses for the communists and begin talking about the faults of the West. They always opposed Western military resistance to communist aggression. Leftish types all over the world vigorously protested the U.S. military action in Vietnam, but when the USSR invaded Afghanistan they did nothing. Not that they approved of the Soviet actions; but because of their leftist faith, they just couldn’t bear to put themselves in opposition to communism. Today, in those of our universities where “political correctness” has become dominant, there are probably many leftish types who privately disapprove of the suppression of academic freedom, but they go along with it anyway. 226. Thus the fact that many individual leftists are personally mild and fairly tolerant people by no means prevents leftism as a whole form having a totalitarian tendency. 227. Our discussion of leftism has a serious weakness. It is still far from clear what we mean by the word “leftist.” There doesn’t seem to be much we can do about this. Today leftism is fragmented into a whole spectrum of activist movements. Yet not all activist movements are leftist, and some activist movements (e.g., radical environmentalism) seem to include both personalities of the leftist type and personalities of thoroughly un-leftist types who ought to know better than to collaborate with leftists. Varieties of leftists fade out gradually into varieties of non-leftists and we ourselves would often be hard-pressed to decide whether a given individual is or is not a leftist. To the extent that it is defined at all, our conception of leftism is defined by the discussion of it that we have given in this article, and we can only advise the reader to use his own judgment in deciding who is a leftist. 228. But it will be helpful to list some criteria for diagnosing leftism. These criteria cannot be applied in a cut and dried manner. Some individuals may meet some of the criteria without being leftists, some leftists may not meet any of the criteria. Again, you just have to use your judgment. 229. The leftist is oriented toward large-scale collectivism. He emphasizes the duty of the individual to serve society and the duty of society to take care of the individual. He has a negative attitude toward individualism. He often takes a moralistic tone. He tends to be for gun control, for sex education and other psychologically “enlightened” educational methods, for social planning, for affirmative action, for multiculturalism. He tends to identify with victims. He tends to be against competition and against violence, but he often finds excuses for those leftists who do commit violence. He is fond of using the common catch- phrases of the left, like “racism,” “sexism,” “homophobia,” “capitalism,” “imperialism,” “neocolonialism,” “genocide,” “social change,” “social justice,” “social responsibility.” Maybe the best diagnostic trait of the leftist is his tendency to sympathize with the following movements: feminism, gay rights, ethnic rights, disability rights, animal rights, political correctness. Anyone who strongly sympathizes with ALL of these movements is almost certainly a leftist. [36] 230. The more dangerous leftists, that is, those who are most power-hungry, are often characterized by arrogance or by a dogmatic approach to ideology. However, the most dangerous leftists of all may be certain oversocialized types who avoid irritating displays of aggressiveness and refrain from advertising their leftism, but work quietly and unobtrusively to promote collectivist values, “enlightened” psychological techniques for socializing children, dependence of the individual on the system, and so forth. These crypto- leftists (as we may call them) approximate certain bourgeois types as far as practical action is concerned, but differ from them in psychology, ideology and motivation. The ordinary bourgeois tries to bring people under control of the system in order to protect his way of life, or he does so simply because his attitudes are conventional. The crypto-leftist tries to bring people under control of the system because he is a True Believer in a collectivistic ideology. The crypto-leftist is differentiated from the average leftist of the oversocialized type by the fact that his rebellious impulse is weaker and he is more securely socialized. He is differentiated from the ordinary well-socialized bourgeois by the fact that there is some deep lack within him that makes it necessary for him to devote himself to a cause and immerse himself in a collectivity. And maybe his (well-sublimated) drive for power is stronger than that of the average bourgeois. FINAL NOTE 231. Throughout this article we’ve made imprecise statements and statements that ought to have had all sorts of qualifications and reservations attached to them; and some of our statements may be flatly false. Lack of sufficient information and the need for brevity made it impossible for us to formulate our assertions more precisely or add all the necessary qualifications. And of course in a discussion of this kind one must rely heavily on intuitive judgment, and that can sometimes be wrong. So we don’t claim that this article expresses more than a crude approximation to the truth. 232. All the same, we are reasonably confident that the general outlines of the picture we have painted here are roughly correct. Just one possible weak point needs to be mentioned. We have portrayed leftism in its modern form as a phenomenon peculiar to our time and as a symptom of the disruption of the power process. But we might possibly be wrong about this. Oversocialized types who try to satisfy their drive for power by imposing their morality on everyone have certainly been around for a long time. But we THINK that the decisive role played by feelings of inferiority, low self-esteem, powerlessness, identification with victims by people who are not themselves victims, is a peculiarity of modern leftism. Identification with victims by people not themselves victims can be seen to some extent in 19th century leftism and early Christianity but as far as we can make out, symptoms of low self-esteem, etc., were not nearly so evident in these movements, or in any other movements, as they are in modern leftism. But we are not in a position to assert confidently that no such movements have existed prior to modern leftism. This is a significant question to which historians ought to give their attention. Notes 1. (Paragraph 19) We are asserting that ALL, or even most, bullies and ruthless competitors suffer from feelings of inferiority. 2. (Paragraph 25) During the Victorian period many oversocialized people suffered from serious psychological problems as a result of repressing or trying to repress their sexual feelings. Freud apparently based his theories on people of this type. Today the focus of socialization has shifted from sex to aggression. 3. (Paragraph 27) Not necessarily including specialists in engineering or the “hard” sciences. 4. (Paragraph 28) There are many individuals of the middle and upper classes who resist some of these values, but usually their resistance is more or less covert. Such resistance appears in the mass media only to a very limited extent. The main thrust of propaganda in our society is in favor of the stated values. The main reason why these values have become, so to speak, the official values of our society is that they are useful to the industrial system. Violence is discouraged because it disrupts the functioning of the system. Racism is discouraged because ethnic conflicts also disrupt the system, and discrimination wastes the talents of minority-group members who could be useful to the system. Poverty must be “cured” because the underclass causes problems for the system and contact with the underclass lowers the morale of the other classes. Women are encouraged to have careers because their talents are useful to the system and, more importantly, because by having regular jobs women become better integrated into the system and tied directly to it rather than to their families. This helps to weaken family solidarity. (The leaders of the system say they want to strengthen the family, but they really mean is that they want the family to serve as an effective tool for socializing children in accord with the needs of the system. We argue in paragraphs 51, 52 that the system cannot afford to let the family or other small-scale social groups be strong or autonomous.) 5. (Paragraph 42) It may be argued that the majority of people don’t want to make their own decisions but want leaders to do their thinking for them. There is an element of truth in this. People like to make their own decisions in small matters, but making decisions on difficult, fundamental questions requires facing up to psychological conflict, and most people hate psychological conflict. Hence they tend to lean on others in making difficult decisions. But it does not follow that they like to have decisions imposed upon them without having any opportunity to influence those decisions. The majority of people are natural followers, not leaders, but they like to have direct personal access to their leaders, they want to be able to influence the leaders and participate to some extent in making even the difficult decisions. At least to that degree they need autonomy. 6. (Paragraph 44) Some of the symptoms listed are similar to those shown by caged animals. To explain how these symptoms arise from deprivation with respect to the power process: Common-sense understanding of human nature tells one that lack of goals whose attainment requires effort leads to boredom and that boredom, long continued, often leads eventually to depression. Failure to attain goals leads to frustration and lowering of self-esteem. Frustration leads to anger, anger to aggression, often in the form of spouse or child abuse. It has been shown that long-continued frustration commonly leads to depression and that depression tends to cause guilt, sleep disorders, eating disorders and bad feelings about oneself. Those who are tending toward depression seek pleasure as an antidote; hence insatiable hedonism and excessive sex, with perversions as a means of getting new kicks. Boredom too tends to cause excessive pleasure-seeking since, lacking other goals, people often use pleasure as a goal. See accompanying diagram. The foregoing is a simplification. Reality is more complex, and of course, deprivation with respect to the power process is not the ONLY cause of the symptoms described. By the way, when we mention depression we do not necessarily mean depression that is severe enough to be treated by a psychiatrist. Often only mild forms of depression are involved. And when we speak of goals we do not necessarily mean long-term, thought-out goals. For many or most people through much of human history, the goals of a hand-to-mouth existence (merely providing oneself and one’s family with food from day to day) have been quite sufficient. 7. (Paragraph 52) A partial exception may be made for a few passive, inward-looking groups, such as the Amish, which have little effect on the wider society. Apart from these, some genuine small-scale communities do exist in America today. For instance, youth gangs and “cults.” Everyone regards them as dangerous, and so they are, because the members of these groups are loyal primarily to one another rather than to the system, hence the system cannot control them. Or take the gypsies. The gypsies commonly get away with theft and fraud because their loyalties are such that they can always get other gypsies to give testimony that “proves” their innocence. Obviously the system would be in serious trouble if too many people belonged to such groups. Some of the early-20th century Chinese thinkers who were concerned with modernizing China recognized the necessity breaking down small-scale social groups such as the family: “(According to Sun Yat-sen) the Chinese people needed a new surge of patriotism, which would lead to a transfer of loyalty from the family to the state.... (According to Li Huang) traditional attachments, particularly to the family had to be abandoned if nationalism were to develop in China.” (Chester C. Tan, “Chinese Political Thought in the Twentieth Century,” page 125, page 297.) 8. (Paragraph 56) Yes, we know that 19th century America had its problems, and serious ones, but for the sake of brevity we have to express ourselves in simplified terms. 9. (Paragraph 61) We leave aside the “underclass.” We are speaking of the mainstream. 10. (Paragraph 62) Some social scientists, educators, “mental health” professionals and the like are doing their best to push the social drives into group 1 by trying to see to it that everyone has a satisfactory social life. 11. (Paragraphs 63, 82) Is the drive for endless material acquisition really an artificial creation of the advertising and marketing industry? Certainly there is no innate human drive for material acquisition. There have been many cultures in which people have desired little material wealth beyond what was necessary to satisfy their basic physical needs (Australian aborigines, traditional Mexican peasant culture, some African cultures). On the other hand there have also been many pre-industrial cultures in which material acquisition has played an important role. So we can’t claim that today’s acquisition-oriented culture is exclusively a creation of the advertising and marketing industry. But it is clear that the advertising and marketing industry has had an important part in creating that culture. The big corporations that spend millions on advertising wouldn’t be spending that kind of money without solid proof that they were getting it back in increased sales. One member of FC met a sales manager a couple of years ago who was frank enough to tell him, “Our job is to make people buy things they don’t want and don’t need.” He then described how an untrained novice could present people with the facts about a product, and make no sales at all, while a trained and experienced professional salesman would make lots of sales to the same people. This shows that people are manipulated into buying things they don’t really want. 12. (Paragraph 64) The problem of purposelessness seems to have become less serious during the last 15 years or so, because people now feel less secure physically and economically than they did earlier, and the need for security provides them with a goal. But purposelessness has been replaced by frustration over the difficulty of attaining security. We emphasize the problem of purposelessness because the liberals and leftists would wish to solve our social problems by having society guarantee everyone’s security; but if that could be done it would only bring back the problem of purposelessness. The real issue is not whether society provides well or poorly for people’s security; the trouble is that people are dependent on the system for their security rather than having it in their own hands. This, by the way, is part of the reason why some people get worked up about the right to bear arms; possession of a gun puts that aspect of their security in their own hands. 13. (Paragraph 66) Conservatives’ efforts to decrease the amount of government regulation are of little benefit to the average man. For one thing, only a fraction of the regulations can be eliminated because most regulations are necessary. For another thing, most of the deregulation affects business rather than the average individual, so that its main effect is to take power from the government and give it to private corporations. What this means for the average man is that government interference in his life is replaced by interference from big corporations, which may be permitted, for example, to dump more chemicals that get into his water supply and give him cancer. The conservatives are just taking the average man for a sucker, exploiting his resentment of Big Government to promote the power of Big Business. 14. (Paragraph 73) When someone approves of the purpose for which propaganda is being used in a given case, he generally calls it “education” or applies to it some similar euphemism. But propaganda is propaganda regardless of the purpose for which it is used. 15. (Paragraph 83) We are not expressing approval or disapproval of the Panama invasion. We only use it to illustrate a point. 16. (Paragraph 95) When the American colonies were under British rule there were fewer and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there were after the American Constitution went into effect, yet there was more personal freedom in pre-industrial America, both before and after the War of Independence, than there was after the Industrial Revolution took hold in this country. We quote from “Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives,” edited by Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, Chapter 12 by Roger Lane, pages 476-478: “The progressive heightening of standards of propriety, and with it the increasing reliance on official law enforcement (in 19th century America) ... were common to the whole society.... [T]he change in social behavior is so long term and so widespread as to suggest a connection with the most fundamental of contemporary social processes; that of industrial urbanization itself....”Massachusetts in 1835 had a population of some 660,940, 81 percent rural, overwhelmingly preindustrial and native born. It’s citizens were used to considerable personal freedom. Whether teamsters, farmers or artisans, they were all accustomed to setting their own schedules, and the nature of their work made them physically independent of each other.... Individual problems, sins or even crimes, were not generally cause for wider social concern....”But the impact of the twin movements to the city and to the factory, both just gathering force in 1835, had a progressive effect on personal behavior throughout the 19th century and into the 20th. The factory demanded regularity of behavior, a life governed by obedience to the rhythms of clock and calendar, the demands of foreman and supervisor. In the city or town, the needs of living in closely packed neighborhoods inhibited many actions previously unobjectionable. Both blue- and white-collar employees in larger establishments were mutually dependent on their fellows; as one man’s work fit into anther’s, so one man’s business was no longer his own. “The results of the new organization of life and work were apparent by 1900, when some 76 percent of the 2,805,346 inhabitants of Massachusetts were classified as urbanites. Much violent or irregular behavior which had been tolerable in a casual, independent society was no longer acceptable in the more formalized, cooperative atmosphere of the later period.... The move to the cities had, in short, produced a more tractable, more socialized, more ‘civilized’ generation than its predecessors.” 17. (Paragraph 117) Apologists for the system are fond of citing cases in which elections have been decided by one or two votes, but such cases are rare. 18. (Paragraph 119) “Today, in technologically advanced lands, men live very similar lives in spite of geographical, religious, and political differences. The daily lives of a Christian bank clerk in Chicago, a Buddhist bank clerk in Tokyo, and a Communist bank clerk in Moscow are far more alike than the life of any one of them is like that of any single man who lived a thousand years ago. These similarities are the result of a common technology....” L. Sprague de Camp, “The Ancient Engineers,” Ballantine edition, page 17. The lives of the three bank clerks are not IDENTICAL. Ideology does have SOME effect. But all technological societies, in order to survive, must evolve along APPROXIMATELY the same trajectory. 19. (Paragraph 123) Just think an irresponsible genetic engineer might create a lot of terrorists. 20. (Paragraph 124) For a further example of undesirable consequences of medical progress, suppose a reliable cure for cancer is discovered. Even if the treatment is too expensive to be available to any but the elite, it will greatly reduce their incentive to stop the escape of carcinogens into the environment. 21. (Paragraph 128) Since many people may find paradoxical the notion that a large number of good things can add up to a bad thing, we illustrate with an analogy. Suppose Mr. A is playing chess with Mr. B. Mr. C, a Grand Master, is looking over Mr. A’s shoulder. Mr. A of course wants to win his game, so if Mr. C points out a good move for him to make, he is doing Mr. A a favor. But suppose now that Mr. C tells Mr. A how to make ALL of his moves. In each particular instance he does Mr. A a favor by showing him his best move, but by making ALL of his moves for him he spoils his game, since there is not point in Mr. A’s playing the game at all if someone else makes all his moves. The situation of modern man is analogous to that of Mr. A. The system makes an individual’s life easier for him in innumerable ways, but in doing so it deprives him of control over his own fate. 22. (Paragraph 137) Here we are considering only the conflict of values within the mainstream. For the sake of simplicity we leave out of the picture “outsider” values like the idea that wild nature is more important than human economic welfare. 23. (Paragraph 137) Self-interest is not necessarily MATERIAL self-interest. It can consist in fulfillment of some psychological need, for example, by promoting one’s own ideology or religion. 24. (Paragraph 139) A qualification: It is in the interest of the system to permit a certain prescribed degree of freedom in some areas. For example, economic freedom (with suitable limitations and restraints) has proved effective in promoting economic growth. But only planned, circumscribed, limited freedom is in the interest of the system. The individual must always be kept on a leash, even if the leash is sometimes long (see paragraphs 94, 97). 25. (Paragraph 143) We don’t mean to suggest that the efficiency or the potential for survival of a society has always been inversely proportional to the amount of pressure or discomfort to which the society subjects people. That certainly is not the case. There is good reason to believe that many primitive societies subjected people to less pressure than European society did, but European society proved far more efficient than any primitive society and always won out in conflicts with such societies because of the advantages conferred by technology. 26. (Paragraph 147) If you think that more effective law enforcement is unequivocally good because it suppresses crime, then remember that crime as defined by the system is not necessarily what YOU would call crime. Today, smoking marijuana is a “crime,” and, in some places in the U.S., so is possession of an unregistered handgun. Tomorrow, possession of ANY firearm, registered or not, may be made a crime, and the same thing may happen with disapproved methods of child-rearing, such as spanking. In some countries, expression of dissident political opinions is a crime, and there is no certainty that this will never happen in the U.S., since no constitution or political system lasts forever. If a society needs a large, powerful law enforcement establishment, then there is something gravely wrong with that society; it must be subjecting people to severe pressures if so many refuse to follow the rules, or follow them only because forced. Many societies in the past have gotten by with little or no formal law- enforcement. 27. (Paragraph 151) To be sure, past societies have had means of influencing human behavior, but these have been primitive and of low effectiveness compared with the technological means that are now being developed. 28. (Paragraph 152) However, some psychologists have publicly expressed opinions indicating their contempt for human freedom. And the mathematician Claude Shannon was quoted in Omni (August 1987) as saying, “I visualize a time when we will be to robots what dogs are to humans, and I’m rooting for the machines.” 29. (Paragraph 154) This is no science fiction! After writing paragraph 154 we came across an article in Scientific American according to which scientists are actively developing techniques for identifying possible future criminals and for treating them by a combination of biological and psychological means. Some scientists advocate compulsory application of the treatment, which may be available in the near future. (See “Seeking the Criminal Element,” by W. Wayt Gibbs, Scientific American, March 1995.) Maybe you think this is OK because the treatment would be applied to those who might become violent criminals. But of course it won’t stop there. Next, a treatment will be applied to those who might become drunk drivers (they endanger human life too), then perhaps to peel who spank their children, then to environmentalists who sabotage logging equipment, eventually to anyone whose behavior is inconvenient for the system. 30. (Paragraph 184) A further advantage of nature as a counter-ideal to technology is that, in many people, nature inspires the kind of reverence that is associated with religion, so that nature could perhaps be idealized on a religious basis. It is true that in many societies religion has served as a support and justification for the established order, but it is also true that religion has often provided a basis for rebellion. Thus it may be useful to introduce a religious element into the rebellion against technology, the more so because Western society today has no strong religious foundation. Religion, nowadays either is used as cheap and transparent support for narrow, short-sighted selfishness (some conservatives use it this way), or even is cynically exploited to make easy money (by many evangelists), or has degenerated into crude irrationalism (fundamentalist protestant sects, “cults”), or is simply stagnant (Catholicism, main-line Protestantism). The nearest thing to a strong, widespread, dynamic religion that the West has seen in recent times has been the quasi-religion of leftism, but leftism today is fragmented and has no clear, unified, inspiring goal. Thus there is a religious vacuum in our society that could perhaps be filled by a religion focused on nature in opposition to technology. But it would be a mistake to try to concoct artificially a religion to fill this role. Such an invented religion would probably be a failure. Take the “Gaia” religion for example. Do its adherents REALLY believe in it or are they just play-acting? If they are just play-acting their religion will be a flop in the end. It is probably best not to try to introduce religion into the conflict of nature vs. technology unless you REALLY believe in that religion yourself and find that it arouses a deep, strong, genuine response in many other people. 31. (Paragraph 189) Assuming that such a final push occurs. Conceivably the industrial system might be eliminated in a somewhat gradual or piecemeal fashion (see paragraphs 4, 167 and Note 4). 32. (Paragraph 193) It is even conceivable (remotely) that the revolution might consist only of a massive change of attitudes toward technology resulting in a relatively gradual and painless disintegration of the industrial system. But if this happens we’ll be very lucky. It’s far more probably that the transition to a nontechnological society will be very difficult and full of conflicts and disasters. 33. (Paragraph 195) The economic and technological structure of a society are far more important than its political structure in determining the way the average man lives (see paragraphs 95, 119 and Notes 16, 18). 34. (Paragraph 215) This statement refers to our particular brand of anarchism. A wide variety of social attitudes have been called “anarchist,” and it may be that many who consider themselves anarchists would not accept our statement of paragraph 215. It should be noted, by the way, that there is a nonviolent anarchist movement whose members probably would not accept FC as anarchist and certainly would not approve of FC’s violent methods. 35. (Paragraph 219) Many leftists are motivated also by hostility, but the hostility probably results in part from a frustrated need for power. 36. (Paragraph 229) It is important to understand that we mean someone who sympathizes with these MOVEMENTS as they exist today in our society. One who believes that women, homosexuals, etc., should have equal rights is not necessary a leftist. The feminist, gay rights, etc., movements that exist in our society have the particular ideological tone that characterizes leftism, and if one believes, for example, that women should have equal rights it does not necessarily follow that one must sympathize with the feminist movement as it exists today. If copyright problems make it impossible for this long quotation to be printed, then please change Note 16 to read as follows: 16. (Paragraph 95) When the American colonies were under British rule there were fewer and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there were after the American Constitution went into effect, yet there was more personal freedom in pre-industrial America, both before and after the War of Independence, than there was after the Industrial Revolution took hold in this country. In “Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives,” edited by Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, Chapter 12 by Roger Lane, it is explained how in pre-industrial America the average person had greater independence and autonomy than he does today, and how the process of industrialization necessarily led to the restriction of personal freedom."That worked like a charm. So far so good…
Clean & Prep Text: Steps
Now we have to deal with all sorts of messiness. What do you notice in the raw character vector una2?
1. mixture of upper and lowercase letters is no good
2. punctuation needs to be stripped (not interword though)
3. section numbers and extraneous spaces gotta go
4. stemming or lemmatization - we want roots not prefixes or suffixes
1. Strip dashes replace with space
There’s a problem with the removePunctuation function in the next step for intraword dashes in entries like well-established. removePunctuation uses the regex [[:punct:]] and spaces are closed. That results in abominations like wellestablished. You can preserve intraword dashes in the removePunctuation function using: preserve_intra_word_dashes = FALSE, but here we will just get rid of them and replace with a space using global substitution.
una2 <- gsub("-", " ", una2) #global substitution space for dash, splits well-established to well established
una2 %>% stri_wrap() %>% print()## [1] "INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE Introduction 1. The Industrial"
## [2] "Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human"
## [3] "race. They have greatly increased the life expectancy of those of us"
## [4] "who live in “advanced” countries, but they have destabilized society,"
## [5] "have made life unfulfilling, have subjected human beings to indignities,"
## [6] "have led to widespread psychological suffering (in the Third World to"
## [7] "physical suffering as well) and have inflicted severe damage on the"
## [8] "natural world. The continued development of technology will worsen"
## [9] "the situation. It will certainly subject human beings to greater"
## [10] "indignities and inflict greater damage on the natural world, it will"
## [11] "probably lead to greater social disruption and psychological suffering,"
## [12] "and it may lead to increased physical suffering even in “advanced”"
## [13] "countries. 2. The industrial technological system may survive or it may"
## [14] "break down. If it survives, it MAY eventually achieve a low level of"
## [15] "physical and psychological suffering, but only after passing through"
## [16] "a long and very painful period of adjustment and only at the cost of"
## [17] "permanently reducing human beings and many other living organisms to"
## [18] "engineered products and mere cogs in the social machine. Furthermore,"
## [19] "if the system survives, the consequences will be inevitable: There is"
## [20] "no way of reforming or modifying the system so as to prevent it from"
## [21] "depriving people of dignity and autonomy. 3. If the system breaks down"
## [22] "the consequences will still be very painful. But the bigger the system"
## [23] "grows the more disastrous the results of its breakdown will be, so if"
## [24] "it is to break down it had best break down sooner rather than later."
## [25] "4. We therefore advocate a revolution against the industrial system."
## [26] "This revolution may or may not make use of violence; it may be sudden"
## [27] "or it may be a relatively gradual process spanning a few decades. We"
## [28] "can’t predict any of that. But we do outline in a very general way"
## [29] "the measures that those who hate the industrial system should take"
## [30] "in order to prepare the way for a revolution against that form of"
## [31] "society. This is not to be a POLITICAL revolution. Its object will"
## [32] "be to overthrow not governments but the economic and technological"
## [33] "basis of the present society. 5. In this article we give attention"
## [34] "to only some of the negative developments that have grown out of the"
## [35] "industrial technological system. Other such developments we mention"
## [36] "only briefly or ignore altogether. This does not mean that we regard"
## [37] "these other developments as unimportant. For practical reasons we have"
## [38] "to confine our discussion to areas that have received insufficient"
## [39] "public attention or in which we have something new to say. For example,"
## [40] "since there are well developed environmental and wilderness movements,"
## [41] "we have written very little about environmental degradation or the"
## [42] "destruction of wild nature, even though we consider these to be highly"
## [43] "important. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MODERN LEFTISM 6. Almost everyone will"
## [44] "agree that we live in a deeply troubled society. One of the most"
## [45] "widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world is leftism, so"
## [46] "a discussion of the psychology of leftism can serve as an introduction"
## [47] "to the discussion of the problems of modern society in general. 7. But"
## [48] "what is leftism? During the first half of the 20th century leftism could"
## [49] "have been practically identified with socialism. Today the movement is"
## [50] "fragmented and it is not clear who can properly be called a leftist."
## [51] "When we speak of leftists in this article we have in mind mainly"
## [52] "socialists, collectivists, “politically correct” types, feminists, gay"
## [53] "and disability activists, animal rights activists and the like. But not"
## [54] "everyone who is associated with one of these movements is a leftist."
## [55] "What we are trying to get at in discussing leftism is not so much"
## [56] "movement or an ideology as a psychological type, or rather a collection"
## [57] "of related types. Thus, what we mean by “leftism” will emerge more"
## [58] "clearly in the course of our discussion of leftist psychology. (Also,"
## [59] "see paragraphs 227 230.) 8. Even so, our conception of leftism will"
## [60] "remain a good deal less clear than we would wish, but there doesn’t seem"
## [61] "to be any remedy for this. All we are trying to do here is indicate in"
## [62] "a rough and approximate way the two psychological tendencies that we"
## [63] "believe are the main driving force of modern leftism. We by no means"
## [64] "claim to be telling the WHOLE truth about leftist psychology. Also,"
## [65] "our discussion is meant to apply to modern leftism only. We leave open"
## [66] "the question of the extent to which our discussion could be applied"
## [67] "to the leftists of the 19th and early 20th centuries. 9. The two"
## [68] "psychological tendencies that underlie modern leftism we call “feelings"
## [69] "of inferiority” and “oversocialization.” Feelings of inferiority are"
## [70] "characteristic of modern leftism as a whole, while oversocialization"
## [71] "is characteristic only of a certain segment of modern leftism; but"
## [72] "this segment is highly influential. FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY 10. By"
## [73] "“feelings of inferiority” we mean not only inferiority feelings in the"
## [74] "strict sense but a whole spectrum of related traits; low self esteem,"
## [75] "feelings of powerlessness, depressive tendencies, defeatism, guilt,"
## [76] "self hatred, etc. We argue that modern leftists tend to have some such"
## [77] "feelings (possibly more or less repressed) and that these feelings"
## [78] "are decisive in determining the direction of modern leftism. 11. When"
## [79] "someone interprets as derogatory almost anything that is said about"
## [80] "him (or about groups with whom he identifies) we conclude that he has"
## [81] "inferiority feelings or low self esteem. This tendency is pronounced"
## [82] "among minority rights activists, whether or not they belong to the"
## [83] "minority groups whose rights they defend. They are hypersensitive about"
## [84] "the words used to designate minorities and about anything that is said"
## [85] "concerning minorities. The terms “negro,” “oriental,” “handicapped”"
## [86] "or “chick” for an African, an Asian, a disabled person or a woman"
## [87] "originally had no derogatory connotation. “Broad” and “chick” were"
## [88] "merely the feminine equivalents of “guy,” “dude” or “fellow.” The"
## [89] "negative connotations have been attached to these terms by the activists"
## [90] "themselves. Some animal rights activists have gone so far as to reject"
## [91] "the word “pet” and insist on its replacement by “animal companion.”"
## [92] "Leftish anthropologists go to great lengths to avoid saying anything"
## [93] "about primitive peoples that could conceivably be interpreted as"
## [94] "negative. They want to replace the world “primitive” by “nonliterate.”"
## [95] "They seem almost paranoid about anything that might suggest that any"
## [96] "primitive culture is inferior to our own. (We do not mean to imply"
## [97] "that primitive cultures ARE inferior to ours. We merely point out the"
## [98] "hypersensitivity of leftish anthropologists.) 12. Those who are most"
## [99] "sensitive about “politically incorrect” terminology are not the average"
## [100] "black ghetto dweller, Asian immigrant, abused woman or disabled person,"
## [101] "but a minority of activists, many of whom do not even belong to any"
## [102] "“oppressed” group but come from privileged strata of society. Political"
## [103] "correctness has its stronghold among university professors, who have"
## [104] "secure employment with comfortable salaries, and the majority of whom"
## [105] "are heterosexual white males from middle to upper middle class families."
## [106] "13. Many leftists have an intense identification with the problems of"
## [107] "groups that have an image of being weak (women), defeated (American"
## [108] "Indians), repellent (homosexuals) or otherwise inferior. The leftists"
## [109] "themselves feel that these groups are inferior. They would never admit"
## [110] "to themselves that they have such feelings, but it is precisely because"
## [111] "they do see these groups as inferior that they identify with their"
## [112] "problems. (We do not mean to suggest that women, Indians, etc. ARE"
## [113] "inferior; we are only making a point about leftist psychology.) 14."
## [114] "Feminists are desperately anxious to prove that women are as strong"
## [115] "and as capable as men. Clearly they are nagged by a fear that women"
## [116] "may NOT be as strong and as capable as men. 15. Leftists tend to hate"
## [117] "anything that has an image of being strong, good and successful. They"
## [118] "hate America, they hate Western civilization, they hate white males,"
## [119] "they hate rationality. The reasons that leftists give for hating the"
## [120] "West, etc. clearly do not correspond with their real motives. They"
## [121] "SAY they hate the West because it is warlike, imperialistic, sexist,"
## [122] "ethnocentric and so forth, but where these same faults appear in"
## [123] "socialist countries or in primitive cultures, the leftist finds excuses"
## [124] "for them, or at best he GRUDGINGLY admits that they exist; whereas"
## [125] "he ENTHUSIASTICALLY points out (and often greatly exaggerates) these"
## [126] "faults where they appear in Western civilization. Thus it is clear"
## [127] "that these faults are not the leftist’s real motive for hating America"
## [128] "and the West. He hates America and the West because they are strong"
## [129] "and successful. 16. Words like “self confidence,” “self reliance,”"
## [130] "“initiative,” “enterprise,” “optimism,” etc., play little role in the"
## [131] "liberal and leftist vocabulary. The leftist is anti individualistic, pro"
## [132] "collectivist. He wants society to solve everyone’s problems for them,"
## [133] "satisfy everyone’s needs for them, take care of them. He is not the sort"
## [134] "of person who has an inner sense of confidence in his ability to solve"
## [135] "his own problems and satisfy his own needs. The leftist is antagonistic"
## [136] "to the concept of competition because, deep inside, he feels like"
## [137] "a loser. 17. Art forms that appeal to modern leftish intellectuals"
## [138] "tend to focus on sordidness, defeat and despair, or else they take an"
## [139] "orgiastic tone, throwing off rational control as if there were no hope"
## [140] "of accomplishing anything through rational calculation and all that"
## [141] "was left was to immerse oneself in the sensations of the moment. 18."
## [142] "Modern leftish philosophers tend to dismiss reason, science, objective"
## [143] "reality and to insist that everything is culturally relative. It is true"
## [144] "that one can ask serious questions about the foundations of scientific"
## [145] "knowledge and about how, if at all, the concept of objective reality"
## [146] "can be defined. But it is obvious that modern leftish philosophers"
## [147] "are not simply cool headed logicians systematically analyzing the"
## [148] "foundations of knowledge. They are deeply involved emotionally in"
## [149] "their attack on truth and reality. They attack these concepts because"
## [150] "of their own psychological needs. For one thing, their attack is an"
## [151] "outlet for hostility, and, to the extent that it is successful, it"
## [152] "satisfies the drive for power. More importantly, the leftist hates"
## [153] "science and rationality because they classify certain beliefs as true"
## [154] "(i.e., successful, superior) and other beliefs as false (i.e., failed,"
## [155] "inferior). The leftist’s feelings of inferiority run so deep that he"
## [156] "cannot tolerate any classification of some things as successful or"
## [157] "superior and other things as failed or inferior. This also underlies the"
## [158] "rejection by many leftists of the concept of mental illness and of the"
## [159] "utility of IQ tests. Leftists are antagonistic to genetic explanations"
## [160] "of human abilities or behavior because such explanations tend to make"
## [161] "some persons appear superior or inferior to others. Leftists prefer to"
## [162] "give society the credit or blame for an individual’s ability or lack of"
## [163] "it. Thus if a person is “inferior” it is not his fault, but society’s,"
## [164] "because he has not been brought up properly. 19. The leftist is not"
## [165] "typically the kind of person whose feelings of inferiority make him a"
## [166] "braggart, an egotist, a bully, a self promoter, a ruthless competitor."
## [167] "This kind of person has not wholly lost faith in himself. He has a"
## [168] "deficit in his sense of power and self worth, but he can still conceive"
## [169] "of himself as having the capacity to be strong, and his efforts to make"
## [170] "himself strong produce his unpleasant behavior. [1] But the leftist is"
## [171] "too far gone for that. His feelings of inferiority are so ingrained that"
## [172] "he cannot conceive of himself as individually strong and valuable. Hence"
## [173] "the collectivism of the leftist. He can feel strong only as a member"
## [174] "of a large organization or a mass movement with which he identifies"
## [175] "himself. 20. Notice the masochistic tendency of leftist tactics."
## [176] "Leftists protest by lying down in front of vehicles, they intentionally"
## [177] "provoke police or racists to abuse them, etc. These tactics may often"
## [178] "be effective, but many leftists use them not as a means to an end but"
## [179] "because they PREFER masochistic tactics. Self hatred is a leftist trait."
## [180] "21. Leftists may claim that their activism is motivated by compassion"
## [181] "or by moral principles, and moral principle does play a role for the"
## [182] "leftist of the oversocialized type. But compassion and moral principle"
## [183] "cannot be the main motives for leftist activism. Hostility is too"
## [184] "prominent a component of leftist behavior; so is the drive for power."
## [185] "Moreover, much leftist behavior is not rationally calculated to be of"
## [186] "benefit to the people whom the leftists claim to be trying to help."
## [187] "For example, if one believes that affirmative action is good for black"
## [188] "people, does it make sense to demand affirmative action in hostile"
## [189] "or dogmatic terms? Obviously it would be more productive to take a"
## [190] "diplomatic and conciliatory approach that would make at least verbal and"
## [191] "symbolic concessions to white people who think that affirmative action"
## [192] "discriminates against them. But leftist activists do not take such an"
## [193] "approach because it would not satisfy their emotional needs. Helping"
## [194] "black people is not their real goal. Instead, race problems serve"
## [195] "as an excuse for them to express their own hostility and frustrated"
## [196] "need for power. In doing so they actually harm black people, because"
## [197] "the activists’ hostile attitude toward the white majority tends to"
## [198] "intensify race hatred. 22. If our society had no social problems at"
## [199] "all, the leftists would have to INVENT problems in order to provide"
## [200] "themselves with an excuse for making a fuss. 23. We emphasize that the"
## [201] "foregoing does not pretend to be an accurate description of everyone"
## [202] "who might be considered a leftist. It is only a rough indication of a"
## [203] "general tendency of leftism. OVERSOCIALIZATION 24. Psychologists use"
## [204] "the term “socialization” to designate the process by which children"
## [205] "are trained to think and act as society demands. A person is said to"
## [206] "be well socialized if he believes in and obeys the moral code of his"
## [207] "society and fits in well as a functioning part of that society. It"
## [208] "may seem senseless to say that many leftists are oversocialized, since"
## [209] "the leftist is perceived as a rebel. Nevertheless, the position can"
## [210] "be defended. Many leftists are not such rebels as they seem. 25. The"
## [211] "moral code of our society is so demanding that no one can think, feel"
## [212] "and act in a completely moral way. For example, we are not supposed to"
## [213] "hate anyone, yet almost everyone hates somebody at some time or other,"
## [214] "whether he admits it to himself or not. Some people are so highly"
## [215] "socialized that the attempt to think, feel and act morally imposes"
## [216] "a severe burden on them. In order to avoid feelings of guilt, they"
## [217] "continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and"
## [218] "find moral explanations for feelings and actions that in reality have"
## [219] "a non moral origin. We use the term “oversocialized” to describe such"
## [220] "people. [2] 26. Oversocialization can lead to low self esteem, a sense"
## [221] "of powerlessness, defeatism, guilt, etc. One of the most important means"
## [222] "by which our society socializes children is by making them feel ashamed"
## [223] "of behavior or speech that is contrary to society’s expectations. If"
## [224] "this is overdone, or if a particular child is especially susceptible"
## [225] "to such feelings, he ends by feeling ashamed of HIMSELF. Moreover"
## [226] "the thought and the behavior of the oversocialized person are more"
## [227] "restricted by society’s expectations than are those of the lightly"
## [228] "socialized person. The majority of people engage in a significant"
## [229] "amount of naughty behavior. They lie, they commit petty thefts, they"
## [230] "break traffic laws, they goof off at work, they hate someone, they"
## [231] "say spiteful things or they use some underhanded trick to get ahead"
## [232] "of the other guy. The oversocialized person cannot do these things, or"
## [233] "if he does do them he generates in himself a sense of shame and self"
## [234] "hatred. The oversocialized person cannot even experience, without guilt,"
## [235] "thoughts or feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality; he"
## [236] "cannot think “unclean” thoughts. And socialization is not just a matter"
## [237] "of morality; we are socialized to conform to many norms of behavior"
## [238] "that do not fall under the heading of morality. Thus the oversocialized"
## [239] "person is kept on a psychological leash and spends his life running"
## [240] "on rails that society has laid down for him. In many oversocialized"
## [241] "people this results in a sense of constraint and powerlessness that can"
## [242] "be a severe hardship. We suggest that oversocialization is among the"
## [243] "more serious cruelties that human beings inflict on one another. 27."
## [244] "We argue that a very important and influential segment of the modern"
## [245] "left is oversocialized and that their oversocialization is of great"
## [246] "importance in determining the direction of modern leftism. Leftists"
## [247] "of the oversocialized type tend to be intellectuals or members of the"
## [248] "upper middle class. Notice that university intellectuals [3] constitute"
## [249] "the most highly socialized segment of our society and also the most"
## [250] "left wing segment. 28. The leftist of the oversocialized type tries to"
## [251] "get off his psychological leash and assert his autonomy by rebelling."
## [252] "But usually he is not strong enough to rebel against the most basic"
## [253] "values of society. Generally speaking, the goals of today’s leftists"
## [254] "are NOT in conflict with the accepted morality. On the contrary, the"
## [255] "left takes an accepted moral principle, adopts it as its own, and then"
## [256] "accuses mainstream society of violating that principle. Examples: racial"
## [257] "equality, equality of the sexes, helping poor people, peace as opposed"
## [258] "to war, nonviolence generally, freedom of expression, kindness to"
## [259] "animals. More fundamentally, the duty of the individual to serve society"
## [260] "and the duty of society to take care of the individual. All these have"
## [261] "been deeply rooted values of our society (or at least of its middle"
## [262] "and upper classes [4] for a long time. These values are explicitly or"
## [263] "implicitly expressed or presupposed in most of the material presented"
## [264] "to us by the mainstream communications media and the educational system."
## [265] "Leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, usually do not"
## [266] "rebel against these principles but justify their hostility to society"
## [267] "by claiming (with some degree of truth) that society is not living up"
## [268] "to these principles. 29. Here is an illustration of the way in which"
## [269] "the oversocialized leftist shows his real attachment to the conventional"
## [270] "attitudes of our society while pretending to be in rebellion against it."
## [271] "Many leftists push for affirmative action, for moving black people into"
## [272] "high prestige jobs, for improved education in black schools and more"
## [273] "money for such schools; the way of life of the black “underclass” they"
## [274] "regard as a social disgrace. They want to integrate the black man into"
## [275] "the system, make him a business executive, a lawyer, a scientist just"
## [276] "like upper middle class white people. The leftists will reply that the"
## [277] "last thing they want is to make the black man into a copy of the white"
## [278] "man; instead, they want to preserve African American culture. But in"
## [279] "what does this preservation of African American culture consist? It can"
## [280] "hardly consist in anything more than eating black style food, listening"
## [281] "to black style music, wearing black style clothing and going to a black"
## [282] "style church or mosque. In other words, it can express itself only in"
## [283] "superficial matters. In all ESSENTIAL respects most leftists of the"
## [284] "oversocialized type want to make the black man conform to white, middle"
## [285] "class ideals. They want to make him study technical subjects, become an"
## [286] "executive or a scientist, spend his life climbing the status ladder to"
## [287] "prove that black people are as good as white. They want to make black"
## [288] "fathers “responsible,” they want black gangs to become nonviolent, etc."
## [289] "But these are exactly the values of the industrial technological system."
## [290] "The system couldn’t care less what kind of music a man listens to, what"
## [291] "kind of clothes he wears or what religion he believes in as long as he"
## [292] "studies in school, holds a respectable job, climbs the status ladder, is"
## [293] "a “responsible” parent, is nonviolent and so forth. In effect, however"
## [294] "much he may deny it, the oversocialized leftist wants to integrate"
## [295] "the black man into the system and make him adopt its values. 30. We"
## [296] "certainly do not claim that leftists, even of the oversocialized type,"
## [297] "NEVER rebel against the fundamental values of our society. Clearly"
## [298] "they sometimes do. Some oversocialized leftists have gone so far as"
## [299] "to rebel against one of modern society’s most important principles by"
## [300] "engaging in physical violence. By their own account, violence is for"
## [301] "them a form of “liberation.” In other words, by committing violence they"
## [302] "break through the psychological restraints that have been trained into"
## [303] "them. Because they are oversocialized these restraints have been more"
## [304] "confining for them than for others; hence their need to break free of"
## [305] "them. But they usually justify their rebellion in terms of mainstream"
## [306] "values. If they engage in violence they claim to be fighting against"
## [307] "racism or the like. 31. We realize that many objections could be raised"
## [308] "to the foregoing thumbnail sketch of leftist psychology. The real"
## [309] "situation is complex, and anything like a complete description of it"
## [310] "would take several volumes even if the necessary data were available."
## [311] "We claim only to have indicated very roughly the two most important"
## [312] "tendencies in the psychology of modern leftism. 32. The problems of"
## [313] "the leftist are indicative of the problems of our society as a whole."
## [314] "Low self esteem, depressive tendencies and defeatism are not restricted"
## [315] "to the left. Though they are especially noticeable in the left, they"
## [316] "are widespread in our society. And today’s society tries to socialize"
## [317] "us to a greater extent than any previous society. We are even told by"
## [318] "experts how to eat, how to exercise, how to make love, how to raise"
## [319] "our kids and so forth. THE POWER PROCESS 33. Human beings have a need"
## [320] "(probably based in biology) for something that we will call the “power"
## [321] "process.” This is closely related to the need for power (which is widely"
## [322] "recognized) but is not quite the same thing. The power process has"
## [323] "four elements. The three most clear cut of these we call goal, effort"
## [324] "and attainment of goal. (Everyone needs to have goals whose attainment"
## [325] "requires effort, and needs to succeed in attaining at least some of"
## [326] "his goals.) The fourth element is more difficult to define and may"
## [327] "not be necessary for everyone. We call it autonomy and will discuss it"
## [328] "later (paragraphs 42 44). 34. Consider the hypothetical case of a man"
## [329] "who can have anything he wants just by wishing for it. Such a man has"
## [330] "power, but he will develop serious psychological problems. At first he"
## [331] "will have a lot of fun, but by and by he will become acutely bored and"
## [332] "demoralized. Eventually he may become clinically depressed. History"
## [333] "shows that leisured aristocracies tend to become decadent. This is not"
## [334] "true of fighting aristocracies that have to struggle to maintain their"
## [335] "power. But leisured, secure aristocracies that have no need to exert"
## [336] "themselves usually become bored, hedonistic and demoralized, even though"
## [337] "they have power. This shows that power is not enough. One must have"
## [338] "goals toward which to exercise one’s power. 35. Everyone has goals; if"
## [339] "nothing else, to obtain the physical necessities of life: food, water"
## [340] "and whatever clothing and shelter are made necessary by the climate. But"
## [341] "the leisured aristocrat obtains these things without effort. Hence his"
## [342] "boredom and demoralization. 36. Nonattainment of important goals results"
## [343] "in death if the goals are physical necessities, and in frustration"
## [344] "if nonattainment of the goals is compatible with survival. Consistent"
## [345] "failure to attain goals throughout life results in defeatism, low self"
## [346] "esteem or depression. 37, Thus, in order to avoid serious psychological"
## [347] "problems, a human being needs goals whose attainment requires effort,"
## [348] "and he must have a reasonable rate of success in attaining his goals."
## [349] "SURROGATE ACTIVITIES 38. But not every leisured aristocrat becomes"
## [350] "bored and demoralized. For example, the emperor Hirohito, instead of"
## [351] "sinking into decadent hedonism, devoted himself to marine biology,"
## [352] "a field in which he became distinguished. When people do not have to"
## [353] "exert themselves to satisfy their physical needs they often set up"
## [354] "artificial goals for themselves. In many cases they then pursue these"
## [355] "goals with the same energy and emotional involvement that they otherwise"
## [356] "would have put into the search for physical necessities. Thus the"
## [357] "aristocrats of the Roman Empire had their literary pretensions; many"
## [358] "European aristocrats a few centuries ago invested tremendous time and"
## [359] "energy in hunting, though they certainly didn’t need the meat; other"
## [360] "aristocracies have competed for status through elaborate displays of"
## [361] "wealth; and a few aristocrats, like Hirohito, have turned to science."
## [362] "39. We use the term “surrogate activity” to designate an activity that"
## [363] "is directed toward an artificial goal that people set up for themselves"
## [364] "merely in order to have some goal to work toward, or let us say, merely"
## [365] "for the sake of the “fulfillment” that they get from pursuing the goal."
## [366] "Here is a rule of thumb for the identification of surrogate activities."
## [367] "Given a person who devotes much time and energy to the pursuit of goal"
## [368] "X, ask yourself this: If he had to devote most of his time and energy"
## [369] "to satisfying his biological needs, and if that effort required him to"
## [370] "use his physical and mental faculties in a varied and interesting way,"
## [371] "would he feel seriously deprived because he did not attain goal X? If"
## [372] "the answer is no, then the person’s pursuit of goal X is a surrogate"
## [373] "activity. Hirohito’s studies in marine biology clearly constituted a"
## [374] "surrogate activity, since it is pretty certain that if Hirohito had"
## [375] "had to spend his time working at interesting non scientific tasks in"
## [376] "order to obtain the necessities of life, he would not have felt deprived"
## [377] "because he didn’t know all about the anatomy and life cycles of marine"
## [378] "animals. On the other hand the pursuit of sex and love (for example) is"
## [379] "not a surrogate activity, because most people, even if their existence"
## [380] "were otherwise satisfactory, would feel deprived if they passed their"
## [381] "lives without ever having a relationship with a member of the opposite"
## [382] "sex. (But pursuit of an excessive amount of sex, more than one really"
## [383] "needs, can be a surrogate activity.) 40. In modern industrial society"
## [384] "only minimal effort is necessary to satisfy one’s physical needs."
## [385] "It is enough to go through a training program to acquire some petty"
## [386] "technical skill, then come to work on time and exert the very modest"
## [387] "effort needed to hold a job. The only requirements are a moderate"
## [388] "amount of intelligence and, most of all, simple OBEDIENCE. If one has"
## [389] "those, society takes care of one from cradle to grave. (Yes, there is"
## [390] "an underclass that cannot take the physical necessities for granted, but"
## [391] "we are speaking here of mainstream society.) Thus it is not surprising"
## [392] "that modern society is full of surrogate activities. These include"
## [393] "scientific work, athletic achievement, humanitarian work, artistic and"
## [394] "literary creation, climbing the corporate ladder, acquisition of money"
## [395] "and material goods far beyond the point at which they cease to give any"
## [396] "additional physical satisfaction, and social activism when it addresses"
## [397] "issues that are not important for the activist personally, as in the"
## [398] "case of white activists who work for the rights of nonwhite minorities."
## [399] "These are not always PURE surrogate activities, since for many people"
## [400] "they may be motivated in part by needs other than the need to have some"
## [401] "goal to pursue. Scientific work may be motivated in part by a drive"
## [402] "for prestige, artistic creation by a need to express feelings, militant"
## [403] "social activism by hostility. But for most people who pursue them, these"
## [404] "activities are in large part surrogate activities. For example, the"
## [405] "majority of scientists will probably agree that the “fulfillment” they"
## [406] "get from their work is more important than the money and prestige they"
## [407] "earn. 41. For many if not most people, surrogate activities are less"
## [408] "satisfying than the pursuit of real goals (that is, goals that people"
## [409] "would want to attain even if their need for the power process were"
## [410] "already fulfilled). One indication of this is the fact that, in many or"
## [411] "most cases, people who are deeply involved in surrogate activities are"
## [412] "never satisfied, never at rest. Thus the money maker constantly strives"
## [413] "for more and more wealth. The scientist no sooner solves one problem"
## [414] "than he moves on to the next. The long distance runner drives himself"
## [415] "to run always farther and faster. Many people who pursue surrogate"
## [416] "activities will say that they get far more fulfillment from these"
## [417] "activities than they do from the “mundane” business of satisfying their"
## [418] "biological needs, but that is because in our society the effort needed"
## [419] "to satisfy the biological needs has been reduced to triviality. More"
## [420] "importantly, in our society people do not satisfy their biological needs"
## [421] "AUTONOMOUSLY but by functioning as parts of an immense social machine."
## [422] "In contrast, people generally have a great deal of autonomy in pursuing"
## [423] "their surrogate activities. AUTONOMY 42. Autonomy as a part of the power"
## [424] "process may not be necessary for every individual. But most people need"
## [425] "a greater or lesser degree of autonomy in working toward their goals."
## [426] "Their efforts must be undertaken on their own initiative and must be"
## [427] "under their own direction and control. Yet most people do not have to"
## [428] "exert this initiative, direction and control as single individuals."
## [429] "It is usually enough to act as a member of a SMALL group. Thus if half"
## [430] "a dozen people discuss a goal among themselves and make a successful"
## [431] "joint effort to attain that goal, their need for the power process will"
## [432] "be served. But if they work under rigid orders handed down from above"
## [433] "that leave them no room for autonomous decision and initiative, then"
## [434] "their need for the power process will not be served. The same is true"
## [435] "when decisions are made on a collective basis if the group making the"
## [436] "collective decision is so large that the role of each individual is"
## [437] "insignificant. [5] 43. It is true that some individuals seem to have"
## [438] "little need for autonomy. Either their drive for power is weak or they"
## [439] "satisfy it by identifying themselves with some powerful organization to"
## [440] "which they belong. And then there are unthinking, animal types who seem"
## [441] "to be satisfied with a purely physical sense of power (the good combat"
## [442] "soldier, who gets his sense of power by developing fighting skills that"
## [443] "he is quite content to use in blind obedience to his superiors). 44. But"
## [444] "for most people it is through the power process—having a goal, making"
## [445] "an AUTONOMOUS effort and attaining the goal—that self esteem, self"
## [446] "confidence and a sense of power are acquired. When one does not have"
## [447] "adequate opportunity to go through the power process the consequences"
## [448] "are (depending on the individual and on the way the power process"
## [449] "is disrupted) boredom, demoralization, low self esteem, inferiority"
## [450] "feelings, defeatism, depression, anxiety, guilt, frustration, hostility,"
## [451] "spouse or child abuse, insatiable hedonism, abnormal sexual behavior,"
## [452] "sleep disorders, eating disorders, etc. [6] SOURCES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS"
## [453] "45. Any of the foregoing symptoms can occur in any society, but in"
## [454] "modern industrial society they are present on a massive scale. We aren’t"
## [455] "the first to mention that the world today seems to be going crazy. This"
## [456] "sort of thing is not normal for human societies. There is good reason"
## [457] "to believe that primitive man suffered from less stress and frustration"
## [458] "and was better satisfied with his way of life than modern man is. It"
## [459] "is true that not all was sweetness and light in primitive societies."
## [460] "Abuse of women was common among the Australian aborigines, transexuality"
## [461] "was fairly common among some of the American Indian tribes. But it"
## [462] "does appear that GENERALLY SPEAKING the kinds of problems that we have"
## [463] "listed in the preceding paragraph were far less common among primitive"
## [464] "peoples than they are in modern society. 46. We attribute the social and"
## [465] "psychological problems of modern society to the fact that that society"
## [466] "requires people to live under conditions radically different from those"
## [467] "under which the human race evolved and to behave in ways that conflict"
## [468] "with the patterns of behavior that the human race developed while living"
## [469] "under the earlier conditions. It is clear from what we have already"
## [470] "written that we consider lack of opportunity to properly experience"
## [471] "the power process as the most important of the abnormal conditions"
## [472] "to which modern society subjects people. But it is not the only one."
## [473] "Before dealing with disruption of the power process as a source of"
## [474] "social problems we will discuss some of the other sources. 47. Among the"
## [475] "abnormal conditions present in modern industrial society are excessive"
## [476] "density of population, isolation of man from nature, excessive rapidity"
## [477] "of social change and the breakdown of natural small scale communities"
## [478] "such as the extended family, the village or the tribe. 48. It is well"
## [479] "known that crowding increases stress and aggression. The degree of"
## [480] "crowding that exists today and the isolation of man from nature are"
## [481] "consequences of technological progress. All pre industrial societies"
## [482] "were predominantly rural. The Industrial Revolution vastly increased"
## [483] "the size of cities and the proportion of the population that lives"
## [484] "in them, and modern agricultural technology has made it possible for"
## [485] "the Earth to support a far denser population than it ever did before."
## [486] "(Also, technology exacerbates the effects of crowding because it puts"
## [487] "increased disruptive powers in people’s hands. For example, a variety"
## [488] "of noise making devices: power mowers, radios, motorcycles, etc. If the"
## [489] "use of these devices is unrestricted, people who want peace and quiet"
## [490] "are frustrated by the noise. If their use is restricted, people who use"
## [491] "the devices are frustrated by the regulations. But if these machines had"
## [492] "never been invented there would have been no conflict and no frustration"
## [493] "generated by them.) 49. For primitive societies the natural world (which"
## [494] "usually changes only slowly) provided a stable framework and therefore"
## [495] "a sense of security. In the modern world it is human society that"
## [496] "dominates nature rather than the other way around, and modern society"
## [497] "changes very rapidly owing to technological change. Thus there is no"
## [498] "stable framework. 50. The conservatives are fools: They whine about"
## [499] "the decay of traditional values, yet they enthusiastically support"
## [500] "technological progress and economic growth. Apparently it never occurs"
## [501] "to them that you can’t make rapid, drastic changes in the technology"
## [502] "and the economy of a society without causing rapid changes in all other"
## [503] "aspects of the society as well, and that such rapid changes inevitably"
## [504] "break down traditional values. 51. The breakdown of traditional values"
## [505] "to some extent implies the breakdown of the bonds that hold together"
## [506] "traditional small scale social groups. The disintegration of small"
## [507] "scale social groups is also promoted by the fact that modern conditions"
## [508] "often require or tempt individuals to move to new locations, separating"
## [509] "themselves from their communities. Beyond that, a technological society"
## [510] "HAS TO weaken family ties and local communities if it is to function"
## [511] "efficiently. In modern society an individual’s loyalty must be first"
## [512] "to the system and only secondarily to a small scale community, because"
## [513] "if the internal loyalties of small scale communities were stronger"
## [514] "than loyalty to the system, such communities would pursue their own"
## [515] "advantage at the expense of the system. 52. Suppose that a public"
## [516] "official or a corporation executive appoints his cousin, his friend or"
## [517] "his co religionist to a position rather than appointing the person best"
## [518] "qualified for the job. He has permitted personal loyalty to supersede"
## [519] "his loyalty to the system, and that is “nepotism” or “discrimination,”"
## [520] "both of which are terrible sins in modern society. Would be industrial"
## [521] "societies that have done a poor job of subordinating personal or local"
## [522] "loyalties to loyalty to the system are usually very inefficient. (Look"
## [523] "at Latin America.) Thus an advanced industrial society can tolerate only"
## [524] "those small scale communities that are emasculated, tamed and made into"
## [525] "tools of the system. [7] 53. Crowding, rapid change and the breakdown of"
## [526] "communities have been widely recognized as sources of social problems."
## [527] "But we do not believe they are enough to account for the extent of the"
## [528] "problems that are seen today. 54. A few pre industrial cities were very"
## [529] "large and crowded, yet their inhabitants do not seem to have suffered"
## [530] "from psychological problems to the same extent as modern man. In America"
## [531] "today there still are uncrowded rural areas, and we find there the same"
## [532] "problems as in urban areas, though the problems tend to be less acute"
## [533] "in the rural areas. Thus crowding does not seem to be the decisive"
## [534] "factor. 55. On the growing edge of the American frontier during the 19th"
## [535] "century, the mobility of the population probably broke down extended"
## [536] "families and small scale social groups to at least the same extent as"
## [537] "these are broken down today. In fact, many nuclear families lived by"
## [538] "choice in such isolation, having no neighbors within several miles,"
## [539] "that they belonged to no community at all, yet they do not seem to have"
## [540] "developed problems as a result. 56. Furthermore, change in American"
## [541] "frontier society was very rapid and deep. A man might be born and raised"
## [542] "in a log cabin, outside the reach of law and order and fed largely on"
## [543] "wild meat; and by the time he arrived at old age he might be working"
## [544] "at a regular job and living in an ordered community with effective law"
## [545] "enforcement. This was a deeper change than that which typically occurs"
## [546] "in the life of a modern individual, yet it does not seem to have led"
## [547] "to psychological problems. In fact, 19th century American society had"
## [548] "an optimistic and self confident tone, quite unlike that of today’s"
## [549] "society. [8] 57. The difference, we argue, is that modern man has the"
## [550] "sense (largely justified) that change is IMPOSED on him, whereas the"
## [551] "19th century frontiersman had the sense (also largely justified) that"
## [552] "he created change himself, by his own choice. Thus a pioneer settled on"
## [553] "a piece of land of his own choosing and made it into a farm through his"
## [554] "own effort. In those days an entire county might have only a couple of"
## [555] "hundred inhabitants and was a far more isolated and autonomous entity"
## [556] "than a modern county is. Hence the pioneer farmer participated as a"
## [557] "member of a relatively small group in the creation of a new, ordered"
## [558] "community. One may well question whether the creation of this community"
## [559] "was an improvement, but at any rate it satisfied the pioneer’s need"
## [560] "for the power process. 58. It would be possible to give other examples"
## [561] "of societies in which there has been rapid change and/or lack of close"
## [562] "community ties without the kind of massive behavioral aberration that is"
## [563] "seen in today’s industrial society. We contend that the most important"
## [564] "cause of social and psychological problems in modern society is the"
## [565] "fact that people have insufficient opportunity to go through the power"
## [566] "process in a normal way. We don’t mean to say that modern society is the"
## [567] "only one in which the power process has been disrupted. Probably most"
## [568] "if not all civilized societies have interfered with the power process"
## [569] "to a greater or lesser extent. But in modern industrial society the"
## [570] "problem has become particularly acute. Leftism, at least in its recent"
## [571] "(mid to late 20th century) form, is in part a symptom of deprivation"
## [572] "with respect to the power process. DISRUPTION OF THE POWER PROCESS IN"
## [573] "MODERN SOCIETY 59. We divide human drives into three groups: (1) those"
## [574] "drives that can be satisfied with minimal effort; (2) those that can"
## [575] "be satisfied but only at the cost of serious effort; (3) those that"
## [576] "cannot be adequately satisfied no matter how much effort one makes."
## [577] "The power process is the process of satisfying the drives of the second"
## [578] "group. The more drives there are in the third group, the more there is"
## [579] "frustration, anger, eventually defeatism, depression, etc. 60. In modern"
## [580] "industrial society natural human drives tend to be pushed into the first"
## [581] "and third groups, and the second group tends to consist increasingly"
## [582] "of artificially created drives. 61. In primitive societies, physical"
## [583] "necessities generally fall into group 2: They can be obtained, but only"
## [584] "at the cost of serious effort. But modern society tends to guaranty"
## [585] "the physical necessities to everyone [9] in exchange for only minimal"
## [586] "effort, hence physical needs are pushed into group 1. (There may be"
## [587] "disagreement about whether the effort needed to hold a job is “minimal”;"
## [588] "but usually, in lower to middle level jobs, whatever effort is required"
## [589] "is merely that of OBEDIENCE. You sit or stand where you are told to sit"
## [590] "or stand and do what you are told to do in the way you are told to do"
## [591] "it. Seldom do you have to exert yourself seriously, and in any case you"
## [592] "have hardly any autonomy in work, so that the need for the power process"
## [593] "is not well served.) 62. Social needs, such as sex, love and status,"
## [594] "often remain in group 2 in modern society, depending on the situation"
## [595] "of the individual. [10] But, except for people who have a particularly"
## [596] "strong drive for status, the effort required to fulfill the social"
## [597] "drives is insufficient to satisfy adequately the need for the power"
## [598] "process. 63. So certain artificial needs have been created that fall"
## [599] "into group 2, hence serve the need for the power process. Advertising"
## [600] "and marketing techniques have been developed that make many people feel"
## [601] "they need things that their grandparents never desired or even dreamed"
## [602] "of. It requires serious effort to earn enough money to satisfy these"
## [603] "artificial needs, hence they fall into group 2. (But see paragraphs"
## [604] "80 82.) Modern man must satisfy his need for the power process largely"
## [605] "through pursuit of the artificial needs created by the advertising"
## [606] "and marketing industry [11], and through surrogate activities. 64. It"
## [607] "seems that for many people, maybe the majority, these artificial forms"
## [608] "of the power process are insufficient. A theme that appears repeatedly"
## [609] "in the writings of the social critics of the second half of the 20th"
## [610] "century is the sense of purposelessness that afflicts many people in"
## [611] "modern society. (This purposelessness is often called by other names"
## [612] "such as “anomic” or “middle class vacuity.”) We suggest that the so"
## [613] "called “identity crisis” is actually a search for a sense of purpose,"
## [614] "often for commitment to a suitable surrogate activity. It may be that"
## [615] "existentialism is in large part a response to the purposelessness of"
## [616] "modern life. [12] Very widespread in modern society is the search for"
## [617] "“fulfillment.” But we think that for the majority of people an activity"
## [618] "whose main goal is fulfillment (that is, a surrogate activity) does"
## [619] "not bring completely satisfactory fulfillment. In other words, it does"
## [620] "not fully satisfy the need for the power process. (See paragraph 41.)"
## [621] "That need can be fully satisfied only through activities that have"
## [622] "some external goal, such as physical necessities, sex, love, status,"
## [623] "revenge, etc. 65. Moreover, where goals are pursued through earning"
## [624] "money, climbing the status ladder or functioning as part of the system"
## [625] "in some other way, most people are not in a position to pursue their"
## [626] "goals AUTONOMOUSLY. Most workers are someone else’s employee and, as"
## [627] "we pointed out in paragraph 61, must spend their days doing what they"
## [628] "are told to do in the way they are told to do it. Even people who are"
## [629] "in business for themselves have only limited autonomy. It is a chronic"
## [630] "complaint of small business persons and entrepreneurs that their hands"
## [631] "are tied by excessive government regulation. Some of these regulations"
## [632] "are doubtless unnecessary, but for the most part government regulations"
## [633] "are essential and inevitable parts of our extremely complex society. A"
## [634] "large portion of small business today operates on the franchise system."
## [635] "It was reported in the Wall Street Journal a few years ago that many"
## [636] "of the franchise granting companies require applicants for franchises"
## [637] "to take a personality test that is designed to EXCLUDE those who have"
## [638] "creativity and initiative, because such persons are not sufficiently"
## [639] "docile to go along obediently with the franchise system. This excludes"
## [640] "from small business many of the people who most need autonomy. 66."
## [641] "Today people live more by virtue of what the system does FOR them or"
## [642] "TO them than by virtue of what they do for themselves. And what they"
## [643] "do for themselves is done more and more along channels laid down by the"
## [644] "system. Opportunities tend to be those that the system provides, the"
## [645] "opportunities must be exploited in accord with rules and regulations"
## [646] "[13], and techniques prescribed by experts must be followed if there"
## [647] "is to be a chance of success. 67. Thus the power process is disrupted"
## [648] "in our society through a deficiency of real goals and a deficiency of"
## [649] "autonomy in the pursuit of goals. But it is also disrupted because of"
## [650] "those human drives that fall into group 3: the drives that one cannot"
## [651] "adequately satisfy no matter how much effort one makes. One of these"
## [652] "drives is the need for security. Our lives depend on decisions made"
## [653] "by other people; we have no control over these decisions and usually"
## [654] "we do not even know the people who make them. (“We live in a world"
## [655] "in which relatively few people—maybe 500 or 1,000—make the important"
## [656] "decisions”—Philip B. Heymann of Harvard Law School, quoted by Anthony"
## [657] "Lewis, New York Times, April 21, 1995.) Our lives depend on whether"
## [658] "safety standards at a nuclear power plant are properly maintained;"
## [659] "on how much pesticide is allowed to get into our food or how much"
## [660] "pollution into our air; on how skillful (or incompetent) our doctor is;"
## [661] "whether we lose or get a job may depend on decisions made by government"
## [662] "economists or corporation executives; and so forth. Most individuals"
## [663] "are not in a position to secure themselves against these threats to"
## [664] "more [than] a very limited extent. The individual’s search for security"
## [665] "is therefore frustrated, which leads to a sense of powerlessness. 68."
## [666] "It may be objected that primitive man is physically less secure than"
## [667] "modern man, as is shown by his shorter life expectancy; hence modern"
## [668] "man suffers from less, not more than the amount of insecurity that is"
## [669] "normal for human beings. But psychological security does not closely"
## [670] "correspond with physical security. What makes us FEEL secure is not so"
## [671] "much objective security as a sense of confidence in our ability to take"
## [672] "care of ourselves. Primitive man, threatened by a fierce animal or by"
## [673] "hunger, can fight in self defense or travel in search of food. He has"
## [674] "no certainty of success in these efforts, but he is by no means helpless"
## [675] "against the things that threaten him. The modern individual on the"
## [676] "other hand is threatened by many things against which he is helpless:"
## [677] "nuclear accidents, carcinogens in food, environmental pollution, war,"
## [678] "increasing taxes, invasion of his privacy by large organizations,"
## [679] "nationwide social or economic phenomena that may disrupt his way of"
## [680] "life. 69. It is true that primitive man is powerless against some of"
## [681] "the things that threaten him; disease for example. But he can accept the"
## [682] "risk of disease stoically. It is part of the nature of things, it is no"
## [683] "one’s fault, unless it is the fault of some imaginary, impersonal demon."
## [684] "But threats to the modern individual tend to be MAN MADE. They are not"
## [685] "the results of chance but are IMPOSED on him by other persons whose"
## [686] "decisions he, as an individual, is unable to influence. Consequently he"
## [687] "feels frustrated, humiliated and angry. 70. Thus primitive man for the"
## [688] "most part has his security in his own hands (either as an individual"
## [689] "or as a member of a SMALL group) whereas the security of modern man"
## [690] "is in the hands of persons or organizations that are too remote or"
## [691] "too large for him to be able personally to influence them. So modern"
## [692] "man’s drive for security tends to fall into groups 1 and 3; in some"
## [693] "areas (food, shelter etc.) his security is assured at the cost of only"
## [694] "trivial effort, whereas in other areas he CANNOT attain security. (The"
## [695] "foregoing greatly simplifies the real situation, but it does indicate in"
## [696] "a rough, general way how the condition of modern man differs from that"
## [697] "of primitive man.) 71. People have many transitory drives or impulses"
## [698] "that are necessarily frustrated in modern life, hence fall into group"
## [699] "3. One may become angry, but modern society cannot permit fighting. In"
## [700] "many situations it does not even permit verbal aggression. When going"
## [701] "somewhere one may be in a hurry, or one may be in a mood to travel"
## [702] "slowly, but one generally has no choice but to move with the flow of"
## [703] "traffic and obey the traffic signals. One may want to do one’s work in"
## [704] "a different way, but usually one can work only according to the rules"
## [705] "laid down by one’s employer. In many other ways as well, modern man"
## [706] "is strapped down by a network of rules and regulations (explicit or"
## [707] "implicit) that frustrate many of his impulses and thus interfere with"
## [708] "the power process. Most of these regulations cannot be dispensed with,"
## [709] "because they are necessary for the functioning of industrial society."
## [710] "72. Modern society is in certain respects extremely permissive. In"
## [711] "matters that are irrelevant to the functioning of the system we can"
## [712] "generally do what we please. We can believe in any religion we like"
## [713] "(as long as it does not encourage behavior that is dangerous to the"
## [714] "system). We can go to bed with anyone we like (as long as we practice"
## [715] "“safe sex”). We can do anything we like as long as it is UNIMPORTANT."
## [716] "But in all IMPORTANT matters the system tends increasingly to regulate"
## [717] "our behavior. 73. Behavior is regulated not only through explicit rules"
## [718] "and not only by the government. Control is often exercised through"
## [719] "indirect coercion or through psychological pressure or manipulation, and"
## [720] "by organizations other than the government, or by the system as a whole."
## [721] "Most large organizations use some form of propaganda [14] to manipulate"
## [722] "public attitudes or behavior. Propaganda is not limited to “commercials”"
## [723] "and advertisements, and sometimes it is not even consciously intended"
## [724] "as propaganda by the people who make it. For instance, the content of"
## [725] "entertainment programming is a powerful form of propaganda. An example"
## [726] "of indirect coercion: There is no law that says we have to go to work"
## [727] "every day and follow our employer’s orders. Legally there is nothing to"
## [728] "prevent us from going to live in the wild like primitive people or from"
## [729] "going into business for ourselves. But in practice there is very little"
## [730] "wild country left, and there is room in the economy for only a limited"
## [731] "number of small business owners. Hence most of us can survive only as"
## [732] "someone else’s employee. 74. We suggest that modern man’s obsession with"
## [733] "longevity, and with maintaining physical vigor and sexual attractiveness"
## [734] "to an advanced age, is a symptom of unfulfillment resulting from"
## [735] "deprivation with respect to the power process. The “mid life crisis”"
## [736] "also is such a symptom. So is the lack of interest in having children"
## [737] "that is fairly common in modern society but almost unheard of in"
## [738] "primitive societies. 75. In primitive societies life is a succession"
## [739] "of stages. The needs and purposes of one stage having been fulfilled,"
## [740] "there is no particular reluctance about passing on to the next stage. A"
## [741] "young man goes through the power process by becoming a hunter, hunting"
## [742] "not for sport or for fulfillment but to get meat that is necessary for"
## [743] "food. (In young women the process is more complex, with greater emphasis"
## [744] "on social power; we won’t discuss that here.) This phase having been"
## [745] "successfully passed through, the young man has no reluctance about"
## [746] "settling down to the responsibilities of raising a family. (In contrast,"
## [747] "some modern people indefinitely postpone having children because they"
## [748] "are too busy seeking some kind of “fulfillment.” We suggest that the"
## [749] "fulfillment they need is adequate experience of the power process—with"
## [750] "real goals instead of the artificial goals of surrogate activities.)"
## [751] "Again, having successfully raised his children, going through the power"
## [752] "process by providing them with the physical necessities, the primitive"
## [753] "man feels that his work is done and he is prepared to accept old age"
## [754] "(if he survives that long) and death. Many modern people, on the other"
## [755] "hand, are disturbed by the prospect of physical deterioration and death,"
## [756] "as is shown by the amount of effort they expend trying to maintain"
## [757] "their physical condition, appearance and health. We argue that this is"
## [758] "due to unfulfillment resulting from the fact that they have never put"
## [759] "their physical powers to any practical use, have never gone through"
## [760] "the power process using their bodies in a serious way. It is not the"
## [761] "primitive man, who has used his body daily for practical purposes, who"
## [762] "fears the deterioration of age, but the modern man, who has never had a"
## [763] "practical use for his body beyond walking from his car to his house. It"
## [764] "is the man whose need for the power process has been satisfied during"
## [765] "his life who is best prepared to accept the end of that life. 76. In"
## [766] "response to the arguments of this section someone will say, “Society"
## [767] "must find a way to give people the opportunity to go through the power"
## [768] "process.” For such people the value of the opportunity is destroyed by"
## [769] "the very fact that society gives it to them. What they need is to find"
## [770] "or make their own opportunities. As long as the system GIVES them their"
## [771] "opportunities it still has them on a leash. To attain autonomy they"
## [772] "must get off that leash. HOW SOME PEOPLE ADJUST 77. Not everyone in"
## [773] "industrial technological society suffers from psychological problems."
## [774] "Some people even profess to be quite satisfied with society as it is."
## [775] "We now discuss some of the reasons why people differ so greatly in their"
## [776] "response to modern society. 78. First, there doubtless are differences"
## [777] "in the strength of the drive for power. Individuals with a weak drive"
## [778] "for power may have relatively little need to go through the power"
## [779] "process, or at least relatively little need for autonomy in the power"
## [780] "process. These are docile types who would have been happy as plantation"
## [781] "darkies in the Old South. (We don’t mean to sneer at the “plantation"
## [782] "darkies” of the Old South. To their credit, most of the slaves were NOT"
## [783] "content with their servitude. We do sneer at people who ARE content with"
## [784] "servitude.) 79. Some people may have some exceptional drive, in pursuing"
## [785] "which they satisfy their need for the power process. For example, those"
## [786] "who have an unusually strong drive for social status may spend their"
## [787] "whole lives climbing the status ladder without ever getting bored with"
## [788] "that game. 80. People vary in their susceptibility to advertising and"
## [789] "marketing techniques. Some are so susceptible that, even if they make"
## [790] "a great deal of money, they cannot satisfy their constant craving for"
## [791] "the the shiny new toys that the marketing industry dangles before their"
## [792] "eyes. So they always feel hard pressed financially even if their income"
## [793] "is large, and their cravings are frustrated. 81. Some people have low"
## [794] "susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques. These are the"
## [795] "people who aren’t interested in money. Material acquisition does not"
## [796] "serve their need for the power process. 82. People who have medium"
## [797] "susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques are able to earn"
## [798] "enough money to satisfy their craving for goods and services, but only"
## [799] "at the cost of serious effort (putting in overtime, taking a second"
## [800] "job, earning promotions, etc.). Thus material acquisition serves their"
## [801] "need for the power process. But it does not necessarily follow that"
## [802] "their need is fully satisfied. They may have insufficient autonomy in"
## [803] "the power process (their work may consist of following orders) and some"
## [804] "of their drives may be frustrated (e.g., security, aggression). (We are"
## [805] "guilty of oversimplification in paragraphs 80 82 because we have assumed"
## [806] "that the desire for material acquisition is entirely a creation of the"
## [807] "advertising and marketing industry. Of course it’s not that simple."
## [808] "[11] 83. Some people partly satisfy their need for power by identifying"
## [809] "themselves with a powerful organization or mass movement. An individual"
## [810] "lacking goals or power joins a movement or an organization, adopts its"
## [811] "goals as his own, then works toward those goals. When some of the goals"
## [812] "are attained, the individual, even though his personal efforts have"
## [813] "played only an insignificant part in the attainment of the goals, feels"
## [814] "(through his identification with the movement or organization) as if"
## [815] "he had gone through the power process. This phenomenon was exploited"
## [816] "by the fascists, nazis and communists. Our society uses it too, though"
## [817] "less crudely. Example: Manuel Noriega was an irritant to the U.S. (goal:"
## [818] "punish Noriega). The U.S. invaded Panama (effort) and punished Noriega"
## [819] "(attainment of goal). Thus the U.S. went through the power process"
## [820] "and many Americans, because of their identification with the U.S.,"
## [821] "experienced the power process vicariously. Hence the widespread public"
## [822] "approval of the Panama invasion; it gave people a sense of power. [15]"
## [823] "We see the same phenomenon in armies, corporations, political parties,"
## [824] "humanitarian organizations, religious or ideological movements. In"
## [825] "particular, leftist movements tend to attract people who are seeking"
## [826] "to satisfy their need for power. But for most people identification"
## [827] "with a large organization or a mass movement does not fully satisfy"
## [828] "the need for power. 84. Another way in which people satisfy their"
## [829] "need for the power process is through surrogate activities. As we"
## [830] "explained in paragraphs 38 40, a surrogate activity is an activity that"
## [831] "is directed toward an artificial goal that the individual pursues for"
## [832] "the sake of the “fulfillment” that he gets from pursuing the goal, not"
## [833] "because he needs to attain the goal itself. For instance, there is no"
## [834] "practical motive for building enormous muscles, hitting a little ball"
## [835] "into a hole or acquiring a complete series of postage stamps. Yet many"
## [836] "people in our society devote themselves with passion to bodybuilding,"
## [837] "golf or stamp collecting. Some people are more “other directed”"
## [838] "than others, and therefore will more readily attach importance to a"
## [839] "surrogate activity simply because the people around them treat it as"
## [840] "important or because society tells them it is important. That is why"
## [841] "some people get very serious about essentially trivial activities such"
## [842] "as sports, or bridge, or chess, or arcane scholarly pursuits, whereas"
## [843] "others who are more clear sighted never see these things as anything"
## [844] "but the surrogate activities that they are, and consequently never"
## [845] "attach enough importance to them to satisfy their need for the power"
## [846] "process in that way. It only remains to point out that in many cases"
## [847] "a person’s way of earning a living is also a surrogate activity. Not a"
## [848] "PURE surrogate activity, since part of the motive for the activity is"
## [849] "to gain the physical necessities and (for some people) social status"
## [850] "and the luxuries that advertising makes them want. But many people put"
## [851] "into their work far more effort than is necessary to earn whatever money"
## [852] "and status they require, and this extra effort constitutes a surrogate"
## [853] "activity. This extra effort, together with the emotional investment"
## [854] "that accompanies it, is one of the most potent forces acting toward"
## [855] "the continual development and perfecting of the system, with negative"
## [856] "consequences for individual freedom (see paragraph 131). Especially,"
## [857] "for the most creative scientists and engineers, work tends to be largely"
## [858] "a surrogate activity. This point is so important that it deserves a"
## [859] "separate discussion, which we shall give in a moment (paragraphs 87"
## [860] "92). 85. In this section we have explained how many people in modern"
## [861] "society do satisfy their need for the power process to a greater or"
## [862] "lesser extent. But we think that for the majority of people the need"
## [863] "for the power process is not fully satisfied. In the first place, those"
## [864] "who have an insatiable drive for status, or who get firmly “hooked” on"
## [865] "a surrogate activity, or who identify strongly enough with a movement"
## [866] "or organization to satisfy their need for power in that way, are"
## [867] "exceptional personalities. Others are not fully satisfied with surrogate"
## [868] "activities or by identification with an organization (see paragraphs"
## [869] "41, 64). In the second place, too much control is imposed by the system"
## [870] "through explicit regulation or through socialization, which results in"
## [871] "a deficiency of autonomy, and in frustration due to the impossibility"
## [872] "of attaining certain goals and the necessity of restraining too many"
## [873] "impulses. 86. But even if most people in industrial technological"
## [874] "society were well satisfied, we (FC) would still be opposed to that form"
## [875] "of society, because (among other reasons) we consider it demeaning to"
## [876] "fulfill one’s need for the power process through surrogate activities or"
## [877] "through identification with an organization, rather than through pursuit"
## [878] "of real goals. THE MOTIVES OF SCIENTISTS 87. Science and technology"
## [879] "provide the most important examples of surrogate activities. Some"
## [880] "scientists claim that they are motivated by “curiosity” or by a desire"
## [881] "to “benefit humanity.” But it is easy to see that neither of these can"
## [882] "be the principal motive of most scientists. As for “curiosity,” that"
## [883] "notion is simply absurd. Most scientists work on highly specialized"
## [884] "problems that are not the object of any normal curiosity. For example,"
## [885] "is an astronomer, a mathematician or an entomologist curious about the"
## [886] "properties of isopropyltrimethylmethane? Of course not. Only a chemist"
## [887] "is curious about such a thing, and he is curious about it only because"
## [888] "chemistry is his surrogate activity. Is the chemist curious about"
## [889] "the appropriate classification of a new species of beetle? No. That"
## [890] "question is of interest only to the entomologist, and he is interested"
## [891] "in it only because entomology is his surrogate activity. If the chemist"
## [892] "and the entomologist had to exert themselves seriously to obtain the"
## [893] "physical necessities, and if that effort exercised their abilities in"
## [894] "an interesting way but in some nonscientific pursuit, then they wouldn’t"
## [895] "give a damn about isopropyltrimethylmethane or the classification of"
## [896] "beetles. Suppose that lack of funds for postgraduate education had"
## [897] "led the chemist to become an insurance broker instead of a chemist."
## [898] "In that case he would have been very interested in insurance matters"
## [899] "but would have cared nothing about isopropyltrimethylmethane. In any"
## [900] "case it is not normal to put into the satisfaction of mere curiosity"
## [901] "the amount of time and effort that scientists put into their work. The"
## [902] "“curiosity” explanation for the scientists’ motive just doesn’t stand"
## [903] "up. 88. The “benefit of humanity” explanation doesn’t work any better."
## [904] "Some scientific work has no conceivable relation to the welfare of the"
## [905] "human race—most of archaeology or comparative linguistics for example."
## [906] "Some other areas of science present obviously dangerous possibilities."
## [907] "Yet scientists in these areas are just as enthusiastic about their"
## [908] "work as those who develop vaccines or study air pollution. Consider the"
## [909] "case of Dr. Edward Teller, who had an obvious emotional involvement in"
## [910] "promoting nuclear power plants. Did this involvement stem from a desire"
## [911] "to benefit humanity? If so, then why didn’t Dr. Teller get emotional"
## [912] "about other “humanitarian” causes? If he was such a humanitarian then"
## [913] "why did he help to develop the H bomb? As with many other scientific"
## [914] "achievements, it is very much open to question whether nuclear power"
## [915] "plants actually do benefit humanity. Does the cheap electricity outweigh"
## [916] "the accumulating waste and the risk of accidents? Dr. Teller saw only"
## [917] "one side of the question. Clearly his emotional involvement with nuclear"
## [918] "power arose not from a desire to “benefit humanity” but from a personal"
## [919] "fulfillment he got from his work and from seeing it put to practical"
## [920] "use. 89. The same is true of scientists generally. With possible rare"
## [921] "exceptions, their motive is neither curiosity nor a desire to benefit"
## [922] "humanity but the need to go through the power process: to have a goal"
## [923] "(a scientific problem to solve), to make an effort (research) and"
## [924] "to attain the goal (solution of the problem.) Science is a surrogate"
## [925] "activity because scientists work mainly for the fulfillment they get out"
## [926] "of the work itself. 90. Of course, it’s not that simple. Other motives"
## [927] "do play a role for many scientists. Money and status for example. Some"
## [928] "scientists may be persons of the type who have an insatiable drive for"
## [929] "status (see paragraph 79) and this may provide much of the motivation"
## [930] "for their work. No doubt the majority of scientists, like the majority"
## [931] "of the general population, are more or less susceptible to advertising"
## [932] "and marketing techniques and need money to satisfy their craving for"
## [933] "goods and services. Thus science is not a PURE surrogate activity."
## [934] "But it is in large part a surrogate activity. 91. Also, science and"
## [935] "technology constitute a power mass movement, and many scientists"
## [936] "gratify their need for power through identification with this mass"
## [937] "movement (see paragraph 83). 92. Thus science marches on blindly,"
## [938] "without regard to the real welfare of the human race or to any other"
## [939] "standard, obedient only to the psychological needs of the scientists"
## [940] "and of the government officials and corporation executives who provide"
## [941] "the funds for research. THE NATURE OF FREEDOM 93. We are going to argue"
## [942] "that industrial technological society cannot be reformed in such a"
## [943] "way as to prevent it from progressively narrowing the sphere of human"
## [944] "freedom. But, because “freedom” is a word that can be interpreted"
## [945] "in many ways, we must first make clear what kind of freedom we are"
## [946] "concerned with. 94. By “freedom” we mean the opportunity to go through"
## [947] "the power process, with real goals not the artificial goals of surrogate"
## [948] "activities, and without interference, manipulation or supervision from"
## [949] "anyone, especially from any large organization. Freedom means being in"
## [950] "control (either as an individual or as a member of a SMALL group) of"
## [951] "the life and death issues of one’s existence; food, clothing, shelter"
## [952] "and defense against whatever threats there may be in one’s environment."
## [953] "Freedom means having power; not the power to control other people but"
## [954] "the power to control the circumstances of one’s own life. One does not"
## [955] "have freedom if anyone else (especially a large organization) has power"
## [956] "over one, no matter how benevolently, tolerantly and permissively that"
## [957] "power may be exercised. It is important not to confuse freedom with mere"
## [958] "permissiveness (see paragraph 72). 95. It is said that we live in a free"
## [959] "society because we have a certain number of constitutionally guaranteed"
## [960] "rights. But these are not as important as they seem. The degree of"
## [961] "personal freedom that exists in a society is determined more by the"
## [962] "economic and technological structure of the society than by its laws or"
## [963] "its form of government. [16] Most of the Indian nations of New England"
## [964] "were monarchies, and many of the cities of the Italian Renaissance"
## [965] "were controlled by dictators. But in reading about these societies"
## [966] "one gets the impression that they allowed far more personal freedom"
## [967] "than our society does. In part this was because they lacked efficient"
## [968] "mechanisms for enforcing the ruler’s will: There were no modern, well"
## [969] "organized police forces, no rapid long distance communications, no"
## [970] "surveillance cameras, no dossiers of information about the lives of"
## [971] "average citizens. Hence it was relatively easy to evade control. 96."
## [972] "As for our constitutional rights, consider for example that of freedom"
## [973] "of the press. We certainly don’t mean to knock that right; it is very"
## [974] "important tool for limiting concentration of political power and for"
## [975] "keeping those who do have political power in line by publicly exposing"
## [976] "any misbehavior on their part. But freedom of the press is of very"
## [977] "little use to the average citizen as an individual. The mass media are"
## [978] "mostly under the control of large organizations that are integrated"
## [979] "into the system. Anyone who has a little money can have something"
## [980] "printed, or can distribute it on the Internet or in some such way, but"
## [981] "what he has to say will be swamped by the vast volume of material put"
## [982] "out by the media, hence it will have no practical effect. To make an"
## [983] "impression on society with words is therefore almost impossible for"
## [984] "most individuals and small groups. Take us (FC) for example. If we had"
## [985] "never done anything violent and had submitted the present writings to"
## [986] "a publisher, they probably would not have been accepted. If they had"
## [987] "been been accepted and published, they probably would not have attracted"
## [988] "many readers, because it’s more fun to watch the entertainment put out"
## [989] "by the media than to read a sober essay. Even if these writings had"
## [990] "had many readers, most of these readers would soon have forgotten what"
## [991] "they had read as their minds were flooded by the mass of material to"
## [992] "which the media expose them. In order to get our message before the"
## [993] "public with some chance of making a lasting impression, we’ve had to"
## [994] "kill people. 97. Constitutional rights are useful up to a point, but"
## [995] "they do not serve to guarantee much more than what might be called the"
## [996] "bourgeois conception of freedom. According to the bourgeois conception,"
## [997] "a “free” man is essentially an element of a social machine and has only"
## [998] "a certain set of prescribed and delimited freedoms; freedoms that are"
## [999] "designed to serve the needs of the social machine more than those of"
## [1000] "the individual. Thus the bourgeois’s “free” man has economic freedom"
## [1001] "because that promotes growth and progress; he has freedom of the press"
## [1002] "because public criticism restrains misbehavior by political leaders;"
## [1003] "he has a right to a fair trial because imprisonment at the whim of the"
## [1004] "powerful would be bad for the system. This was clearly the attitude"
## [1005] "of Simon Bolivar. To him, people deserved liberty only if they used"
## [1006] "it to promote progress (progress as conceived by the bourgeois). Other"
## [1007] "bourgeois thinkers have taken a similar view of freedom as a mere"
## [1008] "means to collective ends. Chester C. Tan, “Chinese Political Thought"
## [1009] "in the Twentieth Century,” page 202, explains the philosophy of the"
## [1010] "Kuomintang leader Hu Han min: “An individual is granted rights because"
## [1011] "he is a member of society and his community life requires such rights."
## [1012] "By community Hu meant the whole society of the nation.” And on page"
## [1013] "259 Tan states that according to Carsum Chang (Chang Chun mai, head"
## [1014] "of the State Socialist Party in China) freedom had to be used in the"
## [1015] "interest of the state and of the people as a whole. But what kind of"
## [1016] "freedom does one have if one can use it only as someone else prescribes?"
## [1017] "FC’s conception of freedom is not that of Bolivar, Hu, Chang or other"
## [1018] "bourgeois theorists. The trouble with such theorists is that they have"
## [1019] "made the development and application of social theories their surrogate"
## [1020] "activity. Consequently the theories are designed to serve the needs"
## [1021] "of the theorists more than the needs of any people who may be unlucky"
## [1022] "enough to live in a society on which the theories are imposed. 98."
## [1023] "One more point to be made in this section: It should not be assumed"
## [1024] "that a person has enough freedom just because he SAYS he has enough."
## [1025] "Freedom is restricted in part by psychological controls of which people"
## [1026] "are unconscious, and moreover many people’s ideas of what constitutes"
## [1027] "freedom are governed more by social convention than by their real needs."
## [1028] "For example, it’s likely that many leftists of the oversocialized type"
## [1029] "would say that most people, including themselves, are socialized too"
## [1030] "little rather than too much, yet the oversocialized leftist pays a heavy"
## [1031] "psychological price for his high level of socialization. SOME PRINCIPLES"
## [1032] "OF HISTORY 99. Think of history as being the sum of two components: an"
## [1033] "erratic component that consists of unpredictable events that follow no"
## [1034] "discernible pattern, and a regular component that consists of long term"
## [1035] "historical trends. Here we are concerned with the long term trends."
## [1036] "100. FIRST PRINCIPLE. If a SMALL change is made that affects a long term"
## [1037] "historical trend, then the effect of that change will almost always be"
## [1038] "transitory—the trend will soon revert to its original state. (Example:"
## [1039] "A reform movement designed to clean up political corruption in a society"
## [1040] "rarely has more than a short term effect; sooner or later the reformers"
## [1041] "relax and corruption creeps back in. The level of political corruption"
## [1042] "in a given society tends to remain constant, or to change only slowly"
## [1043] "with the evolution of the society. Normally, a political cleanup will"
## [1044] "be permanent only if accompanied by widespread social changes; a SMALL"
## [1045] "change in the society won’t be enough.) If a small change in a long"
## [1046] "term historical trend appears to be permanent, it is only because the"
## [1047] "change acts in the direction in which the trend is already moving,"
## [1048] "so that the trend is not altered by only pushed a step ahead. 101."
## [1049] "The first principle is almost a tautology. If a trend were not stable"
## [1050] "with respect to small changes, it would wander at random rather than"
## [1051] "following a definite direction; in other words it would not be a long"
## [1052] "term trend at all. 102. SECOND PRINCIPLE. If a change is made that is"
## [1053] "sufficiently large to alter permanently a long term historical trend,"
## [1054] "then it will alter the society as a whole. In other words, a society is"
## [1055] "a system in which all parts are interrelated, and you can’t permanently"
## [1056] "change any important part without changing all other parts as well."
## [1057] "103. THIRD PRINCIPLE. If a change is made that is large enough to alter"
## [1058] "permanently a long term trend, then the consequences for the society as"
## [1059] "a whole cannot be predicted in advance. (Unless various other societies"
## [1060] "have passed through the same change and have all experienced the same"
## [1061] "consequences, in which case one can predict on empirical grounds that"
## [1062] "another society that passes through the same change will be like to"
## [1063] "experience similar consequences.) 104. FOURTH PRINCIPLE. A new kind of"
## [1064] "society cannot be designed on paper. That is, you cannot plan out a new"
## [1065] "form of society in advance, then set it up and expect it to function"
## [1066] "as it was designed to do. 105. The third and fourth principles result"
## [1067] "from the complexity of human societies. A change in human behavior"
## [1068] "will affect the economy of a society and its physical environment; the"
## [1069] "economy will affect the environment and vice versa, and the changes"
## [1070] "in the economy and the environment will affect human behavior in"
## [1071] "complex, unpredictable ways; and so forth. The network of causes and"
## [1072] "effects is far too complex to be untangled and understood. 106. FIFTH"
## [1073] "PRINCIPLE. People do not consciously and rationally choose the form of"
## [1074] "their society. Societies develop through processes of social evolution"
## [1075] "that are not under rational human control. 107. The fifth principle"
## [1076] "is a consequence of the other four. 108. To illustrate: By the first"
## [1077] "principle, generally speaking an attempt at social reform either acts"
## [1078] "in the direction in which the society is developing anyway (so that it"
## [1079] "merely accelerates a change that would have occurred in any case) or"
## [1080] "else it has only a transitory effect, so that the society soon slips"
## [1081] "back into its old groove. To make a lasting change in the direction of"
## [1082] "development of any important aspect of a society, reform is insufficient"
## [1083] "and revolution is required. (A revolution does not necessarily involve"
## [1084] "an armed uprising or the overthrow of a government.) By the second"
## [1085] "principle, a revolution never changes only one aspect of a society,"
## [1086] "it changes the whole society; and by the third principle changes occur"
## [1087] "that were never expected or desired by the revolutionaries. By the"
## [1088] "fourth principle, when revolutionaries or utopians set up a new kind"
## [1089] "of society, it never works out as planned. 109. The American Revolution"
## [1090] "does not provide a counterexample. The American “Revolution” was not a"
## [1091] "revolution in our sense of the word, but a war of independence followed"
## [1092] "by a rather far reaching political reform. The Founding Fathers did not"
## [1093] "change the direction of development of American society, nor did they"
## [1094] "aspire to do so. They only freed the development of American society"
## [1095] "from the retarding effect of British rule. Their political reform did"
## [1096] "not change any basic trend, but only pushed American political culture"
## [1097] "along its natural direction of development. British society, of which"
## [1098] "American society was an offshoot, had been moving for a long time in"
## [1099] "the direction of representative democracy. And prior to the War of"
## [1100] "Independence the Americans were already practicing a significant degree"
## [1101] "of representative democracy in the colonial assemblies. The political"
## [1102] "system established by the Constitution was modeled on the British system"
## [1103] "and on the colonial assemblies. With major alteration, to be sure—there"
## [1104] "is no doubt that the Founding Fathers took a very important step. But"
## [1105] "it was a step along the road that English speaking world was already"
## [1106] "traveling. The proof is that Britain and all of its colonies that were"
## [1107] "populated predominantly by people of British descent ended up with"
## [1108] "systems of representative democracy essentially similar to that of the"
## [1109] "United States. If the Founding Fathers had lost their nerve and declined"
## [1110] "to sign the Declaration of Independence, our way of life today would"
## [1111] "not have been significantly different. Maybe we would have had somewhat"
## [1112] "closer ties to Britain, and would have had a Parliament and Prime"
## [1113] "Minister instead of a Congress and President. No big deal. Thus the"
## [1114] "American Revolution provides not a counterexample to our principles but"
## [1115] "a good illustration of them. 110. Still, one has to use common sense in"
## [1116] "applying the principles. They are expressed in imprecise language that"
## [1117] "allows latitude for interpretation, and exceptions to them can be found."
## [1118] "So we present these principles not as inviolable laws but as rules"
## [1119] "of thumb, or guides to thinking, that may provide a partial antidote"
## [1120] "to naive ideas about the future of society. The principles should be"
## [1121] "borne constantly in mind, and whenever one reaches a conclusion that"
## [1122] "conflicts with them one should carefully reexamine one’s thinking and"
## [1123] "retain the conclusion only if one has good, solid reasons for doing so."
## [1124] "INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY CANNOT BE REFORMED 111. The foregoing"
## [1125] "principles help to show how hopelessly difficult it would be to reform"
## [1126] "the industrial system in such a way as to prevent it from progressively"
## [1127] "narrowing our sphere of freedom. There has been a consistent tendency,"
## [1128] "going back at least to the Industrial Revolution for technology to"
## [1129] "strengthen the system at a high cost in individual freedom and local"
## [1130] "autonomy. Hence any change designed to protect freedom from technology"
## [1131] "would be contrary to a fundamental trend in the development of our"
## [1132] "society. Consequently, such a change either would be a transitory one—"
## [1133] "soon swamped by the tide of history—or, if large enough to be permanent"
## [1134] "would alter the nature of our whole society. This by the first and"
## [1135] "second principles. Moreover, since society would be altered in a way"
## [1136] "that could not be predicted in advance (third principle) there would"
## [1137] "be great risk. Changes large enough to make a lasting difference in"
## [1138] "favor of freedom would not be initiated because it would be realized"
## [1139] "that they would gravely disrupt the system. So any attempts at reform"
## [1140] "would be too timid to be effective. Even if changes large enough to"
## [1141] "make a lasting difference were initiated, they would be retracted when"
## [1142] "their disruptive effects became apparent. Thus, permanent changes in"
## [1143] "favor of freedom could be brought about only by persons prepared to"
## [1144] "accept radical, dangerous and unpredictable alteration of the entire"
## [1145] "system. In other words by revolutionaries, not reformers. 112. People"
## [1146] "anxious to rescue freedom without sacrificing the supposed benefits of"
## [1147] "technology will suggest naive schemes for some new form of society that"
## [1148] "would reconcile freedom with technology. Apart from the fact that people"
## [1149] "who make such suggestions seldom propose any practical means by which"
## [1150] "the new form of society could be set up in the first place, it follows"
## [1151] "from the fourth principle that even if the new form of society could be"
## [1152] "once established, it either would collapse or would give results very"
## [1153] "different from those expected. 113. So even on very general grounds it"
## [1154] "seems highly improbable that any way of changing society could be found"
## [1155] "that would reconcile freedom with modern technology. In the next few"
## [1156] "sections we will give more specific reasons for concluding that freedom"
## [1157] "and technological progress are incompatible. RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM"
## [1158] "IS UNAVOIDABLE IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 114. As explained in paragraphs"
## [1159] "65 67, 70 73, modern man is strapped down by a network of rules and"
## [1160] "regulations, and his fate depends on the actions of persons remote from"
## [1161] "him whose decisions he cannot influence. This is not accidental or a"
## [1162] "result of the arbitrariness of arrogant bureaucrats. It is necessary"
## [1163] "and inevitable in any technologically advanced society. The system"
## [1164] "HAS TO regulate human behavior closely in order to function. At work"
## [1165] "people have to do what they are told to do, otherwise production would"
## [1166] "be thrown into chaos. Bureaucracies HAVE TO be run according to rigid"
## [1167] "rules. To allow any substantial personal discretion to lower level"
## [1168] "bureaucrats would disrupt the system and lead to charges of unfairness"
## [1169] "due to differences in the way individual bureaucrats exercised their"
## [1170] "discretion. It is true that some restrictions on our freedom could"
## [1171] "be eliminated, but GENERALLY SPEAKING the regulation of our lives by"
## [1172] "large organizations is necessary for the functioning of industrial"
## [1173] "technological society. The result is a sense of powerlessness on the"
## [1174] "part of the average person. It may be, however, that formal regulations"
## [1175] "will tend increasingly to be replaced by psychological tools that"
## [1176] "make us want to do what the system requires of us. (Propaganda [14],"
## [1177] "educational techniques, “mental health” programs, etc.) 115. The system"
## [1178] "HAS TO force people to behave in ways that are increasingly remote from"
## [1179] "the natural pattern of human behavior. For example, the system needs"
## [1180] "scientists, mathematicians and engineers. It can’t function without"
## [1181] "them. So heavy pressure is put on children to excel in these fields."
## [1182] "It isn’t natural for an adolescent human being to spend the bulk of"
## [1183] "his time sitting at a desk absorbed in study. A normal adolescent"
## [1184] "wants to spend his time in active contact with the real world. Among"
## [1185] "primitive peoples the things that children are trained to do tend to be"
## [1186] "in reasonable harmony with natural human impulses. Among the American"
## [1187] "Indians, for example, boys were trained in active outdoor pursuits"
## [1188] "—just the sort of thing that boys like. But in our society children"
## [1189] "are pushed into studying technical subjects, which most do grudgingly."
## [1190] "116. Because of the constant pressure that the system exerts to modify"
## [1191] "human behavior, there is a gradual increase in the number of people"
## [1192] "who cannot or will not adjust to society’s requirements: welfare"
## [1193] "leeches, youth gang members, cultists, anti government rebels, radical"
## [1194] "environmentalist saboteurs, dropouts and resisters of various kinds."
## [1195] "117. In any technologically advanced society the individual’s fate"
## [1196] "MUST depend on decisions that he personally cannot influence to any"
## [1197] "great extent. A technological society cannot be broken down into small,"
## [1198] "autonomous communities, because production depends on the cooperation of"
## [1199] "very large numbers of people and machines. Such a society MUST be highly"
## [1200] "organized and decisions HAVE TO be made that affect very large numbers"
## [1201] "of people. When a decision affects, say, a million people, then each"
## [1202] "of the affected individuals has, on the average, only a one millionth"
## [1203] "share in making the decision. What usually happens in practice is that"
## [1204] "decisions are made by public officials or corporation executives, or"
## [1205] "by technical specialists, but even when the public votes on a decision"
## [1206] "the number of voters ordinarily is too large for the vote of any one"
## [1207] "individual to be significant. [17] Thus most individuals are unable"
## [1208] "to influence measurably the major decisions that affect their lives."
## [1209] "There is no conceivable way to remedy this in a technologically advanced"
## [1210] "society. The system tries to “solve” this problem by using propaganda to"
## [1211] "make people WANT the decisions that have been made for them, but even if"
## [1212] "this “solution” were completely successful in making people feel better,"
## [1213] "it would be demeaning. 118. Conservatives and some others advocate more"
## [1214] "“local autonomy.” Local communities once did have autonomy, but such"
## [1215] "autonomy becomes less and less possible as local communities become"
## [1216] "more enmeshed with and dependent on large scale systems like public"
## [1217] "utilities, computer networks, highway systems, the mass communications"
## [1218] "media, the modern health care system. Also operating against autonomy"
## [1219] "is the fact that technology applied in one location often affects people"
## [1220] "at other locations far way. Thus pesticide or chemical use near a creek"
## [1221] "may contaminate the water supply hundreds of miles downstream, and the"
## [1222] "greenhouse effect affects the whole world. 119. The system does not and"
## [1223] "cannot exist to satisfy human needs. Instead, it is human behavior that"
## [1224] "has to be modified to fit the needs of the system. This has nothing to"
## [1225] "do with the political or social ideology that may pretend to guide the"
## [1226] "technological system. It is the fault of technology, because the system"
## [1227] "is guided not by ideology but by technical necessity. [18] Of course"
## [1228] "the system does satisfy many human needs, but generally speaking it"
## [1229] "does this only to the extend that it is to the advantage of the system"
## [1230] "to do it. It is the needs of the system that are paramount, not those"
## [1231] "of the human being. For example, the system provides people with food"
## [1232] "because the system couldn’t function if everyone starved; it attends"
## [1233] "to people’s psychological needs whenever it can CONVENIENTLY do so,"
## [1234] "because it couldn’t function if too many people became depressed or"
## [1235] "rebellious. But the system, for good, solid, practical reasons, must"
## [1236] "exert constant pressure on people to mold their behavior to the needs"
## [1237] "of the system. To much waste accumulating? The government, the media,"
## [1238] "the educational system, environmentalists, everyone inundates us with"
## [1239] "a mass of propaganda about recycling. Need more technical personnel?"
## [1240] "A chorus of voices exhorts kids to study science. No one stops to ask"
## [1241] "whether it is inhumane to force adolescents to spend the bulk of their"
## [1242] "time studying subjects most of them hate. When skilled workers are put"
## [1243] "out of a job by technical advances and have to undergo “retraining,” no"
## [1244] "one asks whether it is humiliating for them to be pushed around in this"
## [1245] "way. It is simply taken for granted that everyone must bow to technical"
## [1246] "necessity. and for good reason: If human needs were put before technical"
## [1247] "necessity there would be economic problems, unemployment, shortages"
## [1248] "or worse. The concept of “mental health” in our society is defined"
## [1249] "largely by the extent to which an individual behaves in accord with the"
## [1250] "needs of the system and does so without showing signs of stress. 120."
## [1251] "Efforts to make room for a sense of purpose and for autonomy within the"
## [1252] "system are no better than a joke. For example, one company, instead of"
## [1253] "having each of its employees assemble only one section of a catalogue,"
## [1254] "had each assemble a whole catalogue, and this was supposed to give"
## [1255] "them a sense of purpose and achievement. Some companies have tried to"
## [1256] "give their employees more autonomy in their work, but for practical"
## [1257] "reasons this usually can be done only to a very limited extent, and"
## [1258] "in any case employees are never given autonomy as to ultimate goals—"
## [1259] "their “autonomous” efforts can never be directed toward goals that they"
## [1260] "select personally, but only toward their employer’s goals, such as the"
## [1261] "survival and growth of the company. Any company would soon go out of"
## [1262] "business if it permitted its employees to act otherwise. Similarly,"
## [1263] "in any enterprise within a socialist system, workers must direct their"
## [1264] "efforts toward the goals of the enterprise, otherwise the enterprise"
## [1265] "will not serve its purpose as part of the system. Once again, for"
## [1266] "purely technical reasons it is not possible for most individuals or"
## [1267] "small groups to have much autonomy in industrial society. Even the"
## [1268] "small business owner commonly has only limited autonomy. Apart from the"
## [1269] "necessity of government regulation, he is restricted by the fact that"
## [1270] "he must fit into the economic system and conform to its requirements."
## [1271] "For instance, when someone develops a new technology, the small"
## [1272] "business person often has to use that technology whether he wants to"
## [1273] "or not, in order to remain competitive. THE ‘BAD’ PARTS OF TECHNOLOGY"
## [1274] "CANNOT BE SEPARATED FROM THE ‘GOOD’ PARTS 121. A further reason why"
## [1275] "industrial society cannot be reformed in favor of freedom is that modern"
## [1276] "technology is a unified system in which all parts are dependent on one"
## [1277] "another. You can’t get rid of the “bad” parts of technology and retain"
## [1278] "only the “good” parts. Take modern medicine, for example. Progress in"
## [1279] "medical science depends on progress in chemistry, physics, biology,"
## [1280] "computer science and other fields. Advanced medical treatments require"
## [1281] "expensive, high tech equipment that can be made available only by a"
## [1282] "technologically progressive, economically rich society. Clearly you"
## [1283] "can’t have much progress in medicine without the whole technological"
## [1284] "system and everything that goes with it. 122. Even if medical progress"
## [1285] "could be maintained without the rest of the technological system, it"
## [1286] "would by itself bring certain evils. Suppose for example that a cure"
## [1287] "for diabetes is discovered. People with a genetic tendency to diabetes"
## [1288] "will then be able to survive and reproduce as well as anyone else."
## [1289] "Natural selection against genes for diabetes will cease and such genes"
## [1290] "will spread throughout the population. (This may be occurring to some"
## [1291] "extent already, since diabetes, while not curable, can be controlled"
## [1292] "through use of insulin.) The same thing will happen with many other"
## [1293] "diseases susceptibility to which is affected by genetic degradation"
## [1294] "of the population. The only solution will be some sort of eugenics"
## [1295] "program or extensive genetic engineering of human beings, so that man"
## [1296] "in the future will no longer be a creation of nature, or of chance, or"
## [1297] "of God (depending on your religious or philosophical opinions), but a"
## [1298] "manufactured product. 123. If you think that big government interferes"
## [1299] "in your life too much NOW, just wait till the government starts"
## [1300] "regulating the genetic constitution of your children. Such regulation"
## [1301] "will inevitably follow the introduction of genetic engineering of human"
## [1302] "beings, because the consequences of unregulated genetic engineering"
## [1303] "would be disastrous. [19] 124. The usual response to such concerns is"
## [1304] "to talk about “medical ethics.” But a code of ethics would not serve"
## [1305] "to protect freedom in the face of medical progress; it would only"
## [1306] "make matters worse. A code of ethics applicable to genetic engineering"
## [1307] "would be in effect a means of regulating the genetic constitution"
## [1308] "of human beings. Somebody (probably the upper middle class, mostly)"
## [1309] "would decide that such and such applications of genetic engineering"
## [1310] "were “ethical” and others were not, so that in effect they would be"
## [1311] "imposing their own values on the genetic constitution of the population"
## [1312] "at large. Even if a code of ethics were chosen on a completely"
## [1313] "democratic basis, the majority would be imposing their own values on"
## [1314] "any minorities who might have a different idea of what constituted"
## [1315] "an “ethical” use of genetic engineering. The only code of ethics that"
## [1316] "would truly protect freedom would be one that prohibited ANY genetic"
## [1317] "engineering of human beings, and you can be sure that no such code"
## [1318] "will ever be applied in a technological society. No code that reduced"
## [1319] "genetic engineering to a minor role could stand up for long, because"
## [1320] "the temptation presented by the immense power of biotechnology would"
## [1321] "be irresistible, especially since to the majority of people many of its"
## [1322] "applications will seem obviously and unequivocally good (eliminating"
## [1323] "physical and mental diseases, giving people the abilities they need"
## [1324] "to get along in today’s world). Inevitably, genetic engineering will"
## [1325] "be used extensively, but only in ways consistent with the needs of the"
## [1326] "industrial technological system. [20] TECHNOLOGY IS A MORE POWERFUL"
## [1327] "SOCIAL FORCE THAN THE ASPIRATION FOR FREEDOM 125. It is not possible"
## [1328] "to make a LASTING compromise between technology and freedom, because"
## [1329] "technology is by far the more powerful social force and continually"
## [1330] "encroaches on freedom through REPEATED compromises. Imagine the case"
## [1331] "of two neighbors, each of whom at the outset owns the same amount of"
## [1332] "land, but one of whom is more powerful than the other. The powerful one"
## [1333] "demands a piece of the other’s land. The weak one refuses. The powerful"
## [1334] "one says, “OK, let’s compromise. Give me half of what I asked.” The"
## [1335] "weak one has little choice but to give in. Some time later the powerful"
## [1336] "neighbor demands another piece of land, again there is a compromise,"
## [1337] "and so forth. By forcing a long series of compromises on the weaker"
## [1338] "man, the powerful one eventually gets all of his land. So it goes in"
## [1339] "the conflict between technology and freedom. 126. Let us explain why"
## [1340] "technology is a more powerful social force than the aspiration for"
## [1341] "freedom. 127. A technological advance that appears not to threaten"
## [1342] "freedom often turns out to threaten it very seriously later on. For"
## [1343] "example, consider motorized transport. A walking man formerly could"
## [1344] "go where he pleased, go at his own pace without observing any traffic"
## [1345] "regulations, and was independent of technological support systems."
## [1346] "When motor vehicles were introduced they appeared to increase man’s"
## [1347] "freedom. They took no freedom away from the walking man, no one had to"
## [1348] "have an automobile if he didn’t want one, and anyone who did choose to"
## [1349] "buy an automobile could travel much faster and farther than a walking"
## [1350] "man. But the introduction of motorized transport soon changed society"
## [1351] "in such a way as to restrict greatly man’s freedom of locomotion. When"
## [1352] "automobiles became numerous, it became necessary to regulate their use"
## [1353] "extensively. In a car, especially in densely populated areas, one cannot"
## [1354] "just go where one likes at one’s own pace one’s movement is governed"
## [1355] "by the flow of traffic and by various traffic laws. One is tied down"
## [1356] "by various obligations: license requirements, driver test, renewing"
## [1357] "registration, insurance, maintenance required for safety, monthly"
## [1358] "payments on purchase price. Moreover, the use of motorized transport is"
## [1359] "no longer optional. Since the introduction of motorized transport the"
## [1360] "arrangement of our cities has changed in such a way that the majority"
## [1361] "of people no longer live within walking distance of their place of"
## [1362] "employment, shopping areas and recreational opportunities, so that they"
## [1363] "HAVE TO depend on the automobile for transportation. Or else they must"
## [1364] "use public transportation, in which case they have even less control"
## [1365] "over their own movement than when driving a car. Even the walker’s"
## [1366] "freedom is now greatly restricted. In the city he continually has to"
## [1367] "stop to wait for traffic lights that are designed mainly to serve auto"
## [1368] "traffic. In the country, motor traffic makes it dangerous and unpleasant"
## [1369] "to walk along the highway. (Note this important point that we have just"
## [1370] "illustrated with the case of motorized transport: When a new item of"
## [1371] "technology is introduced as an option that an individual can accept"
## [1372] "or not as he chooses, it does not necessarily REMAIN optional. In many"
## [1373] "cases the new technology changes society in such a way that people"
## [1374] "eventually find themselves FORCED to use it.) 128. While technological"
## [1375] "progress AS A WHOLE continually narrows our sphere of freedom, each"
## [1376] "new technical advance CONSIDERED BY ITSELF appears to be desirable."
## [1377] "Electricity, indoor plumbing, rapid long distance communications ..."
## [1378] "how could one argue against any of these things, or against any other"
## [1379] "of the innumerable technical advances that have made modern society?"
## [1380] "It would have been absurd to resist the introduction of the telephone,"
## [1381] "for example. It offered many advantages and no disadvantages. Yet,"
## [1382] "as we explained in paragraphs 59 76, all these technical advances"
## [1383] "taken together have created a world in which the average man’s fate"
## [1384] "is no longer in his own hands or in the hands of his neighbors and"
## [1385] "friends, but in those of politicians, corporation executives and"
## [1386] "remote, anonymous technicians and bureaucrats whom he as an individual"
## [1387] "has no power to influence. [21] The same process will continue in the"
## [1388] "future. Take genetic engineering, for example. Few people will resist"
## [1389] "the introduction of a genetic technique that eliminates a hereditary"
## [1390] "disease. It does no apparent harm and prevents much suffering. Yet a"
## [1391] "large number of genetic improvements taken together will make the human"
## [1392] "being into an engineered product rather than a free creation of chance"
## [1393] "(or of God, or whatever, depending on your religious beliefs). 129."
## [1394] "Another reason why technology is such a powerful social force is that,"
## [1395] "within the context of a given society, technological progress marches"
## [1396] "in only one direction; it can never be reversed. Once a technical"
## [1397] "innovation has been introduced, people usually become dependent on"
## [1398] "it, so that they can never again do without it, unless it is replaced"
## [1399] "by some still more advanced innovation. Not only do people become"
## [1400] "dependent as individuals on a new item of technology, but, even more,"
## [1401] "the system as a whole becomes dependent on it. (Imagine what would"
## [1402] "happen to the system today if computers, for example, were eliminated.)"
## [1403] "Thus the system can move in only one direction, toward greater"
## [1404] "technologization. Technology repeatedly forces freedom to take a step"
## [1405] "back, but technology can never take a step back—short of the overthrow"
## [1406] "of the whole technological system. 130. Technology advances with great"
## [1407] "rapidity and threatens freedom at many different points at the same time"
## [1408] "(crowding, rules and regulations, increasing dependence of individuals"
## [1409] "on large organizations, propaganda and other psychological techniques,"
## [1410] "genetic engineering, invasion of privacy through surveillance devices"
## [1411] "and computers, etc.). To hold back any ONE of the threats to freedom"
## [1412] "would require a long and difficult social struggle. Those who want to"
## [1413] "protect freedom are overwhelmed by the sheer number of new attacks and"
## [1414] "the rapidity with which they develop, hence they become apathetic and no"
## [1415] "longer resist. To fight each of the threats separately would be futile."
## [1416] "Success can be hoped for only by fighting the technological system as a"
## [1417] "whole; but that is revolution, not reform. 131. Technicians (we use this"
## [1418] "term in its broad sense to describe all those who perform a specialized"
## [1419] "task that requires training) tend to be so involved in their work (their"
## [1420] "surrogate activity) that when a conflict arises between their technical"
## [1421] "work and freedom, they almost always decide in favor of their technical"
## [1422] "work. This is obvious in the case of scientists, but it also appears"
## [1423] "elsewhere: Educators, humanitarian groups, conservation organizations do"
## [1424] "not hesitate to use propaganda or other psychological techniques to help"
## [1425] "them achieve their laudable ends. Corporations and government agencies,"
## [1426] "when they find it useful, do not hesitate to collect information about"
## [1427] "individuals without regard to their privacy. Law enforcement agencies"
## [1428] "are frequently inconvenienced by the constitutional rights of suspects"
## [1429] "and often of completely innocent persons, and they do whatever they"
## [1430] "can do legally (or sometimes illegally) to restrict or circumvent"
## [1431] "those rights. Most of these educators, government officials and law"
## [1432] "officers believe in freedom, privacy and constitutional rights, but"
## [1433] "when these conflict with their work, they usually feel that their"
## [1434] "work is more important. 132. It is well known that people generally"
## [1435] "work better and more persistently when striving for a reward than when"
## [1436] "attempting to avoid a punishment or negative outcome. Scientists and"
## [1437] "other technicians are motivated mainly by the rewards they get through"
## [1438] "their work. But those who oppose technological invasions of freedom"
## [1439] "are working to avoid a negative outcome, consequently there are few who"
## [1440] "work persistently and well at this discouraging task. If reformers ever"
## [1441] "achieved a signal victory that seemed to set up a solid barrier against"
## [1442] "further erosion of freedom through technical progress, most would tend"
## [1443] "to relax and turn their attention to more agreeable pursuits. But the"
## [1444] "scientists would remain busy in their laboratories, and technology as"
## [1445] "it progresses would find ways, in spite of any barriers, to exert more"
## [1446] "and more control over individuals and make them always more dependent"
## [1447] "on the system. 133. No social arrangements, whether laws, institutions,"
## [1448] "customs or ethical codes, can provide permanent protection against"
## [1449] "technology. History shows that all social arrangements are transitory;"
## [1450] "they all change or break down eventually. But technological advances"
## [1451] "are permanent within the context of a given civilization. Suppose for"
## [1452] "example that it were possible to arrive at some social arrangements that"
## [1453] "would prevent genetic engineering from being applied to human beings,"
## [1454] "or prevent it from being applied in such a way as to threaten freedom"
## [1455] "and dignity. Still, the technology would remain waiting. Sooner or later"
## [1456] "the social arrangement would break down. Probably sooner, given the"
## [1457] "pace of change in our society. Then genetic engineering would begin to"
## [1458] "invade our sphere of freedom, and this invasion would be irreversible"
## [1459] "(short of a breakdown of technological civilization itself). Any"
## [1460] "illusions about achieving anything permanent through social arrangements"
## [1461] "should be dispelled by what is currently happening with environmental"
## [1462] "legislation. A few years ago its seemed that there were secure legal"
## [1463] "barriers preventing at least SOME of the worst forms of environmental"
## [1464] "degradation. A change in the political wind, and those barriers begin"
## [1465] "to crumble. 134. For all of the foregoing reasons, technology is a"
## [1466] "more powerful social force than the aspiration for freedom. But this"
## [1467] "statement requires an important qualification. It appears that during"
## [1468] "the next several decades the industrial technological system will be"
## [1469] "undergoing severe stresses due to economic and environmental problems,"
## [1470] "and especially due to problems of human behavior (alienation, rebellion,"
## [1471] "hostility, a variety of social and psychological difficulties). We hope"
## [1472] "that the stresses through which the system is likely to pass will cause"
## [1473] "it to break down, or at least will weaken it sufficiently so that a"
## [1474] "revolution against it becomes possible. If such a revolution occurs and"
## [1475] "is successful, then at that particular moment the aspiration for freedom"
## [1476] "will have proved more powerful than technology. 135. In paragraph"
## [1477] "125 we used an analogy of a weak neighbor who is left destitute by a"
## [1478] "strong neighbor who takes all his land by forcing on him a series of"
## [1479] "compromises. But suppose now that the strong neighbor gets sick, so"
## [1480] "that he is unable to defend himself. The weak neighbor can force the"
## [1481] "strong one to give him his land back, or he can kill him. If he lets the"
## [1482] "strong man survive and only forces him to give the land back, he is a"
## [1483] "fool, because when the strong man gets well he will again take all the"
## [1484] "land for himself. The only sensible alternative for the weaker man is"
## [1485] "to kill the strong one while he has the chance. In the same way, while"
## [1486] "the industrial system is sick we must destroy it. If we compromise with"
## [1487] "it and let it recover from its sickness, it will eventually wipe out"
## [1488] "all of our freedom. SIMPLER SOCIAL PROBLEMS HAVE PROVED INTRACTABLE 136."
## [1489] "If anyone still imagines that it would be possible to reform the system"
## [1490] "in such a way as to protect freedom from technology, let him consider"
## [1491] "how clumsily and for the most part unsuccessfully our society has dealt"
## [1492] "with other social problems that are far more simple and straightforward."
## [1493] "Among other things, the system has failed to stop environmental"
## [1494] "degradation, political corruption, drug trafficking or domestic abuse."
## [1495] "137. Take our environmental problems, for example. Here the conflict"
## [1496] "of values is straightforward: economic expedience now versus saving"
## [1497] "some of our natural resources for our grandchildren. [22] But on this"
## [1498] "subject we get only a lot of blather and obfuscation from the people"
## [1499] "who have power, and nothing like a clear, consistent line of action,"
## [1500] "and we keep on piling up environmental problems that our grandchildren"
## [1501] "will have to live with. Attempts to resolve the environmental issue"
## [1502] "consist of struggles and compromises between different factions, some of"
## [1503] "which are ascendant at one moment, others at another moment. The line of"
## [1504] "struggle changes with the shifting currents of public opinion. This is"
## [1505] "not a rational process, nor is it one that is likely to lead to a timely"
## [1506] "and successful solution to the problem. Major social problems, if they"
## [1507] "get “solved” at all, are rarely or never solved through any rational,"
## [1508] "comprehensive plan. They just work themselves out through a process in"
## [1509] "which various competing groups pursuing their own (usually short term)"
## [1510] "self interest [23] arrive (mainly by luck) at some more or less stable"
## [1511] "modus vivendi. In fact, the principles we formulated in paragraphs 100"
## [1512] "106 make it seem doubtful that rational, long term social planning can"
## [1513] "EVER be successful. 138. Thus it is clear that the human race has at"
## [1514] "best a very limited capacity for solving even relatively straightforward"
## [1515] "social problems. How then is it going to solve the far more difficult"
## [1516] "and subtle problem of reconciling freedom with technology? Technology"
## [1517] "presents clear cut material advantages, whereas freedom is an"
## [1518] "abstraction that means different things to different people, and its"
## [1519] "loss is easily obscured by propaganda and fancy talk. 139. And note"
## [1520] "this important difference: It is conceivable that our environmental"
## [1521] "problems (for example) may some day be settled through a rational,"
## [1522] "comprehensive plan, but if this happens it will be only because it is"
## [1523] "in the long term interest of the system to solve these problems. But it"
## [1524] "is NOT in the interest of the system to preserve freedom or small group"
## [1525] "autonomy. On the contrary, it is in the interest of the system to bring"
## [1526] "human behavior under control to the greatest possible extent. [24] Thus,"
## [1527] "while practical considerations may eventually force the system to take a"
## [1528] "rational, prudent approach to environmental problems, equally practical"
## [1529] "considerations will force the system to regulate human behavior ever"
## [1530] "more closely (preferably by indirect means that will disguise the"
## [1531] "encroachment on freedom). This isn’t just our opinion. Eminent social"
## [1532] "scientists (e.g. James Q. Wilson) have stressed the importance of"
## [1533] "“socializing” people more effectively. REVOLUTION IS EASIER THAN REFORM"
## [1534] "140. We hope we have convinced the reader that the system cannot be"
## [1535] "reformed in such a way as to reconcile freedom with technology. The"
## [1536] "only way out is to dispense with the industrial technological system"
## [1537] "altogether. This implies revolution, not necessarily an armed uprising,"
## [1538] "but certainly a radical and fundamental change in the nature of society."
## [1539] "141. People tend to assume that because a revolution involves a much"
## [1540] "greater change than reform does, it is more difficult to bring about"
## [1541] "than reform is. Actually, under certain circumstances revolution is"
## [1542] "much easier than reform. The reason is that a revolutionary movement"
## [1543] "can inspire an intensity of commitment that a reform movement cannot"
## [1544] "inspire. A reform movement merely offers to solve a particular social"
## [1545] "problem. A revolutionary movement offers to solve all problems at one"
## [1546] "stroke and create a whole new world; it provides the kind of ideal for"
## [1547] "which people will take great risks and make great sacrifices. For this"
## [1548] "reasons it would be much easier to overthrow the whole technological"
## [1549] "system than to put effective, permanent restraints on the development"
## [1550] "or application of any one segment of technology, such as genetic"
## [1551] "engineering, for example. Not many people will devote themselves with"
## [1552] "single minded passion to imposing and maintaining restraints on genetic"
## [1553] "engineering, but under suitable conditions large numbers of people may"
## [1554] "devote themselves passionately to a revolution against the industrial"
## [1555] "technological system. As we noted in paragraph 132, reformers seeking"
## [1556] "to limit certain aspects of technology would be working to avoid a"
## [1557] "negative outcome. But revolutionaries work to gain a powerful reward—"
## [1558] "fulfillment of their revolutionary vision—and therefore work harder and"
## [1559] "more persistently than reformers do. 142. Reform is always restrained"
## [1560] "by the fear of painful consequences if changes go too far. But once a"
## [1561] "revolutionary fever has taken hold of a society, people are willing to"
## [1562] "undergo unlimited hardships for the sake of their revolution. This was"
## [1563] "clearly shown in the French and Russian Revolutions. It may be that"
## [1564] "in such cases only a minority of the population is really committed"
## [1565] "to the revolution, but this minority is sufficiently large and active"
## [1566] "so that it becomes the dominant force in society. We will have more to"
## [1567] "say about revolution in paragraphs 180 205. CONTROL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR"
## [1568] "143. Since the beginning of civilization, organized societies have"
## [1569] "had to put pressures on human beings of the sake of the functioning"
## [1570] "of the social organism. The kinds of pressures vary greatly from one"
## [1571] "society to another. Some of the pressures are physical (poor diet,"
## [1572] "excessive labor, environmental pollution), some are psychological"
## [1573] "(noise, crowding, forcing human behavior into the mold that society"
## [1574] "requires). In the past, human nature has been approximately constant,"
## [1575] "or at any rate has varied only within certain bounds. Consequently,"
## [1576] "societies have been able to push people only up to certain limits. When"
## [1577] "the limit of human endurance has been passed, things start going wrong:"
## [1578] "rebellion, or crime, or corruption, or evasion of work, or depression"
## [1579] "and other mental problems, or an elevated death rate, or a declining"
## [1580] "birth rate or something else, so that either the society breaks down,"
## [1581] "or its functioning becomes too inefficient and it is (quickly or"
## [1582] "gradually, through conquest, attrition or evolution) replaced by some"
## [1583] "more efficient form of society. [25] 144. Thus human nature has in the"
## [1584] "past put certain limits on the development of societies. People could"
## [1585] "be pushed only so far and no farther. But today this may be changing,"
## [1586] "because modern technology is developing ways of modifying human beings."
## [1587] "145. Imagine a society that subjects people to conditions that make them"
## [1588] "terribly unhappy, then gives them drugs to take away their unhappiness."
## [1589] "Science fiction? It is already happening to some extent in our own"
## [1590] "society. It is well known that the rate of clinical depression has been"
## [1591] "greatly increasing in recent decades. We believe that this is due to"
## [1592] "disruption of the power process, as explained in paragraphs 59 76. But"
## [1593] "even if we are wrong, the increasing rate of depression is certainly"
## [1594] "the result of SOME conditions that exist in today’s society. Instead"
## [1595] "of removing the conditions that make people depressed, modern society"
## [1596] "gives them antidepressant drugs. In effect, antidepressants are a"
## [1597] "means of modifying an individual’s internal state in such a way as to"
## [1598] "enable him to tolerate social conditions that he would otherwise find"
## [1599] "intolerable. (Yes, we know that depression is often of purely genetic"
## [1600] "origin. We are referring here to those cases in which environment plays"
## [1601] "the predominant role.) 146. Drugs that affect the mind are only one"
## [1602] "example of the new methods of controlling human behavior that modern"
## [1603] "society is developing. Let us look at some of the other methods. 147."
## [1604] "To start with, there are the techniques of surveillance. Hidden video"
## [1605] "cameras are now used in most stores and in many other places, computers"
## [1606] "are used to collect and process vast amounts of information about"
## [1607] "individuals. Information so obtained greatly increases the effectiveness"
## [1608] "of physical coercion (i.e., law enforcement). [26] Then there are"
## [1609] "the methods of propaganda, for which the mass communication media"
## [1610] "provide effective vehicles. Efficient techniques have been developed"
## [1611] "for winning elections, selling products, influencing public opinion."
## [1612] "The entertainment industry serves as an important psychological tool"
## [1613] "of the system, possibly even when it is dishing out large amounts of"
## [1614] "sex and violence. Entertainment provides modern man with an essential"
## [1615] "means of escape. While absorbed in television, videos, etc., he can"
## [1616] "forget stress, anxiety, frustration, dissatisfaction. Many primitive"
## [1617] "peoples, when they don’t have work to do, are quite content to sit for"
## [1618] "hours at a time doing nothing at all, because they are at peace with"
## [1619] "themselves and their world. But most modern people must be constantly"
## [1620] "occupied or entertained, otherwise they get “bored,” i.e., they get"
## [1621] "fidgety, uneasy, irritable. 148. Other techniques strike deeper than"
## [1622] "the foregoing. Education is no longer a simple affair of paddling a"
## [1623] "kid’s behind when he doesn’t know his lessons and patting him on the"
## [1624] "head when he does know them. It is becoming a scientific technique"
## [1625] "for controlling the child’s development. Sylvan Learning Centers, for"
## [1626] "example, have had great success in motivating children to study, and"
## [1627] "psychological techniques are also used with more or less success in"
## [1628] "many conventional schools. “Parenting” techniques that are taught to"
## [1629] "parents are designed to make children accept fundamental values of"
## [1630] "the system and behave in ways that the system finds desirable. “Mental"
## [1631] "health” programs, “intervention” techniques, psychotherapy and so"
## [1632] "forth are ostensibly designed to benefit individuals, but in practice"
## [1633] "they usually serve as methods for inducing individuals to think and"
## [1634] "behave as the system requires. (There is no contradiction here; an"
## [1635] "individual whose attitudes or behavior bring him into conflict with the"
## [1636] "system is up against a force that is too powerful for him to conquer"
## [1637] "or escape from, hence he is likely to suffer from stress, frustration,"
## [1638] "defeat. His path will be much easier if he thinks and behaves as the"
## [1639] "system requires. In that sense the system is acting for the benefit"
## [1640] "of the individual when it brainwashes him into conformity.) Child"
## [1641] "abuse in its gross and obvious forms is disapproved in most if not"
## [1642] "all cultures. Tormenting a child for a trivial reason or no reason at"
## [1643] "all is something that appalls almost everyone. But many psychologists"
## [1644] "interpret the concept of abuse much more broadly. Is spanking, when"
## [1645] "used as part of a rational and consistent system of discipline, a form"
## [1646] "of abuse? The question will ultimately be decided by whether or not"
## [1647] "spanking tends to produce behavior that makes a person fit in well with"
## [1648] "the existing system of society. In practice, the word “abuse” tends"
## [1649] "to be interpreted to include any method of child rearing that produces"
## [1650] "behavior inconvenient for the system. Thus, when they go beyond the"
## [1651] "prevention of obvious, senseless cruelty, programs for preventing “child"
## [1652] "abuse” are directed toward the control of human behavior on behalf"
## [1653] "of the system. 149. Presumably, research will continue to increase"
## [1654] "the effectiveness of psychological techniques for controlling human"
## [1655] "behavior. But we think it is unlikely that psychological techniques"
## [1656] "alone will be sufficient to adjust human beings to the kind of society"
## [1657] "that technology is creating. Biological methods probably will have to"
## [1658] "be used. We have already mentioned the use of drugs in this connection."
## [1659] "Neurology may provide other avenues for modifying the human mind."
## [1660] "Genetic engineering of human beings is already beginning to occur in"
## [1661] "the form of “gene therapy,” and there is no reason to assume that such"
## [1662] "methods will not eventually be used to modify those aspects of the"
## [1663] "body that affect mental functioning. 150. As we mentioned in paragraph"
## [1664] "134, industrial society seems likely to be entering a period of severe"
## [1665] "stress, due in part to problems of human behavior and in part to"
## [1666] "economic and environmental problems. And a considerable proportion"
## [1667] "of the system’s economic and environmental problems result from the"
## [1668] "way human beings behave. Alienation, low self esteem, depression,"
## [1669] "hostility, rebellion; children who won’t study, youth gangs, illegal"
## [1670] "drug use, rape, child abuse, other crimes, unsafe sex, teen pregnancy,"
## [1671] "population growth, political corruption, race hatred, ethnic rivalry,"
## [1672] "bitter ideological conflict (e.g., pro choice vs. pro life), political"
## [1673] "extremism, terrorism, sabotage, anti government groups, hate groups."
## [1674] "All these threaten the very survival of the system. The system will"
## [1675] "therefore be FORCED to use every practical means of controlling human"
## [1676] "behavior. 151. The social disruption that we see today is certainly not"
## [1677] "the result of mere chance. It can only be a result of the conditions of"
## [1678] "life that the system imposes on people. (We have argued that the most"
## [1679] "important of these conditions is disruption of the power process.) If"
## [1680] "the systems succeeds in imposing sufficient control over human behavior"
## [1681] "to assure its own survival, a new watershed in human history will have"
## [1682] "been passed. Whereas formerly the limits of human endurance have imposed"
## [1683] "limits on the development of societies (as we explained in paragraphs"
## [1684] "143, 144), industrial technological society will be able to pass those"
## [1685] "limits by modifying human beings, whether by psychological methods"
## [1686] "or biological methods or both. In the future, social systems will not"
## [1687] "be adjusted to suit the needs of human beings. Instead, human being"
## [1688] "will be adjusted to suit the needs of the system. [27] 152. Generally"
## [1689] "speaking, technological control over human behavior will probably not"
## [1690] "be introduced with a totalitarian intention or even through a conscious"
## [1691] "desire to restrict human freedom. [28] Each new step in the assertion"
## [1692] "of control over the human mind will be taken as a rational response to"
## [1693] "a problem that faces society, such as curing alcoholism, reducing the"
## [1694] "crime rate or inducing young people to study science and engineering. In"
## [1695] "many cases there will be a humanitarian justification. For example, when"
## [1696] "a psychiatrist prescribes an anti depressant for a depressed patient,"
## [1697] "he is clearly doing that individual a favor. It would be inhumane to"
## [1698] "withhold the drug from someone who needs it. When parents send their"
## [1699] "children to Sylvan Learning Centers to have them manipulated into"
## [1700] "becoming enthusiastic about their studies, they do so from concern for"
## [1701] "their children’s welfare. It may be that some of these parents wish"
## [1702] "that one didn’t have to have specialized training to get a job and that"
## [1703] "their kid didn’t have to be brainwashed into becoming a computer nerd."
## [1704] "But what can they do? They can’t change society, and their child may"
## [1705] "be unemployable if he doesn’t have certain skills. So they send him"
## [1706] "to Sylvan. 153. Thus control over human behavior will be introduced"
## [1707] "not by a calculated decision of the authorities but through a process"
## [1708] "of social evolution (RAPID evolution, however). The process will be"
## [1709] "impossible to resist, because each advance, considered by itself, will"
## [1710] "appear to be beneficial, or at least the evil involved in making the"
## [1711] "advance will appear to be beneficial, or at least the evil involved in"
## [1712] "making the advance will seem to be less than that which would result"
## [1713] "from not making it (see paragraph 127). Propaganda for example is used"
## [1714] "for many good purposes, such as discouraging child abuse or race hatred."
## [1715] "[14] Sex education is obviously useful, yet the effect of sex education"
## [1716] "(to the extent that it is successful) is to take the shaping of sexual"
## [1717] "attitudes away from the family and put it into the hands of the state"
## [1718] "as represented by the public school system. 154. Suppose a biological"
## [1719] "trait is discovered that increases the likelihood that a child will"
## [1720] "grow up to be a criminal, and suppose some sort of gene therapy can"
## [1721] "remove this trait. [29] Of course most parents whose children possess"
## [1722] "the trait will have them undergo the therapy. It would be inhumane to"
## [1723] "do otherwise, since the child would probably have a miserable life if"
## [1724] "he grew up to be a criminal. But many or most primitive societies have"
## [1725] "a low crime rate in comparison with that of our society, even though"
## [1726] "they have neither high tech methods of child rearing nor harsh systems"
## [1727] "of punishment. Since there is no reason to suppose that more modern men"
## [1728] "than primitive men have innate predatory tendencies, the high crime rate"
## [1729] "of our society must be due to the pressures that modern conditions put"
## [1730] "on people, to which many cannot or will not adjust. Thus a treatment"
## [1731] "designed to remove potential criminal tendencies is at least in part"
## [1732] "a way of re engineering people so that they suit the requirements of"
## [1733] "the system. 155. Our society tends to regard as a “sickness” any mode"
## [1734] "of thought or behavior that is inconvenient for the system, and this"
## [1735] "is plausible because when an individual doesn’t fit into the system it"
## [1736] "causes pain to the individual as well as problems for the system. Thus"
## [1737] "the manipulation of an individual to adjust him to the system is seen"
## [1738] "as a “cure” for a “sickness” and therefore as good. 156. In paragraph"
## [1739] "127 we pointed out that if the use of a new item of technology is"
## [1740] "INITIALLY optional, it does not necessarily REMAIN optional, because"
## [1741] "the new technology tends to change society in such a way that it becomes"
## [1742] "difficult or impossible for an individual to function without using"
## [1743] "that technology. This applies also to the technology of human behavior."
## [1744] "In a world in which most children are put through a program to make"
## [1745] "them enthusiastic about studying, a parent will almost be forced to put"
## [1746] "his kid through such a program, because if he does not, then the kid"
## [1747] "will grow up to be, comparatively speaking, an ignoramus and therefore"
## [1748] "unemployable. Or suppose a biological treatment is discovered that,"
## [1749] "without undesirable side effects, will greatly reduce the psychological"
## [1750] "stress from which so many people suffer in our society. If large numbers"
## [1751] "of people choose to undergo the treatment, then the general level of"
## [1752] "stress in society will be reduced, so that it will be possible for the"
## [1753] "system to increase the stress producing pressures. In fact, something"
## [1754] "like this seems to have happened already with one of our society’s"
## [1755] "most important psychological tools for enabling people to reduce (or at"
## [1756] "least temporarily escape from) stress, namely, mass entertainment (see"
## [1757] "paragraph 147). Our use of mass entertainment is “optional”: No law"
## [1758] "requires us to watch television, listen to the radio, read magazines."
## [1759] "Yet mass entertainment is a means of escape and stress reduction on"
## [1760] "which most of us have become dependent. Everyone complains about the"
## [1761] "trashiness of television, but almost everyone watches it. A few have"
## [1762] "kicked the TV habit, but it would be a rare person who could get"
## [1763] "along today without using ANY form of mass entertainment. (Yet until"
## [1764] "quite recently in human history most people got along very nicely with"
## [1765] "no other entertainment than that which each local community created"
## [1766] "for itself.) Without the entertainment industry the system probably"
## [1767] "would not have been able to get away with putting as much stress"
## [1768] "producing pressure on us as it does. 157. Assuming that industrial"
## [1769] "society survives, it is likely that technology will eventually acquire"
## [1770] "something approaching complete control over human behavior. It has been"
## [1771] "established beyond any rational doubt that human thought and behavior"
## [1772] "have a largely biological basis. As experimenters have demonstrated,"
## [1773] "feelings such as hunger, pleasure, anger and fear can be turned on"
## [1774] "and off by electrical stimulation of appropriate parts of the brain."
## [1775] "Memories can be destroyed by damaging parts of the brain or they can"
## [1776] "be brought to the surface by electrical stimulation. Hallucinations"
## [1777] "can be induced or moods changed by drugs. There may or may not be an"
## [1778] "immaterial human soul, but if there is one it clearly is less powerful"
## [1779] "that the biological mechanisms of human behavior. For if that were not"
## [1780] "the case then researchers would not be able so easily to manipulate"
## [1781] "human feelings and behavior with drugs and electrical currents. 158."
## [1782] "It presumably would be impractical for all people to have electrodes"
## [1783] "inserted in their heads so that they could be controlled by the"
## [1784] "authorities. But the fact that human thoughts and feelings are so"
## [1785] "open to biological intervention shows that the problem of controlling"
## [1786] "human behavior is mainly a technical problem; a problem of neurons,"
## [1787] "hormones and complex molecules; the kind of problem that is accessible"
## [1788] "to scientific attack. Given the outstanding record of our society in"
## [1789] "solving technical problems, it is overwhelmingly probable that great"
## [1790] "advances will be made in the control of human behavior. 159. Will public"
## [1791] "resistance prevent the introduction of technological control of human"
## [1792] "behavior? It certainly would if an attempt were made to introduce such"
## [1793] "control all at once. But since technological control will be introduced"
## [1794] "through a long sequence of small advances, there will be no rational"
## [1795] "and effective public resistance. (See paragraphs 127, 132, 153.) 160."
## [1796] "To those who think that all this sounds like science fiction, we point"
## [1797] "out that yesterday’s science fiction is today’s fact. The Industrial"
## [1798] "Revolution has radically altered man’s environment and way of life, and"
## [1799] "it is only to be expected that as technology is increasingly applied"
## [1800] "to the human body and mind, man himself will be altered as radically as"
## [1801] "his environment and way of life have been. HUMAN RACE AT A CROSSROADS"
## [1802] "161. But we have gotten ahead of our story. It is one thing to develop"
## [1803] "in the laboratory a series of psychological or biological techniques"
## [1804] "for manipulating human behavior and quite another to integrate these"
## [1805] "techniques into a functioning social system. The latter problem is"
## [1806] "the more difficult of the two. For example, while the techniques of"
## [1807] "educational psychology doubtless work quite well in the “lab schools”"
## [1808] "where they are developed, it is not necessarily easy to apply them"
## [1809] "effectively throughout our educational system. We all know what many of"
## [1810] "our schools are like. The teachers are too busy taking knives and guns"
## [1811] "away from the kids to subject them to the latest techniques for making"
## [1812] "them into computer nerds. Thus, in spite of all its technical advances"
## [1813] "relating to human behavior, the system to date has not been impressively"
## [1814] "successful in controlling human beings. The people whose behavior is"
## [1815] "fairly well under the control of the system are those of the type that"
## [1816] "might be called “bourgeois.” But there are growing numbers of people who"
## [1817] "in one way or another are rebels against the system: welfare leaches,"
## [1818] "youth gangs, cultists, satanists, nazis, radical environmentalists,"
## [1819] "militiamen, etc. 162. The system is currently engaged in a desperate"
## [1820] "struggle to overcome certain problems that threaten its survival, among"
## [1821] "which the problems of human behavior are the most important. If the"
## [1822] "system succeeds in acquiring sufficient control over human behavior"
## [1823] "quickly enough, it will probably survive. Otherwise it will break down."
## [1824] "We think the issue will most likely be resolved within the next several"
## [1825] "decades, say 40 to 100 years. 163. Suppose the system survives the"
## [1826] "crisis of the next several decades. By that time it will have to have"
## [1827] "solved, or at least brought under control, the principal problems that"
## [1828] "confront it, in particular that of “socializing” human beings; that"
## [1829] "is, making people sufficiently docile so that heir behavior no longer"
## [1830] "threatens the system. That being accomplished, it does not appear that"
## [1831] "there would be any further obstacle to the development of technology,"
## [1832] "and it would presumably advance toward its logical conclusion, which"
## [1833] "is complete control over everything on Earth, including human beings"
## [1834] "and all other important organisms. The system may become a unitary,"
## [1835] "monolithic organization, or it may be more or less fragmented and"
## [1836] "consist of a number of organizations coexisting in a relationship that"
## [1837] "includes elements of both cooperation and competition, just as today"
## [1838] "the government, the corporations and other large organizations both"
## [1839] "cooperate and compete with one another. Human freedom mostly will have"
## [1840] "vanished, because individuals and small groups will be impotent vis"
## [1841] "a vis large organizations armed with supertechnology and an arsenal"
## [1842] "of advanced psychological and biological tools for manipulating human"
## [1843] "beings, besides instruments of surveillance and physical coercion."
## [1844] "Only a small number of people will have any real power, and even these"
## [1845] "probably will have only very limited freedom, because their behavior"
## [1846] "too will be regulated; just as today our politicians and corporation"
## [1847] "executives can retain their positions of power only as long as their"
## [1848] "behavior remains within certain fairly narrow limits. 164. Don’t"
## [1849] "imagine that the systems will stop developing further techniques for"
## [1850] "controlling human beings and nature once the crisis of the next few"
## [1851] "decades is over and increasing control is no longer necessary for the"
## [1852] "system’s survival. On the contrary, once the hard times are over the"
## [1853] "system will increase its control over people and nature more rapidly,"
## [1854] "because it will no longer be hampered by difficulties of the kind that"
## [1855] "it is currently experiencing. Survival is not the principal motive for"
## [1856] "extending control. As we explained in paragraphs 87 90, technicians and"
## [1857] "scientists carry on their work largely as a surrogate activity; that"
## [1858] "is, they satisfy their need for power by solving technical problems."
## [1859] "They will continue to do this with unabated enthusiasm, and among the"
## [1860] "most interesting and challenging problems for them to solve will be"
## [1861] "those of understanding the human body and mind and intervening in their"
## [1862] "development. For the “good of humanity,” of course. 165. But suppose on"
## [1863] "the other hand that the stresses of the coming decades prove to be too"
## [1864] "much for the system. If the system breaks down there may be a period"
## [1865] "of chaos, a “time of troubles” such as those that history has recorded"
## [1866] "at various epochs in the past. It is impossible to predict what would"
## [1867] "emerge from such a time of troubles, but at any rate the human race"
## [1868] "would be given a new chance. The greatest danger is that industrial"
## [1869] "society may begin to reconstitute itself within the first few years"
## [1870] "after the breakdown. Certainly there will be many people (power hungry"
## [1871] "types especially) who will be anxious to get the factories running"
## [1872] "again. 166. Therefore two tasks confront those who hate the servitude to"
## [1873] "which the industrial system is reducing the human race. First, we must"
## [1874] "work to heighten the social stresses within the system so as to increase"
## [1875] "the likelihood that it will break down or be weakened sufficiently so"
## [1876] "that a revolution against it becomes possible. Second, it is necessary"
## [1877] "to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and the"
## [1878] "industrial society if and when the system becomes sufficiently weakened."
## [1879] "And such an ideology will help to assure that, if and when industrial"
## [1880] "society breaks down, its remnants will be smashed beyond repair, so that"
## [1881] "the system cannot be reconstituted. The factories should be destroyed,"
## [1882] "technical books burned, etc. HUMAN SUFFERING 167. The industrial system"
## [1883] "will not break down purely as a result of revolutionary action. It"
## [1884] "will not be vulnerable to revolutionary attack unless its own internal"
## [1885] "problems of development lead it into very serious difficulties. So if"
## [1886] "the system breaks down it will do so either spontaneously, or through a"
## [1887] "process that is in part spontaneous but helped along by revolutionaries."
## [1888] "If the breakdown is sudden, many people will die, since the world’s"
## [1889] "population has become so overblown that it cannot even feed itself any"
## [1890] "longer without advanced technology. Even if the breakdown is gradual"
## [1891] "enough so that reduction of the population can occur more through"
## [1892] "lowering of the birth rate than through elevation of the death rate,"
## [1893] "the process of de industrialization probably will be very chaotic and"
## [1894] "involve much suffering. It is naive to think it likely that technology"
## [1895] "can be phased out in a smoothly managed, orderly way, especially since"
## [1896] "the technophiles will fight stubbornly at every step. Is it therefore"
## [1897] "cruel to work for the breakdown of the system? Maybe, but maybe not. In"
## [1898] "the first place, revolutionaries will not be able to break the system"
## [1899] "down unless it is already in enough trouble so that there would be a"
## [1900] "good chance of its eventually breaking down by itself anyway; and the"
## [1901] "bigger the system grows, the more disastrous the consequences of its"
## [1902] "breakdown will be; so it may be that revolutionaries, by hastening the"
## [1903] "onset of the breakdown, will be reducing the extent of the disaster."
## [1904] "168. In the second place, one has to balance struggle and death against"
## [1905] "the loss of freedom and dignity. To many of us, freedom and dignity"
## [1906] "are more important than a long life or avoidance of physical pain."
## [1907] "Besides, we all have to die some time, and it may be better to die"
## [1908] "fighting for survival, or for a cause, than to live a long but empty"
## [1909] "and purposeless life. 169. In the third place, it is not at all certain"
## [1910] "that survival of the system will lead to less suffering than breakdown"
## [1911] "of the system would. The system has already caused, and is continuing"
## [1912] "to cause, immense suffering all over the world. Ancient cultures, that"
## [1913] "for hundreds of years gave people a satisfactory relationship with"
## [1914] "each other and with their environment, have been shattered by contact"
## [1915] "with industrial society, and the result has been a whole catalogue"
## [1916] "of economic, environmental, social and psychological problems. One"
## [1917] "of the effects of the intrusion of industrial society has been that"
## [1918] "over much of the world traditional controls on population have been"
## [1919] "thrown out of balance. Hence the population explosion, with all"
## [1920] "that that implies. Then there is the psychological suffering that is"
## [1921] "widespread throughout the supposedly fortunate countries of the West"
## [1922] "(see paragraphs 44, 45). No one knows what will happen as a result"
## [1923] "of ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect and other environmental"
## [1924] "problems that cannot yet be foreseen. And, as nuclear proliferation has"
## [1925] "shown, new technology cannot be kept out of the hands of dictators and"
## [1926] "irresponsible Third World nations. Would you like to speculate about"
## [1927] "what Iraq or North Korea will do with genetic engineering? 170. “Oh!”"
## [1928] "say the technophiles, “Science is going to fix all that! We will conquer"
## [1929] "famine, eliminate psychological suffering, make everybody healthy and"
## [1930] "happy!” Yeah, sure. That’s what they said 200 years ago. The Industrial"
## [1931] "Revolution was supposed to eliminate poverty, make everybody happy,"
## [1932] "etc. The actual result has been quite different. The technophiles are"
## [1933] "hopelessly naive (or self deceiving) in their understanding of social"
## [1934] "problems. They are unaware of (or choose to ignore) the fact that when"
## [1935] "large changes, even seemingly beneficial ones, are introduced into a"
## [1936] "society, they lead to a long sequence of other changes, most of which"
## [1937] "are impossible to predict (paragraph 103). The result is disruption"
## [1938] "of the society. So it is very probable that in their attempts to end"
## [1939] "poverty and disease, engineer docile, happy personalities and so forth,"
## [1940] "the technophiles will create social systems that are terribly troubled,"
## [1941] "even more so than the present once. For example, the scientists boast"
## [1942] "that they will end famine by creating new, genetically engineered food"
## [1943] "plants. But this will allow the human population to keep expanding"
## [1944] "indefinitely, and it is well known that crowding leads to increased"
## [1945] "stress and aggression. This is merely one example of the PREDICTABLE"
## [1946] "problems that will arise. We emphasize that, as past experience has"
## [1947] "shown, technical progress will lead to other new problems that CANNOT be"
## [1948] "predicted in advance (paragraph 103). In fact, ever since the Industrial"
## [1949] "Revolution, technology has been creating new problems for society far"
## [1950] "more rapidly than it has been solving old ones. Thus it will take a"
## [1951] "long and difficult period of trial and error for the technophiles to"
## [1952] "work the bugs out of their Brave New World (if they every do). In the"
## [1953] "meantime there will be great suffering. So it is not at all clear that"
## [1954] "the survival of industrial society would involve less suffering than"
## [1955] "the breakdown of that society would. Technology has gotten the human"
## [1956] "race into a fix from which there is not likely to be any easy escape."
## [1957] "THE FUTURE 171. But suppose now that industrial society does survive"
## [1958] "the next several decades and that the bugs do eventually get worked"
## [1959] "out of the system, so that it functions smoothly. What kind of system"
## [1960] "will it be? We will consider several possibilities. 172. First let us"
## [1961] "postulate that the computer scientists succeed in developing intelligent"
## [1962] "machines that can do all things better than human beings can do them."
## [1963] "In that case presumably all work will be done by vast, highly organized"
## [1964] "systems of machines and no human effort will be necessary. Either of"
## [1965] "two cases might occur. The machines might be permitted to make all of"
## [1966] "their own decisions without human oversight, or else human control over"
## [1967] "the machines might be retained. 173. If the machines are permitted to"
## [1968] "make all their own decisions, we can’t make any conjectures as to the"
## [1969] "results, because it is impossible to guess how such machines might"
## [1970] "behave. We only point out that the fate of the human race would be at"
## [1971] "the mercy of the machines. It might be argued that the human race would"
## [1972] "never be foolish enough to hand over all power to the machines. But"
## [1973] "we are suggesting neither that the human race would voluntarily turn"
## [1974] "power over to the machines nor that the machines would willfully seize"
## [1975] "power. What we do suggest is that the human race might easily permit"
## [1976] "itself to drift into a position of such dependence on the machines that"
## [1977] "it would have no practical choice but to accept all of the machines’"
## [1978] "decisions. As society and the problems that face it become more and"
## [1979] "more complex and as machines become more and more intelligent, people"
## [1980] "will let machines make more and more of their decisions for them,"
## [1981] "simply because machine made decisions will bring better results than"
## [1982] "man made ones. Eventually a stage may be reached at which the decisions"
## [1983] "necessary to keep the system running will be so complex that human"
## [1984] "beings will be incapable of making them intelligently. At that stage"
## [1985] "the machines will be in effective control. People won’t be able to just"
## [1986] "turn the machines off, because they will be so dependent on them that"
## [1987] "turning them off would amount to suicide. 174. On the other hand it is"
## [1988] "possible that human control over the machines may be retained. In that"
## [1989] "case the average man may have control over certain private machines"
## [1990] "of his own, such as his car or his personal computer, but control over"
## [1991] "large systems of machines will be in the hands of a tiny elite—just as"
## [1992] "it is today, but with two differences. Due to improved techniques the"
## [1993] "elite will have greater control over the masses; and because human work"
## [1994] "will no longer be necessary the masses will be superfluous, a useless"
## [1995] "burden on the system. If the elite is ruthless they may simply decide"
## [1996] "to exterminate the mass of humanity. If they are humane they may use"
## [1997] "propaganda or other psychological or biological techniques to reduce"
## [1998] "the birth rate until the mass of humanity becomes extinct, leaving the"
## [1999] "world to the elite. Or, if the elite consists of soft hearted liberals,"
## [2000] "they may decide to play the role of good shepherds to the rest of the"
## [2001] "human race. They will see to it that everyone’s physical needs are"
## [2002] "satisfied, that all children are raised under psychologically hygienic"
## [2003] "conditions, that everyone has a wholesome hobby to keep him busy, and"
## [2004] "that anyone who may become dissatisfied undergoes “treatment” to cure"
## [2005] "his “problem.” Of course, life will be so purposeless that people will"
## [2006] "have to be biologically or psychologically engineered either to remove"
## [2007] "their need for the power process or to make them “sublimate” their drive"
## [2008] "for power into some harmless hobby. These engineered human beings may"
## [2009] "be happy in such a society, but they most certainly will not be free."
## [2010] "They will have been reduced to the status of domestic animals. 175. But"
## [2011] "suppose now that the computer scientists do not succeed in developing"
## [2012] "artificial intelligence, so that human work remains necessary. Even"
## [2013] "so, machines will take care of more and more of the simpler tasks so"
## [2014] "that there will be an increasing surplus of human workers at the lower"
## [2015] "levels of ability. (We see this happening already. There are many"
## [2016] "people who find it difficult or impossible to get work, because for"
## [2017] "intellectual or psychological reasons they cannot acquire the level of"
## [2018] "training necessary to make themselves useful in the present system.)"
## [2019] "On those who are employed, ever increasing demands will be placed:"
## [2020] "They will need more and more training, more and more ability, and will"
## [2021] "have to be ever more reliable, conforming and docile, because they will"
## [2022] "be more and more like cells of a giant organism. Their tasks will be"
## [2023] "increasingly specialized, so that their work will be, in a sense, out"
## [2024] "of touch with the real world, being concentrated on one tiny slice of"
## [2025] "reality. The system will have to use any means that it can, whether"
## [2026] "psychological or biological, to engineer people to be docile, to have"
## [2027] "the abilities that the system requires and to “sublimate” their drive"
## [2028] "for power into some specialized task. But the statement that the people"
## [2029] "of such a society will have to be docile may require qualification. The"
## [2030] "society may find competitiveness useful, provided that ways are found"
## [2031] "of directing competitiveness into channels that serve the needs of"
## [2032] "the system. We can imagine a future society in which there is endless"
## [2033] "competition for positions of prestige and power. But no more than a very"
## [2034] "few people will ever reach the top, where the only real power is (see"
## [2035] "end of paragraph 163). Very repellent is a society in which a person"
## [2036] "can satisfy his need for power only by pushing large numbers of other"
## [2037] "people out of the way and depriving them of THEIR opportunity for power."
## [2038] "176. One can envision scenarios that incorporate aspects of more than"
## [2039] "one of the possibilities that we have just discussed. For instance, it"
## [2040] "may be that machines will take over most of the work that is of real,"
## [2041] "practical importance, but that human beings will be kept busy by being"
## [2042] "given relatively unimportant work. It has been suggested, for example,"
## [2043] "that a great development of the service industries might provide work"
## [2044] "for human beings. Thus people would spent their time shining each"
## [2045] "other’s shoes, driving each other around in taxicabs, making handicrafts"
## [2046] "for one another, waiting on each other’s tables, etc. This seems to"
## [2047] "us a thoroughly contemptible way for the human race to end up, and we"
## [2048] "doubt that many people would find fulfilling lives in such pointless"
## [2049] "busy work. They would seek other, dangerous outlets (drugs, crime,"
## [2050] "“cults,” hate groups) unless they were biologically or psychologically"
## [2051] "engineered to adapt them to such a way of life. 177. Needless to say,"
## [2052] "the scenarios outlined above do not exhaust all the possibilities. They"
## [2053] "only indicate the kinds of outcomes that seem to us most likely. But"
## [2054] "we can envision no plausible scenarios that are any more palatable than"
## [2055] "the ones we’ve just described. It is overwhelmingly probable that if"
## [2056] "the industrial technological system survives the next 40 to 100 years,"
## [2057] "it will by that time have developed certain general characteristics:"
## [2058] "Individuals (at least those of the “bourgeois” type, who are integrated"
## [2059] "into the system and make it run, and who therefore have all the power)"
## [2060] "will be more dependent than ever on large organizations; they will be"
## [2061] "more “socialized” than ever and their physical and mental qualities to"
## [2062] "a significant extent (possibly to a very great extent) will be those"
## [2063] "that are engineered into them rather than being the results of chance"
## [2064] "(or of God’s will, or whatever); and whatever may be left of wild"
## [2065] "nature will be reduced to remnants preserved for scientific study and"
## [2066] "kept under the supervision and management of scientists (hence it will"
## [2067] "no longer be truly wild). In the long run (say a few centuries from"
## [2068] "now) it is likely that neither the human race nor any other important"
## [2069] "organisms will exist as we know them today, because once you start"
## [2070] "modifying organisms through genetic engineering there is no reason to"
## [2071] "stop at any particular point, so that the modifications will probably"
## [2072] "continue until man and other organisms have been utterly transformed."
## [2073] "178. Whatever else may be the case, it is certain that technology"
## [2074] "is creating for human beings a new physical and social environment"
## [2075] "radically different from the spectrum of environments to which natural"
## [2076] "selection has adapted the human race physically and psychologically."
## [2077] "If man is not adjusted to this new environment by being artificially"
## [2078] "re engineered, then he will be adapted to it through a long and painful"
## [2079] "process of natural selection. The former is far more likely than the"
## [2080] "latter. 179. It would be better to dump the whole stinking system and"
## [2081] "take the consequences. STRATEGY 180. The technophiles are taking us all"
## [2082] "on an utterly reckless ride into the unknown. Many people understand"
## [2083] "something of what technological progress is doing to us yet take a"
## [2084] "passive attitude toward it because they think it is inevitable. But"
## [2085] "we (FC) don’t think it is inevitable. We think it can be stopped, and"
## [2086] "we will give here some indications of how to go about stopping it."
## [2087] "181. As we stated in paragraph 166, the two main tasks for the present"
## [2088] "are to promote social stress and instability in industrial society"
## [2089] "and to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and"
## [2090] "the industrial system. When the system becomes sufficiently stressed"
## [2091] "and unstable, a revolution against technology may be possible. The"
## [2092] "pattern would be similar to that of the French and Russian Revolutions."
## [2093] "French society and Russian society, for several decades prior to their"
## [2094] "respective revolutions, showed increasing signs of stress and weakness."
## [2095] "Meanwhile, ideologies were being developed that offered a new world"
## [2096] "view that was quite different from the old one. In the Russian case,"
## [2097] "revolutionaries were actively working to undermine the old order."
## [2098] "Then, when the old system was put under sufficient additional stress"
## [2099] "(by financial crisis in France, by military defeat in Russia) it was"
## [2100] "swept away by revolution. What we propose is something along the same"
## [2101] "lines. 182. It will be objected that the French and Russian Revolutions"
## [2102] "were failures. But most revolutions have two goals. One is to destroy"
## [2103] "an old form of society and the other is to set up the new form of"
## [2104] "society envisioned by the revolutionaries. The French and Russian"
## [2105] "revolutionaries failed (fortunately!) to create the new kind of society"
## [2106] "of which they dreamed, but they were quite successful in destroying the"
## [2107] "old society. We have no illusions about the feasibility of creating a"
## [2108] "new, ideal form of society. Our goal is only to destroy the existing"
## [2109] "form of society. 183. But an ideology, in order to gain enthusiastic"
## [2110] "support, must have a positive ideal as well as a negative one; it"
## [2111] "must be FOR something as well as AGAINST something. The positive ideal"
## [2112] "that we propose is Nature. That is, WILD nature: those aspects of the"
## [2113] "functioning of the Earth and its living things that are independent of"
## [2114] "human management and free of human interference and control. And with"
## [2115] "wild nature we include human nature, by which we mean those aspects"
## [2116] "of the functioning of the human individual that are not subject to"
## [2117] "regulation by organized society but are products of chance, or free"
## [2118] "will, or God (depending on your religious or philosophical opinions)."
## [2119] "184. Nature makes a perfect counter ideal to technology for several"
## [2120] "reasons. Nature (that which is outside the power of the system) is the"
## [2121] "opposite of technology (which seeks to expand indefinitely the power of"
## [2122] "the system). Most people will agree that nature is beautiful; certainly"
## [2123] "it has tremendous popular appeal. The radical environmentalists ALREADY"
## [2124] "hold an ideology that exalts nature and opposes technology. [30] It is"
## [2125] "not necessary for the sake of nature to set up some chimerical utopia"
## [2126] "or any new kind of social order. Nature takes care of itself: It was"
## [2127] "a spontaneous creation that existed long before any human society,"
## [2128] "and for countless centuries many different kinds of human societies"
## [2129] "coexisted with nature without doing it an excessive amount of damage."
## [2130] "Only with the Industrial Revolution did the effect of human society on"
## [2131] "nature become really devastating. To relieve the pressure on nature it"
## [2132] "is not necessary to create a special kind of social system, it is only"
## [2133] "necessary to get rid of industrial society. Granted, this will not solve"
## [2134] "all problems. Industrial society has already done tremendous damage to"
## [2135] "nature and it will take a very long time for the scars to heal. Besides,"
## [2136] "even pre industrial societies can do significant damage to nature."
## [2137] "Nevertheless, getting rid of industrial society will accomplish a"
## [2138] "great deal. It will relieve the worst of the pressure on nature so that"
## [2139] "the scars can begin to heal. It will remove the capacity of organized"
## [2140] "society to keep increasing its control over nature (including human"
## [2141] "nature). Whatever kind of society may exist after the demise of the"
## [2142] "industrial system, it is certain that most people will live close to"
## [2143] "nature, because in the absence of advanced technology there is no other"
## [2144] "way that people CAN live. To feed themselves they must be peasants or"
## [2145] "herdsmen or fishermen or hunters, etc. And, generally speaking, local"
## [2146] "autonomy should tend to increase, because lack of advanced technology"
## [2147] "and rapid communications will limit the capacity of governments or"
## [2148] "other large organizations to control local communities. 185. As for"
## [2149] "the negative consequences of eliminating industrial society—well,"
## [2150] "you can’t eat your cake and have it too. To gain one thing you have"
## [2151] "to sacrifice another. 186. Most people hate psychological conflict."
## [2152] "For this reason they avoid doing any serious thinking about difficult"
## [2153] "social issues, and they like to have such issues presented to them in"
## [2154] "simple, black and white terms: THIS is all good and THAT is all bad. The"
## [2155] "revolutionary ideology should therefore be developed on two levels. 187."
## [2156] "On the more sophisticated level the ideology should address itself to"
## [2157] "people who are intelligent, thoughtful and rational. The object should"
## [2158] "be to create a core of people who will be opposed to the industrial"
## [2159] "system on a rational, thought out basis, with full appreciation of"
## [2160] "the problems and ambiguities involved, and of the price that has to"
## [2161] "be paid for getting rid of the system. It is particularly important"
## [2162] "to attract people of this type, as they are capable people and will be"
## [2163] "instrumental in influencing others. These people should be addressed"
## [2164] "on as rational a level as possible. Facts should never intentionally"
## [2165] "be distorted and intemperate language should be avoided. This does not"
## [2166] "mean that no appeal can be made to the emotions, but in making such"
## [2167] "appeal care should be taken to avoid misrepresenting the truth or doing"
## [2168] "anything else that would destroy the intellectual respectability of the"
## [2169] "ideology. 188. On a second level, the ideology should be propagated in"
## [2170] "a simplified form that will enable the unthinking majority to see the"
## [2171] "conflict of technology vs. nature in unambiguous terms. But even on"
## [2172] "this second level the ideology should not be expressed in language that"
## [2173] "is so cheap, intemperate or irrational that it alienates people of the"
## [2174] "thoughtful and rational type. Cheap, intemperate propaganda sometimes"
## [2175] "achieves impressive short term gains, but it will be more advantageous"
## [2176] "in the long run to keep the loyalty of a small number of intelligently"
## [2177] "committed people than to arouse the passions of an unthinking, fickle"
## [2178] "mob who will change their attitude as soon as someone comes along with"
## [2179] "a better propaganda gimmick. However, propaganda of the rabble rousing"
## [2180] "type may be necessary when the system is nearing the point of collapse"
## [2181] "and there is a final struggle between rival ideologies to determine"
## [2182] "which will become dominant when the old world view goes under. 189."
## [2183] "Prior to that final struggle, the revolutionaries should not expect"
## [2184] "to have a majority of people on their side. History is made by active,"
## [2185] "determined minorities, not by the majority, which seldom has a clear and"
## [2186] "consistent idea of what it really wants. Until the time comes for the"
## [2187] "final push toward revolution [31], the task of revolutionaries will be"
## [2188] "less to win the shallow support of the majority than to build a small"
## [2189] "core of deeply committed people. As for the majority, it will be enough"
## [2190] "to make them aware of the existence of the new ideology and remind them"
## [2191] "of it frequently; though of course it will be desirable to get majority"
## [2192] "support to the extent that this can be done without weakening the core"
## [2193] "of seriously committed people. 190. Any kind of social conflict helps"
## [2194] "to destabilize the system, but one should be careful about what kind of"
## [2195] "conflict one encourages. The line of conflict should be drawn between"
## [2196] "the mass of the people and the power holding elite of industrial society"
## [2197] "(politicians, scientists, upper level business executives, government"
## [2198] "officials, etc.). It should NOT be drawn between the revolutionaries and"
## [2199] "the mass of the people. For example, it would be bad strategy for the"
## [2200] "revolutionaries to condemn Americans for their habits of consumption."
## [2201] "Instead, the average American should be portrayed as a victim of the"
## [2202] "advertising and marketing industry, which has suckered him into buying a"
## [2203] "lot of junk that he doesn’t need and that is very poor compensation for"
## [2204] "his lost freedom. Either approach is consistent with the facts. It is"
## [2205] "merely a matter of attitude whether you blame the advertising industry"
## [2206] "for manipulating the public or blame the public for allowing itself"
## [2207] "to be manipulated. As a matter of strategy one should generally avoid"
## [2208] "blaming the public. 191. One should think twice before encouraging any"
## [2209] "other social conflict than that between the power holding elite (which"
## [2210] "wields technology) and the general public (over which technology exerts"
## [2211] "its power). For one thing, other conflicts tend to distract attention"
## [2212] "from the important conflicts (between power elite and ordinary people,"
## [2213] "between technology and nature); for another thing, other conflicts may"
## [2214] "actually tend to encourage technologization, because each side in such"
## [2215] "a conflict wants to use technological power to gain advantages over its"
## [2216] "adversary. This is clearly seen in rivalries between nations. It also"
## [2217] "appears in ethnic conflicts within nations. For example, in America"
## [2218] "many black leaders are anxious to gain power for African Americans by"
## [2219] "placing back individuals in the technological power elite. They want"
## [2220] "there to be many black government officials, scientists, corporation"
## [2221] "executives and so forth. In this way they are helping to absorb the"
## [2222] "African American subculture into the technological system. Generally"
## [2223] "speaking, one should encourage only those social conflicts that can"
## [2224] "be fitted into the framework of the conflicts of power elite vs."
## [2225] "ordinary people, technology vs nature. 192. But the way to discourage"
## [2226] "ethnic conflict is NOT through militant advocacy of minority rights"
## [2227] "(see paragraphs 21, 29). Instead, the revolutionaries should emphasize"
## [2228] "that although minorities do suffer more or less disadvantage, this"
## [2229] "disadvantage is of peripheral significance. Our real enemy is the"
## [2230] "industrial technological system, and in the struggle against the system,"
## [2231] "ethnic distinctions are of no importance. 193. The kind of revolution"
## [2232] "we have in mind will not necessarily involve an armed uprising against"
## [2233] "any government. It may or may not involve physical violence, but it"
## [2234] "will not be a POLITICAL revolution. Its focus will be on technology"
## [2235] "and economics, not politics. [32] 194. Probably the revolutionaries"
## [2236] "should even AVOID assuming political power, whether by legal or illegal"
## [2237] "means, until the industrial system is stressed to the danger point and"
## [2238] "has proved itself to be a failure in the eyes of most people. Suppose"
## [2239] "for example that some “green” party should win control of the United"
## [2240] "States Congress in an election. In order to avoid betraying or watering"
## [2241] "down their own ideology they would have to take vigorous measures to"
## [2242] "turn economic growth into economic shrinkage. To the average man the"
## [2243] "results would appear disastrous: There would be massive unemployment,"
## [2244] "shortages of commodities, etc. Even if the grosser ill effects could"
## [2245] "be avoided through superhumanly skillful management, still people would"
## [2246] "have to begin giving up the luxuries to which they have become addicted."
## [2247] "Dissatisfaction would grow, the “green” party would be voted out of"
## [2248] "office and the revolutionaries would have suffered a severe setback."
## [2249] "For this reason the revolutionaries should not try to acquire political"
## [2250] "power until the system has gotten itself into such a mess that any"
## [2251] "hardships will be seen as resulting from the failures of the industrial"
## [2252] "system itself and not from the policies of the revolutionaries. The"
## [2253] "revolution against technology will probably have to be a revolution"
## [2254] "by outsiders, a revolution from below and not from above. 195. The"
## [2255] "revolution must be international and worldwide. It cannot be carried"
## [2256] "out on a nation by nation basis. Whenever it is suggested that the"
## [2257] "United States, for example, should cut back on technological progress"
## [2258] "or economic growth, people get hysterical and start screaming that if"
## [2259] "we fall behind in technology the Japanese will get ahead of us. Holy"
## [2260] "robots! The world will fly off its orbit if the Japanese ever sell more"
## [2261] "cars than we do! (Nationalism is a great promoter of technology.) More"
## [2262] "reasonably, it is argued that if the relatively democratic nations of"
## [2263] "the world fall behind in technology while nasty, dictatorial nations"
## [2264] "like China, Vietnam and North Korea continue to progress, eventually"
## [2265] "the dictators may come to dominate the world. That is why the industrial"
## [2266] "system should be attacked in all nations simultaneously, to the"
## [2267] "extent that this may be possible. True, there is no assurance that"
## [2268] "the industrial system can be destroyed at approximately the same time"
## [2269] "all over the world, and it is even conceivable that the attempt to"
## [2270] "overthrow the system could lead instead to the domination of the system"
## [2271] "by dictators. That is a risk that has to be taken. And it is worth"
## [2272] "taking, since the difference between a “democratic” industrial system"
## [2273] "and one controlled by dictators is small compared with the difference"
## [2274] "between an industrial system and a non industrial one. [33] It might"
## [2275] "even be argued that an industrial system controlled by dictators would"
## [2276] "be preferable, because dictator controlled systems usually have proved"
## [2277] "inefficient, hence they are presumably more likely to break down. Look"
## [2278] "at Cuba. 196. Revolutionaries might consider favoring measures that tend"
## [2279] "to bind the world economy into a unified whole. Free trade agreements"
## [2280] "like NAFTA and GATT are probably harmful to the environment in the"
## [2281] "short run, but in the long run they may perhaps be advantageous because"
## [2282] "they foster economic interdependence between nations. It will be easier"
## [2283] "to destroy the industrial system on a worldwide basis if the world"
## [2284] "economy is so unified that its breakdown in any one major nation will"
## [2285] "lead to its breakdown in all industrialized nations. 197. Some people"
## [2286] "take the line that modern man has too much power, too much control"
## [2287] "over nature; they argue for a more passive attitude on the part of the"
## [2288] "human race. At best these people are expressing themselves unclearly,"
## [2289] "because they fail to distinguish between power for LARGE ORGANIZATIONS"
## [2290] "and power for INDIVIDUALS and SMALL GROUPS. It is a mistake to argue"
## [2291] "for powerlessness and passivity, because people NEED power. Modern man"
## [2292] "as a collective entity—that is, the industrial system—has immense power"
## [2293] "over nature, and we (FC) regard this as evil. But modern INDIVIDUALS"
## [2294] "and SMALL GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS have far less power than primitive"
## [2295] "man ever did. Generally speaking, the vast power of “modern man” over"
## [2296] "nature is exercised not by individuals or small groups but by large"
## [2297] "organizations. To the extent that the average modern INDIVIDUAL can"
## [2298] "wield the power of technology, he is permitted to do so only within"
## [2299] "narrow limits and only under the supervision and control of the system."
## [2300] "(You need a license for everything and with the license come rules"
## [2301] "and regulations.) The individual has only those technological powers"
## [2302] "with which the system chooses to provide him. His PERSONAL power over"
## [2303] "nature is slight. 198. Primitive INDIVIDUALS and SMALL GROUPS actually"
## [2304] "had considerable power over nature; or maybe it would be better to"
## [2305] "say power WITHIN nature. When primitive man needed food he knew how"
## [2306] "to find and prepare edible roots, how to track game and take it with"
## [2307] "homemade weapons. He knew how to protect himself from heat, cold,"
## [2308] "rain, dangerous animals, etc. But primitive man did relatively little"
## [2309] "damage to nature because the COLLECTIVE power of primitive society"
## [2310] "was negligible compared to the COLLECTIVE power of industrial society."
## [2311] "199. Instead of arguing for powerlessness and passivity, one should"
## [2312] "argue that the power of the INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM should be broken, and"
## [2313] "that this will greatly INCREASE the power and freedom of INDIVIDUALS"
## [2314] "and SMALL GROUPS. 200. Until the industrial system has been thoroughly"
## [2315] "wrecked, the destruction of that system must be the revolutionaries’"
## [2316] "ONLY goal. Other goals would distract attention and energy from the"
## [2317] "main goal. More importantly, if the revolutionaries permit themselves"
## [2318] "to have any other goal than the destruction of technology, they will"
## [2319] "be tempted to use technology as a tool for reaching that other goal."
## [2320] "If they give in to that temptation, they will fall right back into the"
## [2321] "technological trap, because modern technology is a unified, tightly"
## [2322] "organized system, so that, in order to retain SOME technology, one"
## [2323] "finds oneself obliged to retain MOST technology, hence one ends up"
## [2324] "sacrificing only token amounts of technology. 201. Suppose for example"
## [2325] "that the revolutionaries took “social justice” as a goal. Human nature"
## [2326] "being what it is, social justice would not come about spontaneously; it"
## [2327] "would have to be enforced. In order to enforce it the revolutionaries"
## [2328] "would have to retain central organization and control. For that they"
## [2329] "would need rapid long distance transportation and communication, and"
## [2330] "therefore all the technology needed to support the transportation and"
## [2331] "communication systems. To feed and clothe poor people they would have"
## [2332] "to use agricultural and manufacturing technology. And so forth. So that"
## [2333] "the attempt to insure social justice would force them to retain most"
## [2334] "parts of the technological system. Not that we have anything against"
## [2335] "social justice, but it must not be allowed to interfere with the effort"
## [2336] "to get rid of the technological system. 202. It would be hopeless for"
## [2337] "revolutionaries to try to attack the system without using SOME modern"
## [2338] "technology. If nothing else they must use the communications media"
## [2339] "to spread their message. But they should use modern technology for"
## [2340] "only ONE purpose: to attack the technological system. 203. Imagine an"
## [2341] "alcoholic sitting with a barrel of wine in front of him. Suppose he"
## [2342] "starts saying to himself, “Wine isn’t bad for you if used in moderation."
## [2343] "Why, they say small amounts of wine are even good for you! It won’t do"
## [2344] "me any harm if I take just one little drink.... “ Well you know what"
## [2345] "is going to happen. Never forget that the human race with technology"
## [2346] "is just like an alcoholic with a barrel of wine. 204. Revolutionaries"
## [2347] "should have as many children as they can. There is strong scientific"
## [2348] "evidence that social attitudes are to a significant extent inherited."
## [2349] "No one suggests that a social attitude is a direct outcome of a person’s"
## [2350] "genetic constitution, but it appears that personality traits are"
## [2351] "partly inherited and that certain personality traits tend, within the"
## [2352] "context of our society, to make a person more likely to hold this or"
## [2353] "that social attitude. Objections to these findings have been raised,"
## [2354] "but the objections are feeble and seem to be ideologically motivated."
## [2355] "In any event, no one denies that children tend on the average to hold"
## [2356] "social attitudes similar to those of their parents. From our point of"
## [2357] "view it doesn’t matter all that much whether the attitudes are passed"
## [2358] "on genetically or through childhood training. In either case they ARE"
## [2359] "passed on. 205. The trouble is that many of the people who are inclined"
## [2360] "to rebel against the industrial system are also concerned about the"
## [2361] "population problems, hence they are apt to have few or no children. In"
## [2362] "this way they may be handing the world over to the sort of people who"
## [2363] "support or at least accept the industrial system. To insure the strength"
## [2364] "of the next generation of revolutionaries the present generation should"
## [2365] "reproduce itself abundantly. In doing so they will be worsening the"
## [2366] "population problem only slightly. And the important problem is to get"
## [2367] "rid of the industrial system, because once the industrial system is"
## [2368] "gone the world’s population necessarily will decrease (see paragraph"
## [2369] "167); whereas, if the industrial system survives, it will continue"
## [2370] "developing new techniques of food production that may enable the world’s"
## [2371] "population to keep increasing almost indefinitely. 206. With regard to"
## [2372] "revolutionary strategy, the only points on which we absolutely insist"
## [2373] "are that the single overriding goal must be the elimination of modern"
## [2374] "technology, and that no other goal can be allowed to compete with this"
## [2375] "one. For the rest, revolutionaries should take an empirical approach."
## [2376] "If experience indicates that some of the recommendations made in the"
## [2377] "foregoing paragraphs are not going to give good results, then those"
## [2378] "recommendations should be discarded. TWO KINDS OF TECHNOLOGY 207. An"
## [2379] "argument likely to be raised against our proposed revolution is that it"
## [2380] "is bound to fail, because (it is claimed) throughout history technology"
## [2381] "has always progressed, never regressed, hence technological regression"
## [2382] "is impossible. But this claim is false. 208. We distinguish between"
## [2383] "two kinds of technology, which we will call small scale technology and"
## [2384] "organization dependent technology. Small scale technology is technology"
## [2385] "that can be used by small scale communities without outside assistance."
## [2386] "Organization dependent technology is technology that depends on large"
## [2387] "scale social organization. We are aware of no significant cases of"
## [2388] "regression in small scale technology. But organization dependent"
## [2389] "technology DOES regress when the social organization on which it depends"
## [2390] "breaks down. Example: When the Roman Empire fell apart the Romans’"
## [2391] "small scale technology survived because any clever village craftsman"
## [2392] "could build, for instance, a water wheel, any skilled smith could make"
## [2393] "steel by Roman methods, and so forth. But the Romans’ organization"
## [2394] "dependent technology DID regress. Their aqueducts fell into disrepair"
## [2395] "and were never rebuilt. Their techniques of road construction were lost."
## [2396] "The Roman system of urban sanitation was forgotten, so that not until"
## [2397] "rather recent times did the sanitation of European cities equal that"
## [2398] "of Ancient Rome. 209. The reason why technology has seemed always to"
## [2399] "progress is that, until perhaps a century or two before the Industrial"
## [2400] "Revolution, most technology was small scale technology. But most of the"
## [2401] "technology developed since the Industrial Revolution is organization"
## [2402] "dependent technology. Take the refrigerator for example. Without factory"
## [2403] "made parts or the facilities of a post industrial machine shop it would"
## [2404] "be virtually impossible for a handful of local craftsmen to build a"
## [2405] "refrigerator. If by some miracle they did succeed in building one it"
## [2406] "would be useless to them without a reliable source of electric power."
## [2407] "So they would have to dam a stream and build a generator. Generators"
## [2408] "require large amounts of copper wire. Imagine trying to make that wire"
## [2409] "without modern machinery. And where would they get a gas suitable for"
## [2410] "refrigeration? It would be much easier to build an icehouse or preserve"
## [2411] "food by drying or picking, as was done before the invention of the"
## [2412] "refrigerator. 210. So it is clear that if the industrial system were"
## [2413] "once thoroughly broken down, refrigeration technology would quickly"
## [2414] "be lost. The same is true of other organization dependent technology."
## [2415] "And once this technology had been lost for a generation or so it would"
## [2416] "take centuries to rebuild it, just as it took centuries to build it"
## [2417] "the first time around. Surviving technical books would be few and"
## [2418] "scattered. An industrial society, if built from scratch without outside"
## [2419] "help, can only be built in a series of stages: You need tools to make"
## [2420] "tools to make tools to make tools ... . A long process of economic"
## [2421] "development and progress in social organization is required. And, even"
## [2422] "in the absence of an ideology opposed to technology, there is no reason"
## [2423] "to believe that anyone would be interested in rebuilding industrial"
## [2424] "society. The enthusiasm for “progress” is a phenomenon peculiar to the"
## [2425] "modern form of society, and it seems not to have existed prior to the"
## [2426] "17th century or thereabouts. 211. In the late Middle Ages there were"
## [2427] "four main civilizations that were about equally “advanced”: Europe,"
## [2428] "the Islamic world, India, and the Far East (China, Japan, Korea)."
## [2429] "Three of those civilizations remained more or less stable, and only"
## [2430] "Europe became dynamic. No one knows why Europe became dynamic at that"
## [2431] "time; historians have their theories but these are only speculation."
## [2432] "At any rate, it is clear that rapid development toward a technological"
## [2433] "form of society occurs only under special conditions. So there is"
## [2434] "no reason to assume that a long lasting technological regression"
## [2435] "cannot be brought about. 212. Would society EVENTUALLY develop again"
## [2436] "toward an industrial technological form? Maybe, but there is no use"
## [2437] "in worrying about it, since we can’t predict or control events 500 or"
## [2438] "1,000 years in the future. Those problems must be dealt with by the"
## [2439] "people who will live at that time. THE DANGER OF LEFTISM 213. Because"
## [2440] "of their need for rebellion and for membership in a movement, leftists"
## [2441] "or persons of similar psychological type often are unattracted to a"
## [2442] "rebellious or activist movement whose goals and membership are not"
## [2443] "initially leftist. The resulting influx of leftish types can easily"
## [2444] "turn a non leftist movement into a leftist one, so that leftist goals"
## [2445] "replace or distort the original goals of the movement. 214. To avoid"
## [2446] "this, a movement that exalts nature and opposes technology must take"
## [2447] "a resolutely anti leftist stance and must avoid all collaboration with"
## [2448] "leftists. Leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature,"
## [2449] "with human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology."
## [2450] "Leftism is collectivist; it seeks to bind together the entire world"
## [2451] "(both nature and the human race) into a unified whole. But this implies"
## [2452] "management of nature and of human life by organized society, and it"
## [2453] "requires advanced technology. You can’t have a united world without"
## [2454] "rapid transportation and communication, you can’t make all people love"
## [2455] "one another without sophisticated psychological techniques, you can’t"
## [2456] "have a “planned society” without the necessary technological base. Above"
## [2457] "all, leftism is driven by the need for power, and the leftist seeks"
## [2458] "power on a collective basis, through identification with a mass movement"
## [2459] "or an organization. Leftism is unlikely ever to give up technology,"
## [2460] "because technology is too valuable a source of collective power. 215."
## [2461] "The anarchist [34] too seeks power, but he seeks it on an individual"
## [2462] "or small group basis; he wants individuals and small groups to be able"
## [2463] "to control the circumstances of their own lives. He opposes technology"
## [2464] "because it makes small groups dependent on large organizations. 216."
## [2465] "Some leftists may seem to oppose technology, but they will oppose"
## [2466] "it only so long as they are outsiders and the technological system"
## [2467] "is controlled by non leftists. If leftism ever becomes dominant in"
## [2468] "society, so that the technological system becomes a tool in the hands of"
## [2469] "leftists, they will enthusiastically use it and promote its growth. In"
## [2470] "doing this they will be repeating a pattern that leftism has shown again"
## [2471] "and again in the past. When the Bolsheviks in Russia were outsiders,"
## [2472] "they vigorously opposed censorship and the secret police, they advocated"
## [2473] "self determination for ethnic minorities, and so forth; but as soon"
## [2474] "as they came into power themselves, they imposed a tighter censorship"
## [2475] "and created a more ruthless secret police than any that had existed"
## [2476] "under the tsars, and they oppressed ethnic minorities at least as much"
## [2477] "as the tsars had done. In the United States, a couple of decades ago"
## [2478] "when leftists were a minority in our universities, leftist professors"
## [2479] "were vigorous proponents of academic freedom, but today, in those of"
## [2480] "our universities where leftists have become dominant, they have shown"
## [2481] "themselves ready to take away from everyone else’s academic freedom."
## [2482] "(This is “political correctness.”) The same will happen with leftists"
## [2483] "and technology: They will use it to oppress everyone else if they ever"
## [2484] "get it under their own control. 217. In earlier revolutions, leftists"
## [2485] "of the most power hungry type, repeatedly, have first cooperated"
## [2486] "with non leftist revolutionaries, as well as with leftists of a more"
## [2487] "libertarian inclination, and later have double crossed them to seize"
## [2488] "power for themselves. Robespierre did this in the French Revolution,"
## [2489] "the Bolsheviks did it in the Russian Revolution, the communists did it"
## [2490] "in Spain in 1938 and Castro and his followers did it in Cuba. Given the"
## [2491] "past history of leftism, it would be utterly foolish for non leftist"
## [2492] "revolutionaries today to collaborate with leftists. 218. Various"
## [2493] "thinkers have pointed out that leftism is a kind of religion. Leftism"
## [2494] "is not a religion in the strict sense because leftist doctrine does not"
## [2495] "postulate the existence of any supernatural being. But, for the leftist,"
## [2496] "leftism plays a psychological role much like that which religion plays"
## [2497] "for some people. The leftist NEEDS to believe in leftism; it plays a"
## [2498] "vital role in his psychological economy. His beliefs are not easily"
## [2499] "modified by logic or facts. He has a deep conviction that leftism is"
## [2500] "morally Right with a capital R, and that he has not only a right but"
## [2501] "a duty to impose leftist morality on everyone. (However, many of the"
## [2502] "people we are referring to as “leftists” do not think of themselves"
## [2503] "as leftists and would not describe their system of beliefs as leftism."
## [2504] "We use the term “leftism” because we don’t know of any better words to"
## [2505] "designate the spectrum of related creeds that includes the feminist,"
## [2506] "gay rights, political correctness, etc., movements, and because these"
## [2507] "movements have a strong affinity with the old left. See paragraphs 227"
## [2508] "230.) 219. Leftism is a totalitarian force. Wherever leftism is in a"
## [2509] "position of power it tends to invade every private corner and force"
## [2510] "every thought into a leftist mold. In part this is because of the"
## [2511] "quasi religious character of leftism; everything contrary to leftist"
## [2512] "beliefs represents Sin. More importantly, leftism is a totalitarian"
## [2513] "force because of the leftists’ drive for power. The leftist seeks to"
## [2514] "satisfy his need for power through identification with a social movement"
## [2515] "and he tries to go through the power process by helping to pursue and"
## [2516] "attain the goals of the movement (see paragraph 83). But no matter"
## [2517] "how far the movement has gone in attaining its goals the leftist is"
## [2518] "never satisfied, because his activism is a surrogate activity (see"
## [2519] "paragraph 41). That is, the leftist’s real motive is not to attain the"
## [2520] "ostensible goals of leftism; in reality he is motivated by the sense"
## [2521] "of power he gets from struggling for and then reaching a social goal."
## [2522] "[35] Consequently the leftist is never satisfied with the goals he"
## [2523] "has already attained; his need for the power process leads him always"
## [2524] "to pursue some new goal. The leftist wants equal opportunities for"
## [2525] "minorities. When that is attained he insists on statistical equality of"
## [2526] "achievement by minorities. And as long as anyone harbors in some corner"
## [2527] "of his mind a negative attitude toward some minority, the leftist has"
## [2528] "to re educated him. And ethnic minorities are not enough; no one can"
## [2529] "be allowed to have a negative attitude toward homosexuals, disabled"
## [2530] "people, fat people, old people, ugly people, and on and on and on."
## [2531] "It’s not enough that the public should be informed about the hazards"
## [2532] "of smoking; a warning has to be stamped on every package of cigarettes."
## [2533] "Then cigarette advertising has to be restricted if not banned. The"
## [2534] "activists will never be satisfied until tobacco is outlawed, and after"
## [2535] "that it will be alcohol, then junk food, etc. Activists have fought"
## [2536] "gross child abuse, which is reasonable. But now they want to stop all"
## [2537] "spanking. When they have done that they will want to ban something else"
## [2538] "they consider unwholesome, then another thing and then another. They"
## [2539] "will never be satisfied until they have complete control over all child"
## [2540] "rearing practices. And then they will move on to another cause. 220."
## [2541] "Suppose you asked leftists to make a list of ALL the things that were"
## [2542] "wrong with society, and then suppose you instituted EVERY social change"
## [2543] "that they demanded. It is safe to say that within a couple of years"
## [2544] "the majority of leftists would find something new to complain about,"
## [2545] "some new social “evil” to correct because, once again, the leftist"
## [2546] "is motivated less by distress at society’s ills than by the need to"
## [2547] "satisfy his drive for power by imposing his solutions on society. 221."
## [2548] "Because of the restrictions placed on their thoughts and behavior by"
## [2549] "their high level of socialization, many leftists of the over socialized"
## [2550] "type cannot pursue power in the ways that other people do. For them"
## [2551] "the drive for power has only one morally acceptable outlet, and that"
## [2552] "is in the struggle to impose their morality on everyone. 222. Leftists,"
## [2553] "especially those of the oversocialized type, are True Believers in"
## [2554] "the sense of Eric Hoffer’s book, “The True Believer.” But not all True"
## [2555] "Believers are of the same psychological type as leftists. Presumably"
## [2556] "a true believing nazi, for instance, is very different psychologically"
## [2557] "from a true believing leftist. Because of their capacity for single"
## [2558] "minded devotion to a cause, True Believers are a useful, perhaps a"
## [2559] "necessary, ingredient of any revolutionary movement. This presents a"
## [2560] "problem with which we must admit we don’t know how to deal. We aren’t"
## [2561] "sure how to harness the energies of the True Believer to a revolution"
## [2562] "against technology. At present all we can say is that no True Believer"
## [2563] "will make a safe recruit to the revolution unless his commitment is"
## [2564] "exclusively to the destruction of technology. If he is committed also"
## [2565] "to another ideal, he may want to use technology as a tool for pursuing"
## [2566] "that other ideal (see paragraphs 220, 221). 223. Some readers may say,"
## [2567] "“This stuff about leftism is a lot of crap. I know John and Jane who are"
## [2568] "leftish types and they don’t have all these totalitarian tendencies.”"
## [2569] "It’s quite true that many leftists, possibly even a numerical majority,"
## [2570] "are decent people who sincerely believe in tolerating others’ values"
## [2571] "(up to a point) and wouldn’t want to use high handed methods to reach"
## [2572] "their social goals. Our remarks about leftism are not meant to apply"
## [2573] "to every individual leftist but to describe the general character of"
## [2574] "leftism as a movement. And the general character of a movement is not"
## [2575] "necessarily determined by the numerical proportions of the various"
## [2576] "kinds of people involved in the movement. 224. The people who rise to"
## [2577] "positions of power in leftist movements tend to be leftists of the most"
## [2578] "power hungry type, because power hungry people are those who strive"
## [2579] "hardest to get into positions of power. Once the power hungry types"
## [2580] "have captured control of the movement, there are many leftists of a"
## [2581] "gentler breed who inwardly disapprove of many of the actions of the"
## [2582] "leaders, but cannot bring themselves to oppose them. They NEED their"
## [2583] "faith in the movement, and because they cannot give up this faith"
## [2584] "they go along with the leaders. True, SOME leftists do have the guts"
## [2585] "to oppose the totalitarian tendencies that emerge, but they generally"
## [2586] "lose, because the power hungry types are better organized, are more"
## [2587] "ruthless and Machiavellian and have taken care to build themselves a"
## [2588] "strong power base. 225. These phenomena appeared clearly in Russia and"
## [2589] "other countries that were taken over by leftists. Similarly, before"
## [2590] "the breakdown of communism in the USSR, leftish types in the West would"
## [2591] "seldom criticize that country. If prodded they would admit that the USSR"
## [2592] "did many wrong things, but then they would try to find excuses for the"
## [2593] "communists and begin talking about the faults of the West. They always"
## [2594] "opposed Western military resistance to communist aggression. Leftish"
## [2595] "types all over the world vigorously protested the U.S. military action"
## [2596] "in Vietnam, but when the USSR invaded Afghanistan they did nothing."
## [2597] "Not that they approved of the Soviet actions; but because of their"
## [2598] "leftist faith, they just couldn’t bear to put themselves in opposition"
## [2599] "to communism. Today, in those of our universities where “political"
## [2600] "correctness” has become dominant, there are probably many leftish types"
## [2601] "who privately disapprove of the suppression of academic freedom, but"
## [2602] "they go along with it anyway. 226. Thus the fact that many individual"
## [2603] "leftists are personally mild and fairly tolerant people by no means"
## [2604] "prevents leftism as a whole form having a totalitarian tendency. 227."
## [2605] "Our discussion of leftism has a serious weakness. It is still far from"
## [2606] "clear what we mean by the word “leftist.” There doesn’t seem to be much"
## [2607] "we can do about this. Today leftism is fragmented into a whole spectrum"
## [2608] "of activist movements. Yet not all activist movements are leftist, and"
## [2609] "some activist movements (e.g., radical environmentalism) seem to include"
## [2610] "both personalities of the leftist type and personalities of thoroughly"
## [2611] "un leftist types who ought to know better than to collaborate with"
## [2612] "leftists. Varieties of leftists fade out gradually into varieties of non"
## [2613] "leftists and we ourselves would often be hard pressed to decide whether"
## [2614] "a given individual is or is not a leftist. To the extent that it is"
## [2615] "defined at all, our conception of leftism is defined by the discussion"
## [2616] "of it that we have given in this article, and we can only advise the"
## [2617] "reader to use his own judgment in deciding who is a leftist. 228. But"
## [2618] "it will be helpful to list some criteria for diagnosing leftism. These"
## [2619] "criteria cannot be applied in a cut and dried manner. Some individuals"
## [2620] "may meet some of the criteria without being leftists, some leftists"
## [2621] "may not meet any of the criteria. Again, you just have to use your"
## [2622] "judgment. 229. The leftist is oriented toward large scale collectivism."
## [2623] "He emphasizes the duty of the individual to serve society and the duty"
## [2624] "of society to take care of the individual. He has a negative attitude"
## [2625] "toward individualism. He often takes a moralistic tone. He tends"
## [2626] "to be for gun control, for sex education and other psychologically"
## [2627] "“enlightened” educational methods, for social planning, for affirmative"
## [2628] "action, for multiculturalism. He tends to identify with victims. He"
## [2629] "tends to be against competition and against violence, but he often"
## [2630] "finds excuses for those leftists who do commit violence. He is fond of"
## [2631] "using the common catch phrases of the left, like “racism,” “sexism,”"
## [2632] "“homophobia,” “capitalism,” “imperialism,” “neocolonialism,” “genocide,”"
## [2633] "“social change,” “social justice,” “social responsibility.” Maybe the"
## [2634] "best diagnostic trait of the leftist is his tendency to sympathize"
## [2635] "with the following movements: feminism, gay rights, ethnic rights,"
## [2636] "disability rights, animal rights, political correctness. Anyone who"
## [2637] "strongly sympathizes with ALL of these movements is almost certainly"
## [2638] "a leftist. [36] 230. The more dangerous leftists, that is, those who"
## [2639] "are most power hungry, are often characterized by arrogance or by a"
## [2640] "dogmatic approach to ideology. However, the most dangerous leftists of"
## [2641] "all may be certain oversocialized types who avoid irritating displays"
## [2642] "of aggressiveness and refrain from advertising their leftism, but work"
## [2643] "quietly and unobtrusively to promote collectivist values, “enlightened”"
## [2644] "psychological techniques for socializing children, dependence of the"
## [2645] "individual on the system, and so forth. These crypto leftists (as we"
## [2646] "may call them) approximate certain bourgeois types as far as practical"
## [2647] "action is concerned, but differ from them in psychology, ideology and"
## [2648] "motivation. The ordinary bourgeois tries to bring people under control"
## [2649] "of the system in order to protect his way of life, or he does so simply"
## [2650] "because his attitudes are conventional. The crypto leftist tries to"
## [2651] "bring people under control of the system because he is a True Believer"
## [2652] "in a collectivistic ideology. The crypto leftist is differentiated from"
## [2653] "the average leftist of the oversocialized type by the fact that his"
## [2654] "rebellious impulse is weaker and he is more securely socialized. He is"
## [2655] "differentiated from the ordinary well socialized bourgeois by the fact"
## [2656] "that there is some deep lack within him that makes it necessary for him"
## [2657] "to devote himself to a cause and immerse himself in a collectivity. And"
## [2658] "maybe his (well sublimated) drive for power is stronger than that of the"
## [2659] "average bourgeois. FINAL NOTE 231. Throughout this article we’ve made"
## [2660] "imprecise statements and statements that ought to have had all sorts"
## [2661] "of qualifications and reservations attached to them; and some of our"
## [2662] "statements may be flatly false. Lack of sufficient information and the"
## [2663] "need for brevity made it impossible for us to formulate our assertions"
## [2664] "more precisely or add all the necessary qualifications. And of course in"
## [2665] "a discussion of this kind one must rely heavily on intuitive judgment,"
## [2666] "and that can sometimes be wrong. So we don’t claim that this article"
## [2667] "expresses more than a crude approximation to the truth. 232. All the"
## [2668] "same, we are reasonably confident that the general outlines of the"
## [2669] "picture we have painted here are roughly correct. Just one possible"
## [2670] "weak point needs to be mentioned. We have portrayed leftism in its"
## [2671] "modern form as a phenomenon peculiar to our time and as a symptom of"
## [2672] "the disruption of the power process. But we might possibly be wrong"
## [2673] "about this. Oversocialized types who try to satisfy their drive for"
## [2674] "power by imposing their morality on everyone have certainly been around"
## [2675] "for a long time. But we THINK that the decisive role played by feelings"
## [2676] "of inferiority, low self esteem, powerlessness, identification with"
## [2677] "victims by people who are not themselves victims, is a peculiarity of"
## [2678] "modern leftism. Identification with victims by people not themselves"
## [2679] "victims can be seen to some extent in 19th century leftism and early"
## [2680] "Christianity but as far as we can make out, symptoms of low self esteem,"
## [2681] "etc., were not nearly so evident in these movements, or in any other"
## [2682] "movements, as they are in modern leftism. But we are not in a position"
## [2683] "to assert confidently that no such movements have existed prior to"
## [2684] "modern leftism. This is a significant question to which historians ought"
## [2685] "to give their attention. Notes 1. (Paragraph 19) We are asserting that"
## [2686] "ALL, or even most, bullies and ruthless competitors suffer from feelings"
## [2687] "of inferiority. 2. (Paragraph 25) During the Victorian period many"
## [2688] "oversocialized people suffered from serious psychological problems as a"
## [2689] "result of repressing or trying to repress their sexual feelings. Freud"
## [2690] "apparently based his theories on people of this type. Today the focus of"
## [2691] "socialization has shifted from sex to aggression. 3. (Paragraph 27) Not"
## [2692] "necessarily including specialists in engineering or the “hard” sciences."
## [2693] "4. (Paragraph 28) There are many individuals of the middle and upper"
## [2694] "classes who resist some of these values, but usually their resistance"
## [2695] "is more or less covert. Such resistance appears in the mass media only"
## [2696] "to a very limited extent. The main thrust of propaganda in our society"
## [2697] "is in favor of the stated values. The main reason why these values have"
## [2698] "become, so to speak, the official values of our society is that they"
## [2699] "are useful to the industrial system. Violence is discouraged because it"
## [2700] "disrupts the functioning of the system. Racism is discouraged because"
## [2701] "ethnic conflicts also disrupt the system, and discrimination wastes the"
## [2702] "talents of minority group members who could be useful to the system."
## [2703] "Poverty must be “cured” because the underclass causes problems for the"
## [2704] "system and contact with the underclass lowers the morale of the other"
## [2705] "classes. Women are encouraged to have careers because their talents are"
## [2706] "useful to the system and, more importantly, because by having regular"
## [2707] "jobs women become better integrated into the system and tied directly"
## [2708] "to it rather than to their families. This helps to weaken family"
## [2709] "solidarity. (The leaders of the system say they want to strengthen the"
## [2710] "family, but they really mean is that they want the family to serve as"
## [2711] "an effective tool for socializing children in accord with the needs"
## [2712] "of the system. We argue in paragraphs 51, 52 that the system cannot"
## [2713] "afford to let the family or other small scale social groups be strong"
## [2714] "or autonomous.) 5. (Paragraph 42) It may be argued that the majority"
## [2715] "of people don’t want to make their own decisions but want leaders to do"
## [2716] "their thinking for them. There is an element of truth in this. People"
## [2717] "like to make their own decisions in small matters, but making decisions"
## [2718] "on difficult, fundamental questions requires facing up to psychological"
## [2719] "conflict, and most people hate psychological conflict. Hence they tend"
## [2720] "to lean on others in making difficult decisions. But it does not follow"
## [2721] "that they like to have decisions imposed upon them without having any"
## [2722] "opportunity to influence those decisions. The majority of people are"
## [2723] "natural followers, not leaders, but they like to have direct personal"
## [2724] "access to their leaders, they want to be able to influence the leaders"
## [2725] "and participate to some extent in making even the difficult decisions."
## [2726] "At least to that degree they need autonomy. 6. (Paragraph 44) Some of"
## [2727] "the symptoms listed are similar to those shown by caged animals. To"
## [2728] "explain how these symptoms arise from deprivation with respect to the"
## [2729] "power process: Common sense understanding of human nature tells one"
## [2730] "that lack of goals whose attainment requires effort leads to boredom"
## [2731] "and that boredom, long continued, often leads eventually to depression."
## [2732] "Failure to attain goals leads to frustration and lowering of self"
## [2733] "esteem. Frustration leads to anger, anger to aggression, often in the"
## [2734] "form of spouse or child abuse. It has been shown that long continued"
## [2735] "frustration commonly leads to depression and that depression tends to"
## [2736] "cause guilt, sleep disorders, eating disorders and bad feelings about"
## [2737] "oneself. Those who are tending toward depression seek pleasure as an"
## [2738] "antidote; hence insatiable hedonism and excessive sex, with perversions"
## [2739] "as a means of getting new kicks. Boredom too tends to cause excessive"
## [2740] "pleasure seeking since, lacking other goals, people often use pleasure"
## [2741] "as a goal. See accompanying diagram. The foregoing is a simplification."
## [2742] "Reality is more complex, and of course, deprivation with respect to the"
## [2743] "power process is not the ONLY cause of the symptoms described. By the"
## [2744] "way, when we mention depression we do not necessarily mean depression"
## [2745] "that is severe enough to be treated by a psychiatrist. Often only mild"
## [2746] "forms of depression are involved. And when we speak of goals we do not"
## [2747] "necessarily mean long term, thought out goals. For many or most people"
## [2748] "through much of human history, the goals of a hand to mouth existence"
## [2749] "(merely providing oneself and one’s family with food from day to day)"
## [2750] "have been quite sufficient. 7. (Paragraph 52) A partial exception may be"
## [2751] "made for a few passive, inward looking groups, such as the Amish, which"
## [2752] "have little effect on the wider society. Apart from these, some genuine"
## [2753] "small scale communities do exist in America today. For instance, youth"
## [2754] "gangs and “cults.” Everyone regards them as dangerous, and so they are,"
## [2755] "because the members of these groups are loyal primarily to one another"
## [2756] "rather than to the system, hence the system cannot control them. Or"
## [2757] "take the gypsies. The gypsies commonly get away with theft and fraud"
## [2758] "because their loyalties are such that they can always get other gypsies"
## [2759] "to give testimony that “proves” their innocence. Obviously the system"
## [2760] "would be in serious trouble if too many people belonged to such groups."
## [2761] "Some of the early 20th century Chinese thinkers who were concerned"
## [2762] "with modernizing China recognized the necessity breaking down small"
## [2763] "scale social groups such as the family: “(According to Sun Yat sen)"
## [2764] "the Chinese people needed a new surge of patriotism, which would lead"
## [2765] "to a transfer of loyalty from the family to the state.... (According"
## [2766] "to Li Huang) traditional attachments, particularly to the family had"
## [2767] "to be abandoned if nationalism were to develop in China.” (Chester C."
## [2768] "Tan, “Chinese Political Thought in the Twentieth Century,” page 125,"
## [2769] "page 297.) 8. (Paragraph 56) Yes, we know that 19th century America had"
## [2770] "its problems, and serious ones, but for the sake of brevity we have to"
## [2771] "express ourselves in simplified terms. 9. (Paragraph 61) We leave aside"
## [2772] "the “underclass.” We are speaking of the mainstream. 10. (Paragraph"
## [2773] "62) Some social scientists, educators, “mental health” professionals"
## [2774] "and the like are doing their best to push the social drives into group"
## [2775] "1 by trying to see to it that everyone has a satisfactory social life."
## [2776] "11. (Paragraphs 63, 82) Is the drive for endless material acquisition"
## [2777] "really an artificial creation of the advertising and marketing industry?"
## [2778] "Certainly there is no innate human drive for material acquisition. There"
## [2779] "have been many cultures in which people have desired little material"
## [2780] "wealth beyond what was necessary to satisfy their basic physical"
## [2781] "needs (Australian aborigines, traditional Mexican peasant culture,"
## [2782] "some African cultures). On the other hand there have also been many"
## [2783] "pre industrial cultures in which material acquisition has played an"
## [2784] "important role. So we can’t claim that today’s acquisition oriented"
## [2785] "culture is exclusively a creation of the advertising and marketing"
## [2786] "industry. But it is clear that the advertising and marketing industry"
## [2787] "has had an important part in creating that culture. The big corporations"
## [2788] "that spend millions on advertising wouldn’t be spending that kind of"
## [2789] "money without solid proof that they were getting it back in increased"
## [2790] "sales. One member of FC met a sales manager a couple of years ago who"
## [2791] "was frank enough to tell him, “Our job is to make people buy things they"
## [2792] "don’t want and don’t need.” He then described how an untrained novice"
## [2793] "could present people with the facts about a product, and make no sales"
## [2794] "at all, while a trained and experienced professional salesman would make"
## [2795] "lots of sales to the same people. This shows that people are manipulated"
## [2796] "into buying things they don’t really want. 12. (Paragraph 64) The"
## [2797] "problem of purposelessness seems to have become less serious during the"
## [2798] "last 15 years or so, because people now feel less secure physically and"
## [2799] "economically than they did earlier, and the need for security provides"
## [2800] "them with a goal. But purposelessness has been replaced by frustration"
## [2801] "over the difficulty of attaining security. We emphasize the problem of"
## [2802] "purposelessness because the liberals and leftists would wish to solve"
## [2803] "our social problems by having society guarantee everyone’s security;"
## [2804] "but if that could be done it would only bring back the problem of"
## [2805] "purposelessness. The real issue is not whether society provides well or"
## [2806] "poorly for people’s security; the trouble is that people are dependent"
## [2807] "on the system for their security rather than having it in their own"
## [2808] "hands. This, by the way, is part of the reason why some people get"
## [2809] "worked up about the right to bear arms; possession of a gun puts"
## [2810] "that aspect of their security in their own hands. 13. (Paragraph 66)"
## [2811] "Conservatives’ efforts to decrease the amount of government regulation"
## [2812] "are of little benefit to the average man. For one thing, only a fraction"
## [2813] "of the regulations can be eliminated because most regulations are"
## [2814] "necessary. For another thing, most of the deregulation affects business"
## [2815] "rather than the average individual, so that its main effect is to take"
## [2816] "power from the government and give it to private corporations. What this"
## [2817] "means for the average man is that government interference in his life is"
## [2818] "replaced by interference from big corporations, which may be permitted,"
## [2819] "for example, to dump more chemicals that get into his water supply and"
## [2820] "give him cancer. The conservatives are just taking the average man for"
## [2821] "a sucker, exploiting his resentment of Big Government to promote the"
## [2822] "power of Big Business. 14. (Paragraph 73) When someone approves of the"
## [2823] "purpose for which propaganda is being used in a given case, he generally"
## [2824] "calls it “education” or applies to it some similar euphemism. But"
## [2825] "propaganda is propaganda regardless of the purpose for which it is used."
## [2826] "15. (Paragraph 83) We are not expressing approval or disapproval of the"
## [2827] "Panama invasion. We only use it to illustrate a point. 16. (Paragraph"
## [2828] "95) When the American colonies were under British rule there were"
## [2829] "fewer and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there were"
## [2830] "after the American Constitution went into effect, yet there was more"
## [2831] "personal freedom in pre industrial America, both before and after the"
## [2832] "War of Independence, than there was after the Industrial Revolution took"
## [2833] "hold in this country. We quote from “Violence in America: Historical"
## [2834] "and Comparative Perspectives,” edited by Hugh Davis Graham and Ted"
## [2835] "Robert Gurr, Chapter 12 by Roger Lane, pages 476 478: “The progressive"
## [2836] "heightening of standards of propriety, and with it the increasing"
## [2837] "reliance on official law enforcement (in 19th century America) ..."
## [2838] "were common to the whole society.... [T]he change in social behavior"
## [2839] "is so long term and so widespread as to suggest a connection with the"
## [2840] "most fundamental of contemporary social processes; that of industrial"
## [2841] "urbanization itself....”Massachusetts in 1835 had a population of some"
## [2842] "660,940, 81 percent rural, overwhelmingly preindustrial and native"
## [2843] "born. It’s citizens were used to considerable personal freedom. Whether"
## [2844] "teamsters, farmers or artisans, they were all accustomed to setting"
## [2845] "their own schedules, and the nature of their work made them physically"
## [2846] "independent of each other.... Individual problems, sins or even crimes,"
## [2847] "were not generally cause for wider social concern....”But the impact of"
## [2848] "the twin movements to the city and to the factory, both just gathering"
## [2849] "force in 1835, had a progressive effect on personal behavior throughout"
## [2850] "the 19th century and into the 20th. The factory demanded regularity"
## [2851] "of behavior, a life governed by obedience to the rhythms of clock and"
## [2852] "calendar, the demands of foreman and supervisor. In the city or town,"
## [2853] "the needs of living in closely packed neighborhoods inhibited many"
## [2854] "actions previously unobjectionable. Both blue and white collar employees"
## [2855] "in larger establishments were mutually dependent on their fellows; as"
## [2856] "one man’s work fit into anther’s, so one man’s business was no longer"
## [2857] "his own. “The results of the new organization of life and work were"
## [2858] "apparent by 1900, when some 76 percent of the 2,805,346 inhabitants of"
## [2859] "Massachusetts were classified as urbanites. Much violent or irregular"
## [2860] "behavior which had been tolerable in a casual, independent society was"
## [2861] "no longer acceptable in the more formalized, cooperative atmosphere"
## [2862] "of the later period.... The move to the cities had, in short, produced"
## [2863] "a more tractable, more socialized, more ‘civilized’ generation than"
## [2864] "its predecessors.” 17. (Paragraph 117) Apologists for the system are"
## [2865] "fond of citing cases in which elections have been decided by one or"
## [2866] "two votes, but such cases are rare. 18. (Paragraph 119) “Today, in"
## [2867] "technologically advanced lands, men live very similar lives in spite"
## [2868] "of geographical, religious, and political differences. The daily lives"
## [2869] "of a Christian bank clerk in Chicago, a Buddhist bank clerk in Tokyo,"
## [2870] "and a Communist bank clerk in Moscow are far more alike than the life"
## [2871] "of any one of them is like that of any single man who lived a thousand"
## [2872] "years ago. These similarities are the result of a common technology....”"
## [2873] "L. Sprague de Camp, “The Ancient Engineers,” Ballantine edition, page"
## [2874] "17. The lives of the three bank clerks are not IDENTICAL. Ideology does"
## [2875] "have SOME effect. But all technological societies, in order to survive,"
## [2876] "must evolve along APPROXIMATELY the same trajectory. 19. (Paragraph"
## [2877] "123) Just think an irresponsible genetic engineer might create a lot"
## [2878] "of terrorists. 20. (Paragraph 124) For a further example of undesirable"
## [2879] "consequences of medical progress, suppose a reliable cure for cancer is"
## [2880] "discovered. Even if the treatment is too expensive to be available to"
## [2881] "any but the elite, it will greatly reduce their incentive to stop the"
## [2882] "escape of carcinogens into the environment. 21. (Paragraph 128) Since"
## [2883] "many people may find paradoxical the notion that a large number of good"
## [2884] "things can add up to a bad thing, we illustrate with an analogy. Suppose"
## [2885] "Mr. A is playing chess with Mr. B. Mr. C, a Grand Master, is looking"
## [2886] "over Mr. A’s shoulder. Mr. A of course wants to win his game, so if Mr."
## [2887] "C points out a good move for him to make, he is doing Mr. A a favor."
## [2888] "But suppose now that Mr. C tells Mr. A how to make ALL of his moves."
## [2889] "In each particular instance he does Mr. A a favor by showing him his"
## [2890] "best move, but by making ALL of his moves for him he spoils his game,"
## [2891] "since there is not point in Mr. A’s playing the game at all if someone"
## [2892] "else makes all his moves. The situation of modern man is analogous to"
## [2893] "that of Mr. A. The system makes an individual’s life easier for him in"
## [2894] "innumerable ways, but in doing so it deprives him of control over his"
## [2895] "own fate. 22. (Paragraph 137) Here we are considering only the conflict"
## [2896] "of values within the mainstream. For the sake of simplicity we leave"
## [2897] "out of the picture “outsider” values like the idea that wild nature is"
## [2898] "more important than human economic welfare. 23. (Paragraph 137) Self"
## [2899] "interest is not necessarily MATERIAL self interest. It can consist"
## [2900] "in fulfillment of some psychological need, for example, by promoting"
## [2901] "one’s own ideology or religion. 24. (Paragraph 139) A qualification:"
## [2902] "It is in the interest of the system to permit a certain prescribed"
## [2903] "degree of freedom in some areas. For example, economic freedom (with"
## [2904] "suitable limitations and restraints) has proved effective in promoting"
## [2905] "economic growth. But only planned, circumscribed, limited freedom"
## [2906] "is in the interest of the system. The individual must always be kept"
## [2907] "on a leash, even if the leash is sometimes long (see paragraphs 94,"
## [2908] "97). 25. (Paragraph 143) We don’t mean to suggest that the efficiency"
## [2909] "or the potential for survival of a society has always been inversely"
## [2910] "proportional to the amount of pressure or discomfort to which the"
## [2911] "society subjects people. That certainly is not the case. There is good"
## [2912] "reason to believe that many primitive societies subjected people to less"
## [2913] "pressure than European society did, but European society proved far more"
## [2914] "efficient than any primitive society and always won out in conflicts"
## [2915] "with such societies because of the advantages conferred by technology."
## [2916] "26. (Paragraph 147) If you think that more effective law enforcement is"
## [2917] "unequivocally good because it suppresses crime, then remember that crime"
## [2918] "as defined by the system is not necessarily what YOU would call crime."
## [2919] "Today, smoking marijuana is a “crime,” and, in some places in the U.S.,"
## [2920] "so is possession of an unregistered handgun. Tomorrow, possession of ANY"
## [2921] "firearm, registered or not, may be made a crime, and the same thing may"
## [2922] "happen with disapproved methods of child rearing, such as spanking. In"
## [2923] "some countries, expression of dissident political opinions is a crime,"
## [2924] "and there is no certainty that this will never happen in the U.S., since"
## [2925] "no constitution or political system lasts forever. If a society needs a"
## [2926] "large, powerful law enforcement establishment, then there is something"
## [2927] "gravely wrong with that society; it must be subjecting people to severe"
## [2928] "pressures if so many refuse to follow the rules, or follow them only"
## [2929] "because forced. Many societies in the past have gotten by with little"
## [2930] "or no formal law enforcement. 27. (Paragraph 151) To be sure, past"
## [2931] "societies have had means of influencing human behavior, but these have"
## [2932] "been primitive and of low effectiveness compared with the technological"
## [2933] "means that are now being developed. 28. (Paragraph 152) However, some"
## [2934] "psychologists have publicly expressed opinions indicating their contempt"
## [2935] "for human freedom. And the mathematician Claude Shannon was quoted in"
## [2936] "Omni (August 1987) as saying, “I visualize a time when we will be to"
## [2937] "robots what dogs are to humans, and I’m rooting for the machines.” 29."
## [2938] "(Paragraph 154) This is no science fiction! After writing paragraph"
## [2939] "154 we came across an article in Scientific American according to which"
## [2940] "scientists are actively developing techniques for identifying possible"
## [2941] "future criminals and for treating them by a combination of biological"
## [2942] "and psychological means. Some scientists advocate compulsory application"
## [2943] "of the treatment, which may be available in the near future. (See"
## [2944] "“Seeking the Criminal Element,” by W. Wayt Gibbs, Scientific American,"
## [2945] "March 1995.) Maybe you think this is OK because the treatment would be"
## [2946] "applied to those who might become violent criminals. But of course it"
## [2947] "won’t stop there. Next, a treatment will be applied to those who might"
## [2948] "become drunk drivers (they endanger human life too), then perhaps to"
## [2949] "peel who spank their children, then to environmentalists who sabotage"
## [2950] "logging equipment, eventually to anyone whose behavior is inconvenient"
## [2951] "for the system. 30. (Paragraph 184) A further advantage of nature as"
## [2952] "a counter ideal to technology is that, in many people, nature inspires"
## [2953] "the kind of reverence that is associated with religion, so that nature"
## [2954] "could perhaps be idealized on a religious basis. It is true that in many"
## [2955] "societies religion has served as a support and justification for the"
## [2956] "established order, but it is also true that religion has often provided"
## [2957] "a basis for rebellion. Thus it may be useful to introduce a religious"
## [2958] "element into the rebellion against technology, the more so because"
## [2959] "Western society today has no strong religious foundation. Religion,"
## [2960] "nowadays either is used as cheap and transparent support for narrow,"
## [2961] "short sighted selfishness (some conservatives use it this way), or even"
## [2962] "is cynically exploited to make easy money (by many evangelists), or has"
## [2963] "degenerated into crude irrationalism (fundamentalist protestant sects,"
## [2964] "“cults”), or is simply stagnant (Catholicism, main line Protestantism)."
## [2965] "The nearest thing to a strong, widespread, dynamic religion that the"
## [2966] "West has seen in recent times has been the quasi religion of leftism,"
## [2967] "but leftism today is fragmented and has no clear, unified, inspiring"
## [2968] "goal. Thus there is a religious vacuum in our society that could perhaps"
## [2969] "be filled by a religion focused on nature in opposition to technology."
## [2970] "But it would be a mistake to try to concoct artificially a religion to"
## [2971] "fill this role. Such an invented religion would probably be a failure."
## [2972] "Take the “Gaia” religion for example. Do its adherents REALLY believe"
## [2973] "in it or are they just play acting? If they are just play acting their"
## [2974] "religion will be a flop in the end. It is probably best not to try to"
## [2975] "introduce religion into the conflict of nature vs. technology unless"
## [2976] "you REALLY believe in that religion yourself and find that it arouses"
## [2977] "a deep, strong, genuine response in many other people. 31. (Paragraph"
## [2978] "189) Assuming that such a final push occurs. Conceivably the industrial"
## [2979] "system might be eliminated in a somewhat gradual or piecemeal fashion"
## [2980] "(see paragraphs 4, 167 and Note 4). 32. (Paragraph 193) It is even"
## [2981] "conceivable (remotely) that the revolution might consist only of a"
## [2982] "massive change of attitudes toward technology resulting in a relatively"
## [2983] "gradual and painless disintegration of the industrial system. But"
## [2984] "if this happens we’ll be very lucky. It’s far more probably that the"
## [2985] "transition to a nontechnological society will be very difficult and"
## [2986] "full of conflicts and disasters. 33. (Paragraph 195) The economic"
## [2987] "and technological structure of a society are far more important than"
## [2988] "its political structure in determining the way the average man lives"
## [2989] "(see paragraphs 95, 119 and Notes 16, 18). 34. (Paragraph 215) This"
## [2990] "statement refers to our particular brand of anarchism. A wide variety"
## [2991] "of social attitudes have been called “anarchist,” and it may be that"
## [2992] "many who consider themselves anarchists would not accept our statement"
## [2993] "of paragraph 215. It should be noted, by the way, that there is a"
## [2994] "nonviolent anarchist movement whose members probably would not accept"
## [2995] "FC as anarchist and certainly would not approve of FC’s violent methods."
## [2996] "35. (Paragraph 219) Many leftists are motivated also by hostility,"
## [2997] "but the hostility probably results in part from a frustrated need for"
## [2998] "power. 36. (Paragraph 229) It is important to understand that we mean"
## [2999] "someone who sympathizes with these MOVEMENTS as they exist today in our"
## [3000] "society. One who believes that women, homosexuals, etc., should have"
## [3001] "equal rights is not necessary a leftist. The feminist, gay rights, etc.,"
## [3002] "movements that exist in our society have the particular ideological"
## [3003] "tone that characterizes leftism, and if one believes, for example,"
## [3004] "that women should have equal rights it does not necessarily follow that"
## [3005] "one must sympathize with the feminist movement as it exists today. If"
## [3006] "copyright problems make it impossible for this long quotation to be"
## [3007] "printed, then please change Note 16 to read as follows: 16. (Paragraph"
## [3008] "95) When the American colonies were under British rule there were fewer"
## [3009] "and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there were after"
## [3010] "the American Constitution went into effect, yet there was more personal"
## [3011] "freedom in pre industrial America, both before and after the War of"
## [3012] "Independence, than there was after the Industrial Revolution took hold"
## [3013] "in this country. In “Violence in America: Historical and Comparative"
## [3014] "Perspectives,” edited by Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, Chapter"
## [3015] "12 by Roger Lane, it is explained how in pre industrial America the"
## [3016] "average person had greater independence and autonomy than he does"
## [3017] "today, and how the process of industrialization necessarily led to the"
## [3018] "restriction of personal freedom."2. Match all lower case
Let’s make all words lowercase
una2 <- tolower(una2)
una2 %>% stri_wrap() %>% print()## [1] "industrial society and its future introduction 1. the industrial"
## [2] "revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human"
## [3] "race. they have greatly increased the life expectancy of those of us"
## [4] "who live in “advanced” countries, but they have destabilized society,"
## [5] "have made life unfulfilling, have subjected human beings to indignities,"
## [6] "have led to widespread psychological suffering (in the third world to"
## [7] "physical suffering as well) and have inflicted severe damage on the"
## [8] "natural world. the continued development of technology will worsen"
## [9] "the situation. it will certainly subject human beings to greater"
## [10] "indignities and inflict greater damage on the natural world, it will"
## [11] "probably lead to greater social disruption and psychological suffering,"
## [12] "and it may lead to increased physical suffering even in “advanced”"
## [13] "countries. 2. the industrial technological system may survive or it may"
## [14] "break down. if it survives, it may eventually achieve a low level of"
## [15] "physical and psychological suffering, but only after passing through"
## [16] "a long and very painful period of adjustment and only at the cost of"
## [17] "permanently reducing human beings and many other living organisms to"
## [18] "engineered products and mere cogs in the social machine. furthermore,"
## [19] "if the system survives, the consequences will be inevitable: there is"
## [20] "no way of reforming or modifying the system so as to prevent it from"
## [21] "depriving people of dignity and autonomy. 3. if the system breaks down"
## [22] "the consequences will still be very painful. but the bigger the system"
## [23] "grows the more disastrous the results of its breakdown will be, so if"
## [24] "it is to break down it had best break down sooner rather than later."
## [25] "4. we therefore advocate a revolution against the industrial system."
## [26] "this revolution may or may not make use of violence; it may be sudden"
## [27] "or it may be a relatively gradual process spanning a few decades. we"
## [28] "can’t predict any of that. but we do outline in a very general way"
## [29] "the measures that those who hate the industrial system should take"
## [30] "in order to prepare the way for a revolution against that form of"
## [31] "society. this is not to be a political revolution. its object will"
## [32] "be to overthrow not governments but the economic and technological"
## [33] "basis of the present society. 5. in this article we give attention"
## [34] "to only some of the negative developments that have grown out of the"
## [35] "industrial technological system. other such developments we mention"
## [36] "only briefly or ignore altogether. this does not mean that we regard"
## [37] "these other developments as unimportant. for practical reasons we have"
## [38] "to confine our discussion to areas that have received insufficient"
## [39] "public attention or in which we have something new to say. for example,"
## [40] "since there are well developed environmental and wilderness movements,"
## [41] "we have written very little about environmental degradation or the"
## [42] "destruction of wild nature, even though we consider these to be highly"
## [43] "important. the psychology of modern leftism 6. almost everyone will"
## [44] "agree that we live in a deeply troubled society. one of the most"
## [45] "widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world is leftism, so"
## [46] "a discussion of the psychology of leftism can serve as an introduction"
## [47] "to the discussion of the problems of modern society in general. 7. but"
## [48] "what is leftism? during the first half of the 20th century leftism could"
## [49] "have been practically identified with socialism. today the movement is"
## [50] "fragmented and it is not clear who can properly be called a leftist."
## [51] "when we speak of leftists in this article we have in mind mainly"
## [52] "socialists, collectivists, “politically correct” types, feminists, gay"
## [53] "and disability activists, animal rights activists and the like. but not"
## [54] "everyone who is associated with one of these movements is a leftist."
## [55] "what we are trying to get at in discussing leftism is not so much"
## [56] "movement or an ideology as a psychological type, or rather a collection"
## [57] "of related types. thus, what we mean by “leftism” will emerge more"
## [58] "clearly in the course of our discussion of leftist psychology. (also,"
## [59] "see paragraphs 227 230.) 8. even so, our conception of leftism will"
## [60] "remain a good deal less clear than we would wish, but there doesn’t seem"
## [61] "to be any remedy for this. all we are trying to do here is indicate in"
## [62] "a rough and approximate way the two psychological tendencies that we"
## [63] "believe are the main driving force of modern leftism. we by no means"
## [64] "claim to be telling the whole truth about leftist psychology. also,"
## [65] "our discussion is meant to apply to modern leftism only. we leave open"
## [66] "the question of the extent to which our discussion could be applied"
## [67] "to the leftists of the 19th and early 20th centuries. 9. the two"
## [68] "psychological tendencies that underlie modern leftism we call “feelings"
## [69] "of inferiority” and “oversocialization.” feelings of inferiority are"
## [70] "characteristic of modern leftism as a whole, while oversocialization"
## [71] "is characteristic only of a certain segment of modern leftism; but"
## [72] "this segment is highly influential. feelings of inferiority 10. by"
## [73] "“feelings of inferiority” we mean not only inferiority feelings in the"
## [74] "strict sense but a whole spectrum of related traits; low self esteem,"
## [75] "feelings of powerlessness, depressive tendencies, defeatism, guilt,"
## [76] "self hatred, etc. we argue that modern leftists tend to have some such"
## [77] "feelings (possibly more or less repressed) and that these feelings"
## [78] "are decisive in determining the direction of modern leftism. 11. when"
## [79] "someone interprets as derogatory almost anything that is said about"
## [80] "him (or about groups with whom he identifies) we conclude that he has"
## [81] "inferiority feelings or low self esteem. this tendency is pronounced"
## [82] "among minority rights activists, whether or not they belong to the"
## [83] "minority groups whose rights they defend. they are hypersensitive about"
## [84] "the words used to designate minorities and about anything that is said"
## [85] "concerning minorities. the terms “negro,” “oriental,” “handicapped”"
## [86] "or “chick” for an african, an asian, a disabled person or a woman"
## [87] "originally had no derogatory connotation. “broad” and “chick” were"
## [88] "merely the feminine equivalents of “guy,” “dude” or “fellow.” the"
## [89] "negative connotations have been attached to these terms by the activists"
## [90] "themselves. some animal rights activists have gone so far as to reject"
## [91] "the word “pet” and insist on its replacement by “animal companion.”"
## [92] "leftish anthropologists go to great lengths to avoid saying anything"
## [93] "about primitive peoples that could conceivably be interpreted as"
## [94] "negative. they want to replace the world “primitive” by “nonliterate.”"
## [95] "they seem almost paranoid about anything that might suggest that any"
## [96] "primitive culture is inferior to our own. (we do not mean to imply"
## [97] "that primitive cultures are inferior to ours. we merely point out the"
## [98] "hypersensitivity of leftish anthropologists.) 12. those who are most"
## [99] "sensitive about “politically incorrect” terminology are not the average"
## [100] "black ghetto dweller, asian immigrant, abused woman or disabled person,"
## [101] "but a minority of activists, many of whom do not even belong to any"
## [102] "“oppressed” group but come from privileged strata of society. political"
## [103] "correctness has its stronghold among university professors, who have"
## [104] "secure employment with comfortable salaries, and the majority of whom"
## [105] "are heterosexual white males from middle to upper middle class families."
## [106] "13. many leftists have an intense identification with the problems of"
## [107] "groups that have an image of being weak (women), defeated (american"
## [108] "indians), repellent (homosexuals) or otherwise inferior. the leftists"
## [109] "themselves feel that these groups are inferior. they would never admit"
## [110] "to themselves that they have such feelings, but it is precisely because"
## [111] "they do see these groups as inferior that they identify with their"
## [112] "problems. (we do not mean to suggest that women, indians, etc. are"
## [113] "inferior; we are only making a point about leftist psychology.) 14."
## [114] "feminists are desperately anxious to prove that women are as strong"
## [115] "and as capable as men. clearly they are nagged by a fear that women"
## [116] "may not be as strong and as capable as men. 15. leftists tend to hate"
## [117] "anything that has an image of being strong, good and successful. they"
## [118] "hate america, they hate western civilization, they hate white males,"
## [119] "they hate rationality. the reasons that leftists give for hating the"
## [120] "west, etc. clearly do not correspond with their real motives. they"
## [121] "say they hate the west because it is warlike, imperialistic, sexist,"
## [122] "ethnocentric and so forth, but where these same faults appear in"
## [123] "socialist countries or in primitive cultures, the leftist finds excuses"
## [124] "for them, or at best he grudgingly admits that they exist; whereas"
## [125] "he enthusiastically points out (and often greatly exaggerates) these"
## [126] "faults where they appear in western civilization. thus it is clear"
## [127] "that these faults are not the leftist’s real motive for hating america"
## [128] "and the west. he hates america and the west because they are strong"
## [129] "and successful. 16. words like “self confidence,” “self reliance,”"
## [130] "“initiative,” “enterprise,” “optimism,” etc., play little role in the"
## [131] "liberal and leftist vocabulary. the leftist is anti individualistic, pro"
## [132] "collectivist. he wants society to solve everyone’s problems for them,"
## [133] "satisfy everyone’s needs for them, take care of them. he is not the sort"
## [134] "of person who has an inner sense of confidence in his ability to solve"
## [135] "his own problems and satisfy his own needs. the leftist is antagonistic"
## [136] "to the concept of competition because, deep inside, he feels like"
## [137] "a loser. 17. art forms that appeal to modern leftish intellectuals"
## [138] "tend to focus on sordidness, defeat and despair, or else they take an"
## [139] "orgiastic tone, throwing off rational control as if there were no hope"
## [140] "of accomplishing anything through rational calculation and all that"
## [141] "was left was to immerse oneself in the sensations of the moment. 18."
## [142] "modern leftish philosophers tend to dismiss reason, science, objective"
## [143] "reality and to insist that everything is culturally relative. it is true"
## [144] "that one can ask serious questions about the foundations of scientific"
## [145] "knowledge and about how, if at all, the concept of objective reality"
## [146] "can be defined. but it is obvious that modern leftish philosophers"
## [147] "are not simply cool headed logicians systematically analyzing the"
## [148] "foundations of knowledge. they are deeply involved emotionally in"
## [149] "their attack on truth and reality. they attack these concepts because"
## [150] "of their own psychological needs. for one thing, their attack is an"
## [151] "outlet for hostility, and, to the extent that it is successful, it"
## [152] "satisfies the drive for power. more importantly, the leftist hates"
## [153] "science and rationality because they classify certain beliefs as true"
## [154] "(i.e., successful, superior) and other beliefs as false (i.e., failed,"
## [155] "inferior). the leftist’s feelings of inferiority run so deep that he"
## [156] "cannot tolerate any classification of some things as successful or"
## [157] "superior and other things as failed or inferior. this also underlies the"
## [158] "rejection by many leftists of the concept of mental illness and of the"
## [159] "utility of iq tests. leftists are antagonistic to genetic explanations"
## [160] "of human abilities or behavior because such explanations tend to make"
## [161] "some persons appear superior or inferior to others. leftists prefer to"
## [162] "give society the credit or blame for an individual’s ability or lack of"
## [163] "it. thus if a person is “inferior” it is not his fault, but society’s,"
## [164] "because he has not been brought up properly. 19. the leftist is not"
## [165] "typically the kind of person whose feelings of inferiority make him a"
## [166] "braggart, an egotist, a bully, a self promoter, a ruthless competitor."
## [167] "this kind of person has not wholly lost faith in himself. he has a"
## [168] "deficit in his sense of power and self worth, but he can still conceive"
## [169] "of himself as having the capacity to be strong, and his efforts to make"
## [170] "himself strong produce his unpleasant behavior. [1] but the leftist is"
## [171] "too far gone for that. his feelings of inferiority are so ingrained that"
## [172] "he cannot conceive of himself as individually strong and valuable. hence"
## [173] "the collectivism of the leftist. he can feel strong only as a member"
## [174] "of a large organization or a mass movement with which he identifies"
## [175] "himself. 20. notice the masochistic tendency of leftist tactics."
## [176] "leftists protest by lying down in front of vehicles, they intentionally"
## [177] "provoke police or racists to abuse them, etc. these tactics may often"
## [178] "be effective, but many leftists use them not as a means to an end but"
## [179] "because they prefer masochistic tactics. self hatred is a leftist trait."
## [180] "21. leftists may claim that their activism is motivated by compassion"
## [181] "or by moral principles, and moral principle does play a role for the"
## [182] "leftist of the oversocialized type. but compassion and moral principle"
## [183] "cannot be the main motives for leftist activism. hostility is too"
## [184] "prominent a component of leftist behavior; so is the drive for power."
## [185] "moreover, much leftist behavior is not rationally calculated to be of"
## [186] "benefit to the people whom the leftists claim to be trying to help."
## [187] "for example, if one believes that affirmative action is good for black"
## [188] "people, does it make sense to demand affirmative action in hostile"
## [189] "or dogmatic terms? obviously it would be more productive to take a"
## [190] "diplomatic and conciliatory approach that would make at least verbal and"
## [191] "symbolic concessions to white people who think that affirmative action"
## [192] "discriminates against them. but leftist activists do not take such an"
## [193] "approach because it would not satisfy their emotional needs. helping"
## [194] "black people is not their real goal. instead, race problems serve"
## [195] "as an excuse for them to express their own hostility and frustrated"
## [196] "need for power. in doing so they actually harm black people, because"
## [197] "the activists’ hostile attitude toward the white majority tends to"
## [198] "intensify race hatred. 22. if our society had no social problems at"
## [199] "all, the leftists would have to invent problems in order to provide"
## [200] "themselves with an excuse for making a fuss. 23. we emphasize that the"
## [201] "foregoing does not pretend to be an accurate description of everyone"
## [202] "who might be considered a leftist. it is only a rough indication of a"
## [203] "general tendency of leftism. oversocialization 24. psychologists use"
## [204] "the term “socialization” to designate the process by which children"
## [205] "are trained to think and act as society demands. a person is said to"
## [206] "be well socialized if he believes in and obeys the moral code of his"
## [207] "society and fits in well as a functioning part of that society. it"
## [208] "may seem senseless to say that many leftists are oversocialized, since"
## [209] "the leftist is perceived as a rebel. nevertheless, the position can"
## [210] "be defended. many leftists are not such rebels as they seem. 25. the"
## [211] "moral code of our society is so demanding that no one can think, feel"
## [212] "and act in a completely moral way. for example, we are not supposed to"
## [213] "hate anyone, yet almost everyone hates somebody at some time or other,"
## [214] "whether he admits it to himself or not. some people are so highly"
## [215] "socialized that the attempt to think, feel and act morally imposes"
## [216] "a severe burden on them. in order to avoid feelings of guilt, they"
## [217] "continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and"
## [218] "find moral explanations for feelings and actions that in reality have"
## [219] "a non moral origin. we use the term “oversocialized” to describe such"
## [220] "people. [2] 26. oversocialization can lead to low self esteem, a sense"
## [221] "of powerlessness, defeatism, guilt, etc. one of the most important means"
## [222] "by which our society socializes children is by making them feel ashamed"
## [223] "of behavior or speech that is contrary to society’s expectations. if"
## [224] "this is overdone, or if a particular child is especially susceptible"
## [225] "to such feelings, he ends by feeling ashamed of himself. moreover"
## [226] "the thought and the behavior of the oversocialized person are more"
## [227] "restricted by society’s expectations than are those of the lightly"
## [228] "socialized person. the majority of people engage in a significant"
## [229] "amount of naughty behavior. they lie, they commit petty thefts, they"
## [230] "break traffic laws, they goof off at work, they hate someone, they"
## [231] "say spiteful things or they use some underhanded trick to get ahead"
## [232] "of the other guy. the oversocialized person cannot do these things, or"
## [233] "if he does do them he generates in himself a sense of shame and self"
## [234] "hatred. the oversocialized person cannot even experience, without guilt,"
## [235] "thoughts or feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality; he"
## [236] "cannot think “unclean” thoughts. and socialization is not just a matter"
## [237] "of morality; we are socialized to conform to many norms of behavior"
## [238] "that do not fall under the heading of morality. thus the oversocialized"
## [239] "person is kept on a psychological leash and spends his life running"
## [240] "on rails that society has laid down for him. in many oversocialized"
## [241] "people this results in a sense of constraint and powerlessness that can"
## [242] "be a severe hardship. we suggest that oversocialization is among the"
## [243] "more serious cruelties that human beings inflict on one another. 27."
## [244] "we argue that a very important and influential segment of the modern"
## [245] "left is oversocialized and that their oversocialization is of great"
## [246] "importance in determining the direction of modern leftism. leftists"
## [247] "of the oversocialized type tend to be intellectuals or members of the"
## [248] "upper middle class. notice that university intellectuals [3] constitute"
## [249] "the most highly socialized segment of our society and also the most"
## [250] "left wing segment. 28. the leftist of the oversocialized type tries to"
## [251] "get off his psychological leash and assert his autonomy by rebelling."
## [252] "but usually he is not strong enough to rebel against the most basic"
## [253] "values of society. generally speaking, the goals of today’s leftists"
## [254] "are not in conflict with the accepted morality. on the contrary, the"
## [255] "left takes an accepted moral principle, adopts it as its own, and then"
## [256] "accuses mainstream society of violating that principle. examples: racial"
## [257] "equality, equality of the sexes, helping poor people, peace as opposed"
## [258] "to war, nonviolence generally, freedom of expression, kindness to"
## [259] "animals. more fundamentally, the duty of the individual to serve society"
## [260] "and the duty of society to take care of the individual. all these have"
## [261] "been deeply rooted values of our society (or at least of its middle"
## [262] "and upper classes [4] for a long time. these values are explicitly or"
## [263] "implicitly expressed or presupposed in most of the material presented"
## [264] "to us by the mainstream communications media and the educational system."
## [265] "leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, usually do not"
## [266] "rebel against these principles but justify their hostility to society"
## [267] "by claiming (with some degree of truth) that society is not living up"
## [268] "to these principles. 29. here is an illustration of the way in which"
## [269] "the oversocialized leftist shows his real attachment to the conventional"
## [270] "attitudes of our society while pretending to be in rebellion against it."
## [271] "many leftists push for affirmative action, for moving black people into"
## [272] "high prestige jobs, for improved education in black schools and more"
## [273] "money for such schools; the way of life of the black “underclass” they"
## [274] "regard as a social disgrace. they want to integrate the black man into"
## [275] "the system, make him a business executive, a lawyer, a scientist just"
## [276] "like upper middle class white people. the leftists will reply that the"
## [277] "last thing they want is to make the black man into a copy of the white"
## [278] "man; instead, they want to preserve african american culture. but in"
## [279] "what does this preservation of african american culture consist? it can"
## [280] "hardly consist in anything more than eating black style food, listening"
## [281] "to black style music, wearing black style clothing and going to a black"
## [282] "style church or mosque. in other words, it can express itself only in"
## [283] "superficial matters. in all essential respects most leftists of the"
## [284] "oversocialized type want to make the black man conform to white, middle"
## [285] "class ideals. they want to make him study technical subjects, become an"
## [286] "executive or a scientist, spend his life climbing the status ladder to"
## [287] "prove that black people are as good as white. they want to make black"
## [288] "fathers “responsible,” they want black gangs to become nonviolent, etc."
## [289] "but these are exactly the values of the industrial technological system."
## [290] "the system couldn’t care less what kind of music a man listens to, what"
## [291] "kind of clothes he wears or what religion he believes in as long as he"
## [292] "studies in school, holds a respectable job, climbs the status ladder, is"
## [293] "a “responsible” parent, is nonviolent and so forth. in effect, however"
## [294] "much he may deny it, the oversocialized leftist wants to integrate"
## [295] "the black man into the system and make him adopt its values. 30. we"
## [296] "certainly do not claim that leftists, even of the oversocialized type,"
## [297] "never rebel against the fundamental values of our society. clearly"
## [298] "they sometimes do. some oversocialized leftists have gone so far as"
## [299] "to rebel against one of modern society’s most important principles by"
## [300] "engaging in physical violence. by their own account, violence is for"
## [301] "them a form of “liberation.” in other words, by committing violence they"
## [302] "break through the psychological restraints that have been trained into"
## [303] "them. because they are oversocialized these restraints have been more"
## [304] "confining for them than for others; hence their need to break free of"
## [305] "them. but they usually justify their rebellion in terms of mainstream"
## [306] "values. if they engage in violence they claim to be fighting against"
## [307] "racism or the like. 31. we realize that many objections could be raised"
## [308] "to the foregoing thumbnail sketch of leftist psychology. the real"
## [309] "situation is complex, and anything like a complete description of it"
## [310] "would take several volumes even if the necessary data were available."
## [311] "we claim only to have indicated very roughly the two most important"
## [312] "tendencies in the psychology of modern leftism. 32. the problems of"
## [313] "the leftist are indicative of the problems of our society as a whole."
## [314] "low self esteem, depressive tendencies and defeatism are not restricted"
## [315] "to the left. though they are especially noticeable in the left, they"
## [316] "are widespread in our society. and today’s society tries to socialize"
## [317] "us to a greater extent than any previous society. we are even told by"
## [318] "experts how to eat, how to exercise, how to make love, how to raise"
## [319] "our kids and so forth. the power process 33. human beings have a need"
## [320] "(probably based in biology) for something that we will call the “power"
## [321] "process.” this is closely related to the need for power (which is widely"
## [322] "recognized) but is not quite the same thing. the power process has"
## [323] "four elements. the three most clear cut of these we call goal, effort"
## [324] "and attainment of goal. (everyone needs to have goals whose attainment"
## [325] "requires effort, and needs to succeed in attaining at least some of"
## [326] "his goals.) the fourth element is more difficult to define and may"
## [327] "not be necessary for everyone. we call it autonomy and will discuss it"
## [328] "later (paragraphs 42 44). 34. consider the hypothetical case of a man"
## [329] "who can have anything he wants just by wishing for it. such a man has"
## [330] "power, but he will develop serious psychological problems. at first he"
## [331] "will have a lot of fun, but by and by he will become acutely bored and"
## [332] "demoralized. eventually he may become clinically depressed. history"
## [333] "shows that leisured aristocracies tend to become decadent. this is not"
## [334] "true of fighting aristocracies that have to struggle to maintain their"
## [335] "power. but leisured, secure aristocracies that have no need to exert"
## [336] "themselves usually become bored, hedonistic and demoralized, even though"
## [337] "they have power. this shows that power is not enough. one must have"
## [338] "goals toward which to exercise one’s power. 35. everyone has goals; if"
## [339] "nothing else, to obtain the physical necessities of life: food, water"
## [340] "and whatever clothing and shelter are made necessary by the climate. but"
## [341] "the leisured aristocrat obtains these things without effort. hence his"
## [342] "boredom and demoralization. 36. nonattainment of important goals results"
## [343] "in death if the goals are physical necessities, and in frustration"
## [344] "if nonattainment of the goals is compatible with survival. consistent"
## [345] "failure to attain goals throughout life results in defeatism, low self"
## [346] "esteem or depression. 37, thus, in order to avoid serious psychological"
## [347] "problems, a human being needs goals whose attainment requires effort,"
## [348] "and he must have a reasonable rate of success in attaining his goals."
## [349] "surrogate activities 38. but not every leisured aristocrat becomes"
## [350] "bored and demoralized. for example, the emperor hirohito, instead of"
## [351] "sinking into decadent hedonism, devoted himself to marine biology,"
## [352] "a field in which he became distinguished. when people do not have to"
## [353] "exert themselves to satisfy their physical needs they often set up"
## [354] "artificial goals for themselves. in many cases they then pursue these"
## [355] "goals with the same energy and emotional involvement that they otherwise"
## [356] "would have put into the search for physical necessities. thus the"
## [357] "aristocrats of the roman empire had their literary pretensions; many"
## [358] "european aristocrats a few centuries ago invested tremendous time and"
## [359] "energy in hunting, though they certainly didn’t need the meat; other"
## [360] "aristocracies have competed for status through elaborate displays of"
## [361] "wealth; and a few aristocrats, like hirohito, have turned to science."
## [362] "39. we use the term “surrogate activity” to designate an activity that"
## [363] "is directed toward an artificial goal that people set up for themselves"
## [364] "merely in order to have some goal to work toward, or let us say, merely"
## [365] "for the sake of the “fulfillment” that they get from pursuing the goal."
## [366] "here is a rule of thumb for the identification of surrogate activities."
## [367] "given a person who devotes much time and energy to the pursuit of goal"
## [368] "x, ask yourself this: if he had to devote most of his time and energy"
## [369] "to satisfying his biological needs, and if that effort required him to"
## [370] "use his physical and mental faculties in a varied and interesting way,"
## [371] "would he feel seriously deprived because he did not attain goal x? if"
## [372] "the answer is no, then the person’s pursuit of goal x is a surrogate"
## [373] "activity. hirohito’s studies in marine biology clearly constituted a"
## [374] "surrogate activity, since it is pretty certain that if hirohito had"
## [375] "had to spend his time working at interesting non scientific tasks in"
## [376] "order to obtain the necessities of life, he would not have felt deprived"
## [377] "because he didn’t know all about the anatomy and life cycles of marine"
## [378] "animals. on the other hand the pursuit of sex and love (for example) is"
## [379] "not a surrogate activity, because most people, even if their existence"
## [380] "were otherwise satisfactory, would feel deprived if they passed their"
## [381] "lives without ever having a relationship with a member of the opposite"
## [382] "sex. (but pursuit of an excessive amount of sex, more than one really"
## [383] "needs, can be a surrogate activity.) 40. in modern industrial society"
## [384] "only minimal effort is necessary to satisfy one’s physical needs."
## [385] "it is enough to go through a training program to acquire some petty"
## [386] "technical skill, then come to work on time and exert the very modest"
## [387] "effort needed to hold a job. the only requirements are a moderate"
## [388] "amount of intelligence and, most of all, simple obedience. if one has"
## [389] "those, society takes care of one from cradle to grave. (yes, there is"
## [390] "an underclass that cannot take the physical necessities for granted, but"
## [391] "we are speaking here of mainstream society.) thus it is not surprising"
## [392] "that modern society is full of surrogate activities. these include"
## [393] "scientific work, athletic achievement, humanitarian work, artistic and"
## [394] "literary creation, climbing the corporate ladder, acquisition of money"
## [395] "and material goods far beyond the point at which they cease to give any"
## [396] "additional physical satisfaction, and social activism when it addresses"
## [397] "issues that are not important for the activist personally, as in the"
## [398] "case of white activists who work for the rights of nonwhite minorities."
## [399] "these are not always pure surrogate activities, since for many people"
## [400] "they may be motivated in part by needs other than the need to have some"
## [401] "goal to pursue. scientific work may be motivated in part by a drive"
## [402] "for prestige, artistic creation by a need to express feelings, militant"
## [403] "social activism by hostility. but for most people who pursue them, these"
## [404] "activities are in large part surrogate activities. for example, the"
## [405] "majority of scientists will probably agree that the “fulfillment” they"
## [406] "get from their work is more important than the money and prestige they"
## [407] "earn. 41. for many if not most people, surrogate activities are less"
## [408] "satisfying than the pursuit of real goals (that is, goals that people"
## [409] "would want to attain even if their need for the power process were"
## [410] "already fulfilled). one indication of this is the fact that, in many or"
## [411] "most cases, people who are deeply involved in surrogate activities are"
## [412] "never satisfied, never at rest. thus the money maker constantly strives"
## [413] "for more and more wealth. the scientist no sooner solves one problem"
## [414] "than he moves on to the next. the long distance runner drives himself"
## [415] "to run always farther and faster. many people who pursue surrogate"
## [416] "activities will say that they get far more fulfillment from these"
## [417] "activities than they do from the “mundane” business of satisfying their"
## [418] "biological needs, but that is because in our society the effort needed"
## [419] "to satisfy the biological needs has been reduced to triviality. more"
## [420] "importantly, in our society people do not satisfy their biological needs"
## [421] "autonomously but by functioning as parts of an immense social machine."
## [422] "in contrast, people generally have a great deal of autonomy in pursuing"
## [423] "their surrogate activities. autonomy 42. autonomy as a part of the power"
## [424] "process may not be necessary for every individual. but most people need"
## [425] "a greater or lesser degree of autonomy in working toward their goals."
## [426] "their efforts must be undertaken on their own initiative and must be"
## [427] "under their own direction and control. yet most people do not have to"
## [428] "exert this initiative, direction and control as single individuals."
## [429] "it is usually enough to act as a member of a small group. thus if half"
## [430] "a dozen people discuss a goal among themselves and make a successful"
## [431] "joint effort to attain that goal, their need for the power process will"
## [432] "be served. but if they work under rigid orders handed down from above"
## [433] "that leave them no room for autonomous decision and initiative, then"
## [434] "their need for the power process will not be served. the same is true"
## [435] "when decisions are made on a collective basis if the group making the"
## [436] "collective decision is so large that the role of each individual is"
## [437] "insignificant. [5] 43. it is true that some individuals seem to have"
## [438] "little need for autonomy. either their drive for power is weak or they"
## [439] "satisfy it by identifying themselves with some powerful organization to"
## [440] "which they belong. and then there are unthinking, animal types who seem"
## [441] "to be satisfied with a purely physical sense of power (the good combat"
## [442] "soldier, who gets his sense of power by developing fighting skills that"
## [443] "he is quite content to use in blind obedience to his superiors). 44. but"
## [444] "for most people it is through the power process—having a goal, making"
## [445] "an autonomous effort and attaining the goal—that self esteem, self"
## [446] "confidence and a sense of power are acquired. when one does not have"
## [447] "adequate opportunity to go through the power process the consequences"
## [448] "are (depending on the individual and on the way the power process"
## [449] "is disrupted) boredom, demoralization, low self esteem, inferiority"
## [450] "feelings, defeatism, depression, anxiety, guilt, frustration, hostility,"
## [451] "spouse or child abuse, insatiable hedonism, abnormal sexual behavior,"
## [452] "sleep disorders, eating disorders, etc. [6] sources of social problems"
## [453] "45. any of the foregoing symptoms can occur in any society, but in"
## [454] "modern industrial society they are present on a massive scale. we aren’t"
## [455] "the first to mention that the world today seems to be going crazy. this"
## [456] "sort of thing is not normal for human societies. there is good reason"
## [457] "to believe that primitive man suffered from less stress and frustration"
## [458] "and was better satisfied with his way of life than modern man is. it"
## [459] "is true that not all was sweetness and light in primitive societies."
## [460] "abuse of women was common among the australian aborigines, transexuality"
## [461] "was fairly common among some of the american indian tribes. but it"
## [462] "does appear that generally speaking the kinds of problems that we have"
## [463] "listed in the preceding paragraph were far less common among primitive"
## [464] "peoples than they are in modern society. 46. we attribute the social and"
## [465] "psychological problems of modern society to the fact that that society"
## [466] "requires people to live under conditions radically different from those"
## [467] "under which the human race evolved and to behave in ways that conflict"
## [468] "with the patterns of behavior that the human race developed while living"
## [469] "under the earlier conditions. it is clear from what we have already"
## [470] "written that we consider lack of opportunity to properly experience"
## [471] "the power process as the most important of the abnormal conditions"
## [472] "to which modern society subjects people. but it is not the only one."
## [473] "before dealing with disruption of the power process as a source of"
## [474] "social problems we will discuss some of the other sources. 47. among the"
## [475] "abnormal conditions present in modern industrial society are excessive"
## [476] "density of population, isolation of man from nature, excessive rapidity"
## [477] "of social change and the breakdown of natural small scale communities"
## [478] "such as the extended family, the village or the tribe. 48. it is well"
## [479] "known that crowding increases stress and aggression. the degree of"
## [480] "crowding that exists today and the isolation of man from nature are"
## [481] "consequences of technological progress. all pre industrial societies"
## [482] "were predominantly rural. the industrial revolution vastly increased"
## [483] "the size of cities and the proportion of the population that lives"
## [484] "in them, and modern agricultural technology has made it possible for"
## [485] "the earth to support a far denser population than it ever did before."
## [486] "(also, technology exacerbates the effects of crowding because it puts"
## [487] "increased disruptive powers in people’s hands. for example, a variety"
## [488] "of noise making devices: power mowers, radios, motorcycles, etc. if the"
## [489] "use of these devices is unrestricted, people who want peace and quiet"
## [490] "are frustrated by the noise. if their use is restricted, people who use"
## [491] "the devices are frustrated by the regulations. but if these machines had"
## [492] "never been invented there would have been no conflict and no frustration"
## [493] "generated by them.) 49. for primitive societies the natural world (which"
## [494] "usually changes only slowly) provided a stable framework and therefore"
## [495] "a sense of security. in the modern world it is human society that"
## [496] "dominates nature rather than the other way around, and modern society"
## [497] "changes very rapidly owing to technological change. thus there is no"
## [498] "stable framework. 50. the conservatives are fools: they whine about"
## [499] "the decay of traditional values, yet they enthusiastically support"
## [500] "technological progress and economic growth. apparently it never occurs"
## [501] "to them that you can’t make rapid, drastic changes in the technology"
## [502] "and the economy of a society without causing rapid changes in all other"
## [503] "aspects of the society as well, and that such rapid changes inevitably"
## [504] "break down traditional values. 51. the breakdown of traditional values"
## [505] "to some extent implies the breakdown of the bonds that hold together"
## [506] "traditional small scale social groups. the disintegration of small"
## [507] "scale social groups is also promoted by the fact that modern conditions"
## [508] "often require or tempt individuals to move to new locations, separating"
## [509] "themselves from their communities. beyond that, a technological society"
## [510] "has to weaken family ties and local communities if it is to function"
## [511] "efficiently. in modern society an individual’s loyalty must be first"
## [512] "to the system and only secondarily to a small scale community, because"
## [513] "if the internal loyalties of small scale communities were stronger"
## [514] "than loyalty to the system, such communities would pursue their own"
## [515] "advantage at the expense of the system. 52. suppose that a public"
## [516] "official or a corporation executive appoints his cousin, his friend or"
## [517] "his co religionist to a position rather than appointing the person best"
## [518] "qualified for the job. he has permitted personal loyalty to supersede"
## [519] "his loyalty to the system, and that is “nepotism” or “discrimination,”"
## [520] "both of which are terrible sins in modern society. would be industrial"
## [521] "societies that have done a poor job of subordinating personal or local"
## [522] "loyalties to loyalty to the system are usually very inefficient. (look"
## [523] "at latin america.) thus an advanced industrial society can tolerate only"
## [524] "those small scale communities that are emasculated, tamed and made into"
## [525] "tools of the system. [7] 53. crowding, rapid change and the breakdown of"
## [526] "communities have been widely recognized as sources of social problems."
## [527] "but we do not believe they are enough to account for the extent of the"
## [528] "problems that are seen today. 54. a few pre industrial cities were very"
## [529] "large and crowded, yet their inhabitants do not seem to have suffered"
## [530] "from psychological problems to the same extent as modern man. in america"
## [531] "today there still are uncrowded rural areas, and we find there the same"
## [532] "problems as in urban areas, though the problems tend to be less acute"
## [533] "in the rural areas. thus crowding does not seem to be the decisive"
## [534] "factor. 55. on the growing edge of the american frontier during the 19th"
## [535] "century, the mobility of the population probably broke down extended"
## [536] "families and small scale social groups to at least the same extent as"
## [537] "these are broken down today. in fact, many nuclear families lived by"
## [538] "choice in such isolation, having no neighbors within several miles,"
## [539] "that they belonged to no community at all, yet they do not seem to have"
## [540] "developed problems as a result. 56. furthermore, change in american"
## [541] "frontier society was very rapid and deep. a man might be born and raised"
## [542] "in a log cabin, outside the reach of law and order and fed largely on"
## [543] "wild meat; and by the time he arrived at old age he might be working"
## [544] "at a regular job and living in an ordered community with effective law"
## [545] "enforcement. this was a deeper change than that which typically occurs"
## [546] "in the life of a modern individual, yet it does not seem to have led"
## [547] "to psychological problems. in fact, 19th century american society had"
## [548] "an optimistic and self confident tone, quite unlike that of today’s"
## [549] "society. [8] 57. the difference, we argue, is that modern man has the"
## [550] "sense (largely justified) that change is imposed on him, whereas the"
## [551] "19th century frontiersman had the sense (also largely justified) that"
## [552] "he created change himself, by his own choice. thus a pioneer settled on"
## [553] "a piece of land of his own choosing and made it into a farm through his"
## [554] "own effort. in those days an entire county might have only a couple of"
## [555] "hundred inhabitants and was a far more isolated and autonomous entity"
## [556] "than a modern county is. hence the pioneer farmer participated as a"
## [557] "member of a relatively small group in the creation of a new, ordered"
## [558] "community. one may well question whether the creation of this community"
## [559] "was an improvement, but at any rate it satisfied the pioneer’s need"
## [560] "for the power process. 58. it would be possible to give other examples"
## [561] "of societies in which there has been rapid change and/or lack of close"
## [562] "community ties without the kind of massive behavioral aberration that is"
## [563] "seen in today’s industrial society. we contend that the most important"
## [564] "cause of social and psychological problems in modern society is the"
## [565] "fact that people have insufficient opportunity to go through the power"
## [566] "process in a normal way. we don’t mean to say that modern society is the"
## [567] "only one in which the power process has been disrupted. probably most"
## [568] "if not all civilized societies have interfered with the power process"
## [569] "to a greater or lesser extent. but in modern industrial society the"
## [570] "problem has become particularly acute. leftism, at least in its recent"
## [571] "(mid to late 20th century) form, is in part a symptom of deprivation"
## [572] "with respect to the power process. disruption of the power process in"
## [573] "modern society 59. we divide human drives into three groups: (1) those"
## [574] "drives that can be satisfied with minimal effort; (2) those that can"
## [575] "be satisfied but only at the cost of serious effort; (3) those that"
## [576] "cannot be adequately satisfied no matter how much effort one makes."
## [577] "the power process is the process of satisfying the drives of the second"
## [578] "group. the more drives there are in the third group, the more there is"
## [579] "frustration, anger, eventually defeatism, depression, etc. 60. in modern"
## [580] "industrial society natural human drives tend to be pushed into the first"
## [581] "and third groups, and the second group tends to consist increasingly"
## [582] "of artificially created drives. 61. in primitive societies, physical"
## [583] "necessities generally fall into group 2: they can be obtained, but only"
## [584] "at the cost of serious effort. but modern society tends to guaranty"
## [585] "the physical necessities to everyone [9] in exchange for only minimal"
## [586] "effort, hence physical needs are pushed into group 1. (there may be"
## [587] "disagreement about whether the effort needed to hold a job is “minimal”;"
## [588] "but usually, in lower to middle level jobs, whatever effort is required"
## [589] "is merely that of obedience. you sit or stand where you are told to sit"
## [590] "or stand and do what you are told to do in the way you are told to do"
## [591] "it. seldom do you have to exert yourself seriously, and in any case you"
## [592] "have hardly any autonomy in work, so that the need for the power process"
## [593] "is not well served.) 62. social needs, such as sex, love and status,"
## [594] "often remain in group 2 in modern society, depending on the situation"
## [595] "of the individual. [10] but, except for people who have a particularly"
## [596] "strong drive for status, the effort required to fulfill the social"
## [597] "drives is insufficient to satisfy adequately the need for the power"
## [598] "process. 63. so certain artificial needs have been created that fall"
## [599] "into group 2, hence serve the need for the power process. advertising"
## [600] "and marketing techniques have been developed that make many people feel"
## [601] "they need things that their grandparents never desired or even dreamed"
## [602] "of. it requires serious effort to earn enough money to satisfy these"
## [603] "artificial needs, hence they fall into group 2. (but see paragraphs"
## [604] "80 82.) modern man must satisfy his need for the power process largely"
## [605] "through pursuit of the artificial needs created by the advertising"
## [606] "and marketing industry [11], and through surrogate activities. 64. it"
## [607] "seems that for many people, maybe the majority, these artificial forms"
## [608] "of the power process are insufficient. a theme that appears repeatedly"
## [609] "in the writings of the social critics of the second half of the 20th"
## [610] "century is the sense of purposelessness that afflicts many people in"
## [611] "modern society. (this purposelessness is often called by other names"
## [612] "such as “anomic” or “middle class vacuity.”) we suggest that the so"
## [613] "called “identity crisis” is actually a search for a sense of purpose,"
## [614] "often for commitment to a suitable surrogate activity. it may be that"
## [615] "existentialism is in large part a response to the purposelessness of"
## [616] "modern life. [12] very widespread in modern society is the search for"
## [617] "“fulfillment.” but we think that for the majority of people an activity"
## [618] "whose main goal is fulfillment (that is, a surrogate activity) does"
## [619] "not bring completely satisfactory fulfillment. in other words, it does"
## [620] "not fully satisfy the need for the power process. (see paragraph 41.)"
## [621] "that need can be fully satisfied only through activities that have"
## [622] "some external goal, such as physical necessities, sex, love, status,"
## [623] "revenge, etc. 65. moreover, where goals are pursued through earning"
## [624] "money, climbing the status ladder or functioning as part of the system"
## [625] "in some other way, most people are not in a position to pursue their"
## [626] "goals autonomously. most workers are someone else’s employee and, as"
## [627] "we pointed out in paragraph 61, must spend their days doing what they"
## [628] "are told to do in the way they are told to do it. even people who are"
## [629] "in business for themselves have only limited autonomy. it is a chronic"
## [630] "complaint of small business persons and entrepreneurs that their hands"
## [631] "are tied by excessive government regulation. some of these regulations"
## [632] "are doubtless unnecessary, but for the most part government regulations"
## [633] "are essential and inevitable parts of our extremely complex society. a"
## [634] "large portion of small business today operates on the franchise system."
## [635] "it was reported in the wall street journal a few years ago that many"
## [636] "of the franchise granting companies require applicants for franchises"
## [637] "to take a personality test that is designed to exclude those who have"
## [638] "creativity and initiative, because such persons are not sufficiently"
## [639] "docile to go along obediently with the franchise system. this excludes"
## [640] "from small business many of the people who most need autonomy. 66."
## [641] "today people live more by virtue of what the system does for them or"
## [642] "to them than by virtue of what they do for themselves. and what they"
## [643] "do for themselves is done more and more along channels laid down by the"
## [644] "system. opportunities tend to be those that the system provides, the"
## [645] "opportunities must be exploited in accord with rules and regulations"
## [646] "[13], and techniques prescribed by experts must be followed if there"
## [647] "is to be a chance of success. 67. thus the power process is disrupted"
## [648] "in our society through a deficiency of real goals and a deficiency of"
## [649] "autonomy in the pursuit of goals. but it is also disrupted because of"
## [650] "those human drives that fall into group 3: the drives that one cannot"
## [651] "adequately satisfy no matter how much effort one makes. one of these"
## [652] "drives is the need for security. our lives depend on decisions made"
## [653] "by other people; we have no control over these decisions and usually"
## [654] "we do not even know the people who make them. (“we live in a world"
## [655] "in which relatively few people—maybe 500 or 1,000—make the important"
## [656] "decisions”—philip b. heymann of harvard law school, quoted by anthony"
## [657] "lewis, new york times, april 21, 1995.) our lives depend on whether"
## [658] "safety standards at a nuclear power plant are properly maintained;"
## [659] "on how much pesticide is allowed to get into our food or how much"
## [660] "pollution into our air; on how skillful (or incompetent) our doctor is;"
## [661] "whether we lose or get a job may depend on decisions made by government"
## [662] "economists or corporation executives; and so forth. most individuals"
## [663] "are not in a position to secure themselves against these threats to"
## [664] "more [than] a very limited extent. the individual’s search for security"
## [665] "is therefore frustrated, which leads to a sense of powerlessness. 68."
## [666] "it may be objected that primitive man is physically less secure than"
## [667] "modern man, as is shown by his shorter life expectancy; hence modern"
## [668] "man suffers from less, not more than the amount of insecurity that is"
## [669] "normal for human beings. but psychological security does not closely"
## [670] "correspond with physical security. what makes us feel secure is not so"
## [671] "much objective security as a sense of confidence in our ability to take"
## [672] "care of ourselves. primitive man, threatened by a fierce animal or by"
## [673] "hunger, can fight in self defense or travel in search of food. he has"
## [674] "no certainty of success in these efforts, but he is by no means helpless"
## [675] "against the things that threaten him. the modern individual on the"
## [676] "other hand is threatened by many things against which he is helpless:"
## [677] "nuclear accidents, carcinogens in food, environmental pollution, war,"
## [678] "increasing taxes, invasion of his privacy by large organizations,"
## [679] "nationwide social or economic phenomena that may disrupt his way of"
## [680] "life. 69. it is true that primitive man is powerless against some of"
## [681] "the things that threaten him; disease for example. but he can accept the"
## [682] "risk of disease stoically. it is part of the nature of things, it is no"
## [683] "one’s fault, unless it is the fault of some imaginary, impersonal demon."
## [684] "but threats to the modern individual tend to be man made. they are not"
## [685] "the results of chance but are imposed on him by other persons whose"
## [686] "decisions he, as an individual, is unable to influence. consequently he"
## [687] "feels frustrated, humiliated and angry. 70. thus primitive man for the"
## [688] "most part has his security in his own hands (either as an individual"
## [689] "or as a member of a small group) whereas the security of modern man"
## [690] "is in the hands of persons or organizations that are too remote or"
## [691] "too large for him to be able personally to influence them. so modern"
## [692] "man’s drive for security tends to fall into groups 1 and 3; in some"
## [693] "areas (food, shelter etc.) his security is assured at the cost of only"
## [694] "trivial effort, whereas in other areas he cannot attain security. (the"
## [695] "foregoing greatly simplifies the real situation, but it does indicate in"
## [696] "a rough, general way how the condition of modern man differs from that"
## [697] "of primitive man.) 71. people have many transitory drives or impulses"
## [698] "that are necessarily frustrated in modern life, hence fall into group"
## [699] "3. one may become angry, but modern society cannot permit fighting. in"
## [700] "many situations it does not even permit verbal aggression. when going"
## [701] "somewhere one may be in a hurry, or one may be in a mood to travel"
## [702] "slowly, but one generally has no choice but to move with the flow of"
## [703] "traffic and obey the traffic signals. one may want to do one’s work in"
## [704] "a different way, but usually one can work only according to the rules"
## [705] "laid down by one’s employer. in many other ways as well, modern man"
## [706] "is strapped down by a network of rules and regulations (explicit or"
## [707] "implicit) that frustrate many of his impulses and thus interfere with"
## [708] "the power process. most of these regulations cannot be dispensed with,"
## [709] "because they are necessary for the functioning of industrial society."
## [710] "72. modern society is in certain respects extremely permissive. in"
## [711] "matters that are irrelevant to the functioning of the system we can"
## [712] "generally do what we please. we can believe in any religion we like"
## [713] "(as long as it does not encourage behavior that is dangerous to the"
## [714] "system). we can go to bed with anyone we like (as long as we practice"
## [715] "“safe sex”). we can do anything we like as long as it is unimportant."
## [716] "but in all important matters the system tends increasingly to regulate"
## [717] "our behavior. 73. behavior is regulated not only through explicit rules"
## [718] "and not only by the government. control is often exercised through"
## [719] "indirect coercion or through psychological pressure or manipulation, and"
## [720] "by organizations other than the government, or by the system as a whole."
## [721] "most large organizations use some form of propaganda [14] to manipulate"
## [722] "public attitudes or behavior. propaganda is not limited to “commercials”"
## [723] "and advertisements, and sometimes it is not even consciously intended"
## [724] "as propaganda by the people who make it. for instance, the content of"
## [725] "entertainment programming is a powerful form of propaganda. an example"
## [726] "of indirect coercion: there is no law that says we have to go to work"
## [727] "every day and follow our employer’s orders. legally there is nothing to"
## [728] "prevent us from going to live in the wild like primitive people or from"
## [729] "going into business for ourselves. but in practice there is very little"
## [730] "wild country left, and there is room in the economy for only a limited"
## [731] "number of small business owners. hence most of us can survive only as"
## [732] "someone else’s employee. 74. we suggest that modern man’s obsession with"
## [733] "longevity, and with maintaining physical vigor and sexual attractiveness"
## [734] "to an advanced age, is a symptom of unfulfillment resulting from"
## [735] "deprivation with respect to the power process. the “mid life crisis”"
## [736] "also is such a symptom. so is the lack of interest in having children"
## [737] "that is fairly common in modern society but almost unheard of in"
## [738] "primitive societies. 75. in primitive societies life is a succession"
## [739] "of stages. the needs and purposes of one stage having been fulfilled,"
## [740] "there is no particular reluctance about passing on to the next stage. a"
## [741] "young man goes through the power process by becoming a hunter, hunting"
## [742] "not for sport or for fulfillment but to get meat that is necessary for"
## [743] "food. (in young women the process is more complex, with greater emphasis"
## [744] "on social power; we won’t discuss that here.) this phase having been"
## [745] "successfully passed through, the young man has no reluctance about"
## [746] "settling down to the responsibilities of raising a family. (in contrast,"
## [747] "some modern people indefinitely postpone having children because they"
## [748] "are too busy seeking some kind of “fulfillment.” we suggest that the"
## [749] "fulfillment they need is adequate experience of the power process—with"
## [750] "real goals instead of the artificial goals of surrogate activities.)"
## [751] "again, having successfully raised his children, going through the power"
## [752] "process by providing them with the physical necessities, the primitive"
## [753] "man feels that his work is done and he is prepared to accept old age"
## [754] "(if he survives that long) and death. many modern people, on the other"
## [755] "hand, are disturbed by the prospect of physical deterioration and death,"
## [756] "as is shown by the amount of effort they expend trying to maintain"
## [757] "their physical condition, appearance and health. we argue that this is"
## [758] "due to unfulfillment resulting from the fact that they have never put"
## [759] "their physical powers to any practical use, have never gone through"
## [760] "the power process using their bodies in a serious way. it is not the"
## [761] "primitive man, who has used his body daily for practical purposes, who"
## [762] "fears the deterioration of age, but the modern man, who has never had a"
## [763] "practical use for his body beyond walking from his car to his house. it"
## [764] "is the man whose need for the power process has been satisfied during"
## [765] "his life who is best prepared to accept the end of that life. 76. in"
## [766] "response to the arguments of this section someone will say, “society"
## [767] "must find a way to give people the opportunity to go through the power"
## [768] "process.” for such people the value of the opportunity is destroyed by"
## [769] "the very fact that society gives it to them. what they need is to find"
## [770] "or make their own opportunities. as long as the system gives them their"
## [771] "opportunities it still has them on a leash. to attain autonomy they"
## [772] "must get off that leash. how some people adjust 77. not everyone in"
## [773] "industrial technological society suffers from psychological problems."
## [774] "some people even profess to be quite satisfied with society as it is."
## [775] "we now discuss some of the reasons why people differ so greatly in their"
## [776] "response to modern society. 78. first, there doubtless are differences"
## [777] "in the strength of the drive for power. individuals with a weak drive"
## [778] "for power may have relatively little need to go through the power"
## [779] "process, or at least relatively little need for autonomy in the power"
## [780] "process. these are docile types who would have been happy as plantation"
## [781] "darkies in the old south. (we don’t mean to sneer at the “plantation"
## [782] "darkies” of the old south. to their credit, most of the slaves were not"
## [783] "content with their servitude. we do sneer at people who are content with"
## [784] "servitude.) 79. some people may have some exceptional drive, in pursuing"
## [785] "which they satisfy their need for the power process. for example, those"
## [786] "who have an unusually strong drive for social status may spend their"
## [787] "whole lives climbing the status ladder without ever getting bored with"
## [788] "that game. 80. people vary in their susceptibility to advertising and"
## [789] "marketing techniques. some are so susceptible that, even if they make"
## [790] "a great deal of money, they cannot satisfy their constant craving for"
## [791] "the the shiny new toys that the marketing industry dangles before their"
## [792] "eyes. so they always feel hard pressed financially even if their income"
## [793] "is large, and their cravings are frustrated. 81. some people have low"
## [794] "susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques. these are the"
## [795] "people who aren’t interested in money. material acquisition does not"
## [796] "serve their need for the power process. 82. people who have medium"
## [797] "susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques are able to earn"
## [798] "enough money to satisfy their craving for goods and services, but only"
## [799] "at the cost of serious effort (putting in overtime, taking a second"
## [800] "job, earning promotions, etc.). thus material acquisition serves their"
## [801] "need for the power process. but it does not necessarily follow that"
## [802] "their need is fully satisfied. they may have insufficient autonomy in"
## [803] "the power process (their work may consist of following orders) and some"
## [804] "of their drives may be frustrated (e.g., security, aggression). (we are"
## [805] "guilty of oversimplification in paragraphs 80 82 because we have assumed"
## [806] "that the desire for material acquisition is entirely a creation of the"
## [807] "advertising and marketing industry. of course it’s not that simple."
## [808] "[11] 83. some people partly satisfy their need for power by identifying"
## [809] "themselves with a powerful organization or mass movement. an individual"
## [810] "lacking goals or power joins a movement or an organization, adopts its"
## [811] "goals as his own, then works toward those goals. when some of the goals"
## [812] "are attained, the individual, even though his personal efforts have"
## [813] "played only an insignificant part in the attainment of the goals, feels"
## [814] "(through his identification with the movement or organization) as if"
## [815] "he had gone through the power process. this phenomenon was exploited"
## [816] "by the fascists, nazis and communists. our society uses it too, though"
## [817] "less crudely. example: manuel noriega was an irritant to the u.s. (goal:"
## [818] "punish noriega). the u.s. invaded panama (effort) and punished noriega"
## [819] "(attainment of goal). thus the u.s. went through the power process"
## [820] "and many americans, because of their identification with the u.s.,"
## [821] "experienced the power process vicariously. hence the widespread public"
## [822] "approval of the panama invasion; it gave people a sense of power. [15]"
## [823] "we see the same phenomenon in armies, corporations, political parties,"
## [824] "humanitarian organizations, religious or ideological movements. in"
## [825] "particular, leftist movements tend to attract people who are seeking"
## [826] "to satisfy their need for power. but for most people identification"
## [827] "with a large organization or a mass movement does not fully satisfy"
## [828] "the need for power. 84. another way in which people satisfy their"
## [829] "need for the power process is through surrogate activities. as we"
## [830] "explained in paragraphs 38 40, a surrogate activity is an activity that"
## [831] "is directed toward an artificial goal that the individual pursues for"
## [832] "the sake of the “fulfillment” that he gets from pursuing the goal, not"
## [833] "because he needs to attain the goal itself. for instance, there is no"
## [834] "practical motive for building enormous muscles, hitting a little ball"
## [835] "into a hole or acquiring a complete series of postage stamps. yet many"
## [836] "people in our society devote themselves with passion to bodybuilding,"
## [837] "golf or stamp collecting. some people are more “other directed”"
## [838] "than others, and therefore will more readily attach importance to a"
## [839] "surrogate activity simply because the people around them treat it as"
## [840] "important or because society tells them it is important. that is why"
## [841] "some people get very serious about essentially trivial activities such"
## [842] "as sports, or bridge, or chess, or arcane scholarly pursuits, whereas"
## [843] "others who are more clear sighted never see these things as anything"
## [844] "but the surrogate activities that they are, and consequently never"
## [845] "attach enough importance to them to satisfy their need for the power"
## [846] "process in that way. it only remains to point out that in many cases"
## [847] "a person’s way of earning a living is also a surrogate activity. not a"
## [848] "pure surrogate activity, since part of the motive for the activity is"
## [849] "to gain the physical necessities and (for some people) social status"
## [850] "and the luxuries that advertising makes them want. but many people put"
## [851] "into their work far more effort than is necessary to earn whatever money"
## [852] "and status they require, and this extra effort constitutes a surrogate"
## [853] "activity. this extra effort, together with the emotional investment"
## [854] "that accompanies it, is one of the most potent forces acting toward"
## [855] "the continual development and perfecting of the system, with negative"
## [856] "consequences for individual freedom (see paragraph 131). especially,"
## [857] "for the most creative scientists and engineers, work tends to be largely"
## [858] "a surrogate activity. this point is so important that it deserves a"
## [859] "separate discussion, which we shall give in a moment (paragraphs 87"
## [860] "92). 85. in this section we have explained how many people in modern"
## [861] "society do satisfy their need for the power process to a greater or"
## [862] "lesser extent. but we think that for the majority of people the need"
## [863] "for the power process is not fully satisfied. in the first place, those"
## [864] "who have an insatiable drive for status, or who get firmly “hooked” on"
## [865] "a surrogate activity, or who identify strongly enough with a movement"
## [866] "or organization to satisfy their need for power in that way, are"
## [867] "exceptional personalities. others are not fully satisfied with surrogate"
## [868] "activities or by identification with an organization (see paragraphs"
## [869] "41, 64). in the second place, too much control is imposed by the system"
## [870] "through explicit regulation or through socialization, which results in"
## [871] "a deficiency of autonomy, and in frustration due to the impossibility"
## [872] "of attaining certain goals and the necessity of restraining too many"
## [873] "impulses. 86. but even if most people in industrial technological"
## [874] "society were well satisfied, we (fc) would still be opposed to that form"
## [875] "of society, because (among other reasons) we consider it demeaning to"
## [876] "fulfill one’s need for the power process through surrogate activities or"
## [877] "through identification with an organization, rather than through pursuit"
## [878] "of real goals. the motives of scientists 87. science and technology"
## [879] "provide the most important examples of surrogate activities. some"
## [880] "scientists claim that they are motivated by “curiosity” or by a desire"
## [881] "to “benefit humanity.” but it is easy to see that neither of these can"
## [882] "be the principal motive of most scientists. as for “curiosity,” that"
## [883] "notion is simply absurd. most scientists work on highly specialized"
## [884] "problems that are not the object of any normal curiosity. for example,"
## [885] "is an astronomer, a mathematician or an entomologist curious about the"
## [886] "properties of isopropyltrimethylmethane? of course not. only a chemist"
## [887] "is curious about such a thing, and he is curious about it only because"
## [888] "chemistry is his surrogate activity. is the chemist curious about"
## [889] "the appropriate classification of a new species of beetle? no. that"
## [890] "question is of interest only to the entomologist, and he is interested"
## [891] "in it only because entomology is his surrogate activity. if the chemist"
## [892] "and the entomologist had to exert themselves seriously to obtain the"
## [893] "physical necessities, and if that effort exercised their abilities in"
## [894] "an interesting way but in some nonscientific pursuit, then they wouldn’t"
## [895] "give a damn about isopropyltrimethylmethane or the classification of"
## [896] "beetles. suppose that lack of funds for postgraduate education had"
## [897] "led the chemist to become an insurance broker instead of a chemist."
## [898] "in that case he would have been very interested in insurance matters"
## [899] "but would have cared nothing about isopropyltrimethylmethane. in any"
## [900] "case it is not normal to put into the satisfaction of mere curiosity"
## [901] "the amount of time and effort that scientists put into their work. the"
## [902] "“curiosity” explanation for the scientists’ motive just doesn’t stand"
## [903] "up. 88. the “benefit of humanity” explanation doesn’t work any better."
## [904] "some scientific work has no conceivable relation to the welfare of the"
## [905] "human race—most of archaeology or comparative linguistics for example."
## [906] "some other areas of science present obviously dangerous possibilities."
## [907] "yet scientists in these areas are just as enthusiastic about their"
## [908] "work as those who develop vaccines or study air pollution. consider the"
## [909] "case of dr. edward teller, who had an obvious emotional involvement in"
## [910] "promoting nuclear power plants. did this involvement stem from a desire"
## [911] "to benefit humanity? if so, then why didn’t dr. teller get emotional"
## [912] "about other “humanitarian” causes? if he was such a humanitarian then"
## [913] "why did he help to develop the h bomb? as with many other scientific"
## [914] "achievements, it is very much open to question whether nuclear power"
## [915] "plants actually do benefit humanity. does the cheap electricity outweigh"
## [916] "the accumulating waste and the risk of accidents? dr. teller saw only"
## [917] "one side of the question. clearly his emotional involvement with nuclear"
## [918] "power arose not from a desire to “benefit humanity” but from a personal"
## [919] "fulfillment he got from his work and from seeing it put to practical"
## [920] "use. 89. the same is true of scientists generally. with possible rare"
## [921] "exceptions, their motive is neither curiosity nor a desire to benefit"
## [922] "humanity but the need to go through the power process: to have a goal"
## [923] "(a scientific problem to solve), to make an effort (research) and"
## [924] "to attain the goal (solution of the problem.) science is a surrogate"
## [925] "activity because scientists work mainly for the fulfillment they get out"
## [926] "of the work itself. 90. of course, it’s not that simple. other motives"
## [927] "do play a role for many scientists. money and status for example. some"
## [928] "scientists may be persons of the type who have an insatiable drive for"
## [929] "status (see paragraph 79) and this may provide much of the motivation"
## [930] "for their work. no doubt the majority of scientists, like the majority"
## [931] "of the general population, are more or less susceptible to advertising"
## [932] "and marketing techniques and need money to satisfy their craving for"
## [933] "goods and services. thus science is not a pure surrogate activity."
## [934] "but it is in large part a surrogate activity. 91. also, science and"
## [935] "technology constitute a power mass movement, and many scientists"
## [936] "gratify their need for power through identification with this mass"
## [937] "movement (see paragraph 83). 92. thus science marches on blindly,"
## [938] "without regard to the real welfare of the human race or to any other"
## [939] "standard, obedient only to the psychological needs of the scientists"
## [940] "and of the government officials and corporation executives who provide"
## [941] "the funds for research. the nature of freedom 93. we are going to argue"
## [942] "that industrial technological society cannot be reformed in such a"
## [943] "way as to prevent it from progressively narrowing the sphere of human"
## [944] "freedom. but, because “freedom” is a word that can be interpreted"
## [945] "in many ways, we must first make clear what kind of freedom we are"
## [946] "concerned with. 94. by “freedom” we mean the opportunity to go through"
## [947] "the power process, with real goals not the artificial goals of surrogate"
## [948] "activities, and without interference, manipulation or supervision from"
## [949] "anyone, especially from any large organization. freedom means being in"
## [950] "control (either as an individual or as a member of a small group) of"
## [951] "the life and death issues of one’s existence; food, clothing, shelter"
## [952] "and defense against whatever threats there may be in one’s environment."
## [953] "freedom means having power; not the power to control other people but"
## [954] "the power to control the circumstances of one’s own life. one does not"
## [955] "have freedom if anyone else (especially a large organization) has power"
## [956] "over one, no matter how benevolently, tolerantly and permissively that"
## [957] "power may be exercised. it is important not to confuse freedom with mere"
## [958] "permissiveness (see paragraph 72). 95. it is said that we live in a free"
## [959] "society because we have a certain number of constitutionally guaranteed"
## [960] "rights. but these are not as important as they seem. the degree of"
## [961] "personal freedom that exists in a society is determined more by the"
## [962] "economic and technological structure of the society than by its laws or"
## [963] "its form of government. [16] most of the indian nations of new england"
## [964] "were monarchies, and many of the cities of the italian renaissance"
## [965] "were controlled by dictators. but in reading about these societies"
## [966] "one gets the impression that they allowed far more personal freedom"
## [967] "than our society does. in part this was because they lacked efficient"
## [968] "mechanisms for enforcing the ruler’s will: there were no modern, well"
## [969] "organized police forces, no rapid long distance communications, no"
## [970] "surveillance cameras, no dossiers of information about the lives of"
## [971] "average citizens. hence it was relatively easy to evade control. 96."
## [972] "as for our constitutional rights, consider for example that of freedom"
## [973] "of the press. we certainly don’t mean to knock that right; it is very"
## [974] "important tool for limiting concentration of political power and for"
## [975] "keeping those who do have political power in line by publicly exposing"
## [976] "any misbehavior on their part. but freedom of the press is of very"
## [977] "little use to the average citizen as an individual. the mass media are"
## [978] "mostly under the control of large organizations that are integrated"
## [979] "into the system. anyone who has a little money can have something"
## [980] "printed, or can distribute it on the internet or in some such way, but"
## [981] "what he has to say will be swamped by the vast volume of material put"
## [982] "out by the media, hence it will have no practical effect. to make an"
## [983] "impression on society with words is therefore almost impossible for"
## [984] "most individuals and small groups. take us (fc) for example. if we had"
## [985] "never done anything violent and had submitted the present writings to"
## [986] "a publisher, they probably would not have been accepted. if they had"
## [987] "been been accepted and published, they probably would not have attracted"
## [988] "many readers, because it’s more fun to watch the entertainment put out"
## [989] "by the media than to read a sober essay. even if these writings had"
## [990] "had many readers, most of these readers would soon have forgotten what"
## [991] "they had read as their minds were flooded by the mass of material to"
## [992] "which the media expose them. in order to get our message before the"
## [993] "public with some chance of making a lasting impression, we’ve had to"
## [994] "kill people. 97. constitutional rights are useful up to a point, but"
## [995] "they do not serve to guarantee much more than what might be called the"
## [996] "bourgeois conception of freedom. according to the bourgeois conception,"
## [997] "a “free” man is essentially an element of a social machine and has only"
## [998] "a certain set of prescribed and delimited freedoms; freedoms that are"
## [999] "designed to serve the needs of the social machine more than those of"
## [1000] "the individual. thus the bourgeois’s “free” man has economic freedom"
## [1001] "because that promotes growth and progress; he has freedom of the press"
## [1002] "because public criticism restrains misbehavior by political leaders;"
## [1003] "he has a right to a fair trial because imprisonment at the whim of the"
## [1004] "powerful would be bad for the system. this was clearly the attitude"
## [1005] "of simon bolivar. to him, people deserved liberty only if they used"
## [1006] "it to promote progress (progress as conceived by the bourgeois). other"
## [1007] "bourgeois thinkers have taken a similar view of freedom as a mere"
## [1008] "means to collective ends. chester c. tan, “chinese political thought"
## [1009] "in the twentieth century,” page 202, explains the philosophy of the"
## [1010] "kuomintang leader hu han min: “an individual is granted rights because"
## [1011] "he is a member of society and his community life requires such rights."
## [1012] "by community hu meant the whole society of the nation.” and on page"
## [1013] "259 tan states that according to carsum chang (chang chun mai, head"
## [1014] "of the state socialist party in china) freedom had to be used in the"
## [1015] "interest of the state and of the people as a whole. but what kind of"
## [1016] "freedom does one have if one can use it only as someone else prescribes?"
## [1017] "fc’s conception of freedom is not that of bolivar, hu, chang or other"
## [1018] "bourgeois theorists. the trouble with such theorists is that they have"
## [1019] "made the development and application of social theories their surrogate"
## [1020] "activity. consequently the theories are designed to serve the needs"
## [1021] "of the theorists more than the needs of any people who may be unlucky"
## [1022] "enough to live in a society on which the theories are imposed. 98."
## [1023] "one more point to be made in this section: it should not be assumed"
## [1024] "that a person has enough freedom just because he says he has enough."
## [1025] "freedom is restricted in part by psychological controls of which people"
## [1026] "are unconscious, and moreover many people’s ideas of what constitutes"
## [1027] "freedom are governed more by social convention than by their real needs."
## [1028] "for example, it’s likely that many leftists of the oversocialized type"
## [1029] "would say that most people, including themselves, are socialized too"
## [1030] "little rather than too much, yet the oversocialized leftist pays a heavy"
## [1031] "psychological price for his high level of socialization. some principles"
## [1032] "of history 99. think of history as being the sum of two components: an"
## [1033] "erratic component that consists of unpredictable events that follow no"
## [1034] "discernible pattern, and a regular component that consists of long term"
## [1035] "historical trends. here we are concerned with the long term trends."
## [1036] "100. first principle. if a small change is made that affects a long term"
## [1037] "historical trend, then the effect of that change will almost always be"
## [1038] "transitory—the trend will soon revert to its original state. (example:"
## [1039] "a reform movement designed to clean up political corruption in a society"
## [1040] "rarely has more than a short term effect; sooner or later the reformers"
## [1041] "relax and corruption creeps back in. the level of political corruption"
## [1042] "in a given society tends to remain constant, or to change only slowly"
## [1043] "with the evolution of the society. normally, a political cleanup will"
## [1044] "be permanent only if accompanied by widespread social changes; a small"
## [1045] "change in the society won’t be enough.) if a small change in a long"
## [1046] "term historical trend appears to be permanent, it is only because the"
## [1047] "change acts in the direction in which the trend is already moving,"
## [1048] "so that the trend is not altered by only pushed a step ahead. 101."
## [1049] "the first principle is almost a tautology. if a trend were not stable"
## [1050] "with respect to small changes, it would wander at random rather than"
## [1051] "following a definite direction; in other words it would not be a long"
## [1052] "term trend at all. 102. second principle. if a change is made that is"
## [1053] "sufficiently large to alter permanently a long term historical trend,"
## [1054] "then it will alter the society as a whole. in other words, a society is"
## [1055] "a system in which all parts are interrelated, and you can’t permanently"
## [1056] "change any important part without changing all other parts as well."
## [1057] "103. third principle. if a change is made that is large enough to alter"
## [1058] "permanently a long term trend, then the consequences for the society as"
## [1059] "a whole cannot be predicted in advance. (unless various other societies"
## [1060] "have passed through the same change and have all experienced the same"
## [1061] "consequences, in which case one can predict on empirical grounds that"
## [1062] "another society that passes through the same change will be like to"
## [1063] "experience similar consequences.) 104. fourth principle. a new kind of"
## [1064] "society cannot be designed on paper. that is, you cannot plan out a new"
## [1065] "form of society in advance, then set it up and expect it to function"
## [1066] "as it was designed to do. 105. the third and fourth principles result"
## [1067] "from the complexity of human societies. a change in human behavior"
## [1068] "will affect the economy of a society and its physical environment; the"
## [1069] "economy will affect the environment and vice versa, and the changes"
## [1070] "in the economy and the environment will affect human behavior in"
## [1071] "complex, unpredictable ways; and so forth. the network of causes and"
## [1072] "effects is far too complex to be untangled and understood. 106. fifth"
## [1073] "principle. people do not consciously and rationally choose the form of"
## [1074] "their society. societies develop through processes of social evolution"
## [1075] "that are not under rational human control. 107. the fifth principle"
## [1076] "is a consequence of the other four. 108. to illustrate: by the first"
## [1077] "principle, generally speaking an attempt at social reform either acts"
## [1078] "in the direction in which the society is developing anyway (so that it"
## [1079] "merely accelerates a change that would have occurred in any case) or"
## [1080] "else it has only a transitory effect, so that the society soon slips"
## [1081] "back into its old groove. to make a lasting change in the direction of"
## [1082] "development of any important aspect of a society, reform is insufficient"
## [1083] "and revolution is required. (a revolution does not necessarily involve"
## [1084] "an armed uprising or the overthrow of a government.) by the second"
## [1085] "principle, a revolution never changes only one aspect of a society,"
## [1086] "it changes the whole society; and by the third principle changes occur"
## [1087] "that were never expected or desired by the revolutionaries. by the"
## [1088] "fourth principle, when revolutionaries or utopians set up a new kind"
## [1089] "of society, it never works out as planned. 109. the american revolution"
## [1090] "does not provide a counterexample. the american “revolution” was not a"
## [1091] "revolution in our sense of the word, but a war of independence followed"
## [1092] "by a rather far reaching political reform. the founding fathers did not"
## [1093] "change the direction of development of american society, nor did they"
## [1094] "aspire to do so. they only freed the development of american society"
## [1095] "from the retarding effect of british rule. their political reform did"
## [1096] "not change any basic trend, but only pushed american political culture"
## [1097] "along its natural direction of development. british society, of which"
## [1098] "american society was an offshoot, had been moving for a long time in"
## [1099] "the direction of representative democracy. and prior to the war of"
## [1100] "independence the americans were already practicing a significant degree"
## [1101] "of representative democracy in the colonial assemblies. the political"
## [1102] "system established by the constitution was modeled on the british system"
## [1103] "and on the colonial assemblies. with major alteration, to be sure—there"
## [1104] "is no doubt that the founding fathers took a very important step. but"
## [1105] "it was a step along the road that english speaking world was already"
## [1106] "traveling. the proof is that britain and all of its colonies that were"
## [1107] "populated predominantly by people of british descent ended up with"
## [1108] "systems of representative democracy essentially similar to that of the"
## [1109] "united states. if the founding fathers had lost their nerve and declined"
## [1110] "to sign the declaration of independence, our way of life today would"
## [1111] "not have been significantly different. maybe we would have had somewhat"
## [1112] "closer ties to britain, and would have had a parliament and prime"
## [1113] "minister instead of a congress and president. no big deal. thus the"
## [1114] "american revolution provides not a counterexample to our principles but"
## [1115] "a good illustration of them. 110. still, one has to use common sense in"
## [1116] "applying the principles. they are expressed in imprecise language that"
## [1117] "allows latitude for interpretation, and exceptions to them can be found."
## [1118] "so we present these principles not as inviolable laws but as rules"
## [1119] "of thumb, or guides to thinking, that may provide a partial antidote"
## [1120] "to naive ideas about the future of society. the principles should be"
## [1121] "borne constantly in mind, and whenever one reaches a conclusion that"
## [1122] "conflicts with them one should carefully reexamine one’s thinking and"
## [1123] "retain the conclusion only if one has good, solid reasons for doing so."
## [1124] "industrial technological society cannot be reformed 111. the foregoing"
## [1125] "principles help to show how hopelessly difficult it would be to reform"
## [1126] "the industrial system in such a way as to prevent it from progressively"
## [1127] "narrowing our sphere of freedom. there has been a consistent tendency,"
## [1128] "going back at least to the industrial revolution for technology to"
## [1129] "strengthen the system at a high cost in individual freedom and local"
## [1130] "autonomy. hence any change designed to protect freedom from technology"
## [1131] "would be contrary to a fundamental trend in the development of our"
## [1132] "society. consequently, such a change either would be a transitory one—"
## [1133] "soon swamped by the tide of history—or, if large enough to be permanent"
## [1134] "would alter the nature of our whole society. this by the first and"
## [1135] "second principles. moreover, since society would be altered in a way"
## [1136] "that could not be predicted in advance (third principle) there would"
## [1137] "be great risk. changes large enough to make a lasting difference in"
## [1138] "favor of freedom would not be initiated because it would be realized"
## [1139] "that they would gravely disrupt the system. so any attempts at reform"
## [1140] "would be too timid to be effective. even if changes large enough to"
## [1141] "make a lasting difference were initiated, they would be retracted when"
## [1142] "their disruptive effects became apparent. thus, permanent changes in"
## [1143] "favor of freedom could be brought about only by persons prepared to"
## [1144] "accept radical, dangerous and unpredictable alteration of the entire"
## [1145] "system. in other words by revolutionaries, not reformers. 112. people"
## [1146] "anxious to rescue freedom without sacrificing the supposed benefits of"
## [1147] "technology will suggest naive schemes for some new form of society that"
## [1148] "would reconcile freedom with technology. apart from the fact that people"
## [1149] "who make such suggestions seldom propose any practical means by which"
## [1150] "the new form of society could be set up in the first place, it follows"
## [1151] "from the fourth principle that even if the new form of society could be"
## [1152] "once established, it either would collapse or would give results very"
## [1153] "different from those expected. 113. so even on very general grounds it"
## [1154] "seems highly improbable that any way of changing society could be found"
## [1155] "that would reconcile freedom with modern technology. in the next few"
## [1156] "sections we will give more specific reasons for concluding that freedom"
## [1157] "and technological progress are incompatible. restriction of freedom"
## [1158] "is unavoidable in industrial society 114. as explained in paragraphs"
## [1159] "65 67, 70 73, modern man is strapped down by a network of rules and"
## [1160] "regulations, and his fate depends on the actions of persons remote from"
## [1161] "him whose decisions he cannot influence. this is not accidental or a"
## [1162] "result of the arbitrariness of arrogant bureaucrats. it is necessary"
## [1163] "and inevitable in any technologically advanced society. the system"
## [1164] "has to regulate human behavior closely in order to function. at work"
## [1165] "people have to do what they are told to do, otherwise production would"
## [1166] "be thrown into chaos. bureaucracies have to be run according to rigid"
## [1167] "rules. to allow any substantial personal discretion to lower level"
## [1168] "bureaucrats would disrupt the system and lead to charges of unfairness"
## [1169] "due to differences in the way individual bureaucrats exercised their"
## [1170] "discretion. it is true that some restrictions on our freedom could"
## [1171] "be eliminated, but generally speaking the regulation of our lives by"
## [1172] "large organizations is necessary for the functioning of industrial"
## [1173] "technological society. the result is a sense of powerlessness on the"
## [1174] "part of the average person. it may be, however, that formal regulations"
## [1175] "will tend increasingly to be replaced by psychological tools that"
## [1176] "make us want to do what the system requires of us. (propaganda [14],"
## [1177] "educational techniques, “mental health” programs, etc.) 115. the system"
## [1178] "has to force people to behave in ways that are increasingly remote from"
## [1179] "the natural pattern of human behavior. for example, the system needs"
## [1180] "scientists, mathematicians and engineers. it can’t function without"
## [1181] "them. so heavy pressure is put on children to excel in these fields."
## [1182] "it isn’t natural for an adolescent human being to spend the bulk of"
## [1183] "his time sitting at a desk absorbed in study. a normal adolescent"
## [1184] "wants to spend his time in active contact with the real world. among"
## [1185] "primitive peoples the things that children are trained to do tend to be"
## [1186] "in reasonable harmony with natural human impulses. among the american"
## [1187] "indians, for example, boys were trained in active outdoor pursuits"
## [1188] "—just the sort of thing that boys like. but in our society children"
## [1189] "are pushed into studying technical subjects, which most do grudgingly."
## [1190] "116. because of the constant pressure that the system exerts to modify"
## [1191] "human behavior, there is a gradual increase in the number of people"
## [1192] "who cannot or will not adjust to society’s requirements: welfare"
## [1193] "leeches, youth gang members, cultists, anti government rebels, radical"
## [1194] "environmentalist saboteurs, dropouts and resisters of various kinds."
## [1195] "117. in any technologically advanced society the individual’s fate"
## [1196] "must depend on decisions that he personally cannot influence to any"
## [1197] "great extent. a technological society cannot be broken down into small,"
## [1198] "autonomous communities, because production depends on the cooperation of"
## [1199] "very large numbers of people and machines. such a society must be highly"
## [1200] "organized and decisions have to be made that affect very large numbers"
## [1201] "of people. when a decision affects, say, a million people, then each"
## [1202] "of the affected individuals has, on the average, only a one millionth"
## [1203] "share in making the decision. what usually happens in practice is that"
## [1204] "decisions are made by public officials or corporation executives, or"
## [1205] "by technical specialists, but even when the public votes on a decision"
## [1206] "the number of voters ordinarily is too large for the vote of any one"
## [1207] "individual to be significant. [17] thus most individuals are unable"
## [1208] "to influence measurably the major decisions that affect their lives."
## [1209] "there is no conceivable way to remedy this in a technologically advanced"
## [1210] "society. the system tries to “solve” this problem by using propaganda to"
## [1211] "make people want the decisions that have been made for them, but even if"
## [1212] "this “solution” were completely successful in making people feel better,"
## [1213] "it would be demeaning. 118. conservatives and some others advocate more"
## [1214] "“local autonomy.” local communities once did have autonomy, but such"
## [1215] "autonomy becomes less and less possible as local communities become"
## [1216] "more enmeshed with and dependent on large scale systems like public"
## [1217] "utilities, computer networks, highway systems, the mass communications"
## [1218] "media, the modern health care system. also operating against autonomy"
## [1219] "is the fact that technology applied in one location often affects people"
## [1220] "at other locations far way. thus pesticide or chemical use near a creek"
## [1221] "may contaminate the water supply hundreds of miles downstream, and the"
## [1222] "greenhouse effect affects the whole world. 119. the system does not and"
## [1223] "cannot exist to satisfy human needs. instead, it is human behavior that"
## [1224] "has to be modified to fit the needs of the system. this has nothing to"
## [1225] "do with the political or social ideology that may pretend to guide the"
## [1226] "technological system. it is the fault of technology, because the system"
## [1227] "is guided not by ideology but by technical necessity. [18] of course"
## [1228] "the system does satisfy many human needs, but generally speaking it"
## [1229] "does this only to the extend that it is to the advantage of the system"
## [1230] "to do it. it is the needs of the system that are paramount, not those"
## [1231] "of the human being. for example, the system provides people with food"
## [1232] "because the system couldn’t function if everyone starved; it attends"
## [1233] "to people’s psychological needs whenever it can conveniently do so,"
## [1234] "because it couldn’t function if too many people became depressed or"
## [1235] "rebellious. but the system, for good, solid, practical reasons, must"
## [1236] "exert constant pressure on people to mold their behavior to the needs"
## [1237] "of the system. to much waste accumulating? the government, the media,"
## [1238] "the educational system, environmentalists, everyone inundates us with"
## [1239] "a mass of propaganda about recycling. need more technical personnel?"
## [1240] "a chorus of voices exhorts kids to study science. no one stops to ask"
## [1241] "whether it is inhumane to force adolescents to spend the bulk of their"
## [1242] "time studying subjects most of them hate. when skilled workers are put"
## [1243] "out of a job by technical advances and have to undergo “retraining,” no"
## [1244] "one asks whether it is humiliating for them to be pushed around in this"
## [1245] "way. it is simply taken for granted that everyone must bow to technical"
## [1246] "necessity. and for good reason: if human needs were put before technical"
## [1247] "necessity there would be economic problems, unemployment, shortages"
## [1248] "or worse. the concept of “mental health” in our society is defined"
## [1249] "largely by the extent to which an individual behaves in accord with the"
## [1250] "needs of the system and does so without showing signs of stress. 120."
## [1251] "efforts to make room for a sense of purpose and for autonomy within the"
## [1252] "system are no better than a joke. for example, one company, instead of"
## [1253] "having each of its employees assemble only one section of a catalogue,"
## [1254] "had each assemble a whole catalogue, and this was supposed to give"
## [1255] "them a sense of purpose and achievement. some companies have tried to"
## [1256] "give their employees more autonomy in their work, but for practical"
## [1257] "reasons this usually can be done only to a very limited extent, and"
## [1258] "in any case employees are never given autonomy as to ultimate goals—"
## [1259] "their “autonomous” efforts can never be directed toward goals that they"
## [1260] "select personally, but only toward their employer’s goals, such as the"
## [1261] "survival and growth of the company. any company would soon go out of"
## [1262] "business if it permitted its employees to act otherwise. similarly,"
## [1263] "in any enterprise within a socialist system, workers must direct their"
## [1264] "efforts toward the goals of the enterprise, otherwise the enterprise"
## [1265] "will not serve its purpose as part of the system. once again, for"
## [1266] "purely technical reasons it is not possible for most individuals or"
## [1267] "small groups to have much autonomy in industrial society. even the"
## [1268] "small business owner commonly has only limited autonomy. apart from the"
## [1269] "necessity of government regulation, he is restricted by the fact that"
## [1270] "he must fit into the economic system and conform to its requirements."
## [1271] "for instance, when someone develops a new technology, the small"
## [1272] "business person often has to use that technology whether he wants to"
## [1273] "or not, in order to remain competitive. the ‘bad’ parts of technology"
## [1274] "cannot be separated from the ‘good’ parts 121. a further reason why"
## [1275] "industrial society cannot be reformed in favor of freedom is that modern"
## [1276] "technology is a unified system in which all parts are dependent on one"
## [1277] "another. you can’t get rid of the “bad” parts of technology and retain"
## [1278] "only the “good” parts. take modern medicine, for example. progress in"
## [1279] "medical science depends on progress in chemistry, physics, biology,"
## [1280] "computer science and other fields. advanced medical treatments require"
## [1281] "expensive, high tech equipment that can be made available only by a"
## [1282] "technologically progressive, economically rich society. clearly you"
## [1283] "can’t have much progress in medicine without the whole technological"
## [1284] "system and everything that goes with it. 122. even if medical progress"
## [1285] "could be maintained without the rest of the technological system, it"
## [1286] "would by itself bring certain evils. suppose for example that a cure"
## [1287] "for diabetes is discovered. people with a genetic tendency to diabetes"
## [1288] "will then be able to survive and reproduce as well as anyone else."
## [1289] "natural selection against genes for diabetes will cease and such genes"
## [1290] "will spread throughout the population. (this may be occurring to some"
## [1291] "extent already, since diabetes, while not curable, can be controlled"
## [1292] "through use of insulin.) the same thing will happen with many other"
## [1293] "diseases susceptibility to which is affected by genetic degradation"
## [1294] "of the population. the only solution will be some sort of eugenics"
## [1295] "program or extensive genetic engineering of human beings, so that man"
## [1296] "in the future will no longer be a creation of nature, or of chance, or"
## [1297] "of god (depending on your religious or philosophical opinions), but a"
## [1298] "manufactured product. 123. if you think that big government interferes"
## [1299] "in your life too much now, just wait till the government starts"
## [1300] "regulating the genetic constitution of your children. such regulation"
## [1301] "will inevitably follow the introduction of genetic engineering of human"
## [1302] "beings, because the consequences of unregulated genetic engineering"
## [1303] "would be disastrous. [19] 124. the usual response to such concerns is"
## [1304] "to talk about “medical ethics.” but a code of ethics would not serve"
## [1305] "to protect freedom in the face of medical progress; it would only"
## [1306] "make matters worse. a code of ethics applicable to genetic engineering"
## [1307] "would be in effect a means of regulating the genetic constitution"
## [1308] "of human beings. somebody (probably the upper middle class, mostly)"
## [1309] "would decide that such and such applications of genetic engineering"
## [1310] "were “ethical” and others were not, so that in effect they would be"
## [1311] "imposing their own values on the genetic constitution of the population"
## [1312] "at large. even if a code of ethics were chosen on a completely"
## [1313] "democratic basis, the majority would be imposing their own values on"
## [1314] "any minorities who might have a different idea of what constituted"
## [1315] "an “ethical” use of genetic engineering. the only code of ethics that"
## [1316] "would truly protect freedom would be one that prohibited any genetic"
## [1317] "engineering of human beings, and you can be sure that no such code"
## [1318] "will ever be applied in a technological society. no code that reduced"
## [1319] "genetic engineering to a minor role could stand up for long, because"
## [1320] "the temptation presented by the immense power of biotechnology would"
## [1321] "be irresistible, especially since to the majority of people many of its"
## [1322] "applications will seem obviously and unequivocally good (eliminating"
## [1323] "physical and mental diseases, giving people the abilities they need"
## [1324] "to get along in today’s world). inevitably, genetic engineering will"
## [1325] "be used extensively, but only in ways consistent with the needs of the"
## [1326] "industrial technological system. [20] technology is a more powerful"
## [1327] "social force than the aspiration for freedom 125. it is not possible"
## [1328] "to make a lasting compromise between technology and freedom, because"
## [1329] "technology is by far the more powerful social force and continually"
## [1330] "encroaches on freedom through repeated compromises. imagine the case"
## [1331] "of two neighbors, each of whom at the outset owns the same amount of"
## [1332] "land, but one of whom is more powerful than the other. the powerful one"
## [1333] "demands a piece of the other’s land. the weak one refuses. the powerful"
## [1334] "one says, “ok, let’s compromise. give me half of what i asked.” the"
## [1335] "weak one has little choice but to give in. some time later the powerful"
## [1336] "neighbor demands another piece of land, again there is a compromise,"
## [1337] "and so forth. by forcing a long series of compromises on the weaker"
## [1338] "man, the powerful one eventually gets all of his land. so it goes in"
## [1339] "the conflict between technology and freedom. 126. let us explain why"
## [1340] "technology is a more powerful social force than the aspiration for"
## [1341] "freedom. 127. a technological advance that appears not to threaten"
## [1342] "freedom often turns out to threaten it very seriously later on. for"
## [1343] "example, consider motorized transport. a walking man formerly could"
## [1344] "go where he pleased, go at his own pace without observing any traffic"
## [1345] "regulations, and was independent of technological support systems."
## [1346] "when motor vehicles were introduced they appeared to increase man’s"
## [1347] "freedom. they took no freedom away from the walking man, no one had to"
## [1348] "have an automobile if he didn’t want one, and anyone who did choose to"
## [1349] "buy an automobile could travel much faster and farther than a walking"
## [1350] "man. but the introduction of motorized transport soon changed society"
## [1351] "in such a way as to restrict greatly man’s freedom of locomotion. when"
## [1352] "automobiles became numerous, it became necessary to regulate their use"
## [1353] "extensively. in a car, especially in densely populated areas, one cannot"
## [1354] "just go where one likes at one’s own pace one’s movement is governed"
## [1355] "by the flow of traffic and by various traffic laws. one is tied down"
## [1356] "by various obligations: license requirements, driver test, renewing"
## [1357] "registration, insurance, maintenance required for safety, monthly"
## [1358] "payments on purchase price. moreover, the use of motorized transport is"
## [1359] "no longer optional. since the introduction of motorized transport the"
## [1360] "arrangement of our cities has changed in such a way that the majority"
## [1361] "of people no longer live within walking distance of their place of"
## [1362] "employment, shopping areas and recreational opportunities, so that they"
## [1363] "have to depend on the automobile for transportation. or else they must"
## [1364] "use public transportation, in which case they have even less control"
## [1365] "over their own movement than when driving a car. even the walker’s"
## [1366] "freedom is now greatly restricted. in the city he continually has to"
## [1367] "stop to wait for traffic lights that are designed mainly to serve auto"
## [1368] "traffic. in the country, motor traffic makes it dangerous and unpleasant"
## [1369] "to walk along the highway. (note this important point that we have just"
## [1370] "illustrated with the case of motorized transport: when a new item of"
## [1371] "technology is introduced as an option that an individual can accept"
## [1372] "or not as he chooses, it does not necessarily remain optional. in many"
## [1373] "cases the new technology changes society in such a way that people"
## [1374] "eventually find themselves forced to use it.) 128. while technological"
## [1375] "progress as a whole continually narrows our sphere of freedom, each"
## [1376] "new technical advance considered by itself appears to be desirable."
## [1377] "electricity, indoor plumbing, rapid long distance communications ..."
## [1378] "how could one argue against any of these things, or against any other"
## [1379] "of the innumerable technical advances that have made modern society?"
## [1380] "it would have been absurd to resist the introduction of the telephone,"
## [1381] "for example. it offered many advantages and no disadvantages. yet,"
## [1382] "as we explained in paragraphs 59 76, all these technical advances"
## [1383] "taken together have created a world in which the average man’s fate"
## [1384] "is no longer in his own hands or in the hands of his neighbors and"
## [1385] "friends, but in those of politicians, corporation executives and"
## [1386] "remote, anonymous technicians and bureaucrats whom he as an individual"
## [1387] "has no power to influence. [21] the same process will continue in the"
## [1388] "future. take genetic engineering, for example. few people will resist"
## [1389] "the introduction of a genetic technique that eliminates a hereditary"
## [1390] "disease. it does no apparent harm and prevents much suffering. yet a"
## [1391] "large number of genetic improvements taken together will make the human"
## [1392] "being into an engineered product rather than a free creation of chance"
## [1393] "(or of god, or whatever, depending on your religious beliefs). 129."
## [1394] "another reason why technology is such a powerful social force is that,"
## [1395] "within the context of a given society, technological progress marches"
## [1396] "in only one direction; it can never be reversed. once a technical"
## [1397] "innovation has been introduced, people usually become dependent on"
## [1398] "it, so that they can never again do without it, unless it is replaced"
## [1399] "by some still more advanced innovation. not only do people become"
## [1400] "dependent as individuals on a new item of technology, but, even more,"
## [1401] "the system as a whole becomes dependent on it. (imagine what would"
## [1402] "happen to the system today if computers, for example, were eliminated.)"
## [1403] "thus the system can move in only one direction, toward greater"
## [1404] "technologization. technology repeatedly forces freedom to take a step"
## [1405] "back, but technology can never take a step back—short of the overthrow"
## [1406] "of the whole technological system. 130. technology advances with great"
## [1407] "rapidity and threatens freedom at many different points at the same time"
## [1408] "(crowding, rules and regulations, increasing dependence of individuals"
## [1409] "on large organizations, propaganda and other psychological techniques,"
## [1410] "genetic engineering, invasion of privacy through surveillance devices"
## [1411] "and computers, etc.). to hold back any one of the threats to freedom"
## [1412] "would require a long and difficult social struggle. those who want to"
## [1413] "protect freedom are overwhelmed by the sheer number of new attacks and"
## [1414] "the rapidity with which they develop, hence they become apathetic and no"
## [1415] "longer resist. to fight each of the threats separately would be futile."
## [1416] "success can be hoped for only by fighting the technological system as a"
## [1417] "whole; but that is revolution, not reform. 131. technicians (we use this"
## [1418] "term in its broad sense to describe all those who perform a specialized"
## [1419] "task that requires training) tend to be so involved in their work (their"
## [1420] "surrogate activity) that when a conflict arises between their technical"
## [1421] "work and freedom, they almost always decide in favor of their technical"
## [1422] "work. this is obvious in the case of scientists, but it also appears"
## [1423] "elsewhere: educators, humanitarian groups, conservation organizations do"
## [1424] "not hesitate to use propaganda or other psychological techniques to help"
## [1425] "them achieve their laudable ends. corporations and government agencies,"
## [1426] "when they find it useful, do not hesitate to collect information about"
## [1427] "individuals without regard to their privacy. law enforcement agencies"
## [1428] "are frequently inconvenienced by the constitutional rights of suspects"
## [1429] "and often of completely innocent persons, and they do whatever they"
## [1430] "can do legally (or sometimes illegally) to restrict or circumvent"
## [1431] "those rights. most of these educators, government officials and law"
## [1432] "officers believe in freedom, privacy and constitutional rights, but"
## [1433] "when these conflict with their work, they usually feel that their"
## [1434] "work is more important. 132. it is well known that people generally"
## [1435] "work better and more persistently when striving for a reward than when"
## [1436] "attempting to avoid a punishment or negative outcome. scientists and"
## [1437] "other technicians are motivated mainly by the rewards they get through"
## [1438] "their work. but those who oppose technological invasions of freedom"
## [1439] "are working to avoid a negative outcome, consequently there are few who"
## [1440] "work persistently and well at this discouraging task. if reformers ever"
## [1441] "achieved a signal victory that seemed to set up a solid barrier against"
## [1442] "further erosion of freedom through technical progress, most would tend"
## [1443] "to relax and turn their attention to more agreeable pursuits. but the"
## [1444] "scientists would remain busy in their laboratories, and technology as"
## [1445] "it progresses would find ways, in spite of any barriers, to exert more"
## [1446] "and more control over individuals and make them always more dependent"
## [1447] "on the system. 133. no social arrangements, whether laws, institutions,"
## [1448] "customs or ethical codes, can provide permanent protection against"
## [1449] "technology. history shows that all social arrangements are transitory;"
## [1450] "they all change or break down eventually. but technological advances"
## [1451] "are permanent within the context of a given civilization. suppose for"
## [1452] "example that it were possible to arrive at some social arrangements that"
## [1453] "would prevent genetic engineering from being applied to human beings,"
## [1454] "or prevent it from being applied in such a way as to threaten freedom"
## [1455] "and dignity. still, the technology would remain waiting. sooner or later"
## [1456] "the social arrangement would break down. probably sooner, given the"
## [1457] "pace of change in our society. then genetic engineering would begin to"
## [1458] "invade our sphere of freedom, and this invasion would be irreversible"
## [1459] "(short of a breakdown of technological civilization itself). any"
## [1460] "illusions about achieving anything permanent through social arrangements"
## [1461] "should be dispelled by what is currently happening with environmental"
## [1462] "legislation. a few years ago its seemed that there were secure legal"
## [1463] "barriers preventing at least some of the worst forms of environmental"
## [1464] "degradation. a change in the political wind, and those barriers begin"
## [1465] "to crumble. 134. for all of the foregoing reasons, technology is a"
## [1466] "more powerful social force than the aspiration for freedom. but this"
## [1467] "statement requires an important qualification. it appears that during"
## [1468] "the next several decades the industrial technological system will be"
## [1469] "undergoing severe stresses due to economic and environmental problems,"
## [1470] "and especially due to problems of human behavior (alienation, rebellion,"
## [1471] "hostility, a variety of social and psychological difficulties). we hope"
## [1472] "that the stresses through which the system is likely to pass will cause"
## [1473] "it to break down, or at least will weaken it sufficiently so that a"
## [1474] "revolution against it becomes possible. if such a revolution occurs and"
## [1475] "is successful, then at that particular moment the aspiration for freedom"
## [1476] "will have proved more powerful than technology. 135. in paragraph"
## [1477] "125 we used an analogy of a weak neighbor who is left destitute by a"
## [1478] "strong neighbor who takes all his land by forcing on him a series of"
## [1479] "compromises. but suppose now that the strong neighbor gets sick, so"
## [1480] "that he is unable to defend himself. the weak neighbor can force the"
## [1481] "strong one to give him his land back, or he can kill him. if he lets the"
## [1482] "strong man survive and only forces him to give the land back, he is a"
## [1483] "fool, because when the strong man gets well he will again take all the"
## [1484] "land for himself. the only sensible alternative for the weaker man is"
## [1485] "to kill the strong one while he has the chance. in the same way, while"
## [1486] "the industrial system is sick we must destroy it. if we compromise with"
## [1487] "it and let it recover from its sickness, it will eventually wipe out"
## [1488] "all of our freedom. simpler social problems have proved intractable 136."
## [1489] "if anyone still imagines that it would be possible to reform the system"
## [1490] "in such a way as to protect freedom from technology, let him consider"
## [1491] "how clumsily and for the most part unsuccessfully our society has dealt"
## [1492] "with other social problems that are far more simple and straightforward."
## [1493] "among other things, the system has failed to stop environmental"
## [1494] "degradation, political corruption, drug trafficking or domestic abuse."
## [1495] "137. take our environmental problems, for example. here the conflict"
## [1496] "of values is straightforward: economic expedience now versus saving"
## [1497] "some of our natural resources for our grandchildren. [22] but on this"
## [1498] "subject we get only a lot of blather and obfuscation from the people"
## [1499] "who have power, and nothing like a clear, consistent line of action,"
## [1500] "and we keep on piling up environmental problems that our grandchildren"
## [1501] "will have to live with. attempts to resolve the environmental issue"
## [1502] "consist of struggles and compromises between different factions, some of"
## [1503] "which are ascendant at one moment, others at another moment. the line of"
## [1504] "struggle changes with the shifting currents of public opinion. this is"
## [1505] "not a rational process, nor is it one that is likely to lead to a timely"
## [1506] "and successful solution to the problem. major social problems, if they"
## [1507] "get “solved” at all, are rarely or never solved through any rational,"
## [1508] "comprehensive plan. they just work themselves out through a process in"
## [1509] "which various competing groups pursuing their own (usually short term)"
## [1510] "self interest [23] arrive (mainly by luck) at some more or less stable"
## [1511] "modus vivendi. in fact, the principles we formulated in paragraphs 100"
## [1512] "106 make it seem doubtful that rational, long term social planning can"
## [1513] "ever be successful. 138. thus it is clear that the human race has at"
## [1514] "best a very limited capacity for solving even relatively straightforward"
## [1515] "social problems. how then is it going to solve the far more difficult"
## [1516] "and subtle problem of reconciling freedom with technology? technology"
## [1517] "presents clear cut material advantages, whereas freedom is an"
## [1518] "abstraction that means different things to different people, and its"
## [1519] "loss is easily obscured by propaganda and fancy talk. 139. and note"
## [1520] "this important difference: it is conceivable that our environmental"
## [1521] "problems (for example) may some day be settled through a rational,"
## [1522] "comprehensive plan, but if this happens it will be only because it is"
## [1523] "in the long term interest of the system to solve these problems. but it"
## [1524] "is not in the interest of the system to preserve freedom or small group"
## [1525] "autonomy. on the contrary, it is in the interest of the system to bring"
## [1526] "human behavior under control to the greatest possible extent. [24] thus,"
## [1527] "while practical considerations may eventually force the system to take a"
## [1528] "rational, prudent approach to environmental problems, equally practical"
## [1529] "considerations will force the system to regulate human behavior ever"
## [1530] "more closely (preferably by indirect means that will disguise the"
## [1531] "encroachment on freedom). this isn’t just our opinion. eminent social"
## [1532] "scientists (e.g. james q. wilson) have stressed the importance of"
## [1533] "“socializing” people more effectively. revolution is easier than reform"
## [1534] "140. we hope we have convinced the reader that the system cannot be"
## [1535] "reformed in such a way as to reconcile freedom with technology. the"
## [1536] "only way out is to dispense with the industrial technological system"
## [1537] "altogether. this implies revolution, not necessarily an armed uprising,"
## [1538] "but certainly a radical and fundamental change in the nature of society."
## [1539] "141. people tend to assume that because a revolution involves a much"
## [1540] "greater change than reform does, it is more difficult to bring about"
## [1541] "than reform is. actually, under certain circumstances revolution is"
## [1542] "much easier than reform. the reason is that a revolutionary movement"
## [1543] "can inspire an intensity of commitment that a reform movement cannot"
## [1544] "inspire. a reform movement merely offers to solve a particular social"
## [1545] "problem. a revolutionary movement offers to solve all problems at one"
## [1546] "stroke and create a whole new world; it provides the kind of ideal for"
## [1547] "which people will take great risks and make great sacrifices. for this"
## [1548] "reasons it would be much easier to overthrow the whole technological"
## [1549] "system than to put effective, permanent restraints on the development"
## [1550] "or application of any one segment of technology, such as genetic"
## [1551] "engineering, for example. not many people will devote themselves with"
## [1552] "single minded passion to imposing and maintaining restraints on genetic"
## [1553] "engineering, but under suitable conditions large numbers of people may"
## [1554] "devote themselves passionately to a revolution against the industrial"
## [1555] "technological system. as we noted in paragraph 132, reformers seeking"
## [1556] "to limit certain aspects of technology would be working to avoid a"
## [1557] "negative outcome. but revolutionaries work to gain a powerful reward—"
## [1558] "fulfillment of their revolutionary vision—and therefore work harder and"
## [1559] "more persistently than reformers do. 142. reform is always restrained"
## [1560] "by the fear of painful consequences if changes go too far. but once a"
## [1561] "revolutionary fever has taken hold of a society, people are willing to"
## [1562] "undergo unlimited hardships for the sake of their revolution. this was"
## [1563] "clearly shown in the french and russian revolutions. it may be that"
## [1564] "in such cases only a minority of the population is really committed"
## [1565] "to the revolution, but this minority is sufficiently large and active"
## [1566] "so that it becomes the dominant force in society. we will have more to"
## [1567] "say about revolution in paragraphs 180 205. control of human behavior"
## [1568] "143. since the beginning of civilization, organized societies have"
## [1569] "had to put pressures on human beings of the sake of the functioning"
## [1570] "of the social organism. the kinds of pressures vary greatly from one"
## [1571] "society to another. some of the pressures are physical (poor diet,"
## [1572] "excessive labor, environmental pollution), some are psychological"
## [1573] "(noise, crowding, forcing human behavior into the mold that society"
## [1574] "requires). in the past, human nature has been approximately constant,"
## [1575] "or at any rate has varied only within certain bounds. consequently,"
## [1576] "societies have been able to push people only up to certain limits. when"
## [1577] "the limit of human endurance has been passed, things start going wrong:"
## [1578] "rebellion, or crime, or corruption, or evasion of work, or depression"
## [1579] "and other mental problems, or an elevated death rate, or a declining"
## [1580] "birth rate or something else, so that either the society breaks down,"
## [1581] "or its functioning becomes too inefficient and it is (quickly or"
## [1582] "gradually, through conquest, attrition or evolution) replaced by some"
## [1583] "more efficient form of society. [25] 144. thus human nature has in the"
## [1584] "past put certain limits on the development of societies. people could"
## [1585] "be pushed only so far and no farther. but today this may be changing,"
## [1586] "because modern technology is developing ways of modifying human beings."
## [1587] "145. imagine a society that subjects people to conditions that make them"
## [1588] "terribly unhappy, then gives them drugs to take away their unhappiness."
## [1589] "science fiction? it is already happening to some extent in our own"
## [1590] "society. it is well known that the rate of clinical depression has been"
## [1591] "greatly increasing in recent decades. we believe that this is due to"
## [1592] "disruption of the power process, as explained in paragraphs 59 76. but"
## [1593] "even if we are wrong, the increasing rate of depression is certainly"
## [1594] "the result of some conditions that exist in today’s society. instead"
## [1595] "of removing the conditions that make people depressed, modern society"
## [1596] "gives them antidepressant drugs. in effect, antidepressants are a"
## [1597] "means of modifying an individual’s internal state in such a way as to"
## [1598] "enable him to tolerate social conditions that he would otherwise find"
## [1599] "intolerable. (yes, we know that depression is often of purely genetic"
## [1600] "origin. we are referring here to those cases in which environment plays"
## [1601] "the predominant role.) 146. drugs that affect the mind are only one"
## [1602] "example of the new methods of controlling human behavior that modern"
## [1603] "society is developing. let us look at some of the other methods. 147."
## [1604] "to start with, there are the techniques of surveillance. hidden video"
## [1605] "cameras are now used in most stores and in many other places, computers"
## [1606] "are used to collect and process vast amounts of information about"
## [1607] "individuals. information so obtained greatly increases the effectiveness"
## [1608] "of physical coercion (i.e., law enforcement). [26] then there are"
## [1609] "the methods of propaganda, for which the mass communication media"
## [1610] "provide effective vehicles. efficient techniques have been developed"
## [1611] "for winning elections, selling products, influencing public opinion."
## [1612] "the entertainment industry serves as an important psychological tool"
## [1613] "of the system, possibly even when it is dishing out large amounts of"
## [1614] "sex and violence. entertainment provides modern man with an essential"
## [1615] "means of escape. while absorbed in television, videos, etc., he can"
## [1616] "forget stress, anxiety, frustration, dissatisfaction. many primitive"
## [1617] "peoples, when they don’t have work to do, are quite content to sit for"
## [1618] "hours at a time doing nothing at all, because they are at peace with"
## [1619] "themselves and their world. but most modern people must be constantly"
## [1620] "occupied or entertained, otherwise they get “bored,” i.e., they get"
## [1621] "fidgety, uneasy, irritable. 148. other techniques strike deeper than"
## [1622] "the foregoing. education is no longer a simple affair of paddling a"
## [1623] "kid’s behind when he doesn’t know his lessons and patting him on the"
## [1624] "head when he does know them. it is becoming a scientific technique"
## [1625] "for controlling the child’s development. sylvan learning centers, for"
## [1626] "example, have had great success in motivating children to study, and"
## [1627] "psychological techniques are also used with more or less success in"
## [1628] "many conventional schools. “parenting” techniques that are taught to"
## [1629] "parents are designed to make children accept fundamental values of"
## [1630] "the system and behave in ways that the system finds desirable. “mental"
## [1631] "health” programs, “intervention” techniques, psychotherapy and so"
## [1632] "forth are ostensibly designed to benefit individuals, but in practice"
## [1633] "they usually serve as methods for inducing individuals to think and"
## [1634] "behave as the system requires. (there is no contradiction here; an"
## [1635] "individual whose attitudes or behavior bring him into conflict with the"
## [1636] "system is up against a force that is too powerful for him to conquer"
## [1637] "or escape from, hence he is likely to suffer from stress, frustration,"
## [1638] "defeat. his path will be much easier if he thinks and behaves as the"
## [1639] "system requires. in that sense the system is acting for the benefit"
## [1640] "of the individual when it brainwashes him into conformity.) child"
## [1641] "abuse in its gross and obvious forms is disapproved in most if not"
## [1642] "all cultures. tormenting a child for a trivial reason or no reason at"
## [1643] "all is something that appalls almost everyone. but many psychologists"
## [1644] "interpret the concept of abuse much more broadly. is spanking, when"
## [1645] "used as part of a rational and consistent system of discipline, a form"
## [1646] "of abuse? the question will ultimately be decided by whether or not"
## [1647] "spanking tends to produce behavior that makes a person fit in well with"
## [1648] "the existing system of society. in practice, the word “abuse” tends"
## [1649] "to be interpreted to include any method of child rearing that produces"
## [1650] "behavior inconvenient for the system. thus, when they go beyond the"
## [1651] "prevention of obvious, senseless cruelty, programs for preventing “child"
## [1652] "abuse” are directed toward the control of human behavior on behalf"
## [1653] "of the system. 149. presumably, research will continue to increase"
## [1654] "the effectiveness of psychological techniques for controlling human"
## [1655] "behavior. but we think it is unlikely that psychological techniques"
## [1656] "alone will be sufficient to adjust human beings to the kind of society"
## [1657] "that technology is creating. biological methods probably will have to"
## [1658] "be used. we have already mentioned the use of drugs in this connection."
## [1659] "neurology may provide other avenues for modifying the human mind."
## [1660] "genetic engineering of human beings is already beginning to occur in"
## [1661] "the form of “gene therapy,” and there is no reason to assume that such"
## [1662] "methods will not eventually be used to modify those aspects of the"
## [1663] "body that affect mental functioning. 150. as we mentioned in paragraph"
## [1664] "134, industrial society seems likely to be entering a period of severe"
## [1665] "stress, due in part to problems of human behavior and in part to"
## [1666] "economic and environmental problems. and a considerable proportion"
## [1667] "of the system’s economic and environmental problems result from the"
## [1668] "way human beings behave. alienation, low self esteem, depression,"
## [1669] "hostility, rebellion; children who won’t study, youth gangs, illegal"
## [1670] "drug use, rape, child abuse, other crimes, unsafe sex, teen pregnancy,"
## [1671] "population growth, political corruption, race hatred, ethnic rivalry,"
## [1672] "bitter ideological conflict (e.g., pro choice vs. pro life), political"
## [1673] "extremism, terrorism, sabotage, anti government groups, hate groups."
## [1674] "all these threaten the very survival of the system. the system will"
## [1675] "therefore be forced to use every practical means of controlling human"
## [1676] "behavior. 151. the social disruption that we see today is certainly not"
## [1677] "the result of mere chance. it can only be a result of the conditions of"
## [1678] "life that the system imposes on people. (we have argued that the most"
## [1679] "important of these conditions is disruption of the power process.) if"
## [1680] "the systems succeeds in imposing sufficient control over human behavior"
## [1681] "to assure its own survival, a new watershed in human history will have"
## [1682] "been passed. whereas formerly the limits of human endurance have imposed"
## [1683] "limits on the development of societies (as we explained in paragraphs"
## [1684] "143, 144), industrial technological society will be able to pass those"
## [1685] "limits by modifying human beings, whether by psychological methods"
## [1686] "or biological methods or both. in the future, social systems will not"
## [1687] "be adjusted to suit the needs of human beings. instead, human being"
## [1688] "will be adjusted to suit the needs of the system. [27] 152. generally"
## [1689] "speaking, technological control over human behavior will probably not"
## [1690] "be introduced with a totalitarian intention or even through a conscious"
## [1691] "desire to restrict human freedom. [28] each new step in the assertion"
## [1692] "of control over the human mind will be taken as a rational response to"
## [1693] "a problem that faces society, such as curing alcoholism, reducing the"
## [1694] "crime rate or inducing young people to study science and engineering. in"
## [1695] "many cases there will be a humanitarian justification. for example, when"
## [1696] "a psychiatrist prescribes an anti depressant for a depressed patient,"
## [1697] "he is clearly doing that individual a favor. it would be inhumane to"
## [1698] "withhold the drug from someone who needs it. when parents send their"
## [1699] "children to sylvan learning centers to have them manipulated into"
## [1700] "becoming enthusiastic about their studies, they do so from concern for"
## [1701] "their children’s welfare. it may be that some of these parents wish"
## [1702] "that one didn’t have to have specialized training to get a job and that"
## [1703] "their kid didn’t have to be brainwashed into becoming a computer nerd."
## [1704] "but what can they do? they can’t change society, and their child may"
## [1705] "be unemployable if he doesn’t have certain skills. so they send him"
## [1706] "to sylvan. 153. thus control over human behavior will be introduced"
## [1707] "not by a calculated decision of the authorities but through a process"
## [1708] "of social evolution (rapid evolution, however). the process will be"
## [1709] "impossible to resist, because each advance, considered by itself, will"
## [1710] "appear to be beneficial, or at least the evil involved in making the"
## [1711] "advance will appear to be beneficial, or at least the evil involved in"
## [1712] "making the advance will seem to be less than that which would result"
## [1713] "from not making it (see paragraph 127). propaganda for example is used"
## [1714] "for many good purposes, such as discouraging child abuse or race hatred."
## [1715] "[14] sex education is obviously useful, yet the effect of sex education"
## [1716] "(to the extent that it is successful) is to take the shaping of sexual"
## [1717] "attitudes away from the family and put it into the hands of the state"
## [1718] "as represented by the public school system. 154. suppose a biological"
## [1719] "trait is discovered that increases the likelihood that a child will"
## [1720] "grow up to be a criminal, and suppose some sort of gene therapy can"
## [1721] "remove this trait. [29] of course most parents whose children possess"
## [1722] "the trait will have them undergo the therapy. it would be inhumane to"
## [1723] "do otherwise, since the child would probably have a miserable life if"
## [1724] "he grew up to be a criminal. but many or most primitive societies have"
## [1725] "a low crime rate in comparison with that of our society, even though"
## [1726] "they have neither high tech methods of child rearing nor harsh systems"
## [1727] "of punishment. since there is no reason to suppose that more modern men"
## [1728] "than primitive men have innate predatory tendencies, the high crime rate"
## [1729] "of our society must be due to the pressures that modern conditions put"
## [1730] "on people, to which many cannot or will not adjust. thus a treatment"
## [1731] "designed to remove potential criminal tendencies is at least in part"
## [1732] "a way of re engineering people so that they suit the requirements of"
## [1733] "the system. 155. our society tends to regard as a “sickness” any mode"
## [1734] "of thought or behavior that is inconvenient for the system, and this"
## [1735] "is plausible because when an individual doesn’t fit into the system it"
## [1736] "causes pain to the individual as well as problems for the system. thus"
## [1737] "the manipulation of an individual to adjust him to the system is seen"
## [1738] "as a “cure” for a “sickness” and therefore as good. 156. in paragraph"
## [1739] "127 we pointed out that if the use of a new item of technology is"
## [1740] "initially optional, it does not necessarily remain optional, because"
## [1741] "the new technology tends to change society in such a way that it becomes"
## [1742] "difficult or impossible for an individual to function without using"
## [1743] "that technology. this applies also to the technology of human behavior."
## [1744] "in a world in which most children are put through a program to make"
## [1745] "them enthusiastic about studying, a parent will almost be forced to put"
## [1746] "his kid through such a program, because if he does not, then the kid"
## [1747] "will grow up to be, comparatively speaking, an ignoramus and therefore"
## [1748] "unemployable. or suppose a biological treatment is discovered that,"
## [1749] "without undesirable side effects, will greatly reduce the psychological"
## [1750] "stress from which so many people suffer in our society. if large numbers"
## [1751] "of people choose to undergo the treatment, then the general level of"
## [1752] "stress in society will be reduced, so that it will be possible for the"
## [1753] "system to increase the stress producing pressures. in fact, something"
## [1754] "like this seems to have happened already with one of our society’s"
## [1755] "most important psychological tools for enabling people to reduce (or at"
## [1756] "least temporarily escape from) stress, namely, mass entertainment (see"
## [1757] "paragraph 147). our use of mass entertainment is “optional”: no law"
## [1758] "requires us to watch television, listen to the radio, read magazines."
## [1759] "yet mass entertainment is a means of escape and stress reduction on"
## [1760] "which most of us have become dependent. everyone complains about the"
## [1761] "trashiness of television, but almost everyone watches it. a few have"
## [1762] "kicked the tv habit, but it would be a rare person who could get"
## [1763] "along today without using any form of mass entertainment. (yet until"
## [1764] "quite recently in human history most people got along very nicely with"
## [1765] "no other entertainment than that which each local community created"
## [1766] "for itself.) without the entertainment industry the system probably"
## [1767] "would not have been able to get away with putting as much stress"
## [1768] "producing pressure on us as it does. 157. assuming that industrial"
## [1769] "society survives, it is likely that technology will eventually acquire"
## [1770] "something approaching complete control over human behavior. it has been"
## [1771] "established beyond any rational doubt that human thought and behavior"
## [1772] "have a largely biological basis. as experimenters have demonstrated,"
## [1773] "feelings such as hunger, pleasure, anger and fear can be turned on"
## [1774] "and off by electrical stimulation of appropriate parts of the brain."
## [1775] "memories can be destroyed by damaging parts of the brain or they can"
## [1776] "be brought to the surface by electrical stimulation. hallucinations"
## [1777] "can be induced or moods changed by drugs. there may or may not be an"
## [1778] "immaterial human soul, but if there is one it clearly is less powerful"
## [1779] "that the biological mechanisms of human behavior. for if that were not"
## [1780] "the case then researchers would not be able so easily to manipulate"
## [1781] "human feelings and behavior with drugs and electrical currents. 158."
## [1782] "it presumably would be impractical for all people to have electrodes"
## [1783] "inserted in their heads so that they could be controlled by the"
## [1784] "authorities. but the fact that human thoughts and feelings are so"
## [1785] "open to biological intervention shows that the problem of controlling"
## [1786] "human behavior is mainly a technical problem; a problem of neurons,"
## [1787] "hormones and complex molecules; the kind of problem that is accessible"
## [1788] "to scientific attack. given the outstanding record of our society in"
## [1789] "solving technical problems, it is overwhelmingly probable that great"
## [1790] "advances will be made in the control of human behavior. 159. will public"
## [1791] "resistance prevent the introduction of technological control of human"
## [1792] "behavior? it certainly would if an attempt were made to introduce such"
## [1793] "control all at once. but since technological control will be introduced"
## [1794] "through a long sequence of small advances, there will be no rational"
## [1795] "and effective public resistance. (see paragraphs 127, 132, 153.) 160."
## [1796] "to those who think that all this sounds like science fiction, we point"
## [1797] "out that yesterday’s science fiction is today’s fact. the industrial"
## [1798] "revolution has radically altered man’s environment and way of life, and"
## [1799] "it is only to be expected that as technology is increasingly applied"
## [1800] "to the human body and mind, man himself will be altered as radically as"
## [1801] "his environment and way of life have been. human race at a crossroads"
## [1802] "161. but we have gotten ahead of our story. it is one thing to develop"
## [1803] "in the laboratory a series of psychological or biological techniques"
## [1804] "for manipulating human behavior and quite another to integrate these"
## [1805] "techniques into a functioning social system. the latter problem is"
## [1806] "the more difficult of the two. for example, while the techniques of"
## [1807] "educational psychology doubtless work quite well in the “lab schools”"
## [1808] "where they are developed, it is not necessarily easy to apply them"
## [1809] "effectively throughout our educational system. we all know what many of"
## [1810] "our schools are like. the teachers are too busy taking knives and guns"
## [1811] "away from the kids to subject them to the latest techniques for making"
## [1812] "them into computer nerds. thus, in spite of all its technical advances"
## [1813] "relating to human behavior, the system to date has not been impressively"
## [1814] "successful in controlling human beings. the people whose behavior is"
## [1815] "fairly well under the control of the system are those of the type that"
## [1816] "might be called “bourgeois.” but there are growing numbers of people who"
## [1817] "in one way or another are rebels against the system: welfare leaches,"
## [1818] "youth gangs, cultists, satanists, nazis, radical environmentalists,"
## [1819] "militiamen, etc. 162. the system is currently engaged in a desperate"
## [1820] "struggle to overcome certain problems that threaten its survival, among"
## [1821] "which the problems of human behavior are the most important. if the"
## [1822] "system succeeds in acquiring sufficient control over human behavior"
## [1823] "quickly enough, it will probably survive. otherwise it will break down."
## [1824] "we think the issue will most likely be resolved within the next several"
## [1825] "decades, say 40 to 100 years. 163. suppose the system survives the"
## [1826] "crisis of the next several decades. by that time it will have to have"
## [1827] "solved, or at least brought under control, the principal problems that"
## [1828] "confront it, in particular that of “socializing” human beings; that"
## [1829] "is, making people sufficiently docile so that heir behavior no longer"
## [1830] "threatens the system. that being accomplished, it does not appear that"
## [1831] "there would be any further obstacle to the development of technology,"
## [1832] "and it would presumably advance toward its logical conclusion, which"
## [1833] "is complete control over everything on earth, including human beings"
## [1834] "and all other important organisms. the system may become a unitary,"
## [1835] "monolithic organization, or it may be more or less fragmented and"
## [1836] "consist of a number of organizations coexisting in a relationship that"
## [1837] "includes elements of both cooperation and competition, just as today"
## [1838] "the government, the corporations and other large organizations both"
## [1839] "cooperate and compete with one another. human freedom mostly will have"
## [1840] "vanished, because individuals and small groups will be impotent vis"
## [1841] "a vis large organizations armed with supertechnology and an arsenal"
## [1842] "of advanced psychological and biological tools for manipulating human"
## [1843] "beings, besides instruments of surveillance and physical coercion."
## [1844] "only a small number of people will have any real power, and even these"
## [1845] "probably will have only very limited freedom, because their behavior"
## [1846] "too will be regulated; just as today our politicians and corporation"
## [1847] "executives can retain their positions of power only as long as their"
## [1848] "behavior remains within certain fairly narrow limits. 164. don’t"
## [1849] "imagine that the systems will stop developing further techniques for"
## [1850] "controlling human beings and nature once the crisis of the next few"
## [1851] "decades is over and increasing control is no longer necessary for the"
## [1852] "system’s survival. on the contrary, once the hard times are over the"
## [1853] "system will increase its control over people and nature more rapidly,"
## [1854] "because it will no longer be hampered by difficulties of the kind that"
## [1855] "it is currently experiencing. survival is not the principal motive for"
## [1856] "extending control. as we explained in paragraphs 87 90, technicians and"
## [1857] "scientists carry on their work largely as a surrogate activity; that"
## [1858] "is, they satisfy their need for power by solving technical problems."
## [1859] "they will continue to do this with unabated enthusiasm, and among the"
## [1860] "most interesting and challenging problems for them to solve will be"
## [1861] "those of understanding the human body and mind and intervening in their"
## [1862] "development. for the “good of humanity,” of course. 165. but suppose on"
## [1863] "the other hand that the stresses of the coming decades prove to be too"
## [1864] "much for the system. if the system breaks down there may be a period"
## [1865] "of chaos, a “time of troubles” such as those that history has recorded"
## [1866] "at various epochs in the past. it is impossible to predict what would"
## [1867] "emerge from such a time of troubles, but at any rate the human race"
## [1868] "would be given a new chance. the greatest danger is that industrial"
## [1869] "society may begin to reconstitute itself within the first few years"
## [1870] "after the breakdown. certainly there will be many people (power hungry"
## [1871] "types especially) who will be anxious to get the factories running"
## [1872] "again. 166. therefore two tasks confront those who hate the servitude to"
## [1873] "which the industrial system is reducing the human race. first, we must"
## [1874] "work to heighten the social stresses within the system so as to increase"
## [1875] "the likelihood that it will break down or be weakened sufficiently so"
## [1876] "that a revolution against it becomes possible. second, it is necessary"
## [1877] "to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and the"
## [1878] "industrial society if and when the system becomes sufficiently weakened."
## [1879] "and such an ideology will help to assure that, if and when industrial"
## [1880] "society breaks down, its remnants will be smashed beyond repair, so that"
## [1881] "the system cannot be reconstituted. the factories should be destroyed,"
## [1882] "technical books burned, etc. human suffering 167. the industrial system"
## [1883] "will not break down purely as a result of revolutionary action. it"
## [1884] "will not be vulnerable to revolutionary attack unless its own internal"
## [1885] "problems of development lead it into very serious difficulties. so if"
## [1886] "the system breaks down it will do so either spontaneously, or through a"
## [1887] "process that is in part spontaneous but helped along by revolutionaries."
## [1888] "if the breakdown is sudden, many people will die, since the world’s"
## [1889] "population has become so overblown that it cannot even feed itself any"
## [1890] "longer without advanced technology. even if the breakdown is gradual"
## [1891] "enough so that reduction of the population can occur more through"
## [1892] "lowering of the birth rate than through elevation of the death rate,"
## [1893] "the process of de industrialization probably will be very chaotic and"
## [1894] "involve much suffering. it is naive to think it likely that technology"
## [1895] "can be phased out in a smoothly managed, orderly way, especially since"
## [1896] "the technophiles will fight stubbornly at every step. is it therefore"
## [1897] "cruel to work for the breakdown of the system? maybe, but maybe not. in"
## [1898] "the first place, revolutionaries will not be able to break the system"
## [1899] "down unless it is already in enough trouble so that there would be a"
## [1900] "good chance of its eventually breaking down by itself anyway; and the"
## [1901] "bigger the system grows, the more disastrous the consequences of its"
## [1902] "breakdown will be; so it may be that revolutionaries, by hastening the"
## [1903] "onset of the breakdown, will be reducing the extent of the disaster."
## [1904] "168. in the second place, one has to balance struggle and death against"
## [1905] "the loss of freedom and dignity. to many of us, freedom and dignity"
## [1906] "are more important than a long life or avoidance of physical pain."
## [1907] "besides, we all have to die some time, and it may be better to die"
## [1908] "fighting for survival, or for a cause, than to live a long but empty"
## [1909] "and purposeless life. 169. in the third place, it is not at all certain"
## [1910] "that survival of the system will lead to less suffering than breakdown"
## [1911] "of the system would. the system has already caused, and is continuing"
## [1912] "to cause, immense suffering all over the world. ancient cultures, that"
## [1913] "for hundreds of years gave people a satisfactory relationship with"
## [1914] "each other and with their environment, have been shattered by contact"
## [1915] "with industrial society, and the result has been a whole catalogue"
## [1916] "of economic, environmental, social and psychological problems. one"
## [1917] "of the effects of the intrusion of industrial society has been that"
## [1918] "over much of the world traditional controls on population have been"
## [1919] "thrown out of balance. hence the population explosion, with all"
## [1920] "that that implies. then there is the psychological suffering that is"
## [1921] "widespread throughout the supposedly fortunate countries of the west"
## [1922] "(see paragraphs 44, 45). no one knows what will happen as a result"
## [1923] "of ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect and other environmental"
## [1924] "problems that cannot yet be foreseen. and, as nuclear proliferation has"
## [1925] "shown, new technology cannot be kept out of the hands of dictators and"
## [1926] "irresponsible third world nations. would you like to speculate about"
## [1927] "what iraq or north korea will do with genetic engineering? 170. “oh!”"
## [1928] "say the technophiles, “science is going to fix all that! we will conquer"
## [1929] "famine, eliminate psychological suffering, make everybody healthy and"
## [1930] "happy!” yeah, sure. that’s what they said 200 years ago. the industrial"
## [1931] "revolution was supposed to eliminate poverty, make everybody happy,"
## [1932] "etc. the actual result has been quite different. the technophiles are"
## [1933] "hopelessly naive (or self deceiving) in their understanding of social"
## [1934] "problems. they are unaware of (or choose to ignore) the fact that when"
## [1935] "large changes, even seemingly beneficial ones, are introduced into a"
## [1936] "society, they lead to a long sequence of other changes, most of which"
## [1937] "are impossible to predict (paragraph 103). the result is disruption"
## [1938] "of the society. so it is very probable that in their attempts to end"
## [1939] "poverty and disease, engineer docile, happy personalities and so forth,"
## [1940] "the technophiles will create social systems that are terribly troubled,"
## [1941] "even more so than the present once. for example, the scientists boast"
## [1942] "that they will end famine by creating new, genetically engineered food"
## [1943] "plants. but this will allow the human population to keep expanding"
## [1944] "indefinitely, and it is well known that crowding leads to increased"
## [1945] "stress and aggression. this is merely one example of the predictable"
## [1946] "problems that will arise. we emphasize that, as past experience has"
## [1947] "shown, technical progress will lead to other new problems that cannot be"
## [1948] "predicted in advance (paragraph 103). in fact, ever since the industrial"
## [1949] "revolution, technology has been creating new problems for society far"
## [1950] "more rapidly than it has been solving old ones. thus it will take a"
## [1951] "long and difficult period of trial and error for the technophiles to"
## [1952] "work the bugs out of their brave new world (if they every do). in the"
## [1953] "meantime there will be great suffering. so it is not at all clear that"
## [1954] "the survival of industrial society would involve less suffering than"
## [1955] "the breakdown of that society would. technology has gotten the human"
## [1956] "race into a fix from which there is not likely to be any easy escape."
## [1957] "the future 171. but suppose now that industrial society does survive"
## [1958] "the next several decades and that the bugs do eventually get worked"
## [1959] "out of the system, so that it functions smoothly. what kind of system"
## [1960] "will it be? we will consider several possibilities. 172. first let us"
## [1961] "postulate that the computer scientists succeed in developing intelligent"
## [1962] "machines that can do all things better than human beings can do them."
## [1963] "in that case presumably all work will be done by vast, highly organized"
## [1964] "systems of machines and no human effort will be necessary. either of"
## [1965] "two cases might occur. the machines might be permitted to make all of"
## [1966] "their own decisions without human oversight, or else human control over"
## [1967] "the machines might be retained. 173. if the machines are permitted to"
## [1968] "make all their own decisions, we can’t make any conjectures as to the"
## [1969] "results, because it is impossible to guess how such machines might"
## [1970] "behave. we only point out that the fate of the human race would be at"
## [1971] "the mercy of the machines. it might be argued that the human race would"
## [1972] "never be foolish enough to hand over all power to the machines. but"
## [1973] "we are suggesting neither that the human race would voluntarily turn"
## [1974] "power over to the machines nor that the machines would willfully seize"
## [1975] "power. what we do suggest is that the human race might easily permit"
## [1976] "itself to drift into a position of such dependence on the machines that"
## [1977] "it would have no practical choice but to accept all of the machines’"
## [1978] "decisions. as society and the problems that face it become more and"
## [1979] "more complex and as machines become more and more intelligent, people"
## [1980] "will let machines make more and more of their decisions for them,"
## [1981] "simply because machine made decisions will bring better results than"
## [1982] "man made ones. eventually a stage may be reached at which the decisions"
## [1983] "necessary to keep the system running will be so complex that human"
## [1984] "beings will be incapable of making them intelligently. at that stage"
## [1985] "the machines will be in effective control. people won’t be able to just"
## [1986] "turn the machines off, because they will be so dependent on them that"
## [1987] "turning them off would amount to suicide. 174. on the other hand it is"
## [1988] "possible that human control over the machines may be retained. in that"
## [1989] "case the average man may have control over certain private machines"
## [1990] "of his own, such as his car or his personal computer, but control over"
## [1991] "large systems of machines will be in the hands of a tiny elite—just as"
## [1992] "it is today, but with two differences. due to improved techniques the"
## [1993] "elite will have greater control over the masses; and because human work"
## [1994] "will no longer be necessary the masses will be superfluous, a useless"
## [1995] "burden on the system. if the elite is ruthless they may simply decide"
## [1996] "to exterminate the mass of humanity. if they are humane they may use"
## [1997] "propaganda or other psychological or biological techniques to reduce"
## [1998] "the birth rate until the mass of humanity becomes extinct, leaving the"
## [1999] "world to the elite. or, if the elite consists of soft hearted liberals,"
## [2000] "they may decide to play the role of good shepherds to the rest of the"
## [2001] "human race. they will see to it that everyone’s physical needs are"
## [2002] "satisfied, that all children are raised under psychologically hygienic"
## [2003] "conditions, that everyone has a wholesome hobby to keep him busy, and"
## [2004] "that anyone who may become dissatisfied undergoes “treatment” to cure"
## [2005] "his “problem.” of course, life will be so purposeless that people will"
## [2006] "have to be biologically or psychologically engineered either to remove"
## [2007] "their need for the power process or to make them “sublimate” their drive"
## [2008] "for power into some harmless hobby. these engineered human beings may"
## [2009] "be happy in such a society, but they most certainly will not be free."
## [2010] "they will have been reduced to the status of domestic animals. 175. but"
## [2011] "suppose now that the computer scientists do not succeed in developing"
## [2012] "artificial intelligence, so that human work remains necessary. even"
## [2013] "so, machines will take care of more and more of the simpler tasks so"
## [2014] "that there will be an increasing surplus of human workers at the lower"
## [2015] "levels of ability. (we see this happening already. there are many"
## [2016] "people who find it difficult or impossible to get work, because for"
## [2017] "intellectual or psychological reasons they cannot acquire the level of"
## [2018] "training necessary to make themselves useful in the present system.)"
## [2019] "on those who are employed, ever increasing demands will be placed:"
## [2020] "they will need more and more training, more and more ability, and will"
## [2021] "have to be ever more reliable, conforming and docile, because they will"
## [2022] "be more and more like cells of a giant organism. their tasks will be"
## [2023] "increasingly specialized, so that their work will be, in a sense, out"
## [2024] "of touch with the real world, being concentrated on one tiny slice of"
## [2025] "reality. the system will have to use any means that it can, whether"
## [2026] "psychological or biological, to engineer people to be docile, to have"
## [2027] "the abilities that the system requires and to “sublimate” their drive"
## [2028] "for power into some specialized task. but the statement that the people"
## [2029] "of such a society will have to be docile may require qualification. the"
## [2030] "society may find competitiveness useful, provided that ways are found"
## [2031] "of directing competitiveness into channels that serve the needs of"
## [2032] "the system. we can imagine a future society in which there is endless"
## [2033] "competition for positions of prestige and power. but no more than a very"
## [2034] "few people will ever reach the top, where the only real power is (see"
## [2035] "end of paragraph 163). very repellent is a society in which a person"
## [2036] "can satisfy his need for power only by pushing large numbers of other"
## [2037] "people out of the way and depriving them of their opportunity for power."
## [2038] "176. one can envision scenarios that incorporate aspects of more than"
## [2039] "one of the possibilities that we have just discussed. for instance, it"
## [2040] "may be that machines will take over most of the work that is of real,"
## [2041] "practical importance, but that human beings will be kept busy by being"
## [2042] "given relatively unimportant work. it has been suggested, for example,"
## [2043] "that a great development of the service industries might provide work"
## [2044] "for human beings. thus people would spent their time shining each"
## [2045] "other’s shoes, driving each other around in taxicabs, making handicrafts"
## [2046] "for one another, waiting on each other’s tables, etc. this seems to"
## [2047] "us a thoroughly contemptible way for the human race to end up, and we"
## [2048] "doubt that many people would find fulfilling lives in such pointless"
## [2049] "busy work. they would seek other, dangerous outlets (drugs, crime,"
## [2050] "“cults,” hate groups) unless they were biologically or psychologically"
## [2051] "engineered to adapt them to such a way of life. 177. needless to say,"
## [2052] "the scenarios outlined above do not exhaust all the possibilities. they"
## [2053] "only indicate the kinds of outcomes that seem to us most likely. but"
## [2054] "we can envision no plausible scenarios that are any more palatable than"
## [2055] "the ones we’ve just described. it is overwhelmingly probable that if"
## [2056] "the industrial technological system survives the next 40 to 100 years,"
## [2057] "it will by that time have developed certain general characteristics:"
## [2058] "individuals (at least those of the “bourgeois” type, who are integrated"
## [2059] "into the system and make it run, and who therefore have all the power)"
## [2060] "will be more dependent than ever on large organizations; they will be"
## [2061] "more “socialized” than ever and their physical and mental qualities to"
## [2062] "a significant extent (possibly to a very great extent) will be those"
## [2063] "that are engineered into them rather than being the results of chance"
## [2064] "(or of god’s will, or whatever); and whatever may be left of wild"
## [2065] "nature will be reduced to remnants preserved for scientific study and"
## [2066] "kept under the supervision and management of scientists (hence it will"
## [2067] "no longer be truly wild). in the long run (say a few centuries from"
## [2068] "now) it is likely that neither the human race nor any other important"
## [2069] "organisms will exist as we know them today, because once you start"
## [2070] "modifying organisms through genetic engineering there is no reason to"
## [2071] "stop at any particular point, so that the modifications will probably"
## [2072] "continue until man and other organisms have been utterly transformed."
## [2073] "178. whatever else may be the case, it is certain that technology"
## [2074] "is creating for human beings a new physical and social environment"
## [2075] "radically different from the spectrum of environments to which natural"
## [2076] "selection has adapted the human race physically and psychologically."
## [2077] "if man is not adjusted to this new environment by being artificially"
## [2078] "re engineered, then he will be adapted to it through a long and painful"
## [2079] "process of natural selection. the former is far more likely than the"
## [2080] "latter. 179. it would be better to dump the whole stinking system and"
## [2081] "take the consequences. strategy 180. the technophiles are taking us all"
## [2082] "on an utterly reckless ride into the unknown. many people understand"
## [2083] "something of what technological progress is doing to us yet take a"
## [2084] "passive attitude toward it because they think it is inevitable. but"
## [2085] "we (fc) don’t think it is inevitable. we think it can be stopped, and"
## [2086] "we will give here some indications of how to go about stopping it."
## [2087] "181. as we stated in paragraph 166, the two main tasks for the present"
## [2088] "are to promote social stress and instability in industrial society"
## [2089] "and to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and"
## [2090] "the industrial system. when the system becomes sufficiently stressed"
## [2091] "and unstable, a revolution against technology may be possible. the"
## [2092] "pattern would be similar to that of the french and russian revolutions."
## [2093] "french society and russian society, for several decades prior to their"
## [2094] "respective revolutions, showed increasing signs of stress and weakness."
## [2095] "meanwhile, ideologies were being developed that offered a new world"
## [2096] "view that was quite different from the old one. in the russian case,"
## [2097] "revolutionaries were actively working to undermine the old order."
## [2098] "then, when the old system was put under sufficient additional stress"
## [2099] "(by financial crisis in france, by military defeat in russia) it was"
## [2100] "swept away by revolution. what we propose is something along the same"
## [2101] "lines. 182. it will be objected that the french and russian revolutions"
## [2102] "were failures. but most revolutions have two goals. one is to destroy"
## [2103] "an old form of society and the other is to set up the new form of"
## [2104] "society envisioned by the revolutionaries. the french and russian"
## [2105] "revolutionaries failed (fortunately!) to create the new kind of society"
## [2106] "of which they dreamed, but they were quite successful in destroying the"
## [2107] "old society. we have no illusions about the feasibility of creating a"
## [2108] "new, ideal form of society. our goal is only to destroy the existing"
## [2109] "form of society. 183. but an ideology, in order to gain enthusiastic"
## [2110] "support, must have a positive ideal as well as a negative one; it"
## [2111] "must be for something as well as against something. the positive ideal"
## [2112] "that we propose is nature. that is, wild nature: those aspects of the"
## [2113] "functioning of the earth and its living things that are independent of"
## [2114] "human management and free of human interference and control. and with"
## [2115] "wild nature we include human nature, by which we mean those aspects"
## [2116] "of the functioning of the human individual that are not subject to"
## [2117] "regulation by organized society but are products of chance, or free"
## [2118] "will, or god (depending on your religious or philosophical opinions)."
## [2119] "184. nature makes a perfect counter ideal to technology for several"
## [2120] "reasons. nature (that which is outside the power of the system) is the"
## [2121] "opposite of technology (which seeks to expand indefinitely the power of"
## [2122] "the system). most people will agree that nature is beautiful; certainly"
## [2123] "it has tremendous popular appeal. the radical environmentalists already"
## [2124] "hold an ideology that exalts nature and opposes technology. [30] it is"
## [2125] "not necessary for the sake of nature to set up some chimerical utopia"
## [2126] "or any new kind of social order. nature takes care of itself: it was"
## [2127] "a spontaneous creation that existed long before any human society,"
## [2128] "and for countless centuries many different kinds of human societies"
## [2129] "coexisted with nature without doing it an excessive amount of damage."
## [2130] "only with the industrial revolution did the effect of human society on"
## [2131] "nature become really devastating. to relieve the pressure on nature it"
## [2132] "is not necessary to create a special kind of social system, it is only"
## [2133] "necessary to get rid of industrial society. granted, this will not solve"
## [2134] "all problems. industrial society has already done tremendous damage to"
## [2135] "nature and it will take a very long time for the scars to heal. besides,"
## [2136] "even pre industrial societies can do significant damage to nature."
## [2137] "nevertheless, getting rid of industrial society will accomplish a"
## [2138] "great deal. it will relieve the worst of the pressure on nature so that"
## [2139] "the scars can begin to heal. it will remove the capacity of organized"
## [2140] "society to keep increasing its control over nature (including human"
## [2141] "nature). whatever kind of society may exist after the demise of the"
## [2142] "industrial system, it is certain that most people will live close to"
## [2143] "nature, because in the absence of advanced technology there is no other"
## [2144] "way that people can live. to feed themselves they must be peasants or"
## [2145] "herdsmen or fishermen or hunters, etc. and, generally speaking, local"
## [2146] "autonomy should tend to increase, because lack of advanced technology"
## [2147] "and rapid communications will limit the capacity of governments or"
## [2148] "other large organizations to control local communities. 185. as for"
## [2149] "the negative consequences of eliminating industrial society—well,"
## [2150] "you can’t eat your cake and have it too. to gain one thing you have"
## [2151] "to sacrifice another. 186. most people hate psychological conflict."
## [2152] "for this reason they avoid doing any serious thinking about difficult"
## [2153] "social issues, and they like to have such issues presented to them in"
## [2154] "simple, black and white terms: this is all good and that is all bad. the"
## [2155] "revolutionary ideology should therefore be developed on two levels. 187."
## [2156] "on the more sophisticated level the ideology should address itself to"
## [2157] "people who are intelligent, thoughtful and rational. the object should"
## [2158] "be to create a core of people who will be opposed to the industrial"
## [2159] "system on a rational, thought out basis, with full appreciation of"
## [2160] "the problems and ambiguities involved, and of the price that has to"
## [2161] "be paid for getting rid of the system. it is particularly important"
## [2162] "to attract people of this type, as they are capable people and will be"
## [2163] "instrumental in influencing others. these people should be addressed"
## [2164] "on as rational a level as possible. facts should never intentionally"
## [2165] "be distorted and intemperate language should be avoided. this does not"
## [2166] "mean that no appeal can be made to the emotions, but in making such"
## [2167] "appeal care should be taken to avoid misrepresenting the truth or doing"
## [2168] "anything else that would destroy the intellectual respectability of the"
## [2169] "ideology. 188. on a second level, the ideology should be propagated in"
## [2170] "a simplified form that will enable the unthinking majority to see the"
## [2171] "conflict of technology vs. nature in unambiguous terms. but even on"
## [2172] "this second level the ideology should not be expressed in language that"
## [2173] "is so cheap, intemperate or irrational that it alienates people of the"
## [2174] "thoughtful and rational type. cheap, intemperate propaganda sometimes"
## [2175] "achieves impressive short term gains, but it will be more advantageous"
## [2176] "in the long run to keep the loyalty of a small number of intelligently"
## [2177] "committed people than to arouse the passions of an unthinking, fickle"
## [2178] "mob who will change their attitude as soon as someone comes along with"
## [2179] "a better propaganda gimmick. however, propaganda of the rabble rousing"
## [2180] "type may be necessary when the system is nearing the point of collapse"
## [2181] "and there is a final struggle between rival ideologies to determine"
## [2182] "which will become dominant when the old world view goes under. 189."
## [2183] "prior to that final struggle, the revolutionaries should not expect"
## [2184] "to have a majority of people on their side. history is made by active,"
## [2185] "determined minorities, not by the majority, which seldom has a clear and"
## [2186] "consistent idea of what it really wants. until the time comes for the"
## [2187] "final push toward revolution [31], the task of revolutionaries will be"
## [2188] "less to win the shallow support of the majority than to build a small"
## [2189] "core of deeply committed people. as for the majority, it will be enough"
## [2190] "to make them aware of the existence of the new ideology and remind them"
## [2191] "of it frequently; though of course it will be desirable to get majority"
## [2192] "support to the extent that this can be done without weakening the core"
## [2193] "of seriously committed people. 190. any kind of social conflict helps"
## [2194] "to destabilize the system, but one should be careful about what kind of"
## [2195] "conflict one encourages. the line of conflict should be drawn between"
## [2196] "the mass of the people and the power holding elite of industrial society"
## [2197] "(politicians, scientists, upper level business executives, government"
## [2198] "officials, etc.). it should not be drawn between the revolutionaries and"
## [2199] "the mass of the people. for example, it would be bad strategy for the"
## [2200] "revolutionaries to condemn americans for their habits of consumption."
## [2201] "instead, the average american should be portrayed as a victim of the"
## [2202] "advertising and marketing industry, which has suckered him into buying a"
## [2203] "lot of junk that he doesn’t need and that is very poor compensation for"
## [2204] "his lost freedom. either approach is consistent with the facts. it is"
## [2205] "merely a matter of attitude whether you blame the advertising industry"
## [2206] "for manipulating the public or blame the public for allowing itself"
## [2207] "to be manipulated. as a matter of strategy one should generally avoid"
## [2208] "blaming the public. 191. one should think twice before encouraging any"
## [2209] "other social conflict than that between the power holding elite (which"
## [2210] "wields technology) and the general public (over which technology exerts"
## [2211] "its power). for one thing, other conflicts tend to distract attention"
## [2212] "from the important conflicts (between power elite and ordinary people,"
## [2213] "between technology and nature); for another thing, other conflicts may"
## [2214] "actually tend to encourage technologization, because each side in such"
## [2215] "a conflict wants to use technological power to gain advantages over its"
## [2216] "adversary. this is clearly seen in rivalries between nations. it also"
## [2217] "appears in ethnic conflicts within nations. for example, in america"
## [2218] "many black leaders are anxious to gain power for african americans by"
## [2219] "placing back individuals in the technological power elite. they want"
## [2220] "there to be many black government officials, scientists, corporation"
## [2221] "executives and so forth. in this way they are helping to absorb the"
## [2222] "african american subculture into the technological system. generally"
## [2223] "speaking, one should encourage only those social conflicts that can"
## [2224] "be fitted into the framework of the conflicts of power elite vs."
## [2225] "ordinary people, technology vs nature. 192. but the way to discourage"
## [2226] "ethnic conflict is not through militant advocacy of minority rights"
## [2227] "(see paragraphs 21, 29). instead, the revolutionaries should emphasize"
## [2228] "that although minorities do suffer more or less disadvantage, this"
## [2229] "disadvantage is of peripheral significance. our real enemy is the"
## [2230] "industrial technological system, and in the struggle against the system,"
## [2231] "ethnic distinctions are of no importance. 193. the kind of revolution"
## [2232] "we have in mind will not necessarily involve an armed uprising against"
## [2233] "any government. it may or may not involve physical violence, but it"
## [2234] "will not be a political revolution. its focus will be on technology"
## [2235] "and economics, not politics. [32] 194. probably the revolutionaries"
## [2236] "should even avoid assuming political power, whether by legal or illegal"
## [2237] "means, until the industrial system is stressed to the danger point and"
## [2238] "has proved itself to be a failure in the eyes of most people. suppose"
## [2239] "for example that some “green” party should win control of the united"
## [2240] "states congress in an election. in order to avoid betraying or watering"
## [2241] "down their own ideology they would have to take vigorous measures to"
## [2242] "turn economic growth into economic shrinkage. to the average man the"
## [2243] "results would appear disastrous: there would be massive unemployment,"
## [2244] "shortages of commodities, etc. even if the grosser ill effects could"
## [2245] "be avoided through superhumanly skillful management, still people would"
## [2246] "have to begin giving up the luxuries to which they have become addicted."
## [2247] "dissatisfaction would grow, the “green” party would be voted out of"
## [2248] "office and the revolutionaries would have suffered a severe setback."
## [2249] "for this reason the revolutionaries should not try to acquire political"
## [2250] "power until the system has gotten itself into such a mess that any"
## [2251] "hardships will be seen as resulting from the failures of the industrial"
## [2252] "system itself and not from the policies of the revolutionaries. the"
## [2253] "revolution against technology will probably have to be a revolution"
## [2254] "by outsiders, a revolution from below and not from above. 195. the"
## [2255] "revolution must be international and worldwide. it cannot be carried"
## [2256] "out on a nation by nation basis. whenever it is suggested that the"
## [2257] "united states, for example, should cut back on technological progress"
## [2258] "or economic growth, people get hysterical and start screaming that if"
## [2259] "we fall behind in technology the japanese will get ahead of us. holy"
## [2260] "robots! the world will fly off its orbit if the japanese ever sell more"
## [2261] "cars than we do! (nationalism is a great promoter of technology.) more"
## [2262] "reasonably, it is argued that if the relatively democratic nations of"
## [2263] "the world fall behind in technology while nasty, dictatorial nations"
## [2264] "like china, vietnam and north korea continue to progress, eventually"
## [2265] "the dictators may come to dominate the world. that is why the industrial"
## [2266] "system should be attacked in all nations simultaneously, to the"
## [2267] "extent that this may be possible. true, there is no assurance that"
## [2268] "the industrial system can be destroyed at approximately the same time"
## [2269] "all over the world, and it is even conceivable that the attempt to"
## [2270] "overthrow the system could lead instead to the domination of the system"
## [2271] "by dictators. that is a risk that has to be taken. and it is worth"
## [2272] "taking, since the difference between a “democratic” industrial system"
## [2273] "and one controlled by dictators is small compared with the difference"
## [2274] "between an industrial system and a non industrial one. [33] it might"
## [2275] "even be argued that an industrial system controlled by dictators would"
## [2276] "be preferable, because dictator controlled systems usually have proved"
## [2277] "inefficient, hence they are presumably more likely to break down. look"
## [2278] "at cuba. 196. revolutionaries might consider favoring measures that tend"
## [2279] "to bind the world economy into a unified whole. free trade agreements"
## [2280] "like nafta and gatt are probably harmful to the environment in the"
## [2281] "short run, but in the long run they may perhaps be advantageous because"
## [2282] "they foster economic interdependence between nations. it will be easier"
## [2283] "to destroy the industrial system on a worldwide basis if the world"
## [2284] "economy is so unified that its breakdown in any one major nation will"
## [2285] "lead to its breakdown in all industrialized nations. 197. some people"
## [2286] "take the line that modern man has too much power, too much control"
## [2287] "over nature; they argue for a more passive attitude on the part of the"
## [2288] "human race. at best these people are expressing themselves unclearly,"
## [2289] "because they fail to distinguish between power for large organizations"
## [2290] "and power for individuals and small groups. it is a mistake to argue"
## [2291] "for powerlessness and passivity, because people need power. modern man"
## [2292] "as a collective entity—that is, the industrial system—has immense power"
## [2293] "over nature, and we (fc) regard this as evil. but modern individuals"
## [2294] "and small groups of individuals have far less power than primitive"
## [2295] "man ever did. generally speaking, the vast power of “modern man” over"
## [2296] "nature is exercised not by individuals or small groups but by large"
## [2297] "organizations. to the extent that the average modern individual can"
## [2298] "wield the power of technology, he is permitted to do so only within"
## [2299] "narrow limits and only under the supervision and control of the system."
## [2300] "(you need a license for everything and with the license come rules"
## [2301] "and regulations.) the individual has only those technological powers"
## [2302] "with which the system chooses to provide him. his personal power over"
## [2303] "nature is slight. 198. primitive individuals and small groups actually"
## [2304] "had considerable power over nature; or maybe it would be better to"
## [2305] "say power within nature. when primitive man needed food he knew how"
## [2306] "to find and prepare edible roots, how to track game and take it with"
## [2307] "homemade weapons. he knew how to protect himself from heat, cold,"
## [2308] "rain, dangerous animals, etc. but primitive man did relatively little"
## [2309] "damage to nature because the collective power of primitive society"
## [2310] "was negligible compared to the collective power of industrial society."
## [2311] "199. instead of arguing for powerlessness and passivity, one should"
## [2312] "argue that the power of the industrial system should be broken, and"
## [2313] "that this will greatly increase the power and freedom of individuals"
## [2314] "and small groups. 200. until the industrial system has been thoroughly"
## [2315] "wrecked, the destruction of that system must be the revolutionaries’"
## [2316] "only goal. other goals would distract attention and energy from the"
## [2317] "main goal. more importantly, if the revolutionaries permit themselves"
## [2318] "to have any other goal than the destruction of technology, they will"
## [2319] "be tempted to use technology as a tool for reaching that other goal."
## [2320] "if they give in to that temptation, they will fall right back into the"
## [2321] "technological trap, because modern technology is a unified, tightly"
## [2322] "organized system, so that, in order to retain some technology, one"
## [2323] "finds oneself obliged to retain most technology, hence one ends up"
## [2324] "sacrificing only token amounts of technology. 201. suppose for example"
## [2325] "that the revolutionaries took “social justice” as a goal. human nature"
## [2326] "being what it is, social justice would not come about spontaneously; it"
## [2327] "would have to be enforced. in order to enforce it the revolutionaries"
## [2328] "would have to retain central organization and control. for that they"
## [2329] "would need rapid long distance transportation and communication, and"
## [2330] "therefore all the technology needed to support the transportation and"
## [2331] "communication systems. to feed and clothe poor people they would have"
## [2332] "to use agricultural and manufacturing technology. and so forth. so that"
## [2333] "the attempt to insure social justice would force them to retain most"
## [2334] "parts of the technological system. not that we have anything against"
## [2335] "social justice, but it must not be allowed to interfere with the effort"
## [2336] "to get rid of the technological system. 202. it would be hopeless for"
## [2337] "revolutionaries to try to attack the system without using some modern"
## [2338] "technology. if nothing else they must use the communications media"
## [2339] "to spread their message. but they should use modern technology for"
## [2340] "only one purpose: to attack the technological system. 203. imagine an"
## [2341] "alcoholic sitting with a barrel of wine in front of him. suppose he"
## [2342] "starts saying to himself, “wine isn’t bad for you if used in moderation."
## [2343] "why, they say small amounts of wine are even good for you! it won’t do"
## [2344] "me any harm if i take just one little drink.... “ well you know what"
## [2345] "is going to happen. never forget that the human race with technology"
## [2346] "is just like an alcoholic with a barrel of wine. 204. revolutionaries"
## [2347] "should have as many children as they can. there is strong scientific"
## [2348] "evidence that social attitudes are to a significant extent inherited."
## [2349] "no one suggests that a social attitude is a direct outcome of a person’s"
## [2350] "genetic constitution, but it appears that personality traits are"
## [2351] "partly inherited and that certain personality traits tend, within the"
## [2352] "context of our society, to make a person more likely to hold this or"
## [2353] "that social attitude. objections to these findings have been raised,"
## [2354] "but the objections are feeble and seem to be ideologically motivated."
## [2355] "in any event, no one denies that children tend on the average to hold"
## [2356] "social attitudes similar to those of their parents. from our point of"
## [2357] "view it doesn’t matter all that much whether the attitudes are passed"
## [2358] "on genetically or through childhood training. in either case they are"
## [2359] "passed on. 205. the trouble is that many of the people who are inclined"
## [2360] "to rebel against the industrial system are also concerned about the"
## [2361] "population problems, hence they are apt to have few or no children. in"
## [2362] "this way they may be handing the world over to the sort of people who"
## [2363] "support or at least accept the industrial system. to insure the strength"
## [2364] "of the next generation of revolutionaries the present generation should"
## [2365] "reproduce itself abundantly. in doing so they will be worsening the"
## [2366] "population problem only slightly. and the important problem is to get"
## [2367] "rid of the industrial system, because once the industrial system is"
## [2368] "gone the world’s population necessarily will decrease (see paragraph"
## [2369] "167); whereas, if the industrial system survives, it will continue"
## [2370] "developing new techniques of food production that may enable the world’s"
## [2371] "population to keep increasing almost indefinitely. 206. with regard to"
## [2372] "revolutionary strategy, the only points on which we absolutely insist"
## [2373] "are that the single overriding goal must be the elimination of modern"
## [2374] "technology, and that no other goal can be allowed to compete with this"
## [2375] "one. for the rest, revolutionaries should take an empirical approach."
## [2376] "if experience indicates that some of the recommendations made in the"
## [2377] "foregoing paragraphs are not going to give good results, then those"
## [2378] "recommendations should be discarded. two kinds of technology 207. an"
## [2379] "argument likely to be raised against our proposed revolution is that it"
## [2380] "is bound to fail, because (it is claimed) throughout history technology"
## [2381] "has always progressed, never regressed, hence technological regression"
## [2382] "is impossible. but this claim is false. 208. we distinguish between"
## [2383] "two kinds of technology, which we will call small scale technology and"
## [2384] "organization dependent technology. small scale technology is technology"
## [2385] "that can be used by small scale communities without outside assistance."
## [2386] "organization dependent technology is technology that depends on large"
## [2387] "scale social organization. we are aware of no significant cases of"
## [2388] "regression in small scale technology. but organization dependent"
## [2389] "technology does regress when the social organization on which it depends"
## [2390] "breaks down. example: when the roman empire fell apart the romans’"
## [2391] "small scale technology survived because any clever village craftsman"
## [2392] "could build, for instance, a water wheel, any skilled smith could make"
## [2393] "steel by roman methods, and so forth. but the romans’ organization"
## [2394] "dependent technology did regress. their aqueducts fell into disrepair"
## [2395] "and were never rebuilt. their techniques of road construction were lost."
## [2396] "the roman system of urban sanitation was forgotten, so that not until"
## [2397] "rather recent times did the sanitation of european cities equal that"
## [2398] "of ancient rome. 209. the reason why technology has seemed always to"
## [2399] "progress is that, until perhaps a century or two before the industrial"
## [2400] "revolution, most technology was small scale technology. but most of the"
## [2401] "technology developed since the industrial revolution is organization"
## [2402] "dependent technology. take the refrigerator for example. without factory"
## [2403] "made parts or the facilities of a post industrial machine shop it would"
## [2404] "be virtually impossible for a handful of local craftsmen to build a"
## [2405] "refrigerator. if by some miracle they did succeed in building one it"
## [2406] "would be useless to them without a reliable source of electric power."
## [2407] "so they would have to dam a stream and build a generator. generators"
## [2408] "require large amounts of copper wire. imagine trying to make that wire"
## [2409] "without modern machinery. and where would they get a gas suitable for"
## [2410] "refrigeration? it would be much easier to build an icehouse or preserve"
## [2411] "food by drying or picking, as was done before the invention of the"
## [2412] "refrigerator. 210. so it is clear that if the industrial system were"
## [2413] "once thoroughly broken down, refrigeration technology would quickly"
## [2414] "be lost. the same is true of other organization dependent technology."
## [2415] "and once this technology had been lost for a generation or so it would"
## [2416] "take centuries to rebuild it, just as it took centuries to build it"
## [2417] "the first time around. surviving technical books would be few and"
## [2418] "scattered. an industrial society, if built from scratch without outside"
## [2419] "help, can only be built in a series of stages: you need tools to make"
## [2420] "tools to make tools to make tools ... . a long process of economic"
## [2421] "development and progress in social organization is required. and, even"
## [2422] "in the absence of an ideology opposed to technology, there is no reason"
## [2423] "to believe that anyone would be interested in rebuilding industrial"
## [2424] "society. the enthusiasm for “progress” is a phenomenon peculiar to the"
## [2425] "modern form of society, and it seems not to have existed prior to the"
## [2426] "17th century or thereabouts. 211. in the late middle ages there were"
## [2427] "four main civilizations that were about equally “advanced”: europe,"
## [2428] "the islamic world, india, and the far east (china, japan, korea)."
## [2429] "three of those civilizations remained more or less stable, and only"
## [2430] "europe became dynamic. no one knows why europe became dynamic at that"
## [2431] "time; historians have their theories but these are only speculation."
## [2432] "at any rate, it is clear that rapid development toward a technological"
## [2433] "form of society occurs only under special conditions. so there is"
## [2434] "no reason to assume that a long lasting technological regression"
## [2435] "cannot be brought about. 212. would society eventually develop again"
## [2436] "toward an industrial technological form? maybe, but there is no use"
## [2437] "in worrying about it, since we can’t predict or control events 500 or"
## [2438] "1,000 years in the future. those problems must be dealt with by the"
## [2439] "people who will live at that time. the danger of leftism 213. because"
## [2440] "of their need for rebellion and for membership in a movement, leftists"
## [2441] "or persons of similar psychological type often are unattracted to a"
## [2442] "rebellious or activist movement whose goals and membership are not"
## [2443] "initially leftist. the resulting influx of leftish types can easily"
## [2444] "turn a non leftist movement into a leftist one, so that leftist goals"
## [2445] "replace or distort the original goals of the movement. 214. to avoid"
## [2446] "this, a movement that exalts nature and opposes technology must take"
## [2447] "a resolutely anti leftist stance and must avoid all collaboration with"
## [2448] "leftists. leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature,"
## [2449] "with human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology."
## [2450] "leftism is collectivist; it seeks to bind together the entire world"
## [2451] "(both nature and the human race) into a unified whole. but this implies"
## [2452] "management of nature and of human life by organized society, and it"
## [2453] "requires advanced technology. you can’t have a united world without"
## [2454] "rapid transportation and communication, you can’t make all people love"
## [2455] "one another without sophisticated psychological techniques, you can’t"
## [2456] "have a “planned society” without the necessary technological base. above"
## [2457] "all, leftism is driven by the need for power, and the leftist seeks"
## [2458] "power on a collective basis, through identification with a mass movement"
## [2459] "or an organization. leftism is unlikely ever to give up technology,"
## [2460] "because technology is too valuable a source of collective power. 215."
## [2461] "the anarchist [34] too seeks power, but he seeks it on an individual"
## [2462] "or small group basis; he wants individuals and small groups to be able"
## [2463] "to control the circumstances of their own lives. he opposes technology"
## [2464] "because it makes small groups dependent on large organizations. 216."
## [2465] "some leftists may seem to oppose technology, but they will oppose"
## [2466] "it only so long as they are outsiders and the technological system"
## [2467] "is controlled by non leftists. if leftism ever becomes dominant in"
## [2468] "society, so that the technological system becomes a tool in the hands of"
## [2469] "leftists, they will enthusiastically use it and promote its growth. in"
## [2470] "doing this they will be repeating a pattern that leftism has shown again"
## [2471] "and again in the past. when the bolsheviks in russia were outsiders,"
## [2472] "they vigorously opposed censorship and the secret police, they advocated"
## [2473] "self determination for ethnic minorities, and so forth; but as soon"
## [2474] "as they came into power themselves, they imposed a tighter censorship"
## [2475] "and created a more ruthless secret police than any that had existed"
## [2476] "under the tsars, and they oppressed ethnic minorities at least as much"
## [2477] "as the tsars had done. in the united states, a couple of decades ago"
## [2478] "when leftists were a minority in our universities, leftist professors"
## [2479] "were vigorous proponents of academic freedom, but today, in those of"
## [2480] "our universities where leftists have become dominant, they have shown"
## [2481] "themselves ready to take away from everyone else’s academic freedom."
## [2482] "(this is “political correctness.”) the same will happen with leftists"
## [2483] "and technology: they will use it to oppress everyone else if they ever"
## [2484] "get it under their own control. 217. in earlier revolutions, leftists"
## [2485] "of the most power hungry type, repeatedly, have first cooperated"
## [2486] "with non leftist revolutionaries, as well as with leftists of a more"
## [2487] "libertarian inclination, and later have double crossed them to seize"
## [2488] "power for themselves. robespierre did this in the french revolution,"
## [2489] "the bolsheviks did it in the russian revolution, the communists did it"
## [2490] "in spain in 1938 and castro and his followers did it in cuba. given the"
## [2491] "past history of leftism, it would be utterly foolish for non leftist"
## [2492] "revolutionaries today to collaborate with leftists. 218. various"
## [2493] "thinkers have pointed out that leftism is a kind of religion. leftism"
## [2494] "is not a religion in the strict sense because leftist doctrine does not"
## [2495] "postulate the existence of any supernatural being. but, for the leftist,"
## [2496] "leftism plays a psychological role much like that which religion plays"
## [2497] "for some people. the leftist needs to believe in leftism; it plays a"
## [2498] "vital role in his psychological economy. his beliefs are not easily"
## [2499] "modified by logic or facts. he has a deep conviction that leftism is"
## [2500] "morally right with a capital r, and that he has not only a right but"
## [2501] "a duty to impose leftist morality on everyone. (however, many of the"
## [2502] "people we are referring to as “leftists” do not think of themselves"
## [2503] "as leftists and would not describe their system of beliefs as leftism."
## [2504] "we use the term “leftism” because we don’t know of any better words to"
## [2505] "designate the spectrum of related creeds that includes the feminist,"
## [2506] "gay rights, political correctness, etc., movements, and because these"
## [2507] "movements have a strong affinity with the old left. see paragraphs 227"
## [2508] "230.) 219. leftism is a totalitarian force. wherever leftism is in a"
## [2509] "position of power it tends to invade every private corner and force"
## [2510] "every thought into a leftist mold. in part this is because of the"
## [2511] "quasi religious character of leftism; everything contrary to leftist"
## [2512] "beliefs represents sin. more importantly, leftism is a totalitarian"
## [2513] "force because of the leftists’ drive for power. the leftist seeks to"
## [2514] "satisfy his need for power through identification with a social movement"
## [2515] "and he tries to go through the power process by helping to pursue and"
## [2516] "attain the goals of the movement (see paragraph 83). but no matter"
## [2517] "how far the movement has gone in attaining its goals the leftist is"
## [2518] "never satisfied, because his activism is a surrogate activity (see"
## [2519] "paragraph 41). that is, the leftist’s real motive is not to attain the"
## [2520] "ostensible goals of leftism; in reality he is motivated by the sense"
## [2521] "of power he gets from struggling for and then reaching a social goal."
## [2522] "[35] consequently the leftist is never satisfied with the goals he"
## [2523] "has already attained; his need for the power process leads him always"
## [2524] "to pursue some new goal. the leftist wants equal opportunities for"
## [2525] "minorities. when that is attained he insists on statistical equality of"
## [2526] "achievement by minorities. and as long as anyone harbors in some corner"
## [2527] "of his mind a negative attitude toward some minority, the leftist has"
## [2528] "to re educated him. and ethnic minorities are not enough; no one can"
## [2529] "be allowed to have a negative attitude toward homosexuals, disabled"
## [2530] "people, fat people, old people, ugly people, and on and on and on."
## [2531] "it’s not enough that the public should be informed about the hazards"
## [2532] "of smoking; a warning has to be stamped on every package of cigarettes."
## [2533] "then cigarette advertising has to be restricted if not banned. the"
## [2534] "activists will never be satisfied until tobacco is outlawed, and after"
## [2535] "that it will be alcohol, then junk food, etc. activists have fought"
## [2536] "gross child abuse, which is reasonable. but now they want to stop all"
## [2537] "spanking. when they have done that they will want to ban something else"
## [2538] "they consider unwholesome, then another thing and then another. they"
## [2539] "will never be satisfied until they have complete control over all child"
## [2540] "rearing practices. and then they will move on to another cause. 220."
## [2541] "suppose you asked leftists to make a list of all the things that were"
## [2542] "wrong with society, and then suppose you instituted every social change"
## [2543] "that they demanded. it is safe to say that within a couple of years"
## [2544] "the majority of leftists would find something new to complain about,"
## [2545] "some new social “evil” to correct because, once again, the leftist"
## [2546] "is motivated less by distress at society’s ills than by the need to"
## [2547] "satisfy his drive for power by imposing his solutions on society. 221."
## [2548] "because of the restrictions placed on their thoughts and behavior by"
## [2549] "their high level of socialization, many leftists of the over socialized"
## [2550] "type cannot pursue power in the ways that other people do. for them"
## [2551] "the drive for power has only one morally acceptable outlet, and that"
## [2552] "is in the struggle to impose their morality on everyone. 222. leftists,"
## [2553] "especially those of the oversocialized type, are true believers in"
## [2554] "the sense of eric hoffer’s book, “the true believer.” but not all true"
## [2555] "believers are of the same psychological type as leftists. presumably"
## [2556] "a true believing nazi, for instance, is very different psychologically"
## [2557] "from a true believing leftist. because of their capacity for single"
## [2558] "minded devotion to a cause, true believers are a useful, perhaps a"
## [2559] "necessary, ingredient of any revolutionary movement. this presents a"
## [2560] "problem with which we must admit we don’t know how to deal. we aren’t"
## [2561] "sure how to harness the energies of the true believer to a revolution"
## [2562] "against technology. at present all we can say is that no true believer"
## [2563] "will make a safe recruit to the revolution unless his commitment is"
## [2564] "exclusively to the destruction of technology. if he is committed also"
## [2565] "to another ideal, he may want to use technology as a tool for pursuing"
## [2566] "that other ideal (see paragraphs 220, 221). 223. some readers may say,"
## [2567] "“this stuff about leftism is a lot of crap. i know john and jane who are"
## [2568] "leftish types and they don’t have all these totalitarian tendencies.”"
## [2569] "it’s quite true that many leftists, possibly even a numerical majority,"
## [2570] "are decent people who sincerely believe in tolerating others’ values"
## [2571] "(up to a point) and wouldn’t want to use high handed methods to reach"
## [2572] "their social goals. our remarks about leftism are not meant to apply"
## [2573] "to every individual leftist but to describe the general character of"
## [2574] "leftism as a movement. and the general character of a movement is not"
## [2575] "necessarily determined by the numerical proportions of the various"
## [2576] "kinds of people involved in the movement. 224. the people who rise to"
## [2577] "positions of power in leftist movements tend to be leftists of the most"
## [2578] "power hungry type, because power hungry people are those who strive"
## [2579] "hardest to get into positions of power. once the power hungry types"
## [2580] "have captured control of the movement, there are many leftists of a"
## [2581] "gentler breed who inwardly disapprove of many of the actions of the"
## [2582] "leaders, but cannot bring themselves to oppose them. they need their"
## [2583] "faith in the movement, and because they cannot give up this faith"
## [2584] "they go along with the leaders. true, some leftists do have the guts"
## [2585] "to oppose the totalitarian tendencies that emerge, but they generally"
## [2586] "lose, because the power hungry types are better organized, are more"
## [2587] "ruthless and machiavellian and have taken care to build themselves a"
## [2588] "strong power base. 225. these phenomena appeared clearly in russia and"
## [2589] "other countries that were taken over by leftists. similarly, before"
## [2590] "the breakdown of communism in the ussr, leftish types in the west would"
## [2591] "seldom criticize that country. if prodded they would admit that the ussr"
## [2592] "did many wrong things, but then they would try to find excuses for the"
## [2593] "communists and begin talking about the faults of the west. they always"
## [2594] "opposed western military resistance to communist aggression. leftish"
## [2595] "types all over the world vigorously protested the u.s. military action"
## [2596] "in vietnam, but when the ussr invaded afghanistan they did nothing."
## [2597] "not that they approved of the soviet actions; but because of their"
## [2598] "leftist faith, they just couldn’t bear to put themselves in opposition"
## [2599] "to communism. today, in those of our universities where “political"
## [2600] "correctness” has become dominant, there are probably many leftish types"
## [2601] "who privately disapprove of the suppression of academic freedom, but"
## [2602] "they go along with it anyway. 226. thus the fact that many individual"
## [2603] "leftists are personally mild and fairly tolerant people by no means"
## [2604] "prevents leftism as a whole form having a totalitarian tendency. 227."
## [2605] "our discussion of leftism has a serious weakness. it is still far from"
## [2606] "clear what we mean by the word “leftist.” there doesn’t seem to be much"
## [2607] "we can do about this. today leftism is fragmented into a whole spectrum"
## [2608] "of activist movements. yet not all activist movements are leftist, and"
## [2609] "some activist movements (e.g., radical environmentalism) seem to include"
## [2610] "both personalities of the leftist type and personalities of thoroughly"
## [2611] "un leftist types who ought to know better than to collaborate with"
## [2612] "leftists. varieties of leftists fade out gradually into varieties of non"
## [2613] "leftists and we ourselves would often be hard pressed to decide whether"
## [2614] "a given individual is or is not a leftist. to the extent that it is"
## [2615] "defined at all, our conception of leftism is defined by the discussion"
## [2616] "of it that we have given in this article, and we can only advise the"
## [2617] "reader to use his own judgment in deciding who is a leftist. 228. but"
## [2618] "it will be helpful to list some criteria for diagnosing leftism. these"
## [2619] "criteria cannot be applied in a cut and dried manner. some individuals"
## [2620] "may meet some of the criteria without being leftists, some leftists"
## [2621] "may not meet any of the criteria. again, you just have to use your"
## [2622] "judgment. 229. the leftist is oriented toward large scale collectivism."
## [2623] "he emphasizes the duty of the individual to serve society and the duty"
## [2624] "of society to take care of the individual. he has a negative attitude"
## [2625] "toward individualism. he often takes a moralistic tone. he tends"
## [2626] "to be for gun control, for sex education and other psychologically"
## [2627] "“enlightened” educational methods, for social planning, for affirmative"
## [2628] "action, for multiculturalism. he tends to identify with victims. he"
## [2629] "tends to be against competition and against violence, but he often"
## [2630] "finds excuses for those leftists who do commit violence. he is fond of"
## [2631] "using the common catch phrases of the left, like “racism,” “sexism,”"
## [2632] "“homophobia,” “capitalism,” “imperialism,” “neocolonialism,” “genocide,”"
## [2633] "“social change,” “social justice,” “social responsibility.” maybe the"
## [2634] "best diagnostic trait of the leftist is his tendency to sympathize"
## [2635] "with the following movements: feminism, gay rights, ethnic rights,"
## [2636] "disability rights, animal rights, political correctness. anyone who"
## [2637] "strongly sympathizes with all of these movements is almost certainly"
## [2638] "a leftist. [36] 230. the more dangerous leftists, that is, those who"
## [2639] "are most power hungry, are often characterized by arrogance or by a"
## [2640] "dogmatic approach to ideology. however, the most dangerous leftists of"
## [2641] "all may be certain oversocialized types who avoid irritating displays"
## [2642] "of aggressiveness and refrain from advertising their leftism, but work"
## [2643] "quietly and unobtrusively to promote collectivist values, “enlightened”"
## [2644] "psychological techniques for socializing children, dependence of the"
## [2645] "individual on the system, and so forth. these crypto leftists (as we"
## [2646] "may call them) approximate certain bourgeois types as far as practical"
## [2647] "action is concerned, but differ from them in psychology, ideology and"
## [2648] "motivation. the ordinary bourgeois tries to bring people under control"
## [2649] "of the system in order to protect his way of life, or he does so simply"
## [2650] "because his attitudes are conventional. the crypto leftist tries to"
## [2651] "bring people under control of the system because he is a true believer"
## [2652] "in a collectivistic ideology. the crypto leftist is differentiated from"
## [2653] "the average leftist of the oversocialized type by the fact that his"
## [2654] "rebellious impulse is weaker and he is more securely socialized. he is"
## [2655] "differentiated from the ordinary well socialized bourgeois by the fact"
## [2656] "that there is some deep lack within him that makes it necessary for him"
## [2657] "to devote himself to a cause and immerse himself in a collectivity. and"
## [2658] "maybe his (well sublimated) drive for power is stronger than that of the"
## [2659] "average bourgeois. final note 231. throughout this article we’ve made"
## [2660] "imprecise statements and statements that ought to have had all sorts"
## [2661] "of qualifications and reservations attached to them; and some of our"
## [2662] "statements may be flatly false. lack of sufficient information and the"
## [2663] "need for brevity made it impossible for us to formulate our assertions"
## [2664] "more precisely or add all the necessary qualifications. and of course in"
## [2665] "a discussion of this kind one must rely heavily on intuitive judgment,"
## [2666] "and that can sometimes be wrong. so we don’t claim that this article"
## [2667] "expresses more than a crude approximation to the truth. 232. all the"
## [2668] "same, we are reasonably confident that the general outlines of the"
## [2669] "picture we have painted here are roughly correct. just one possible"
## [2670] "weak point needs to be mentioned. we have portrayed leftism in its"
## [2671] "modern form as a phenomenon peculiar to our time and as a symptom of"
## [2672] "the disruption of the power process. but we might possibly be wrong"
## [2673] "about this. oversocialized types who try to satisfy their drive for"
## [2674] "power by imposing their morality on everyone have certainly been around"
## [2675] "for a long time. but we think that the decisive role played by feelings"
## [2676] "of inferiority, low self esteem, powerlessness, identification with"
## [2677] "victims by people who are not themselves victims, is a peculiarity of"
## [2678] "modern leftism. identification with victims by people not themselves"
## [2679] "victims can be seen to some extent in 19th century leftism and early"
## [2680] "christianity but as far as we can make out, symptoms of low self esteem,"
## [2681] "etc., were not nearly so evident in these movements, or in any other"
## [2682] "movements, as they are in modern leftism. but we are not in a position"
## [2683] "to assert confidently that no such movements have existed prior to"
## [2684] "modern leftism. this is a significant question to which historians ought"
## [2685] "to give their attention. notes 1. (paragraph 19) we are asserting that"
## [2686] "all, or even most, bullies and ruthless competitors suffer from feelings"
## [2687] "of inferiority. 2. (paragraph 25) during the victorian period many"
## [2688] "oversocialized people suffered from serious psychological problems as a"
## [2689] "result of repressing or trying to repress their sexual feelings. freud"
## [2690] "apparently based his theories on people of this type. today the focus of"
## [2691] "socialization has shifted from sex to aggression. 3. (paragraph 27) not"
## [2692] "necessarily including specialists in engineering or the “hard” sciences."
## [2693] "4. (paragraph 28) there are many individuals of the middle and upper"
## [2694] "classes who resist some of these values, but usually their resistance"
## [2695] "is more or less covert. such resistance appears in the mass media only"
## [2696] "to a very limited extent. the main thrust of propaganda in our society"
## [2697] "is in favor of the stated values. the main reason why these values have"
## [2698] "become, so to speak, the official values of our society is that they"
## [2699] "are useful to the industrial system. violence is discouraged because it"
## [2700] "disrupts the functioning of the system. racism is discouraged because"
## [2701] "ethnic conflicts also disrupt the system, and discrimination wastes the"
## [2702] "talents of minority group members who could be useful to the system."
## [2703] "poverty must be “cured” because the underclass causes problems for the"
## [2704] "system and contact with the underclass lowers the morale of the other"
## [2705] "classes. women are encouraged to have careers because their talents are"
## [2706] "useful to the system and, more importantly, because by having regular"
## [2707] "jobs women become better integrated into the system and tied directly"
## [2708] "to it rather than to their families. this helps to weaken family"
## [2709] "solidarity. (the leaders of the system say they want to strengthen the"
## [2710] "family, but they really mean is that they want the family to serve as"
## [2711] "an effective tool for socializing children in accord with the needs"
## [2712] "of the system. we argue in paragraphs 51, 52 that the system cannot"
## [2713] "afford to let the family or other small scale social groups be strong"
## [2714] "or autonomous.) 5. (paragraph 42) it may be argued that the majority"
## [2715] "of people don’t want to make their own decisions but want leaders to do"
## [2716] "their thinking for them. there is an element of truth in this. people"
## [2717] "like to make their own decisions in small matters, but making decisions"
## [2718] "on difficult, fundamental questions requires facing up to psychological"
## [2719] "conflict, and most people hate psychological conflict. hence they tend"
## [2720] "to lean on others in making difficult decisions. but it does not follow"
## [2721] "that they like to have decisions imposed upon them without having any"
## [2722] "opportunity to influence those decisions. the majority of people are"
## [2723] "natural followers, not leaders, but they like to have direct personal"
## [2724] "access to their leaders, they want to be able to influence the leaders"
## [2725] "and participate to some extent in making even the difficult decisions."
## [2726] "at least to that degree they need autonomy. 6. (paragraph 44) some of"
## [2727] "the symptoms listed are similar to those shown by caged animals. to"
## [2728] "explain how these symptoms arise from deprivation with respect to the"
## [2729] "power process: common sense understanding of human nature tells one"
## [2730] "that lack of goals whose attainment requires effort leads to boredom"
## [2731] "and that boredom, long continued, often leads eventually to depression."
## [2732] "failure to attain goals leads to frustration and lowering of self"
## [2733] "esteem. frustration leads to anger, anger to aggression, often in the"
## [2734] "form of spouse or child abuse. it has been shown that long continued"
## [2735] "frustration commonly leads to depression and that depression tends to"
## [2736] "cause guilt, sleep disorders, eating disorders and bad feelings about"
## [2737] "oneself. those who are tending toward depression seek pleasure as an"
## [2738] "antidote; hence insatiable hedonism and excessive sex, with perversions"
## [2739] "as a means of getting new kicks. boredom too tends to cause excessive"
## [2740] "pleasure seeking since, lacking other goals, people often use pleasure"
## [2741] "as a goal. see accompanying diagram. the foregoing is a simplification."
## [2742] "reality is more complex, and of course, deprivation with respect to the"
## [2743] "power process is not the only cause of the symptoms described. by the"
## [2744] "way, when we mention depression we do not necessarily mean depression"
## [2745] "that is severe enough to be treated by a psychiatrist. often only mild"
## [2746] "forms of depression are involved. and when we speak of goals we do not"
## [2747] "necessarily mean long term, thought out goals. for many or most people"
## [2748] "through much of human history, the goals of a hand to mouth existence"
## [2749] "(merely providing oneself and one’s family with food from day to day)"
## [2750] "have been quite sufficient. 7. (paragraph 52) a partial exception may be"
## [2751] "made for a few passive, inward looking groups, such as the amish, which"
## [2752] "have little effect on the wider society. apart from these, some genuine"
## [2753] "small scale communities do exist in america today. for instance, youth"
## [2754] "gangs and “cults.” everyone regards them as dangerous, and so they are,"
## [2755] "because the members of these groups are loyal primarily to one another"
## [2756] "rather than to the system, hence the system cannot control them. or"
## [2757] "take the gypsies. the gypsies commonly get away with theft and fraud"
## [2758] "because their loyalties are such that they can always get other gypsies"
## [2759] "to give testimony that “proves” their innocence. obviously the system"
## [2760] "would be in serious trouble if too many people belonged to such groups."
## [2761] "some of the early 20th century chinese thinkers who were concerned"
## [2762] "with modernizing china recognized the necessity breaking down small"
## [2763] "scale social groups such as the family: “(according to sun yat sen)"
## [2764] "the chinese people needed a new surge of patriotism, which would lead"
## [2765] "to a transfer of loyalty from the family to the state.... (according"
## [2766] "to li huang) traditional attachments, particularly to the family had"
## [2767] "to be abandoned if nationalism were to develop in china.” (chester c."
## [2768] "tan, “chinese political thought in the twentieth century,” page 125,"
## [2769] "page 297.) 8. (paragraph 56) yes, we know that 19th century america had"
## [2770] "its problems, and serious ones, but for the sake of brevity we have to"
## [2771] "express ourselves in simplified terms. 9. (paragraph 61) we leave aside"
## [2772] "the “underclass.” we are speaking of the mainstream. 10. (paragraph"
## [2773] "62) some social scientists, educators, “mental health” professionals"
## [2774] "and the like are doing their best to push the social drives into group"
## [2775] "1 by trying to see to it that everyone has a satisfactory social life."
## [2776] "11. (paragraphs 63, 82) is the drive for endless material acquisition"
## [2777] "really an artificial creation of the advertising and marketing industry?"
## [2778] "certainly there is no innate human drive for material acquisition. there"
## [2779] "have been many cultures in which people have desired little material"
## [2780] "wealth beyond what was necessary to satisfy their basic physical"
## [2781] "needs (australian aborigines, traditional mexican peasant culture,"
## [2782] "some african cultures). on the other hand there have also been many"
## [2783] "pre industrial cultures in which material acquisition has played an"
## [2784] "important role. so we can’t claim that today’s acquisition oriented"
## [2785] "culture is exclusively a creation of the advertising and marketing"
## [2786] "industry. but it is clear that the advertising and marketing industry"
## [2787] "has had an important part in creating that culture. the big corporations"
## [2788] "that spend millions on advertising wouldn’t be spending that kind of"
## [2789] "money without solid proof that they were getting it back in increased"
## [2790] "sales. one member of fc met a sales manager a couple of years ago who"
## [2791] "was frank enough to tell him, “our job is to make people buy things they"
## [2792] "don’t want and don’t need.” he then described how an untrained novice"
## [2793] "could present people with the facts about a product, and make no sales"
## [2794] "at all, while a trained and experienced professional salesman would make"
## [2795] "lots of sales to the same people. this shows that people are manipulated"
## [2796] "into buying things they don’t really want. 12. (paragraph 64) the"
## [2797] "problem of purposelessness seems to have become less serious during the"
## [2798] "last 15 years or so, because people now feel less secure physically and"
## [2799] "economically than they did earlier, and the need for security provides"
## [2800] "them with a goal. but purposelessness has been replaced by frustration"
## [2801] "over the difficulty of attaining security. we emphasize the problem of"
## [2802] "purposelessness because the liberals and leftists would wish to solve"
## [2803] "our social problems by having society guarantee everyone’s security;"
## [2804] "but if that could be done it would only bring back the problem of"
## [2805] "purposelessness. the real issue is not whether society provides well or"
## [2806] "poorly for people’s security; the trouble is that people are dependent"
## [2807] "on the system for their security rather than having it in their own"
## [2808] "hands. this, by the way, is part of the reason why some people get"
## [2809] "worked up about the right to bear arms; possession of a gun puts"
## [2810] "that aspect of their security in their own hands. 13. (paragraph 66)"
## [2811] "conservatives’ efforts to decrease the amount of government regulation"
## [2812] "are of little benefit to the average man. for one thing, only a fraction"
## [2813] "of the regulations can be eliminated because most regulations are"
## [2814] "necessary. for another thing, most of the deregulation affects business"
## [2815] "rather than the average individual, so that its main effect is to take"
## [2816] "power from the government and give it to private corporations. what this"
## [2817] "means for the average man is that government interference in his life is"
## [2818] "replaced by interference from big corporations, which may be permitted,"
## [2819] "for example, to dump more chemicals that get into his water supply and"
## [2820] "give him cancer. the conservatives are just taking the average man for"
## [2821] "a sucker, exploiting his resentment of big government to promote the"
## [2822] "power of big business. 14. (paragraph 73) when someone approves of the"
## [2823] "purpose for which propaganda is being used in a given case, he generally"
## [2824] "calls it “education” or applies to it some similar euphemism. but"
## [2825] "propaganda is propaganda regardless of the purpose for which it is used."
## [2826] "15. (paragraph 83) we are not expressing approval or disapproval of the"
## [2827] "panama invasion. we only use it to illustrate a point. 16. (paragraph"
## [2828] "95) when the american colonies were under british rule there were"
## [2829] "fewer and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there were"
## [2830] "after the american constitution went into effect, yet there was more"
## [2831] "personal freedom in pre industrial america, both before and after the"
## [2832] "war of independence, than there was after the industrial revolution took"
## [2833] "hold in this country. we quote from “violence in america: historical"
## [2834] "and comparative perspectives,” edited by hugh davis graham and ted"
## [2835] "robert gurr, chapter 12 by roger lane, pages 476 478: “the progressive"
## [2836] "heightening of standards of propriety, and with it the increasing"
## [2837] "reliance on official law enforcement (in 19th century america) ..."
## [2838] "were common to the whole society.... [t]he change in social behavior"
## [2839] "is so long term and so widespread as to suggest a connection with the"
## [2840] "most fundamental of contemporary social processes; that of industrial"
## [2841] "urbanization itself....”massachusetts in 1835 had a population of some"
## [2842] "660,940, 81 percent rural, overwhelmingly preindustrial and native"
## [2843] "born. it’s citizens were used to considerable personal freedom. whether"
## [2844] "teamsters, farmers or artisans, they were all accustomed to setting"
## [2845] "their own schedules, and the nature of their work made them physically"
## [2846] "independent of each other.... individual problems, sins or even crimes,"
## [2847] "were not generally cause for wider social concern....”but the impact of"
## [2848] "the twin movements to the city and to the factory, both just gathering"
## [2849] "force in 1835, had a progressive effect on personal behavior throughout"
## [2850] "the 19th century and into the 20th. the factory demanded regularity"
## [2851] "of behavior, a life governed by obedience to the rhythms of clock and"
## [2852] "calendar, the demands of foreman and supervisor. in the city or town,"
## [2853] "the needs of living in closely packed neighborhoods inhibited many"
## [2854] "actions previously unobjectionable. both blue and white collar employees"
## [2855] "in larger establishments were mutually dependent on their fellows; as"
## [2856] "one man’s work fit into anther’s, so one man’s business was no longer"
## [2857] "his own. “the results of the new organization of life and work were"
## [2858] "apparent by 1900, when some 76 percent of the 2,805,346 inhabitants of"
## [2859] "massachusetts were classified as urbanites. much violent or irregular"
## [2860] "behavior which had been tolerable in a casual, independent society was"
## [2861] "no longer acceptable in the more formalized, cooperative atmosphere"
## [2862] "of the later period.... the move to the cities had, in short, produced"
## [2863] "a more tractable, more socialized, more ‘civilized’ generation than"
## [2864] "its predecessors.” 17. (paragraph 117) apologists for the system are"
## [2865] "fond of citing cases in which elections have been decided by one or"
## [2866] "two votes, but such cases are rare. 18. (paragraph 119) “today, in"
## [2867] "technologically advanced lands, men live very similar lives in spite"
## [2868] "of geographical, religious, and political differences. the daily lives"
## [2869] "of a christian bank clerk in chicago, a buddhist bank clerk in tokyo,"
## [2870] "and a communist bank clerk in moscow are far more alike than the life"
## [2871] "of any one of them is like that of any single man who lived a thousand"
## [2872] "years ago. these similarities are the result of a common technology....”"
## [2873] "l. sprague de camp, “the ancient engineers,” ballantine edition, page"
## [2874] "17. the lives of the three bank clerks are not identical. ideology does"
## [2875] "have some effect. but all technological societies, in order to survive,"
## [2876] "must evolve along approximately the same trajectory. 19. (paragraph"
## [2877] "123) just think an irresponsible genetic engineer might create a lot"
## [2878] "of terrorists. 20. (paragraph 124) for a further example of undesirable"
## [2879] "consequences of medical progress, suppose a reliable cure for cancer is"
## [2880] "discovered. even if the treatment is too expensive to be available to"
## [2881] "any but the elite, it will greatly reduce their incentive to stop the"
## [2882] "escape of carcinogens into the environment. 21. (paragraph 128) since"
## [2883] "many people may find paradoxical the notion that a large number of good"
## [2884] "things can add up to a bad thing, we illustrate with an analogy. suppose"
## [2885] "mr. a is playing chess with mr. b. mr. c, a grand master, is looking"
## [2886] "over mr. a’s shoulder. mr. a of course wants to win his game, so if mr."
## [2887] "c points out a good move for him to make, he is doing mr. a a favor."
## [2888] "but suppose now that mr. c tells mr. a how to make all of his moves."
## [2889] "in each particular instance he does mr. a a favor by showing him his"
## [2890] "best move, but by making all of his moves for him he spoils his game,"
## [2891] "since there is not point in mr. a’s playing the game at all if someone"
## [2892] "else makes all his moves. the situation of modern man is analogous to"
## [2893] "that of mr. a. the system makes an individual’s life easier for him in"
## [2894] "innumerable ways, but in doing so it deprives him of control over his"
## [2895] "own fate. 22. (paragraph 137) here we are considering only the conflict"
## [2896] "of values within the mainstream. for the sake of simplicity we leave"
## [2897] "out of the picture “outsider” values like the idea that wild nature is"
## [2898] "more important than human economic welfare. 23. (paragraph 137) self"
## [2899] "interest is not necessarily material self interest. it can consist"
## [2900] "in fulfillment of some psychological need, for example, by promoting"
## [2901] "one’s own ideology or religion. 24. (paragraph 139) a qualification:"
## [2902] "it is in the interest of the system to permit a certain prescribed"
## [2903] "degree of freedom in some areas. for example, economic freedom (with"
## [2904] "suitable limitations and restraints) has proved effective in promoting"
## [2905] "economic growth. but only planned, circumscribed, limited freedom"
## [2906] "is in the interest of the system. the individual must always be kept"
## [2907] "on a leash, even if the leash is sometimes long (see paragraphs 94,"
## [2908] "97). 25. (paragraph 143) we don’t mean to suggest that the efficiency"
## [2909] "or the potential for survival of a society has always been inversely"
## [2910] "proportional to the amount of pressure or discomfort to which the"
## [2911] "society subjects people. that certainly is not the case. there is good"
## [2912] "reason to believe that many primitive societies subjected people to less"
## [2913] "pressure than european society did, but european society proved far more"
## [2914] "efficient than any primitive society and always won out in conflicts"
## [2915] "with such societies because of the advantages conferred by technology."
## [2916] "26. (paragraph 147) if you think that more effective law enforcement is"
## [2917] "unequivocally good because it suppresses crime, then remember that crime"
## [2918] "as defined by the system is not necessarily what you would call crime."
## [2919] "today, smoking marijuana is a “crime,” and, in some places in the u.s.,"
## [2920] "so is possession of an unregistered handgun. tomorrow, possession of any"
## [2921] "firearm, registered or not, may be made a crime, and the same thing may"
## [2922] "happen with disapproved methods of child rearing, such as spanking. in"
## [2923] "some countries, expression of dissident political opinions is a crime,"
## [2924] "and there is no certainty that this will never happen in the u.s., since"
## [2925] "no constitution or political system lasts forever. if a society needs a"
## [2926] "large, powerful law enforcement establishment, then there is something"
## [2927] "gravely wrong with that society; it must be subjecting people to severe"
## [2928] "pressures if so many refuse to follow the rules, or follow them only"
## [2929] "because forced. many societies in the past have gotten by with little"
## [2930] "or no formal law enforcement. 27. (paragraph 151) to be sure, past"
## [2931] "societies have had means of influencing human behavior, but these have"
## [2932] "been primitive and of low effectiveness compared with the technological"
## [2933] "means that are now being developed. 28. (paragraph 152) however, some"
## [2934] "psychologists have publicly expressed opinions indicating their contempt"
## [2935] "for human freedom. and the mathematician claude shannon was quoted in"
## [2936] "omni (august 1987) as saying, “i visualize a time when we will be to"
## [2937] "robots what dogs are to humans, and i’m rooting for the machines.” 29."
## [2938] "(paragraph 154) this is no science fiction! after writing paragraph"
## [2939] "154 we came across an article in scientific american according to which"
## [2940] "scientists are actively developing techniques for identifying possible"
## [2941] "future criminals and for treating them by a combination of biological"
## [2942] "and psychological means. some scientists advocate compulsory application"
## [2943] "of the treatment, which may be available in the near future. (see"
## [2944] "“seeking the criminal element,” by w. wayt gibbs, scientific american,"
## [2945] "march 1995.) maybe you think this is ok because the treatment would be"
## [2946] "applied to those who might become violent criminals. but of course it"
## [2947] "won’t stop there. next, a treatment will be applied to those who might"
## [2948] "become drunk drivers (they endanger human life too), then perhaps to"
## [2949] "peel who spank their children, then to environmentalists who sabotage"
## [2950] "logging equipment, eventually to anyone whose behavior is inconvenient"
## [2951] "for the system. 30. (paragraph 184) a further advantage of nature as"
## [2952] "a counter ideal to technology is that, in many people, nature inspires"
## [2953] "the kind of reverence that is associated with religion, so that nature"
## [2954] "could perhaps be idealized on a religious basis. it is true that in many"
## [2955] "societies religion has served as a support and justification for the"
## [2956] "established order, but it is also true that religion has often provided"
## [2957] "a basis for rebellion. thus it may be useful to introduce a religious"
## [2958] "element into the rebellion against technology, the more so because"
## [2959] "western society today has no strong religious foundation. religion,"
## [2960] "nowadays either is used as cheap and transparent support for narrow,"
## [2961] "short sighted selfishness (some conservatives use it this way), or even"
## [2962] "is cynically exploited to make easy money (by many evangelists), or has"
## [2963] "degenerated into crude irrationalism (fundamentalist protestant sects,"
## [2964] "“cults”), or is simply stagnant (catholicism, main line protestantism)."
## [2965] "the nearest thing to a strong, widespread, dynamic religion that the"
## [2966] "west has seen in recent times has been the quasi religion of leftism,"
## [2967] "but leftism today is fragmented and has no clear, unified, inspiring"
## [2968] "goal. thus there is a religious vacuum in our society that could perhaps"
## [2969] "be filled by a religion focused on nature in opposition to technology."
## [2970] "but it would be a mistake to try to concoct artificially a religion to"
## [2971] "fill this role. such an invented religion would probably be a failure."
## [2972] "take the “gaia” religion for example. do its adherents really believe"
## [2973] "in it or are they just play acting? if they are just play acting their"
## [2974] "religion will be a flop in the end. it is probably best not to try to"
## [2975] "introduce religion into the conflict of nature vs. technology unless"
## [2976] "you really believe in that religion yourself and find that it arouses"
## [2977] "a deep, strong, genuine response in many other people. 31. (paragraph"
## [2978] "189) assuming that such a final push occurs. conceivably the industrial"
## [2979] "system might be eliminated in a somewhat gradual or piecemeal fashion"
## [2980] "(see paragraphs 4, 167 and note 4). 32. (paragraph 193) it is even"
## [2981] "conceivable (remotely) that the revolution might consist only of a"
## [2982] "massive change of attitudes toward technology resulting in a relatively"
## [2983] "gradual and painless disintegration of the industrial system. but"
## [2984] "if this happens we’ll be very lucky. it’s far more probably that the"
## [2985] "transition to a nontechnological society will be very difficult and"
## [2986] "full of conflicts and disasters. 33. (paragraph 195) the economic"
## [2987] "and technological structure of a society are far more important than"
## [2988] "its political structure in determining the way the average man lives"
## [2989] "(see paragraphs 95, 119 and notes 16, 18). 34. (paragraph 215) this"
## [2990] "statement refers to our particular brand of anarchism. a wide variety"
## [2991] "of social attitudes have been called “anarchist,” and it may be that"
## [2992] "many who consider themselves anarchists would not accept our statement"
## [2993] "of paragraph 215. it should be noted, by the way, that there is a"
## [2994] "nonviolent anarchist movement whose members probably would not accept"
## [2995] "fc as anarchist and certainly would not approve of fc’s violent methods."
## [2996] "35. (paragraph 219) many leftists are motivated also by hostility,"
## [2997] "but the hostility probably results in part from a frustrated need for"
## [2998] "power. 36. (paragraph 229) it is important to understand that we mean"
## [2999] "someone who sympathizes with these movements as they exist today in our"
## [3000] "society. one who believes that women, homosexuals, etc., should have"
## [3001] "equal rights is not necessary a leftist. the feminist, gay rights, etc.,"
## [3002] "movements that exist in our society have the particular ideological"
## [3003] "tone that characterizes leftism, and if one believes, for example,"
## [3004] "that women should have equal rights it does not necessarily follow that"
## [3005] "one must sympathize with the feminist movement as it exists today. if"
## [3006] "copyright problems make it impossible for this long quotation to be"
## [3007] "printed, then please change note 16 to read as follows: 16. (paragraph"
## [3008] "95) when the american colonies were under british rule there were fewer"
## [3009] "and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there were after"
## [3010] "the american constitution went into effect, yet there was more personal"
## [3011] "freedom in pre industrial america, both before and after the war of"
## [3012] "independence, than there was after the industrial revolution took hold"
## [3013] "in this country. in “violence in america: historical and comparative"
## [3014] "perspectives,” edited by hugh davis graham and ted robert gurr, chapter"
## [3015] "12 by roger lane, it is explained how in pre industrial america the"
## [3016] "average person had greater independence and autonomy than he does"
## [3017] "today, and how the process of industrialization necessarily led to the"
## [3018] "restriction of personal freedom."4. Strip punctuation, retain contractions
Thanks to Marin Kautz for finding the ascii table code
una2 <- replace_contraction(una2)
una2 #Replace the contractions 'it's' now is 'it is'## [1] "industrial society and its future introduction 1. the industrial revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race. they have greatly increased the life expectancy of those of us who live in “advanced” countries, but they have destabilized society, have made life unfulfilling, have subjected human beings to indignities, have led to widespread psychological suffering (in the third world to physical suffering as well) and have inflicted severe damage on the natural world. the continued development of technology will worsen the situation. it will certainly subject human beings to greater indignities and inflict greater damage on the natural world, it will probably lead to greater social disruption and psychological suffering, and it may lead to increased physical suffering even in “advanced” countries. 2. the industrial technological system may survive or it may break down. if it survives, it may eventually achieve a low level of physical and psychological suffering, but only after passing through a long and very painful period of adjustment and only at the cost of permanently reducing human beings and many other living organisms to engineered products and mere cogs in the social machine. furthermore, if the system survives, the consequences will be inevitable: there is no way of reforming or modifying the system so as to prevent it from depriving people of dignity and autonomy. 3. if the system breaks down the consequences will still be very painful. but the bigger the system grows the more disastrous the results of its breakdown will be, so if it is to break down it had best break down sooner rather than later. 4. we therefore advocate a revolution against the industrial system. this revolution may or may not make use of violence; it may be sudden or it may be a relatively gradual process spanning a few decades. we can’t predict any of that. but we do outline in a very general way the measures that those who hate the industrial system should take in order to prepare the way for a revolution against that form of society. this is not to be a political revolution. its object will be to overthrow not governments but the economic and technological basis of the present society. 5. in this article we give attention to only some of the negative developments that have grown out of the industrial technological system. other such developments we mention only briefly or ignore altogether. this does not mean that we regard these other developments as unimportant. for practical reasons we have to confine our discussion to areas that have received insufficient public attention or in which we have something new to say. for example, since there are well developed environmental and wilderness movements, we have written very little about environmental degradation or the destruction of wild nature, even though we consider these to be highly important. the psychology of modern leftism 6. almost everyone will agree that we live in a deeply troubled society. one of the most widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world is leftism, so a discussion of the psychology of leftism can serve as an introduction to the discussion of the problems of modern society in general. 7. but what is leftism? during the first half of the 20th century leftism could have been practically identified with socialism. today the movement is fragmented and it is not clear who can properly be called a leftist. when we speak of leftists in this article we have in mind mainly socialists, collectivists, “politically correct” types, feminists, gay and disability activists, animal rights activists and the like. but not everyone who is associated with one of these movements is a leftist. what we are trying to get at in discussing leftism is not so much movement or an ideology as a psychological type, or rather a collection of related types. thus, what we mean by “leftism” will emerge more clearly in the course of our discussion of leftist psychology. (also, see paragraphs 227 230.) 8. even so, our conception of leftism will remain a good deal less clear than we would wish, but there doesn’t seem to be any remedy for this. all we are trying to do here is indicate in a rough and approximate way the two psychological tendencies that we believe are the main driving force of modern leftism. we by no means claim to be telling the whole truth about leftist psychology. also, our discussion is meant to apply to modern leftism only. we leave open the question of the extent to which our discussion could be applied to the leftists of the 19th and early 20th centuries. 9. the two psychological tendencies that underlie modern leftism we call “feelings of inferiority” and “oversocialization.” feelings of inferiority are characteristic of modern leftism as a whole, while oversocialization is characteristic only of a certain segment of modern leftism; but this segment is highly influential. feelings of inferiority 10. by “feelings of inferiority” we mean not only inferiority feelings in the strict sense but a whole spectrum of related traits; low self esteem, feelings of powerlessness, depressive tendencies, defeatism, guilt, self hatred, etc. we argue that modern leftists tend to have some such feelings (possibly more or less repressed) and that these feelings are decisive in determining the direction of modern leftism. 11. when someone interprets as derogatory almost anything that is said about him (or about groups with whom he identifies) we conclude that he has inferiority feelings or low self esteem. this tendency is pronounced among minority rights activists, whether or not they belong to the minority groups whose rights they defend. they are hypersensitive about the words used to designate minorities and about anything that is said concerning minorities. the terms “negro,” “oriental,” “handicapped” or “chick” for an african, an asian, a disabled person or a woman originally had no derogatory connotation. “broad” and “chick” were merely the feminine equivalents of “guy,” “dude” or “fellow.” the negative connotations have been attached to these terms by the activists themselves. some animal rights activists have gone so far as to reject the word “pet” and insist on its replacement by “animal companion.” leftish anthropologists go to great lengths to avoid saying anything about primitive peoples that could conceivably be interpreted as negative. they want to replace the world “primitive” by “nonliterate.” they seem almost paranoid about anything that might suggest that any primitive culture is inferior to our own. (we do not mean to imply that primitive cultures are inferior to ours. we merely point out the hypersensitivity of leftish anthropologists.) 12. those who are most sensitive about “politically incorrect” terminology are not the average black ghetto dweller, asian immigrant, abused woman or disabled person, but a minority of activists, many of whom do not even belong to any “oppressed” group but come from privileged strata of society. political correctness has its stronghold among university professors, who have secure employment with comfortable salaries, and the majority of whom are heterosexual white males from middle to upper middle class families. 13. many leftists have an intense identification with the problems of groups that have an image of being weak (women), defeated (american indians), repellent (homosexuals) or otherwise inferior. the leftists themselves feel that these groups are inferior. they would never admit to themselves that they have such feelings, but it is precisely because they do see these groups as inferior that they identify with their problems. (we do not mean to suggest that women, indians, etc. are inferior; we are only making a point about leftist psychology.) 14. feminists are desperately anxious to prove that women are as strong and as capable as men. clearly they are nagged by a fear that women may not be as strong and as capable as men. 15. leftists tend to hate anything that has an image of being strong, good and successful. they hate america, they hate western civilization, they hate white males, they hate rationality. the reasons that leftists give for hating the west, etc. clearly do not correspond with their real motives. they say they hate the west because it is warlike, imperialistic, sexist, ethnocentric and so forth, but where these same faults appear in socialist countries or in primitive cultures, the leftist finds excuses for them, or at best he grudgingly admits that they exist; whereas he enthusiastically points out (and often greatly exaggerates) these faults where they appear in western civilization. thus it is clear that these faults are not the leftist’s real motive for hating america and the west. he hates america and the west because they are strong and successful. 16. words like “self confidence,” “self reliance,” “initiative,” “enterprise,” “optimism,” etc., play little role in the liberal and leftist vocabulary. the leftist is anti individualistic, pro collectivist. he wants society to solve everyone’s problems for them, satisfy everyone’s needs for them, take care of them. he is not the sort of person who has an inner sense of confidence in his ability to solve his own problems and satisfy his own needs. the leftist is antagonistic to the concept of competition because, deep inside, he feels like a loser. 17. art forms that appeal to modern leftish intellectuals tend to focus on sordidness, defeat and despair, or else they take an orgiastic tone, throwing off rational control as if there were no hope of accomplishing anything through rational calculation and all that was left was to immerse oneself in the sensations of the moment. 18. modern leftish philosophers tend to dismiss reason, science, objective reality and to insist that everything is culturally relative. it is true that one can ask serious questions about the foundations of scientific knowledge and about how, if at all, the concept of objective reality can be defined. but it is obvious that modern leftish philosophers are not simply cool headed logicians systematically analyzing the foundations of knowledge. they are deeply involved emotionally in their attack on truth and reality. they attack these concepts because of their own psychological needs. for one thing, their attack is an outlet for hostility, and, to the extent that it is successful, it satisfies the drive for power. more importantly, the leftist hates science and rationality because they classify certain beliefs as true (i.e., successful, superior) and other beliefs as false (i.e., failed, inferior). the leftist’s feelings of inferiority run so deep that he cannot tolerate any classification of some things as successful or superior and other things as failed or inferior. this also underlies the rejection by many leftists of the concept of mental illness and of the utility of iq tests. leftists are antagonistic to genetic explanations of human abilities or behavior because such explanations tend to make some persons appear superior or inferior to others. leftists prefer to give society the credit or blame for an individual’s ability or lack of it. thus if a person is “inferior” it is not his fault, but society’s, because he has not been brought up properly. 19. the leftist is not typically the kind of person whose feelings of inferiority make him a braggart, an egotist, a bully, a self promoter, a ruthless competitor. this kind of person has not wholly lost faith in himself. he has a deficit in his sense of power and self worth, but he can still conceive of himself as having the capacity to be strong, and his efforts to make himself strong produce his unpleasant behavior. [1] but the leftist is too far gone for that. his feelings of inferiority are so ingrained that he cannot conceive of himself as individually strong and valuable. hence the collectivism of the leftist. he can feel strong only as a member of a large organization or a mass movement with which he identifies himself. 20. notice the masochistic tendency of leftist tactics. leftists protest by lying down in front of vehicles, they intentionally provoke police or racists to abuse them, etc. these tactics may often be effective, but many leftists use them not as a means to an end but because they prefer masochistic tactics. self hatred is a leftist trait. 21. leftists may claim that their activism is motivated by compassion or by moral principles, and moral principle does play a role for the leftist of the oversocialized type. but compassion and moral principle cannot be the main motives for leftist activism. hostility is too prominent a component of leftist behavior; so is the drive for power. moreover, much leftist behavior is not rationally calculated to be of benefit to the people whom the leftists claim to be trying to help. for example, if one believes that affirmative action is good for black people, does it make sense to demand affirmative action in hostile or dogmatic terms? obviously it would be more productive to take a diplomatic and conciliatory approach that would make at least verbal and symbolic concessions to white people who think that affirmative action discriminates against them. but leftist activists do not take such an approach because it would not satisfy their emotional needs. helping black people is not their real goal. instead, race problems serve as an excuse for them to express their own hostility and frustrated need for power. in doing so they actually harm black people, because the activists’ hostile attitude toward the white majority tends to intensify race hatred. 22. if our society had no social problems at all, the leftists would have to invent problems in order to provide themselves with an excuse for making a fuss. 23. we emphasize that the foregoing does not pretend to be an accurate description of everyone who might be considered a leftist. it is only a rough indication of a general tendency of leftism. oversocialization 24. psychologists use the term “socialization” to designate the process by which children are trained to think and act as society demands. a person is said to be well socialized if he believes in and obeys the moral code of his society and fits in well as a functioning part of that society. it may seem senseless to say that many leftists are oversocialized, since the leftist is perceived as a rebel. nevertheless, the position can be defended. many leftists are not such rebels as they seem. 25. the moral code of our society is so demanding that no one can think, feel and act in a completely moral way. for example, we are not supposed to hate anyone, yet almost everyone hates somebody at some time or other, whether he admits it to himself or not. some people are so highly socialized that the attempt to think, feel and act morally imposes a severe burden on them. in order to avoid feelings of guilt, they continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and find moral explanations for feelings and actions that in reality have a non moral origin. we use the term “oversocialized” to describe such people. [2] 26. oversocialization can lead to low self esteem, a sense of powerlessness, defeatism, guilt, etc. one of the most important means by which our society socializes children is by making them feel ashamed of behavior or speech that is contrary to society’s expectations. if this is overdone, or if a particular child is especially susceptible to such feelings, he ends by feeling ashamed of himself. moreover the thought and the behavior of the oversocialized person are more restricted by society’s expectations than are those of the lightly socialized person. the majority of people engage in a significant amount of naughty behavior. they lie, they commit petty thefts, they break traffic laws, they goof off at work, they hate someone, they say spiteful things or they use some underhanded trick to get ahead of the other guy. the oversocialized person cannot do these things, or if he does do them he generates in himself a sense of shame and self hatred. the oversocialized person cannot even experience, without guilt, thoughts or feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality; he cannot think “unclean” thoughts. and socialization is not just a matter of morality; we are socialized to conform to many norms of behavior that do not fall under the heading of morality. thus the oversocialized person is kept on a psychological leash and spends his life running on rails that society has laid down for him. in many oversocialized people this results in a sense of constraint and powerlessness that can be a severe hardship. we suggest that oversocialization is among the more serious cruelties that human beings inflict on one another. 27. we argue that a very important and influential segment of the modern left is oversocialized and that their oversocialization is of great importance in determining the direction of modern leftism. leftists of the oversocialized type tend to be intellectuals or members of the upper middle class. notice that university intellectuals [3] constitute the most highly socialized segment of our society and also the most left wing segment. 28. the leftist of the oversocialized type tries to get off his psychological leash and assert his autonomy by rebelling. but usually he is not strong enough to rebel against the most basic values of society. generally speaking, the goals of today’s leftists are not in conflict with the accepted morality. on the contrary, the left takes an accepted moral principle, adopts it as its own, and then accuses mainstream society of violating that principle. examples: racial equality, equality of the sexes, helping poor people, peace as opposed to war, nonviolence generally, freedom of expression, kindness to animals. more fundamentally, the duty of the individual to serve society and the duty of society to take care of the individual. all these have been deeply rooted values of our society (or at least of its middle and upper classes [4] for a long time. these values are explicitly or implicitly expressed or presupposed in most of the material presented to us by the mainstream communications media and the educational system. leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, usually do not rebel against these principles but justify their hostility to society by claiming (with some degree of truth) that society is not living up to these principles. 29. here is an illustration of the way in which the oversocialized leftist shows his real attachment to the conventional attitudes of our society while pretending to be in rebellion against it. many leftists push for affirmative action, for moving black people into high prestige jobs, for improved education in black schools and more money for such schools; the way of life of the black “underclass” they regard as a social disgrace. they want to integrate the black man into the system, make him a business executive, a lawyer, a scientist just like upper middle class white people. the leftists will reply that the last thing they want is to make the black man into a copy of the white man; instead, they want to preserve african american culture. but in what does this preservation of african american culture consist? it can hardly consist in anything more than eating black style food, listening to black style music, wearing black style clothing and going to a black style church or mosque. in other words, it can express itself only in superficial matters. in all essential respects most leftists of the oversocialized type want to make the black man conform to white, middle class ideals. they want to make him study technical subjects, become an executive or a scientist, spend his life climbing the status ladder to prove that black people are as good as white. they want to make black fathers “responsible,” they want black gangs to become nonviolent, etc. but these are exactly the values of the industrial technological system. the system couldn’t care less what kind of music a man listens to, what kind of clothes he wears or what religion he believes in as long as he studies in school, holds a respectable job, climbs the status ladder, is a “responsible” parent, is nonviolent and so forth. in effect, however much he may deny it, the oversocialized leftist wants to integrate the black man into the system and make him adopt its values. 30. we certainly do not claim that leftists, even of the oversocialized type, never rebel against the fundamental values of our society. clearly they sometimes do. some oversocialized leftists have gone so far as to rebel against one of modern society’s most important principles by engaging in physical violence. by their own account, violence is for them a form of “liberation.” in other words, by committing violence they break through the psychological restraints that have been trained into them. because they are oversocialized these restraints have been more confining for them than for others; hence their need to break free of them. but they usually justify their rebellion in terms of mainstream values. if they engage in violence they claim to be fighting against racism or the like. 31. we realize that many objections could be raised to the foregoing thumbnail sketch of leftist psychology. the real situation is complex, and anything like a complete description of it would take several volumes even if the necessary data were available. we claim only to have indicated very roughly the two most important tendencies in the psychology of modern leftism. 32. the problems of the leftist are indicative of the problems of our society as a whole. low self esteem, depressive tendencies and defeatism are not restricted to the left. though they are especially noticeable in the left, they are widespread in our society. and today’s society tries to socialize us to a greater extent than any previous society. we are even told by experts how to eat, how to exercise, how to make love, how to raise our kids and so forth. the power process 33. human beings have a need (probably based in biology) for something that we will call the “power process.” this is closely related to the need for power (which is widely recognized) but is not quite the same thing. the power process has four elements. the three most clear cut of these we call goal, effort and attainment of goal. (everyone needs to have goals whose attainment requires effort, and needs to succeed in attaining at least some of his goals.) the fourth element is more difficult to define and may not be necessary for everyone. we call it autonomy and will discuss it later (paragraphs 42 44). 34. consider the hypothetical case of a man who can have anything he wants just by wishing for it. such a man has power, but he will develop serious psychological problems. at first he will have a lot of fun, but by and by he will become acutely bored and demoralized. eventually he may become clinically depressed. history shows that leisured aristocracies tend to become decadent. this is not true of fighting aristocracies that have to struggle to maintain their power. but leisured, secure aristocracies that have no need to exert themselves usually become bored, hedonistic and demoralized, even though they have power. this shows that power is not enough. one must have goals toward which to exercise one’s power. 35. everyone has goals; if nothing else, to obtain the physical necessities of life: food, water and whatever clothing and shelter are made necessary by the climate. but the leisured aristocrat obtains these things without effort. hence his boredom and demoralization. 36. nonattainment of important goals results in death if the goals are physical necessities, and in frustration if nonattainment of the goals is compatible with survival. consistent failure to attain goals throughout life results in defeatism, low self esteem or depression. 37, thus, in order to avoid serious psychological problems, a human being needs goals whose attainment requires effort, and he must have a reasonable rate of success in attaining his goals. surrogate activities 38. but not every leisured aristocrat becomes bored and demoralized. for example, the emperor hirohito, instead of sinking into decadent hedonism, devoted himself to marine biology, a field in which he became distinguished. when people do not have to exert themselves to satisfy their physical needs they often set up artificial goals for themselves. in many cases they then pursue these goals with the same energy and emotional involvement that they otherwise would have put into the search for physical necessities. thus the aristocrats of the roman empire had their literary pretensions; many european aristocrats a few centuries ago invested tremendous time and energy in hunting, though they certainly didn’t need the meat; other aristocracies have competed for status through elaborate displays of wealth; and a few aristocrats, like hirohito, have turned to science. 39. we use the term “surrogate activity” to designate an activity that is directed toward an artificial goal that people set up for themselves merely in order to have some goal to work toward, or let us say, merely for the sake of the “fulfillment” that they get from pursuing the goal. here is a rule of thumb for the identification of surrogate activities. given a person who devotes much time and energy to the pursuit of goal x, ask yourself this: if he had to devote most of his time and energy to satisfying his biological needs, and if that effort required him to use his physical and mental faculties in a varied and interesting way, would he feel seriously deprived because he did not attain goal x? if the answer is no, then the person’s pursuit of goal x is a surrogate activity. hirohito’s studies in marine biology clearly constituted a surrogate activity, since it is pretty certain that if hirohito had had to spend his time working at interesting non scientific tasks in order to obtain the necessities of life, he would not have felt deprived because he didn’t know all about the anatomy and life cycles of marine animals. on the other hand the pursuit of sex and love (for example) is not a surrogate activity, because most people, even if their existence were otherwise satisfactory, would feel deprived if they passed their lives without ever having a relationship with a member of the opposite sex. (but pursuit of an excessive amount of sex, more than one really needs, can be a surrogate activity.) 40. in modern industrial society only minimal effort is necessary to satisfy one’s physical needs. it is enough to go through a training program to acquire some petty technical skill, then come to work on time and exert the very modest effort needed to hold a job. the only requirements are a moderate amount of intelligence and, most of all, simple obedience. if one has those, society takes care of one from cradle to grave. (yes, there is an underclass that cannot take the physical necessities for granted, but we are speaking here of mainstream society.) thus it is not surprising that modern society is full of surrogate activities. these include scientific work, athletic achievement, humanitarian work, artistic and literary creation, climbing the corporate ladder, acquisition of money and material goods far beyond the point at which they cease to give any additional physical satisfaction, and social activism when it addresses issues that are not important for the activist personally, as in the case of white activists who work for the rights of nonwhite minorities. these are not always pure surrogate activities, since for many people they may be motivated in part by needs other than the need to have some goal to pursue. scientific work may be motivated in part by a drive for prestige, artistic creation by a need to express feelings, militant social activism by hostility. but for most people who pursue them, these activities are in large part surrogate activities. for example, the majority of scientists will probably agree that the “fulfillment” they get from their work is more important than the money and prestige they earn. 41. for many if not most people, surrogate activities are less satisfying than the pursuit of real goals (that is, goals that people would want to attain even if their need for the power process were already fulfilled). one indication of this is the fact that, in many or most cases, people who are deeply involved in surrogate activities are never satisfied, never at rest. thus the money maker constantly strives for more and more wealth. the scientist no sooner solves one problem than he moves on to the next. the long distance runner drives himself to run always farther and faster. many people who pursue surrogate activities will say that they get far more fulfillment from these activities than they do from the “mundane” business of satisfying their biological needs, but that is because in our society the effort needed to satisfy the biological needs has been reduced to triviality. more importantly, in our society people do not satisfy their biological needs autonomously but by functioning as parts of an immense social machine. in contrast, people generally have a great deal of autonomy in pursuing their surrogate activities. autonomy 42. autonomy as a part of the power process may not be necessary for every individual. but most people need a greater or lesser degree of autonomy in working toward their goals. their efforts must be undertaken on their own initiative and must be under their own direction and control. yet most people do not have to exert this initiative, direction and control as single individuals. it is usually enough to act as a member of a small group. thus if half a dozen people discuss a goal among themselves and make a successful joint effort to attain that goal, their need for the power process will be served. but if they work under rigid orders handed down from above that leave them no room for autonomous decision and initiative, then their need for the power process will not be served. the same is true when decisions are made on a collective basis if the group making the collective decision is so large that the role of each individual is insignificant. [5] 43. it is true that some individuals seem to have little need for autonomy. either their drive for power is weak or they satisfy it by identifying themselves with some powerful organization to which they belong. and then there are unthinking, animal types who seem to be satisfied with a purely physical sense of power (the good combat soldier, who gets his sense of power by developing fighting skills that he is quite content to use in blind obedience to his superiors). 44. but for most people it is through the power process—having a goal, making an autonomous effort and attaining the goal—that self esteem, self confidence and a sense of power are acquired. when one does not have adequate opportunity to go through the power process the consequences are (depending on the individual and on the way the power process is disrupted) boredom, demoralization, low self esteem, inferiority feelings, defeatism, depression, anxiety, guilt, frustration, hostility, spouse or child abuse, insatiable hedonism, abnormal sexual behavior, sleep disorders, eating disorders, etc. [6] sources of social problems 45. any of the foregoing symptoms can occur in any society, but in modern industrial society they are present on a massive scale. we aren’t the first to mention that the world today seems to be going crazy. this sort of thing is not normal for human societies. there is good reason to believe that primitive man suffered from less stress and frustration and was better satisfied with his way of life than modern man is. it is true that not all was sweetness and light in primitive societies. abuse of women was common among the australian aborigines, transexuality was fairly common among some of the american indian tribes. but it does appear that generally speaking the kinds of problems that we have listed in the preceding paragraph were far less common among primitive peoples than they are in modern society. 46. we attribute the social and psychological problems of modern society to the fact that that society requires people to live under conditions radically different from those under which the human race evolved and to behave in ways that conflict with the patterns of behavior that the human race developed while living under the earlier conditions. it is clear from what we have already written that we consider lack of opportunity to properly experience the power process as the most important of the abnormal conditions to which modern society subjects people. but it is not the only one. before dealing with disruption of the power process as a source of social problems we will discuss some of the other sources. 47. among the abnormal conditions present in modern industrial society are excessive density of population, isolation of man from nature, excessive rapidity of social change and the breakdown of natural small scale communities such as the extended family, the village or the tribe. 48. it is well known that crowding increases stress and aggression. the degree of crowding that exists today and the isolation of man from nature are consequences of technological progress. all pre industrial societies were predominantly rural. the industrial revolution vastly increased the size of cities and the proportion of the population that lives in them, and modern agricultural technology has made it possible for the earth to support a far denser population than it ever did before. (also, technology exacerbates the effects of crowding because it puts increased disruptive powers in people’s hands. for example, a variety of noise making devices: power mowers, radios, motorcycles, etc. if the use of these devices is unrestricted, people who want peace and quiet are frustrated by the noise. if their use is restricted, people who use the devices are frustrated by the regulations. but if these machines had never been invented there would have been no conflict and no frustration generated by them.) 49. for primitive societies the natural world (which usually changes only slowly) provided a stable framework and therefore a sense of security. in the modern world it is human society that dominates nature rather than the other way around, and modern society changes very rapidly owing to technological change. thus there is no stable framework. 50. the conservatives are fools: they whine about the decay of traditional values, yet they enthusiastically support technological progress and economic growth. apparently it never occurs to them that you can’t make rapid, drastic changes in the technology and the economy of a society without causing rapid changes in all other aspects of the society as well, and that such rapid changes inevitably break down traditional values. 51. the breakdown of traditional values to some extent implies the breakdown of the bonds that hold together traditional small scale social groups. the disintegration of small scale social groups is also promoted by the fact that modern conditions often require or tempt individuals to move to new locations, separating themselves from their communities. beyond that, a technological society has to weaken family ties and local communities if it is to function efficiently. in modern society an individual’s loyalty must be first to the system and only secondarily to a small scale community, because if the internal loyalties of small scale communities were stronger than loyalty to the system, such communities would pursue their own advantage at the expense of the system. 52. suppose that a public official or a corporation executive appoints his cousin, his friend or his co religionist to a position rather than appointing the person best qualified for the job. he has permitted personal loyalty to supersede his loyalty to the system, and that is “nepotism” or “discrimination,” both of which are terrible sins in modern society. would be industrial societies that have done a poor job of subordinating personal or local loyalties to loyalty to the system are usually very inefficient. (look at latin america.) thus an advanced industrial society can tolerate only those small scale communities that are emasculated, tamed and made into tools of the system. [7] 53. crowding, rapid change and the breakdown of communities have been widely recognized as sources of social problems. but we do not believe they are enough to account for the extent of the problems that are seen today. 54. a few pre industrial cities were very large and crowded, yet their inhabitants do not seem to have suffered from psychological problems to the same extent as modern man. in america today there still are uncrowded rural areas, and we find there the same problems as in urban areas, though the problems tend to be less acute in the rural areas. thus crowding does not seem to be the decisive factor. 55. on the growing edge of the american frontier during the 19th century, the mobility of the population probably broke down extended families and small scale social groups to at least the same extent as these are broken down today. in fact, many nuclear families lived by choice in such isolation, having no neighbors within several miles, that they belonged to no community at all, yet they do not seem to have developed problems as a result. 56. furthermore, change in american frontier society was very rapid and deep. a man might be born and raised in a log cabin, outside the reach of law and order and fed largely on wild meat; and by the time he arrived at old age he might be working at a regular job and living in an ordered community with effective law enforcement. this was a deeper change than that which typically occurs in the life of a modern individual, yet it does not seem to have led to psychological problems. in fact, 19th century american society had an optimistic and self confident tone, quite unlike that of today’s society. [8] 57. the difference, we argue, is that modern man has the sense (largely justified) that change is imposed on him, whereas the 19th century frontiersman had the sense (also largely justified) that he created change himself, by his own choice. thus a pioneer settled on a piece of land of his own choosing and made it into a farm through his own effort. in those days an entire county might have only a couple of hundred inhabitants and was a far more isolated and autonomous entity than a modern county is. hence the pioneer farmer participated as a member of a relatively small group in the creation of a new, ordered community. one may well question whether the creation of this community was an improvement, but at any rate it satisfied the pioneer’s need for the power process. 58. it would be possible to give other examples of societies in which there has been rapid change and/or lack of close community ties without the kind of massive behavioral aberration that is seen in today’s industrial society. we contend that the most important cause of social and psychological problems in modern society is the fact that people have insufficient opportunity to go through the power process in a normal way. we don’t mean to say that modern society is the only one in which the power process has been disrupted. probably most if not all civilized societies have interfered with the power process to a greater or lesser extent. but in modern industrial society the problem has become particularly acute. leftism, at least in its recent (mid to late 20th century) form, is in part a symptom of deprivation with respect to the power process. disruption of the power process in modern society 59. we divide human drives into three groups: (1) those drives that can be satisfied with minimal effort; (2) those that can be satisfied but only at the cost of serious effort; (3) those that cannot be adequately satisfied no matter how much effort one makes. the power process is the process of satisfying the drives of the second group. the more drives there are in the third group, the more there is frustration, anger, eventually defeatism, depression, etc. 60. in modern industrial society natural human drives tend to be pushed into the first and third groups, and the second group tends to consist increasingly of artificially created drives. 61. in primitive societies, physical necessities generally fall into group 2: they can be obtained, but only at the cost of serious effort. but modern society tends to guaranty the physical necessities to everyone [9] in exchange for only minimal effort, hence physical needs are pushed into group 1. (there may be disagreement about whether the effort needed to hold a job is “minimal”; but usually, in lower to middle level jobs, whatever effort is required is merely that of obedience. you sit or stand where you are told to sit or stand and do what you are told to do in the way you are told to do it. seldom do you have to exert yourself seriously, and in any case you have hardly any autonomy in work, so that the need for the power process is not well served.) 62. social needs, such as sex, love and status, often remain in group 2 in modern society, depending on the situation of the individual. [10] but, except for people who have a particularly strong drive for status, the effort required to fulfill the social drives is insufficient to satisfy adequately the need for the power process. 63. so certain artificial needs have been created that fall into group 2, hence serve the need for the power process. advertising and marketing techniques have been developed that make many people feel they need things that their grandparents never desired or even dreamed of. it requires serious effort to earn enough money to satisfy these artificial needs, hence they fall into group 2. (but see paragraphs 80 82.) modern man must satisfy his need for the power process largely through pursuit of the artificial needs created by the advertising and marketing industry [11], and through surrogate activities. 64. it seems that for many people, maybe the majority, these artificial forms of the power process are insufficient. a theme that appears repeatedly in the writings of the social critics of the second half of the 20th century is the sense of purposelessness that afflicts many people in modern society. (this purposelessness is often called by other names such as “anomic” or “middle class vacuity.”) we suggest that the so called “identity crisis” is actually a search for a sense of purpose, often for commitment to a suitable surrogate activity. it may be that existentialism is in large part a response to the purposelessness of modern life. [12] very widespread in modern society is the search for “fulfillment.” but we think that for the majority of people an activity whose main goal is fulfillment (that is, a surrogate activity) does not bring completely satisfactory fulfillment. in other words, it does not fully satisfy the need for the power process. (see paragraph 41.) that need can be fully satisfied only through activities that have some external goal, such as physical necessities, sex, love, status, revenge, etc. 65. moreover, where goals are pursued through earning money, climbing the status ladder or functioning as part of the system in some other way, most people are not in a position to pursue their goals autonomously. most workers are someone else’s employee and, as we pointed out in paragraph 61, must spend their days doing what they are told to do in the way they are told to do it. even people who are in business for themselves have only limited autonomy. it is a chronic complaint of small business persons and entrepreneurs that their hands are tied by excessive government regulation. some of these regulations are doubtless unnecessary, but for the most part government regulations are essential and inevitable parts of our extremely complex society. a large portion of small business today operates on the franchise system. it was reported in the wall street journal a few years ago that many of the franchise granting companies require applicants for franchises to take a personality test that is designed to exclude those who have creativity and initiative, because such persons are not sufficiently docile to go along obediently with the franchise system. this excludes from small business many of the people who most need autonomy. 66. today people live more by virtue of what the system does for them or to them than by virtue of what they do for themselves. and what they do for themselves is done more and more along channels laid down by the system. opportunities tend to be those that the system provides, the opportunities must be exploited in accord with rules and regulations [13], and techniques prescribed by experts must be followed if there is to be a chance of success. 67. thus the power process is disrupted in our society through a deficiency of real goals and a deficiency of autonomy in the pursuit of goals. but it is also disrupted because of those human drives that fall into group 3: the drives that one cannot adequately satisfy no matter how much effort one makes. one of these drives is the need for security. our lives depend on decisions made by other people; we have no control over these decisions and usually we do not even know the people who make them. (“we live in a world in which relatively few people—maybe 500 or 1,000—make the important decisions”—philip b. heymann of harvard law school, quoted by anthony lewis, new york times, april 21, 1995.) our lives depend on whether safety standards at a nuclear power plant are properly maintained; on how much pesticide is allowed to get into our food or how much pollution into our air; on how skillful (or incompetent) our doctor is; whether we lose or get a job may depend on decisions made by government economists or corporation executives; and so forth. most individuals are not in a position to secure themselves against these threats to more [than] a very limited extent. the individual’s search for security is therefore frustrated, which leads to a sense of powerlessness. 68. it may be objected that primitive man is physically less secure than modern man, as is shown by his shorter life expectancy; hence modern man suffers from less, not more than the amount of insecurity that is normal for human beings. but psychological security does not closely correspond with physical security. what makes us feel secure is not so much objective security as a sense of confidence in our ability to take care of ourselves. primitive man, threatened by a fierce animal or by hunger, can fight in self defense or travel in search of food. he has no certainty of success in these efforts, but he is by no means helpless against the things that threaten him. the modern individual on the other hand is threatened by many things against which he is helpless: nuclear accidents, carcinogens in food, environmental pollution, war, increasing taxes, invasion of his privacy by large organizations, nationwide social or economic phenomena that may disrupt his way of life. 69. it is true that primitive man is powerless against some of the things that threaten him; disease for example. but he can accept the risk of disease stoically. it is part of the nature of things, it is no one’s fault, unless it is the fault of some imaginary, impersonal demon. but threats to the modern individual tend to be man made. they are not the results of chance but are imposed on him by other persons whose decisions he, as an individual, is unable to influence. consequently he feels frustrated, humiliated and angry. 70. thus primitive man for the most part has his security in his own hands (either as an individual or as a member of a small group) whereas the security of modern man is in the hands of persons or organizations that are too remote or too large for him to be able personally to influence them. so modern man’s drive for security tends to fall into groups 1 and 3; in some areas (food, shelter etc.) his security is assured at the cost of only trivial effort, whereas in other areas he cannot attain security. (the foregoing greatly simplifies the real situation, but it does indicate in a rough, general way how the condition of modern man differs from that of primitive man.) 71. people have many transitory drives or impulses that are necessarily frustrated in modern life, hence fall into group 3. one may become angry, but modern society cannot permit fighting. in many situations it does not even permit verbal aggression. when going somewhere one may be in a hurry, or one may be in a mood to travel slowly, but one generally has no choice but to move with the flow of traffic and obey the traffic signals. one may want to do one’s work in a different way, but usually one can work only according to the rules laid down by one’s employer. in many other ways as well, modern man is strapped down by a network of rules and regulations (explicit or implicit) that frustrate many of his impulses and thus interfere with the power process. most of these regulations cannot be dispensed with, because they are necessary for the functioning of industrial society. 72. modern society is in certain respects extremely permissive. in matters that are irrelevant to the functioning of the system we can generally do what we please. we can believe in any religion we like (as long as it does not encourage behavior that is dangerous to the system). we can go to bed with anyone we like (as long as we practice “safe sex”). we can do anything we like as long as it is unimportant. but in all important matters the system tends increasingly to regulate our behavior. 73. behavior is regulated not only through explicit rules and not only by the government. control is often exercised through indirect coercion or through psychological pressure or manipulation, and by organizations other than the government, or by the system as a whole. most large organizations use some form of propaganda [14] to manipulate public attitudes or behavior. propaganda is not limited to “commercials” and advertisements, and sometimes it is not even consciously intended as propaganda by the people who make it. for instance, the content of entertainment programming is a powerful form of propaganda. an example of indirect coercion: there is no law that says we have to go to work every day and follow our employer’s orders. legally there is nothing to prevent us from going to live in the wild like primitive people or from going into business for ourselves. but in practice there is very little wild country left, and there is room in the economy for only a limited number of small business owners. hence most of us can survive only as someone else’s employee. 74. we suggest that modern man’s obsession with longevity, and with maintaining physical vigor and sexual attractiveness to an advanced age, is a symptom of unfulfillment resulting from deprivation with respect to the power process. the “mid life crisis” also is such a symptom. so is the lack of interest in having children that is fairly common in modern society but almost unheard of in primitive societies. 75. in primitive societies life is a succession of stages. the needs and purposes of one stage having been fulfilled, there is no particular reluctance about passing on to the next stage. a young man goes through the power process by becoming a hunter, hunting not for sport or for fulfillment but to get meat that is necessary for food. (in young women the process is more complex, with greater emphasis on social power; we won’t discuss that here.) this phase having been successfully passed through, the young man has no reluctance about settling down to the responsibilities of raising a family. (in contrast, some modern people indefinitely postpone having children because they are too busy seeking some kind of “fulfillment.” we suggest that the fulfillment they need is adequate experience of the power process—with real goals instead of the artificial goals of surrogate activities.) again, having successfully raised his children, going through the power process by providing them with the physical necessities, the primitive man feels that his work is done and he is prepared to accept old age (if he survives that long) and death. many modern people, on the other hand, are disturbed by the prospect of physical deterioration and death, as is shown by the amount of effort they expend trying to maintain their physical condition, appearance and health. we argue that this is due to unfulfillment resulting from the fact that they have never put their physical powers to any practical use, have never gone through the power process using their bodies in a serious way. it is not the primitive man, who has used his body daily for practical purposes, who fears the deterioration of age, but the modern man, who has never had a practical use for his body beyond walking from his car to his house. it is the man whose need for the power process has been satisfied during his life who is best prepared to accept the end of that life. 76. in response to the arguments of this section someone will say, “society must find a way to give people the opportunity to go through the power process.” for such people the value of the opportunity is destroyed by the very fact that society gives it to them. what they need is to find or make their own opportunities. as long as the system gives them their opportunities it still has them on a leash. to attain autonomy they must get off that leash. how some people adjust 77. not everyone in industrial technological society suffers from psychological problems. some people even profess to be quite satisfied with society as it is. we now discuss some of the reasons why people differ so greatly in their response to modern society. 78. first, there doubtless are differences in the strength of the drive for power. individuals with a weak drive for power may have relatively little need to go through the power process, or at least relatively little need for autonomy in the power process. these are docile types who would have been happy as plantation darkies in the old south. (we don’t mean to sneer at the “plantation darkies” of the old south. to their credit, most of the slaves were not content with their servitude. we do sneer at people who are content with servitude.) 79. some people may have some exceptional drive, in pursuing which they satisfy their need for the power process. for example, those who have an unusually strong drive for social status may spend their whole lives climbing the status ladder without ever getting bored with that game. 80. people vary in their susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques. some are so susceptible that, even if they make a great deal of money, they cannot satisfy their constant craving for the the shiny new toys that the marketing industry dangles before their eyes. so they always feel hard pressed financially even if their income is large, and their cravings are frustrated. 81. some people have low susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques. these are the people who aren’t interested in money. material acquisition does not serve their need for the power process. 82. people who have medium susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques are able to earn enough money to satisfy their craving for goods and services, but only at the cost of serious effort (putting in overtime, taking a second job, earning promotions, etc.). thus material acquisition serves their need for the power process. but it does not necessarily follow that their need is fully satisfied. they may have insufficient autonomy in the power process (their work may consist of following orders) and some of their drives may be frustrated (e.g., security, aggression). (we are guilty of oversimplification in paragraphs 80 82 because we have assumed that the desire for material acquisition is entirely a creation of the advertising and marketing industry. of course it’s not that simple. [11] 83. some people partly satisfy their need for power by identifying themselves with a powerful organization or mass movement. an individual lacking goals or power joins a movement or an organization, adopts its goals as his own, then works toward those goals. when some of the goals are attained, the individual, even though his personal efforts have played only an insignificant part in the attainment of the goals, feels (through his identification with the movement or organization) as if he had gone through the power process. this phenomenon was exploited by the fascists, nazis and communists. our society uses it too, though less crudely. example: manuel noriega was an irritant to the u.s. (goal: punish noriega). the u.s. invaded panama (effort) and punished noriega (attainment of goal). thus the u.s. went through the power process and many americans, because of their identification with the u.s., experienced the power process vicariously. hence the widespread public approval of the panama invasion; it gave people a sense of power. [15] we see the same phenomenon in armies, corporations, political parties, humanitarian organizations, religious or ideological movements. in particular, leftist movements tend to attract people who are seeking to satisfy their need for power. but for most people identification with a large organization or a mass movement does not fully satisfy the need for power. 84. another way in which people satisfy their need for the power process is through surrogate activities. as we explained in paragraphs 38 40, a surrogate activity is an activity that is directed toward an artificial goal that the individual pursues for the sake of the “fulfillment” that he gets from pursuing the goal, not because he needs to attain the goal itself. for instance, there is no practical motive for building enormous muscles, hitting a little ball into a hole or acquiring a complete series of postage stamps. yet many people in our society devote themselves with passion to bodybuilding, golf or stamp collecting. some people are more “other directed” than others, and therefore will more readily attach importance to a surrogate activity simply because the people around them treat it as important or because society tells them it is important. that is why some people get very serious about essentially trivial activities such as sports, or bridge, or chess, or arcane scholarly pursuits, whereas others who are more clear sighted never see these things as anything but the surrogate activities that they are, and consequently never attach enough importance to them to satisfy their need for the power process in that way. it only remains to point out that in many cases a person’s way of earning a living is also a surrogate activity. not a pure surrogate activity, since part of the motive for the activity is to gain the physical necessities and (for some people) social status and the luxuries that advertising makes them want. but many people put into their work far more effort than is necessary to earn whatever money and status they require, and this extra effort constitutes a surrogate activity. this extra effort, together with the emotional investment that accompanies it, is one of the most potent forces acting toward the continual development and perfecting of the system, with negative consequences for individual freedom (see paragraph 131). especially, for the most creative scientists and engineers, work tends to be largely a surrogate activity. this point is so important that it deserves a separate discussion, which we shall give in a moment (paragraphs 87 92). 85. in this section we have explained how many people in modern society do satisfy their need for the power process to a greater or lesser extent. but we think that for the majority of people the need for the power process is not fully satisfied. in the first place, those who have an insatiable drive for status, or who get firmly “hooked” on a surrogate activity, or who identify strongly enough with a movement or organization to satisfy their need for power in that way, are exceptional personalities. others are not fully satisfied with surrogate activities or by identification with an organization (see paragraphs 41, 64). in the second place, too much control is imposed by the system through explicit regulation or through socialization, which results in a deficiency of autonomy, and in frustration due to the impossibility of attaining certain goals and the necessity of restraining too many impulses. 86. but even if most people in industrial technological society were well satisfied, we (fc) would still be opposed to that form of society, because (among other reasons) we consider it demeaning to fulfill one’s need for the power process through surrogate activities or through identification with an organization, rather than through pursuit of real goals. the motives of scientists 87. science and technology provide the most important examples of surrogate activities. some scientists claim that they are motivated by “curiosity” or by a desire to “benefit humanity.” but it is easy to see that neither of these can be the principal motive of most scientists. as for “curiosity,” that notion is simply absurd. most scientists work on highly specialized problems that are not the object of any normal curiosity. for example, is an astronomer, a mathematician or an entomologist curious about the properties of isopropyltrimethylmethane? of course not. only a chemist is curious about such a thing, and he is curious about it only because chemistry is his surrogate activity. is the chemist curious about the appropriate classification of a new species of beetle? no. that question is of interest only to the entomologist, and he is interested in it only because entomology is his surrogate activity. if the chemist and the entomologist had to exert themselves seriously to obtain the physical necessities, and if that effort exercised their abilities in an interesting way but in some nonscientific pursuit, then they wouldn’t give a damn about isopropyltrimethylmethane or the classification of beetles. suppose that lack of funds for postgraduate education had led the chemist to become an insurance broker instead of a chemist. in that case he would have been very interested in insurance matters but would have cared nothing about isopropyltrimethylmethane. in any case it is not normal to put into the satisfaction of mere curiosity the amount of time and effort that scientists put into their work. the “curiosity” explanation for the scientists’ motive just doesn’t stand up. 88. the “benefit of humanity” explanation doesn’t work any better. some scientific work has no conceivable relation to the welfare of the human race—most of archaeology or comparative linguistics for example. some other areas of science present obviously dangerous possibilities. yet scientists in these areas are just as enthusiastic about their work as those who develop vaccines or study air pollution. consider the case of dr. edward teller, who had an obvious emotional involvement in promoting nuclear power plants. did this involvement stem from a desire to benefit humanity? if so, then why didn’t dr. teller get emotional about other “humanitarian” causes? if he was such a humanitarian then why did he help to develop the h bomb? as with many other scientific achievements, it is very much open to question whether nuclear power plants actually do benefit humanity. does the cheap electricity outweigh the accumulating waste and the risk of accidents? dr. teller saw only one side of the question. clearly his emotional involvement with nuclear power arose not from a desire to “benefit humanity” but from a personal fulfillment he got from his work and from seeing it put to practical use. 89. the same is true of scientists generally. with possible rare exceptions, their motive is neither curiosity nor a desire to benefit humanity but the need to go through the power process: to have a goal (a scientific problem to solve), to make an effort (research) and to attain the goal (solution of the problem.) science is a surrogate activity because scientists work mainly for the fulfillment they get out of the work itself. 90. of course, it’s not that simple. other motives do play a role for many scientists. money and status for example. some scientists may be persons of the type who have an insatiable drive for status (see paragraph 79) and this may provide much of the motivation for their work. no doubt the majority of scientists, like the majority of the general population, are more or less susceptible to advertising and marketing techniques and need money to satisfy their craving for goods and services. thus science is not a pure surrogate activity. but it is in large part a surrogate activity. 91. also, science and technology constitute a power mass movement, and many scientists gratify their need for power through identification with this mass movement (see paragraph 83). 92. thus science marches on blindly, without regard to the real welfare of the human race or to any other standard, obedient only to the psychological needs of the scientists and of the government officials and corporation executives who provide the funds for research. the nature of freedom 93. we are going to argue that industrial technological society cannot be reformed in such a way as to prevent it from progressively narrowing the sphere of human freedom. but, because “freedom” is a word that can be interpreted in many ways, we must first make clear what kind of freedom we are concerned with. 94. by “freedom” we mean the opportunity to go through the power process, with real goals not the artificial goals of surrogate activities, and without interference, manipulation or supervision from anyone, especially from any large organization. freedom means being in control (either as an individual or as a member of a small group) of the life and death issues of one’s existence; food, clothing, shelter and defense against whatever threats there may be in one’s environment. freedom means having power; not the power to control other people but the power to control the circumstances of one’s own life. one does not have freedom if anyone else (especially a large organization) has power over one, no matter how benevolently, tolerantly and permissively that power may be exercised. it is important not to confuse freedom with mere permissiveness (see paragraph 72). 95. it is said that we live in a free society because we have a certain number of constitutionally guaranteed rights. but these are not as important as they seem. the degree of personal freedom that exists in a society is determined more by the economic and technological structure of the society than by its laws or its form of government. [16] most of the indian nations of new england were monarchies, and many of the cities of the italian renaissance were controlled by dictators. but in reading about these societies one gets the impression that they allowed far more personal freedom than our society does. in part this was because they lacked efficient mechanisms for enforcing the ruler’s will: there were no modern, well organized police forces, no rapid long distance communications, no surveillance cameras, no dossiers of information about the lives of average citizens. hence it was relatively easy to evade control. 96. as for our constitutional rights, consider for example that of freedom of the press. we certainly don’t mean to knock that right; it is very important tool for limiting concentration of political power and for keeping those who do have political power in line by publicly exposing any misbehavior on their part. but freedom of the press is of very little use to the average citizen as an individual. the mass media are mostly under the control of large organizations that are integrated into the system. anyone who has a little money can have something printed, or can distribute it on the internet or in some such way, but what he has to say will be swamped by the vast volume of material put out by the media, hence it will have no practical effect. to make an impression on society with words is therefore almost impossible for most individuals and small groups. take us (fc) for example. if we had never done anything violent and had submitted the present writings to a publisher, they probably would not have been accepted. if they had been been accepted and published, they probably would not have attracted many readers, because it’s more fun to watch the entertainment put out by the media than to read a sober essay. even if these writings had had many readers, most of these readers would soon have forgotten what they had read as their minds were flooded by the mass of material to which the media expose them. in order to get our message before the public with some chance of making a lasting impression, we’ve had to kill people. 97. constitutional rights are useful up to a point, but they do not serve to guarantee much more than what might be called the bourgeois conception of freedom. according to the bourgeois conception, a “free” man is essentially an element of a social machine and has only a certain set of prescribed and delimited freedoms; freedoms that are designed to serve the needs of the social machine more than those of the individual. thus the bourgeois’s “free” man has economic freedom because that promotes growth and progress; he has freedom of the press because public criticism restrains misbehavior by political leaders; he has a right to a fair trial because imprisonment at the whim of the powerful would be bad for the system. this was clearly the attitude of simon bolivar. to him, people deserved liberty only if they used it to promote progress (progress as conceived by the bourgeois). other bourgeois thinkers have taken a similar view of freedom as a mere means to collective ends. chester c. tan, “chinese political thought in the twentieth century,” page 202, explains the philosophy of the kuomintang leader hu han min: “an individual is granted rights because he is a member of society and his community life requires such rights. by community hu meant the whole society of the nation.” and on page 259 tan states that according to carsum chang (chang chun mai, head of the state socialist party in china) freedom had to be used in the interest of the state and of the people as a whole. but what kind of freedom does one have if one can use it only as someone else prescribes? fc’s conception of freedom is not that of bolivar, hu, chang or other bourgeois theorists. the trouble with such theorists is that they have made the development and application of social theories their surrogate activity. consequently the theories are designed to serve the needs of the theorists more than the needs of any people who may be unlucky enough to live in a society on which the theories are imposed. 98. one more point to be made in this section: it should not be assumed that a person has enough freedom just because he says he has enough. freedom is restricted in part by psychological controls of which people are unconscious, and moreover many people’s ideas of what constitutes freedom are governed more by social convention than by their real needs. for example, it’s likely that many leftists of the oversocialized type would say that most people, including themselves, are socialized too little rather than too much, yet the oversocialized leftist pays a heavy psychological price for his high level of socialization. some principles of history 99. think of history as being the sum of two components: an erratic component that consists of unpredictable events that follow no discernible pattern, and a regular component that consists of long term historical trends. here we are concerned with the long term trends. 100. first principle. if a small change is made that affects a long term historical trend, then the effect of that change will almost always be transitory—the trend will soon revert to its original state. (example: a reform movement designed to clean up political corruption in a society rarely has more than a short term effect; sooner or later the reformers relax and corruption creeps back in. the level of political corruption in a given society tends to remain constant, or to change only slowly with the evolution of the society. normally, a political cleanup will be permanent only if accompanied by widespread social changes; a small change in the society won’t be enough.) if a small change in a long term historical trend appears to be permanent, it is only because the change acts in the direction in which the trend is already moving, so that the trend is not altered by only pushed a step ahead. 101. the first principle is almost a tautology. if a trend were not stable with respect to small changes, it would wander at random rather than following a definite direction; in other words it would not be a long term trend at all. 102. second principle. if a change is made that is sufficiently large to alter permanently a long term historical trend, then it will alter the society as a whole. in other words, a society is a system in which all parts are interrelated, and you can’t permanently change any important part without changing all other parts as well. 103. third principle. if a change is made that is large enough to alter permanently a long term trend, then the consequences for the society as a whole cannot be predicted in advance. (unless various other societies have passed through the same change and have all experienced the same consequences, in which case one can predict on empirical grounds that another society that passes through the same change will be like to experience similar consequences.) 104. fourth principle. a new kind of society cannot be designed on paper. that is, you cannot plan out a new form of society in advance, then set it up and expect it to function as it was designed to do. 105. the third and fourth principles result from the complexity of human societies. a change in human behavior will affect the economy of a society and its physical environment; the economy will affect the environment and vice versa, and the changes in the economy and the environment will affect human behavior in complex, unpredictable ways; and so forth. the network of causes and effects is far too complex to be untangled and understood. 106. fifth principle. people do not consciously and rationally choose the form of their society. societies develop through processes of social evolution that are not under rational human control. 107. the fifth principle is a consequence of the other four. 108. to illustrate: by the first principle, generally speaking an attempt at social reform either acts in the direction in which the society is developing anyway (so that it merely accelerates a change that would have occurred in any case) or else it has only a transitory effect, so that the society soon slips back into its old groove. to make a lasting change in the direction of development of any important aspect of a society, reform is insufficient and revolution is required. (a revolution does not necessarily involve an armed uprising or the overthrow of a government.) by the second principle, a revolution never changes only one aspect of a society, it changes the whole society; and by the third principle changes occur that were never expected or desired by the revolutionaries. by the fourth principle, when revolutionaries or utopians set up a new kind of society, it never works out as planned. 109. the american revolution does not provide a counterexample. the american “revolution” was not a revolution in our sense of the word, but a war of independence followed by a rather far reaching political reform. the founding fathers did not change the direction of development of american society, nor did they aspire to do so. they only freed the development of american society from the retarding effect of british rule. their political reform did not change any basic trend, but only pushed american political culture along its natural direction of development. british society, of which american society was an offshoot, had been moving for a long time in the direction of representative democracy. and prior to the war of independence the americans were already practicing a significant degree of representative democracy in the colonial assemblies. the political system established by the constitution was modeled on the british system and on the colonial assemblies. with major alteration, to be sure—there is no doubt that the founding fathers took a very important step. but it was a step along the road that english speaking world was already traveling. the proof is that britain and all of its colonies that were populated predominantly by people of british descent ended up with systems of representative democracy essentially similar to that of the united states. if the founding fathers had lost their nerve and declined to sign the declaration of independence, our way of life today would not have been significantly different. maybe we would have had somewhat closer ties to britain, and would have had a parliament and prime minister instead of a congress and president. no big deal. thus the american revolution provides not a counterexample to our principles but a good illustration of them. 110. still, one has to use common sense in applying the principles. they are expressed in imprecise language that allows latitude for interpretation, and exceptions to them can be found. so we present these principles not as inviolable laws but as rules of thumb, or guides to thinking, that may provide a partial antidote to naive ideas about the future of society. the principles should be borne constantly in mind, and whenever one reaches a conclusion that conflicts with them one should carefully reexamine one’s thinking and retain the conclusion only if one has good, solid reasons for doing so. industrial technological society cannot be reformed 111. the foregoing principles help to show how hopelessly difficult it would be to reform the industrial system in such a way as to prevent it from progressively narrowing our sphere of freedom. there has been a consistent tendency, going back at least to the industrial revolution for technology to strengthen the system at a high cost in individual freedom and local autonomy. hence any change designed to protect freedom from technology would be contrary to a fundamental trend in the development of our society. consequently, such a change either would be a transitory one—soon swamped by the tide of history—or, if large enough to be permanent would alter the nature of our whole society. this by the first and second principles. moreover, since society would be altered in a way that could not be predicted in advance (third principle) there would be great risk. changes large enough to make a lasting difference in favor of freedom would not be initiated because it would be realized that they would gravely disrupt the system. so any attempts at reform would be too timid to be effective. even if changes large enough to make a lasting difference were initiated, they would be retracted when their disruptive effects became apparent. thus, permanent changes in favor of freedom could be brought about only by persons prepared to accept radical, dangerous and unpredictable alteration of the entire system. in other words by revolutionaries, not reformers. 112. people anxious to rescue freedom without sacrificing the supposed benefits of technology will suggest naive schemes for some new form of society that would reconcile freedom with technology. apart from the fact that people who make such suggestions seldom propose any practical means by which the new form of society could be set up in the first place, it follows from the fourth principle that even if the new form of society could be once established, it either would collapse or would give results very different from those expected. 113. so even on very general grounds it seems highly improbable that any way of changing society could be found that would reconcile freedom with modern technology. in the next few sections we will give more specific reasons for concluding that freedom and technological progress are incompatible. restriction of freedom is unavoidable in industrial society 114. as explained in paragraphs 65 67, 70 73, modern man is strapped down by a network of rules and regulations, and his fate depends on the actions of persons remote from him whose decisions he cannot influence. this is not accidental or a result of the arbitrariness of arrogant bureaucrats. it is necessary and inevitable in any technologically advanced society. the system has to regulate human behavior closely in order to function. at work people have to do what they are told to do, otherwise production would be thrown into chaos. bureaucracies have to be run according to rigid rules. to allow any substantial personal discretion to lower level bureaucrats would disrupt the system and lead to charges of unfairness due to differences in the way individual bureaucrats exercised their discretion. it is true that some restrictions on our freedom could be eliminated, but generally speaking the regulation of our lives by large organizations is necessary for the functioning of industrial technological society. the result is a sense of powerlessness on the part of the average person. it may be, however, that formal regulations will tend increasingly to be replaced by psychological tools that make us want to do what the system requires of us. (propaganda [14], educational techniques, “mental health” programs, etc.) 115. the system has to force people to behave in ways that are increasingly remote from the natural pattern of human behavior. for example, the system needs scientists, mathematicians and engineers. it can’t function without them. so heavy pressure is put on children to excel in these fields. it isn’t natural for an adolescent human being to spend the bulk of his time sitting at a desk absorbed in study. a normal adolescent wants to spend his time in active contact with the real world. among primitive peoples the things that children are trained to do tend to be in reasonable harmony with natural human impulses. among the american indians, for example, boys were trained in active outdoor pursuits—just the sort of thing that boys like. but in our society children are pushed into studying technical subjects, which most do grudgingly. 116. because of the constant pressure that the system exerts to modify human behavior, there is a gradual increase in the number of people who cannot or will not adjust to society’s requirements: welfare leeches, youth gang members, cultists, anti government rebels, radical environmentalist saboteurs, dropouts and resisters of various kinds. 117. in any technologically advanced society the individual’s fate must depend on decisions that he personally cannot influence to any great extent. a technological society cannot be broken down into small, autonomous communities, because production depends on the cooperation of very large numbers of people and machines. such a society must be highly organized and decisions have to be made that affect very large numbers of people. when a decision affects, say, a million people, then each of the affected individuals has, on the average, only a one millionth share in making the decision. what usually happens in practice is that decisions are made by public officials or corporation executives, or by technical specialists, but even when the public votes on a decision the number of voters ordinarily is too large for the vote of any one individual to be significant. [17] thus most individuals are unable to influence measurably the major decisions that affect their lives. there is no conceivable way to remedy this in a technologically advanced society. the system tries to “solve” this problem by using propaganda to make people want the decisions that have been made for them, but even if this “solution” were completely successful in making people feel better, it would be demeaning. 118. conservatives and some others advocate more “local autonomy.” local communities once did have autonomy, but such autonomy becomes less and less possible as local communities become more enmeshed with and dependent on large scale systems like public utilities, computer networks, highway systems, the mass communications media, the modern health care system. also operating against autonomy is the fact that technology applied in one location often affects people at other locations far way. thus pesticide or chemical use near a creek may contaminate the water supply hundreds of miles downstream, and the greenhouse effect affects the whole world. 119. the system does not and cannot exist to satisfy human needs. instead, it is human behavior that has to be modified to fit the needs of the system. this has nothing to do with the political or social ideology that may pretend to guide the technological system. it is the fault of technology, because the system is guided not by ideology but by technical necessity. [18] of course the system does satisfy many human needs, but generally speaking it does this only to the extend that it is to the advantage of the system to do it. it is the needs of the system that are paramount, not those of the human being. for example, the system provides people with food because the system couldn’t function if everyone starved; it attends to people’s psychological needs whenever it can conveniently do so, because it couldn’t function if too many people became depressed or rebellious. but the system, for good, solid, practical reasons, must exert constant pressure on people to mold their behavior to the needs of the system. to much waste accumulating? the government, the media, the educational system, environmentalists, everyone inundates us with a mass of propaganda about recycling. need more technical personnel? a chorus of voices exhorts kids to study science. no one stops to ask whether it is inhumane to force adolescents to spend the bulk of their time studying subjects most of them hate. when skilled workers are put out of a job by technical advances and have to undergo “retraining,” no one asks whether it is humiliating for them to be pushed around in this way. it is simply taken for granted that everyone must bow to technical necessity. and for good reason: if human needs were put before technical necessity there would be economic problems, unemployment, shortages or worse. the concept of “mental health” in our society is defined largely by the extent to which an individual behaves in accord with the needs of the system and does so without showing signs of stress. 120. efforts to make room for a sense of purpose and for autonomy within the system are no better than a joke. for example, one company, instead of having each of its employees assemble only one section of a catalogue, had each assemble a whole catalogue, and this was supposed to give them a sense of purpose and achievement. some companies have tried to give their employees more autonomy in their work, but for practical reasons this usually can be done only to a very limited extent, and in any case employees are never given autonomy as to ultimate goals—their “autonomous” efforts can never be directed toward goals that they select personally, but only toward their employer’s goals, such as the survival and growth of the company. any company would soon go out of business if it permitted its employees to act otherwise. similarly, in any enterprise within a socialist system, workers must direct their efforts toward the goals of the enterprise, otherwise the enterprise will not serve its purpose as part of the system. once again, for purely technical reasons it is not possible for most individuals or small groups to have much autonomy in industrial society. even the small business owner commonly has only limited autonomy. apart from the necessity of government regulation, he is restricted by the fact that he must fit into the economic system and conform to its requirements. for instance, when someone develops a new technology, the small business person often has to use that technology whether he wants to or not, in order to remain competitive. the ‘bad’ parts of technology cannot be separated from the ‘good’ parts 121. a further reason why industrial society cannot be reformed in favor of freedom is that modern technology is a unified system in which all parts are dependent on one another. you can’t get rid of the “bad” parts of technology and retain only the “good” parts. take modern medicine, for example. progress in medical science depends on progress in chemistry, physics, biology, computer science and other fields. advanced medical treatments require expensive, high tech equipment that can be made available only by a technologically progressive, economically rich society. clearly you can’t have much progress in medicine without the whole technological system and everything that goes with it. 122. even if medical progress could be maintained without the rest of the technological system, it would by itself bring certain evils. suppose for example that a cure for diabetes is discovered. people with a genetic tendency to diabetes will then be able to survive and reproduce as well as anyone else. natural selection against genes for diabetes will cease and such genes will spread throughout the population. (this may be occurring to some extent already, since diabetes, while not curable, can be controlled through use of insulin.) the same thing will happen with many other diseases susceptibility to which is affected by genetic degradation of the population. the only solution will be some sort of eugenics program or extensive genetic engineering of human beings, so that man in the future will no longer be a creation of nature, or of chance, or of god (depending on your religious or philosophical opinions), but a manufactured product. 123. if you think that big government interferes in your life too much now, just wait till the government starts regulating the genetic constitution of your children. such regulation will inevitably follow the introduction of genetic engineering of human beings, because the consequences of unregulated genetic engineering would be disastrous. [19] 124. the usual response to such concerns is to talk about “medical ethics.” but a code of ethics would not serve to protect freedom in the face of medical progress; it would only make matters worse. a code of ethics applicable to genetic engineering would be in effect a means of regulating the genetic constitution of human beings. somebody (probably the upper middle class, mostly) would decide that such and such applications of genetic engineering were “ethical” and others were not, so that in effect they would be imposing their own values on the genetic constitution of the population at large. even if a code of ethics were chosen on a completely democratic basis, the majority would be imposing their own values on any minorities who might have a different idea of what constituted an “ethical” use of genetic engineering. the only code of ethics that would truly protect freedom would be one that prohibited any genetic engineering of human beings, and you can be sure that no such code will ever be applied in a technological society. no code that reduced genetic engineering to a minor role could stand up for long, because the temptation presented by the immense power of biotechnology would be irresistible, especially since to the majority of people many of its applications will seem obviously and unequivocally good (eliminating physical and mental diseases, giving people the abilities they need to get along in today’s world). inevitably, genetic engineering will be used extensively, but only in ways consistent with the needs of the industrial technological system. [20] technology is a more powerful social force than the aspiration for freedom 125. it is not possible to make a lasting compromise between technology and freedom, because technology is by far the more powerful social force and continually encroaches on freedom through repeated compromises. imagine the case of two neighbors, each of whom at the outset owns the same amount of land, but one of whom is more powerful than the other. the powerful one demands a piece of the other’s land. the weak one refuses. the powerful one says, “ok, let’s compromise. give me half of what i asked.” the weak one has little choice but to give in. some time later the powerful neighbor demands another piece of land, again there is a compromise, and so forth. by forcing a long series of compromises on the weaker man, the powerful one eventually gets all of his land. so it goes in the conflict between technology and freedom. 126. let us explain why technology is a more powerful social force than the aspiration for freedom. 127. a technological advance that appears not to threaten freedom often turns out to threaten it very seriously later on. for example, consider motorized transport. a walking man formerly could go where he pleased, go at his own pace without observing any traffic regulations, and was independent of technological support systems. when motor vehicles were introduced they appeared to increase man’s freedom. they took no freedom away from the walking man, no one had to have an automobile if he didn’t want one, and anyone who did choose to buy an automobile could travel much faster and farther than a walking man. but the introduction of motorized transport soon changed society in such a way as to restrict greatly man’s freedom of locomotion. when automobiles became numerous, it became necessary to regulate their use extensively. in a car, especially in densely populated areas, one cannot just go where one likes at one’s own pace one’s movement is governed by the flow of traffic and by various traffic laws. one is tied down by various obligations: license requirements, driver test, renewing registration, insurance, maintenance required for safety, monthly payments on purchase price. moreover, the use of motorized transport is no longer optional. since the introduction of motorized transport the arrangement of our cities has changed in such a way that the majority of people no longer live within walking distance of their place of employment, shopping areas and recreational opportunities, so that they have to depend on the automobile for transportation. or else they must use public transportation, in which case they have even less control over their own movement than when driving a car. even the walker’s freedom is now greatly restricted. in the city he continually has to stop to wait for traffic lights that are designed mainly to serve auto traffic. in the country, motor traffic makes it dangerous and unpleasant to walk along the highway. (note this important point that we have just illustrated with the case of motorized transport: when a new item of technology is introduced as an option that an individual can accept or not as he chooses, it does not necessarily remain optional. in many cases the new technology changes society in such a way that people eventually find themselves forced to use it.) 128. while technological progress as a whole continually narrows our sphere of freedom, each new technical advance considered by itself appears to be desirable. electricity, indoor plumbing, rapid long distance communications ... how could one argue against any of these things, or against any other of the innumerable technical advances that have made modern society? it would have been absurd to resist the introduction of the telephone, for example. it offered many advantages and no disadvantages. yet, as we explained in paragraphs 59 76, all these technical advances taken together have created a world in which the average man’s fate is no longer in his own hands or in the hands of his neighbors and friends, but in those of politicians, corporation executives and remote, anonymous technicians and bureaucrats whom he as an individual has no power to influence. [21] the same process will continue in the future. take genetic engineering, for example. few people will resist the introduction of a genetic technique that eliminates a hereditary disease. it does no apparent harm and prevents much suffering. yet a large number of genetic improvements taken together will make the human being into an engineered product rather than a free creation of chance (or of god, or whatever, depending on your religious beliefs). 129. another reason why technology is such a powerful social force is that, within the context of a given society, technological progress marches in only one direction; it can never be reversed. once a technical innovation has been introduced, people usually become dependent on it, so that they can never again do without it, unless it is replaced by some still more advanced innovation. not only do people become dependent as individuals on a new item of technology, but, even more, the system as a whole becomes dependent on it. (imagine what would happen to the system today if computers, for example, were eliminated.) thus the system can move in only one direction, toward greater technologization. technology repeatedly forces freedom to take a step back, but technology can never take a step back—short of the overthrow of the whole technological system. 130. technology advances with great rapidity and threatens freedom at many different points at the same time (crowding, rules and regulations, increasing dependence of individuals on large organizations, propaganda and other psychological techniques, genetic engineering, invasion of privacy through surveillance devices and computers, etc.). to hold back any one of the threats to freedom would require a long and difficult social struggle. those who want to protect freedom are overwhelmed by the sheer number of new attacks and the rapidity with which they develop, hence they become apathetic and no longer resist. to fight each of the threats separately would be futile. success can be hoped for only by fighting the technological system as a whole; but that is revolution, not reform. 131. technicians (we use this term in its broad sense to describe all those who perform a specialized task that requires training) tend to be so involved in their work (their surrogate activity) that when a conflict arises between their technical work and freedom, they almost always decide in favor of their technical work. this is obvious in the case of scientists, but it also appears elsewhere: educators, humanitarian groups, conservation organizations do not hesitate to use propaganda or other psychological techniques to help them achieve their laudable ends. corporations and government agencies, when they find it useful, do not hesitate to collect information about individuals without regard to their privacy. law enforcement agencies are frequently inconvenienced by the constitutional rights of suspects and often of completely innocent persons, and they do whatever they can do legally (or sometimes illegally) to restrict or circumvent those rights. most of these educators, government officials and law officers believe in freedom, privacy and constitutional rights, but when these conflict with their work, they usually feel that their work is more important. 132. it is well known that people generally work better and more persistently when striving for a reward than when attempting to avoid a punishment or negative outcome. scientists and other technicians are motivated mainly by the rewards they get through their work. but those who oppose technological invasions of freedom are working to avoid a negative outcome, consequently there are few who work persistently and well at this discouraging task. if reformers ever achieved a signal victory that seemed to set up a solid barrier against further erosion of freedom through technical progress, most would tend to relax and turn their attention to more agreeable pursuits. but the scientists would remain busy in their laboratories, and technology as it progresses would find ways, in spite of any barriers, to exert more and more control over individuals and make them always more dependent on the system. 133. no social arrangements, whether laws, institutions, customs or ethical codes, can provide permanent protection against technology. history shows that all social arrangements are transitory; they all change or break down eventually. but technological advances are permanent within the context of a given civilization. suppose for example that it were possible to arrive at some social arrangements that would prevent genetic engineering from being applied to human beings, or prevent it from being applied in such a way as to threaten freedom and dignity. still, the technology would remain waiting. sooner or later the social arrangement would break down. probably sooner, given the pace of change in our society. then genetic engineering would begin to invade our sphere of freedom, and this invasion would be irreversible (short of a breakdown of technological civilization itself). any illusions about achieving anything permanent through social arrangements should be dispelled by what is currently happening with environmental legislation. a few years ago its seemed that there were secure legal barriers preventing at least some of the worst forms of environmental degradation. a change in the political wind, and those barriers begin to crumble. 134. for all of the foregoing reasons, technology is a more powerful social force than the aspiration for freedom. but this statement requires an important qualification. it appears that during the next several decades the industrial technological system will be undergoing severe stresses due to economic and environmental problems, and especially due to problems of human behavior (alienation, rebellion, hostility, a variety of social and psychological difficulties). we hope that the stresses through which the system is likely to pass will cause it to break down, or at least will weaken it sufficiently so that a revolution against it becomes possible. if such a revolution occurs and is successful, then at that particular moment the aspiration for freedom will have proved more powerful than technology. 135. in paragraph 125 we used an analogy of a weak neighbor who is left destitute by a strong neighbor who takes all his land by forcing on him a series of compromises. but suppose now that the strong neighbor gets sick, so that he is unable to defend himself. the weak neighbor can force the strong one to give him his land back, or he can kill him. if he lets the strong man survive and only forces him to give the land back, he is a fool, because when the strong man gets well he will again take all the land for himself. the only sensible alternative for the weaker man is to kill the strong one while he has the chance. in the same way, while the industrial system is sick we must destroy it. if we compromise with it and let it recover from its sickness, it will eventually wipe out all of our freedom. simpler social problems have proved intractable 136. if anyone still imagines that it would be possible to reform the system in such a way as to protect freedom from technology, let him consider how clumsily and for the most part unsuccessfully our society has dealt with other social problems that are far more simple and straightforward. among other things, the system has failed to stop environmental degradation, political corruption, drug trafficking or domestic abuse. 137. take our environmental problems, for example. here the conflict of values is straightforward: economic expedience now versus saving some of our natural resources for our grandchildren. [22] but on this subject we get only a lot of blather and obfuscation from the people who have power, and nothing like a clear, consistent line of action, and we keep on piling up environmental problems that our grandchildren will have to live with. attempts to resolve the environmental issue consist of struggles and compromises between different factions, some of which are ascendant at one moment, others at another moment. the line of struggle changes with the shifting currents of public opinion. this is not a rational process, nor is it one that is likely to lead to a timely and successful solution to the problem. major social problems, if they get “solved” at all, are rarely or never solved through any rational, comprehensive plan. they just work themselves out through a process in which various competing groups pursuing their own (usually short term) self interest [23] arrive (mainly by luck) at some more or less stable modus vivendi. in fact, the principles we formulated in paragraphs 100 106 make it seem doubtful that rational, long term social planning can ever be successful. 138. thus it is clear that the human race has at best a very limited capacity for solving even relatively straightforward social problems. how then is it going to solve the far more difficult and subtle problem of reconciling freedom with technology? technology presents clear cut material advantages, whereas freedom is an abstraction that means different things to different people, and its loss is easily obscured by propaganda and fancy talk. 139. and note this important difference: it is conceivable that our environmental problems (for example) may some day be settled through a rational, comprehensive plan, but if this happens it will be only because it is in the long term interest of the system to solve these problems. but it is not in the interest of the system to preserve freedom or small group autonomy. on the contrary, it is in the interest of the system to bring human behavior under control to the greatest possible extent. [24] thus, while practical considerations may eventually force the system to take a rational, prudent approach to environmental problems, equally practical considerations will force the system to regulate human behavior ever more closely (preferably by indirect means that will disguise the encroachment on freedom). this isn’t just our opinion. eminent social scientists (e.g. james q. wilson) have stressed the importance of “socializing” people more effectively. revolution is easier than reform 140. we hope we have convinced the reader that the system cannot be reformed in such a way as to reconcile freedom with technology. the only way out is to dispense with the industrial technological system altogether. this implies revolution, not necessarily an armed uprising, but certainly a radical and fundamental change in the nature of society. 141. people tend to assume that because a revolution involves a much greater change than reform does, it is more difficult to bring about than reform is. actually, under certain circumstances revolution is much easier than reform. the reason is that a revolutionary movement can inspire an intensity of commitment that a reform movement cannot inspire. a reform movement merely offers to solve a particular social problem. a revolutionary movement offers to solve all problems at one stroke and create a whole new world; it provides the kind of ideal for which people will take great risks and make great sacrifices. for this reasons it would be much easier to overthrow the whole technological system than to put effective, permanent restraints on the development or application of any one segment of technology, such as genetic engineering, for example. not many people will devote themselves with single minded passion to imposing and maintaining restraints on genetic engineering, but under suitable conditions large numbers of people may devote themselves passionately to a revolution against the industrial technological system. as we noted in paragraph 132, reformers seeking to limit certain aspects of technology would be working to avoid a negative outcome. but revolutionaries work to gain a powerful reward—fulfillment of their revolutionary vision—and therefore work harder and more persistently than reformers do. 142. reform is always restrained by the fear of painful consequences if changes go too far. but once a revolutionary fever has taken hold of a society, people are willing to undergo unlimited hardships for the sake of their revolution. this was clearly shown in the french and russian revolutions. it may be that in such cases only a minority of the population is really committed to the revolution, but this minority is sufficiently large and active so that it becomes the dominant force in society. we will have more to say about revolution in paragraphs 180 205. control of human behavior 143. since the beginning of civilization, organized societies have had to put pressures on human beings of the sake of the functioning of the social organism. the kinds of pressures vary greatly from one society to another. some of the pressures are physical (poor diet, excessive labor, environmental pollution), some are psychological (noise, crowding, forcing human behavior into the mold that society requires). in the past, human nature has been approximately constant, or at any rate has varied only within certain bounds. consequently, societies have been able to push people only up to certain limits. when the limit of human endurance has been passed, things start going wrong: rebellion, or crime, or corruption, or evasion of work, or depression and other mental problems, or an elevated death rate, or a declining birth rate or something else, so that either the society breaks down, or its functioning becomes too inefficient and it is (quickly or gradually, through conquest, attrition or evolution) replaced by some more efficient form of society. [25] 144. thus human nature has in the past put certain limits on the development of societies. people could be pushed only so far and no farther. but today this may be changing, because modern technology is developing ways of modifying human beings. 145. imagine a society that subjects people to conditions that make them terribly unhappy, then gives them drugs to take away their unhappiness. science fiction? it is already happening to some extent in our own society. it is well known that the rate of clinical depression has been greatly increasing in recent decades. we believe that this is due to disruption of the power process, as explained in paragraphs 59 76. but even if we are wrong, the increasing rate of depression is certainly the result of some conditions that exist in today’s society. instead of removing the conditions that make people depressed, modern society gives them antidepressant drugs. in effect, antidepressants are a means of modifying an individual’s internal state in such a way as to enable him to tolerate social conditions that he would otherwise find intolerable. (yes, we know that depression is often of purely genetic origin. we are referring here to those cases in which environment plays the predominant role.) 146. drugs that affect the mind are only one example of the new methods of controlling human behavior that modern society is developing. let us look at some of the other methods. 147. to start with, there are the techniques of surveillance. hidden video cameras are now used in most stores and in many other places, computers are used to collect and process vast amounts of information about individuals. information so obtained greatly increases the effectiveness of physical coercion (i.e., law enforcement). [26] then there are the methods of propaganda, for which the mass communication media provide effective vehicles. efficient techniques have been developed for winning elections, selling products, influencing public opinion. the entertainment industry serves as an important psychological tool of the system, possibly even when it is dishing out large amounts of sex and violence. entertainment provides modern man with an essential means of escape. while absorbed in television, videos, etc., he can forget stress, anxiety, frustration, dissatisfaction. many primitive peoples, when they don’t have work to do, are quite content to sit for hours at a time doing nothing at all, because they are at peace with themselves and their world. but most modern people must be constantly occupied or entertained, otherwise they get “bored,” i.e., they get fidgety, uneasy, irritable. 148. other techniques strike deeper than the foregoing. education is no longer a simple affair of paddling a kid’s behind when he doesn’t know his lessons and patting him on the head when he does know them. it is becoming a scientific technique for controlling the child’s development. sylvan learning centers, for example, have had great success in motivating children to study, and psychological techniques are also used with more or less success in many conventional schools. “parenting” techniques that are taught to parents are designed to make children accept fundamental values of the system and behave in ways that the system finds desirable. “mental health” programs, “intervention” techniques, psychotherapy and so forth are ostensibly designed to benefit individuals, but in practice they usually serve as methods for inducing individuals to think and behave as the system requires. (there is no contradiction here; an individual whose attitudes or behavior bring him into conflict with the system is up against a force that is too powerful for him to conquer or escape from, hence he is likely to suffer from stress, frustration, defeat. his path will be much easier if he thinks and behaves as the system requires. in that sense the system is acting for the benefit of the individual when it brainwashes him into conformity.) child abuse in its gross and obvious forms is disapproved in most if not all cultures. tormenting a child for a trivial reason or no reason at all is something that appalls almost everyone. but many psychologists interpret the concept of abuse much more broadly. is spanking, when used as part of a rational and consistent system of discipline, a form of abuse? the question will ultimately be decided by whether or not spanking tends to produce behavior that makes a person fit in well with the existing system of society. in practice, the word “abuse” tends to be interpreted to include any method of child rearing that produces behavior inconvenient for the system. thus, when they go beyond the prevention of obvious, senseless cruelty, programs for preventing “child abuse” are directed toward the control of human behavior on behalf of the system. 149. presumably, research will continue to increase the effectiveness of psychological techniques for controlling human behavior. but we think it is unlikely that psychological techniques alone will be sufficient to adjust human beings to the kind of society that technology is creating. biological methods probably will have to be used. we have already mentioned the use of drugs in this connection. neurology may provide other avenues for modifying the human mind. genetic engineering of human beings is already beginning to occur in the form of “gene therapy,” and there is no reason to assume that such methods will not eventually be used to modify those aspects of the body that affect mental functioning. 150. as we mentioned in paragraph 134, industrial society seems likely to be entering a period of severe stress, due in part to problems of human behavior and in part to economic and environmental problems. and a considerable proportion of the system’s economic and environmental problems result from the way human beings behave. alienation, low self esteem, depression, hostility, rebellion; children who won’t study, youth gangs, illegal drug use, rape, child abuse, other crimes, unsafe sex, teen pregnancy, population growth, political corruption, race hatred, ethnic rivalry, bitter ideological conflict (e.g., pro choice vs. pro life), political extremism, terrorism, sabotage, anti government groups, hate groups. all these threaten the very survival of the system. the system will therefore be forced to use every practical means of controlling human behavior. 151. the social disruption that we see today is certainly not the result of mere chance. it can only be a result of the conditions of life that the system imposes on people. (we have argued that the most important of these conditions is disruption of the power process.) if the systems succeeds in imposing sufficient control over human behavior to assure its own survival, a new watershed in human history will have been passed. whereas formerly the limits of human endurance have imposed limits on the development of societies (as we explained in paragraphs 143, 144), industrial technological society will be able to pass those limits by modifying human beings, whether by psychological methods or biological methods or both. in the future, social systems will not be adjusted to suit the needs of human beings. instead, human being will be adjusted to suit the needs of the system. [27] 152. generally speaking, technological control over human behavior will probably not be introduced with a totalitarian intention or even through a conscious desire to restrict human freedom. [28] each new step in the assertion of control over the human mind will be taken as a rational response to a problem that faces society, such as curing alcoholism, reducing the crime rate or inducing young people to study science and engineering. in many cases there will be a humanitarian justification. for example, when a psychiatrist prescribes an anti depressant for a depressed patient, he is clearly doing that individual a favor. it would be inhumane to withhold the drug from someone who needs it. when parents send their children to sylvan learning centers to have them manipulated into becoming enthusiastic about their studies, they do so from concern for their children’s welfare. it may be that some of these parents wish that one didn’t have to have specialized training to get a job and that their kid didn’t have to be brainwashed into becoming a computer nerd. but what can they do? they can’t change society, and their child may be unemployable if he doesn’t have certain skills. so they send him to sylvan. 153. thus control over human behavior will be introduced not by a calculated decision of the authorities but through a process of social evolution (rapid evolution, however). the process will be impossible to resist, because each advance, considered by itself, will appear to be beneficial, or at least the evil involved in making the advance will appear to be beneficial, or at least the evil involved in making the advance will seem to be less than that which would result from not making it (see paragraph 127). propaganda for example is used for many good purposes, such as discouraging child abuse or race hatred. [14] sex education is obviously useful, yet the effect of sex education (to the extent that it is successful) is to take the shaping of sexual attitudes away from the family and put it into the hands of the state as represented by the public school system. 154. suppose a biological trait is discovered that increases the likelihood that a child will grow up to be a criminal, and suppose some sort of gene therapy can remove this trait. [29] of course most parents whose children possess the trait will have them undergo the therapy. it would be inhumane to do otherwise, since the child would probably have a miserable life if he grew up to be a criminal. but many or most primitive societies have a low crime rate in comparison with that of our society, even though they have neither high tech methods of child rearing nor harsh systems of punishment. since there is no reason to suppose that more modern men than primitive men have innate predatory tendencies, the high crime rate of our society must be due to the pressures that modern conditions put on people, to which many cannot or will not adjust. thus a treatment designed to remove potential criminal tendencies is at least in part a way of re engineering people so that they suit the requirements of the system. 155. our society tends to regard as a “sickness” any mode of thought or behavior that is inconvenient for the system, and this is plausible because when an individual doesn’t fit into the system it causes pain to the individual as well as problems for the system. thus the manipulation of an individual to adjust him to the system is seen as a “cure” for a “sickness” and therefore as good. 156. in paragraph 127 we pointed out that if the use of a new item of technology is initially optional, it does not necessarily remain optional, because the new technology tends to change society in such a way that it becomes difficult or impossible for an individual to function without using that technology. this applies also to the technology of human behavior. in a world in which most children are put through a program to make them enthusiastic about studying, a parent will almost be forced to put his kid through such a program, because if he does not, then the kid will grow up to be, comparatively speaking, an ignoramus and therefore unemployable. or suppose a biological treatment is discovered that, without undesirable side effects, will greatly reduce the psychological stress from which so many people suffer in our society. if large numbers of people choose to undergo the treatment, then the general level of stress in society will be reduced, so that it will be possible for the system to increase the stress producing pressures. in fact, something like this seems to have happened already with one of our society’s most important psychological tools for enabling people to reduce (or at least temporarily escape from) stress, namely, mass entertainment (see paragraph 147). our use of mass entertainment is “optional”: no law requires us to watch television, listen to the radio, read magazines. yet mass entertainment is a means of escape and stress reduction on which most of us have become dependent. everyone complains about the trashiness of television, but almost everyone watches it. a few have kicked the tv habit, but it would be a rare person who could get along today without using any form of mass entertainment. (yet until quite recently in human history most people got along very nicely with no other entertainment than that which each local community created for itself.) without the entertainment industry the system probably would not have been able to get away with putting as much stress producing pressure on us as it does. 157. assuming that industrial society survives, it is likely that technology will eventually acquire something approaching complete control over human behavior. it has been established beyond any rational doubt that human thought and behavior have a largely biological basis. as experimenters have demonstrated, feelings such as hunger, pleasure, anger and fear can be turned on and off by electrical stimulation of appropriate parts of the brain. memories can be destroyed by damaging parts of the brain or they can be brought to the surface by electrical stimulation. hallucinations can be induced or moods changed by drugs. there may or may not be an immaterial human soul, but if there is one it clearly is less powerful that the biological mechanisms of human behavior. for if that were not the case then researchers would not be able so easily to manipulate human feelings and behavior with drugs and electrical currents. 158. it presumably would be impractical for all people to have electrodes inserted in their heads so that they could be controlled by the authorities. but the fact that human thoughts and feelings are so open to biological intervention shows that the problem of controlling human behavior is mainly a technical problem; a problem of neurons, hormones and complex molecules; the kind of problem that is accessible to scientific attack. given the outstanding record of our society in solving technical problems, it is overwhelmingly probable that great advances will be made in the control of human behavior. 159. will public resistance prevent the introduction of technological control of human behavior? it certainly would if an attempt were made to introduce such control all at once. but since technological control will be introduced through a long sequence of small advances, there will be no rational and effective public resistance. (see paragraphs 127, 132, 153.) 160. to those who think that all this sounds like science fiction, we point out that yesterday’s science fiction is today’s fact. the industrial revolution has radically altered man’s environment and way of life, and it is only to be expected that as technology is increasingly applied to the human body and mind, man himself will be altered as radically as his environment and way of life have been. human race at a crossroads 161. but we have gotten ahead of our story. it is one thing to develop in the laboratory a series of psychological or biological techniques for manipulating human behavior and quite another to integrate these techniques into a functioning social system. the latter problem is the more difficult of the two. for example, while the techniques of educational psychology doubtless work quite well in the “lab schools” where they are developed, it is not necessarily easy to apply them effectively throughout our educational system. we all know what many of our schools are like. the teachers are too busy taking knives and guns away from the kids to subject them to the latest techniques for making them into computer nerds. thus, in spite of all its technical advances relating to human behavior, the system to date has not been impressively successful in controlling human beings. the people whose behavior is fairly well under the control of the system are those of the type that might be called “bourgeois.” but there are growing numbers of people who in one way or another are rebels against the system: welfare leaches, youth gangs, cultists, satanists, nazis, radical environmentalists, militiamen, etc. 162. the system is currently engaged in a desperate struggle to overcome certain problems that threaten its survival, among which the problems of human behavior are the most important. if the system succeeds in acquiring sufficient control over human behavior quickly enough, it will probably survive. otherwise it will break down. we think the issue will most likely be resolved within the next several decades, say 40 to 100 years. 163. suppose the system survives the crisis of the next several decades. by that time it will have to have solved, or at least brought under control, the principal problems that confront it, in particular that of “socializing” human beings; that is, making people sufficiently docile so that heir behavior no longer threatens the system. that being accomplished, it does not appear that there would be any further obstacle to the development of technology, and it would presumably advance toward its logical conclusion, which is complete control over everything on earth, including human beings and all other important organisms. the system may become a unitary, monolithic organization, or it may be more or less fragmented and consist of a number of organizations coexisting in a relationship that includes elements of both cooperation and competition, just as today the government, the corporations and other large organizations both cooperate and compete with one another. human freedom mostly will have vanished, because individuals and small groups will be impotent vis a vis large organizations armed with supertechnology and an arsenal of advanced psychological and biological tools for manipulating human beings, besides instruments of surveillance and physical coercion. only a small number of people will have any real power, and even these probably will have only very limited freedom, because their behavior too will be regulated; just as today our politicians and corporation executives can retain their positions of power only as long as their behavior remains within certain fairly narrow limits. 164. don’t imagine that the systems will stop developing further techniques for controlling human beings and nature once the crisis of the next few decades is over and increasing control is no longer necessary for the system’s survival. on the contrary, once the hard times are over the system will increase its control over people and nature more rapidly, because it will no longer be hampered by difficulties of the kind that it is currently experiencing. survival is not the principal motive for extending control. as we explained in paragraphs 87 90, technicians and scientists carry on their work largely as a surrogate activity; that is, they satisfy their need for power by solving technical problems. they will continue to do this with unabated enthusiasm, and among the most interesting and challenging problems for them to solve will be those of understanding the human body and mind and intervening in their development. for the “good of humanity,” of course. 165. but suppose on the other hand that the stresses of the coming decades prove to be too much for the system. if the system breaks down there may be a period of chaos, a “time of troubles” such as those that history has recorded at various epochs in the past. it is impossible to predict what would emerge from such a time of troubles, but at any rate the human race would be given a new chance. the greatest danger is that industrial society may begin to reconstitute itself within the first few years after the breakdown. certainly there will be many people (power hungry types especially) who will be anxious to get the factories running again. 166. therefore two tasks confront those who hate the servitude to which the industrial system is reducing the human race. first, we must work to heighten the social stresses within the system so as to increase the likelihood that it will break down or be weakened sufficiently so that a revolution against it becomes possible. second, it is necessary to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and the industrial society if and when the system becomes sufficiently weakened. and such an ideology will help to assure that, if and when industrial society breaks down, its remnants will be smashed beyond repair, so that the system cannot be reconstituted. the factories should be destroyed, technical books burned, etc. human suffering 167. the industrial system will not break down purely as a result of revolutionary action. it will not be vulnerable to revolutionary attack unless its own internal problems of development lead it into very serious difficulties. so if the system breaks down it will do so either spontaneously, or through a process that is in part spontaneous but helped along by revolutionaries. if the breakdown is sudden, many people will die, since the world’s population has become so overblown that it cannot even feed itself any longer without advanced technology. even if the breakdown is gradual enough so that reduction of the population can occur more through lowering of the birth rate than through elevation of the death rate, the process of de industrialization probably will be very chaotic and involve much suffering. it is naive to think it likely that technology can be phased out in a smoothly managed, orderly way, especially since the technophiles will fight stubbornly at every step. is it therefore cruel to work for the breakdown of the system? maybe, but maybe not. in the first place, revolutionaries will not be able to break the system down unless it is already in enough trouble so that there would be a good chance of its eventually breaking down by itself anyway; and the bigger the system grows, the more disastrous the consequences of its breakdown will be; so it may be that revolutionaries, by hastening the onset of the breakdown, will be reducing the extent of the disaster. 168. in the second place, one has to balance struggle and death against the loss of freedom and dignity. to many of us, freedom and dignity are more important than a long life or avoidance of physical pain. besides, we all have to die some time, and it may be better to die fighting for survival, or for a cause, than to live a long but empty and purposeless life. 169. in the third place, it is not at all certain that survival of the system will lead to less suffering than breakdown of the system would. the system has already caused, and is continuing to cause, immense suffering all over the world. ancient cultures, that for hundreds of years gave people a satisfactory relationship with each other and with their environment, have been shattered by contact with industrial society, and the result has been a whole catalogue of economic, environmental, social and psychological problems. one of the effects of the intrusion of industrial society has been that over much of the world traditional controls on population have been thrown out of balance. hence the population explosion, with all that that implies. then there is the psychological suffering that is widespread throughout the supposedly fortunate countries of the west (see paragraphs 44, 45). no one knows what will happen as a result of ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect and other environmental problems that cannot yet be foreseen. and, as nuclear proliferation has shown, new technology cannot be kept out of the hands of dictators and irresponsible third world nations. would you like to speculate about what iraq or north korea will do with genetic engineering? 170. “oh!” say the technophiles, “science is going to fix all that! we will conquer famine, eliminate psychological suffering, make everybody healthy and happy!” yeah, sure. that’s what they said 200 years ago. the industrial revolution was supposed to eliminate poverty, make everybody happy, etc. the actual result has been quite different. the technophiles are hopelessly naive (or self deceiving) in their understanding of social problems. they are unaware of (or choose to ignore) the fact that when large changes, even seemingly beneficial ones, are introduced into a society, they lead to a long sequence of other changes, most of which are impossible to predict (paragraph 103). the result is disruption of the society. so it is very probable that in their attempts to end poverty and disease, engineer docile, happy personalities and so forth, the technophiles will create social systems that are terribly troubled, even more so than the present once. for example, the scientists boast that they will end famine by creating new, genetically engineered food plants. but this will allow the human population to keep expanding indefinitely, and it is well known that crowding leads to increased stress and aggression. this is merely one example of the predictable problems that will arise. we emphasize that, as past experience has shown, technical progress will lead to other new problems that cannot be predicted in advance (paragraph 103). in fact, ever since the industrial revolution, technology has been creating new problems for society far more rapidly than it has been solving old ones. thus it will take a long and difficult period of trial and error for the technophiles to work the bugs out of their brave new world (if they every do). in the meantime there will be great suffering. so it is not at all clear that the survival of industrial society would involve less suffering than the breakdown of that society would. technology has gotten the human race into a fix from which there is not likely to be any easy escape. the future 171. but suppose now that industrial society does survive the next several decades and that the bugs do eventually get worked out of the system, so that it functions smoothly. what kind of system will it be? we will consider several possibilities. 172. first let us postulate that the computer scientists succeed in developing intelligent machines that can do all things better than human beings can do them. in that case presumably all work will be done by vast, highly organized systems of machines and no human effort will be necessary. either of two cases might occur. the machines might be permitted to make all of their own decisions without human oversight, or else human control over the machines might be retained. 173. if the machines are permitted to make all their own decisions, we can’t make any conjectures as to the results, because it is impossible to guess how such machines might behave. we only point out that the fate of the human race would be at the mercy of the machines. it might be argued that the human race would never be foolish enough to hand over all power to the machines. but we are suggesting neither that the human race would voluntarily turn power over to the machines nor that the machines would willfully seize power. what we do suggest is that the human race might easily permit itself to drift into a position of such dependence on the machines that it would have no practical choice but to accept all of the machines’ decisions. as society and the problems that face it become more and more complex and as machines become more and more intelligent, people will let machines make more and more of their decisions for them, simply because machine made decisions will bring better results than man made ones. eventually a stage may be reached at which the decisions necessary to keep the system running will be so complex that human beings will be incapable of making them intelligently. at that stage the machines will be in effective control. people won’t be able to just turn the machines off, because they will be so dependent on them that turning them off would amount to suicide. 174. on the other hand it is possible that human control over the machines may be retained. in that case the average man may have control over certain private machines of his own, such as his car or his personal computer, but control over large systems of machines will be in the hands of a tiny elite—just as it is today, but with two differences. due to improved techniques the elite will have greater control over the masses; and because human work will no longer be necessary the masses will be superfluous, a useless burden on the system. if the elite is ruthless they may simply decide to exterminate the mass of humanity. if they are humane they may use propaganda or other psychological or biological techniques to reduce the birth rate until the mass of humanity becomes extinct, leaving the world to the elite. or, if the elite consists of soft hearted liberals, they may decide to play the role of good shepherds to the rest of the human race. they will see to it that everyone’s physical needs are satisfied, that all children are raised under psychologically hygienic conditions, that everyone has a wholesome hobby to keep him busy, and that anyone who may become dissatisfied undergoes “treatment” to cure his “problem.” of course, life will be so purposeless that people will have to be biologically or psychologically engineered either to remove their need for the power process or to make them “sublimate” their drive for power into some harmless hobby. these engineered human beings may be happy in such a society, but they most certainly will not be free. they will have been reduced to the status of domestic animals. 175. but suppose now that the computer scientists do not succeed in developing artificial intelligence, so that human work remains necessary. even so, machines will take care of more and more of the simpler tasks so that there will be an increasing surplus of human workers at the lower levels of ability. (we see this happening already. there are many people who find it difficult or impossible to get work, because for intellectual or psychological reasons they cannot acquire the level of training necessary to make themselves useful in the present system.) on those who are employed, ever increasing demands will be placed: they will need more and more training, more and more ability, and will have to be ever more reliable, conforming and docile, because they will be more and more like cells of a giant organism. their tasks will be increasingly specialized, so that their work will be, in a sense, out of touch with the real world, being concentrated on one tiny slice of reality. the system will have to use any means that it can, whether psychological or biological, to engineer people to be docile, to have the abilities that the system requires and to “sublimate” their drive for power into some specialized task. but the statement that the people of such a society will have to be docile may require qualification. the society may find competitiveness useful, provided that ways are found of directing competitiveness into channels that serve the needs of the system. we can imagine a future society in which there is endless competition for positions of prestige and power. but no more than a very few people will ever reach the top, where the only real power is (see end of paragraph 163). very repellent is a society in which a person can satisfy his need for power only by pushing large numbers of other people out of the way and depriving them of their opportunity for power. 176. one can envision scenarios that incorporate aspects of more than one of the possibilities that we have just discussed. for instance, it may be that machines will take over most of the work that is of real, practical importance, but that human beings will be kept busy by being given relatively unimportant work. it has been suggested, for example, that a great development of the service industries might provide work for human beings. thus people would spent their time shining each other’s shoes, driving each other around in taxicabs, making handicrafts for one another, waiting on each other’s tables, etc. this seems to us a thoroughly contemptible way for the human race to end up, and we doubt that many people would find fulfilling lives in such pointless busy work. they would seek other, dangerous outlets (drugs, crime, “cults,” hate groups) unless they were biologically or psychologically engineered to adapt them to such a way of life. 177. needless to say, the scenarios outlined above do not exhaust all the possibilities. they only indicate the kinds of outcomes that seem to us most likely. but we can envision no plausible scenarios that are any more palatable than the ones we’ve just described. it is overwhelmingly probable that if the industrial technological system survives the next 40 to 100 years, it will by that time have developed certain general characteristics: individuals (at least those of the “bourgeois” type, who are integrated into the system and make it run, and who therefore have all the power) will be more dependent than ever on large organizations; they will be more “socialized” than ever and their physical and mental qualities to a significant extent (possibly to a very great extent) will be those that are engineered into them rather than being the results of chance (or of god’s will, or whatever); and whatever may be left of wild nature will be reduced to remnants preserved for scientific study and kept under the supervision and management of scientists (hence it will no longer be truly wild). in the long run (say a few centuries from now) it is likely that neither the human race nor any other important organisms will exist as we know them today, because once you start modifying organisms through genetic engineering there is no reason to stop at any particular point, so that the modifications will probably continue until man and other organisms have been utterly transformed. 178. whatever else may be the case, it is certain that technology is creating for human beings a new physical and social environment radically different from the spectrum of environments to which natural selection has adapted the human race physically and psychologically. if man is not adjusted to this new environment by being artificially re engineered, then he will be adapted to it through a long and painful process of natural selection. the former is far more likely than the latter. 179. it would be better to dump the whole stinking system and take the consequences. strategy 180. the technophiles are taking us all on an utterly reckless ride into the unknown. many people understand something of what technological progress is doing to us yet take a passive attitude toward it because they think it is inevitable. but we (fc) don’t think it is inevitable. we think it can be stopped, and we will give here some indications of how to go about stopping it. 181. as we stated in paragraph 166, the two main tasks for the present are to promote social stress and instability in industrial society and to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and the industrial system. when the system becomes sufficiently stressed and unstable, a revolution against technology may be possible. the pattern would be similar to that of the french and russian revolutions. french society and russian society, for several decades prior to their respective revolutions, showed increasing signs of stress and weakness. meanwhile, ideologies were being developed that offered a new world view that was quite different from the old one. in the russian case, revolutionaries were actively working to undermine the old order. then, when the old system was put under sufficient additional stress (by financial crisis in france, by military defeat in russia) it was swept away by revolution. what we propose is something along the same lines. 182. it will be objected that the french and russian revolutions were failures. but most revolutions have two goals. one is to destroy an old form of society and the other is to set up the new form of society envisioned by the revolutionaries. the french and russian revolutionaries failed (fortunately!) to create the new kind of society of which they dreamed, but they were quite successful in destroying the old society. we have no illusions about the feasibility of creating a new, ideal form of society. our goal is only to destroy the existing form of society. 183. but an ideology, in order to gain enthusiastic support, must have a positive ideal as well as a negative one; it must be for something as well as against something. the positive ideal that we propose is nature. that is, wild nature: those aspects of the functioning of the earth and its living things that are independent of human management and free of human interference and control. and with wild nature we include human nature, by which we mean those aspects of the functioning of the human individual that are not subject to regulation by organized society but are products of chance, or free will, or god (depending on your religious or philosophical opinions). 184. nature makes a perfect counter ideal to technology for several reasons. nature (that which is outside the power of the system) is the opposite of technology (which seeks to expand indefinitely the power of the system). most people will agree that nature is beautiful; certainly it has tremendous popular appeal. the radical environmentalists already hold an ideology that exalts nature and opposes technology. [30] it is not necessary for the sake of nature to set up some chimerical utopia or any new kind of social order. nature takes care of itself: it was a spontaneous creation that existed long before any human society, and for countless centuries many different kinds of human societies coexisted with nature without doing it an excessive amount of damage. only with the industrial revolution did the effect of human society on nature become really devastating. to relieve the pressure on nature it is not necessary to create a special kind of social system, it is only necessary to get rid of industrial society. granted, this will not solve all problems. industrial society has already done tremendous damage to nature and it will take a very long time for the scars to heal. besides, even pre industrial societies can do significant damage to nature. nevertheless, getting rid of industrial society will accomplish a great deal. it will relieve the worst of the pressure on nature so that the scars can begin to heal. it will remove the capacity of organized society to keep increasing its control over nature (including human nature). whatever kind of society may exist after the demise of the industrial system, it is certain that most people will live close to nature, because in the absence of advanced technology there is no other way that people can live. to feed themselves they must be peasants or herdsmen or fishermen or hunters, etc. and, generally speaking, local autonomy should tend to increase, because lack of advanced technology and rapid communications will limit the capacity of governments or other large organizations to control local communities. 185. as for the negative consequences of eliminating industrial society—well, you can’t eat your cake and have it too. to gain one thing you have to sacrifice another. 186. most people hate psychological conflict. for this reason they avoid doing any serious thinking about difficult social issues, and they like to have such issues presented to them in simple, black and white terms: this is all good and that is all bad. the revolutionary ideology should therefore be developed on two levels. 187. on the more sophisticated level the ideology should address itself to people who are intelligent, thoughtful and rational. the object should be to create a core of people who will be opposed to the industrial system on a rational, thought out basis, with full appreciation of the problems and ambiguities involved, and of the price that has to be paid for getting rid of the system. it is particularly important to attract people of this type, as they are capable people and will be instrumental in influencing others. these people should be addressed on as rational a level as possible. facts should never intentionally be distorted and intemperate language should be avoided. this does not mean that no appeal can be made to the emotions, but in making such appeal care should be taken to avoid misrepresenting the truth or doing anything else that would destroy the intellectual respectability of the ideology. 188. on a second level, the ideology should be propagated in a simplified form that will enable the unthinking majority to see the conflict of technology vs. nature in unambiguous terms. but even on this second level the ideology should not be expressed in language that is so cheap, intemperate or irrational that it alienates people of the thoughtful and rational type. cheap, intemperate propaganda sometimes achieves impressive short term gains, but it will be more advantageous in the long run to keep the loyalty of a small number of intelligently committed people than to arouse the passions of an unthinking, fickle mob who will change their attitude as soon as someone comes along with a better propaganda gimmick. however, propaganda of the rabble rousing type may be necessary when the system is nearing the point of collapse and there is a final struggle between rival ideologies to determine which will become dominant when the old world view goes under. 189. prior to that final struggle, the revolutionaries should not expect to have a majority of people on their side. history is made by active, determined minorities, not by the majority, which seldom has a clear and consistent idea of what it really wants. until the time comes for the final push toward revolution [31], the task of revolutionaries will be less to win the shallow support of the majority than to build a small core of deeply committed people. as for the majority, it will be enough to make them aware of the existence of the new ideology and remind them of it frequently; though of course it will be desirable to get majority support to the extent that this can be done without weakening the core of seriously committed people. 190. any kind of social conflict helps to destabilize the system, but one should be careful about what kind of conflict one encourages. the line of conflict should be drawn between the mass of the people and the power holding elite of industrial society (politicians, scientists, upper level business executives, government officials, etc.). it should not be drawn between the revolutionaries and the mass of the people. for example, it would be bad strategy for the revolutionaries to condemn americans for their habits of consumption. instead, the average american should be portrayed as a victim of the advertising and marketing industry, which has suckered him into buying a lot of junk that he doesn’t need and that is very poor compensation for his lost freedom. either approach is consistent with the facts. it is merely a matter of attitude whether you blame the advertising industry for manipulating the public or blame the public for allowing itself to be manipulated. as a matter of strategy one should generally avoid blaming the public. 191. one should think twice before encouraging any other social conflict than that between the power holding elite (which wields technology) and the general public (over which technology exerts its power). for one thing, other conflicts tend to distract attention from the important conflicts (between power elite and ordinary people, between technology and nature); for another thing, other conflicts may actually tend to encourage technologization, because each side in such a conflict wants to use technological power to gain advantages over its adversary. this is clearly seen in rivalries between nations. it also appears in ethnic conflicts within nations. for example, in america many black leaders are anxious to gain power for african americans by placing back individuals in the technological power elite. they want there to be many black government officials, scientists, corporation executives and so forth. in this way they are helping to absorb the african american subculture into the technological system. generally speaking, one should encourage only those social conflicts that can be fitted into the framework of the conflicts of power elite vs. ordinary people, technology vs nature. 192. but the way to discourage ethnic conflict is not through militant advocacy of minority rights (see paragraphs 21, 29). instead, the revolutionaries should emphasize that although minorities do suffer more or less disadvantage, this disadvantage is of peripheral significance. our real enemy is the industrial technological system, and in the struggle against the system, ethnic distinctions are of no importance. 193. the kind of revolution we have in mind will not necessarily involve an armed uprising against any government. it may or may not involve physical violence, but it will not be a political revolution. its focus will be on technology and economics, not politics. [32] 194. probably the revolutionaries should even avoid assuming political power, whether by legal or illegal means, until the industrial system is stressed to the danger point and has proved itself to be a failure in the eyes of most people. suppose for example that some “green” party should win control of the united states congress in an election. in order to avoid betraying or watering down their own ideology they would have to take vigorous measures to turn economic growth into economic shrinkage. to the average man the results would appear disastrous: there would be massive unemployment, shortages of commodities, etc. even if the grosser ill effects could be avoided through superhumanly skillful management, still people would have to begin giving up the luxuries to which they have become addicted. dissatisfaction would grow, the “green” party would be voted out of office and the revolutionaries would have suffered a severe setback. for this reason the revolutionaries should not try to acquire political power until the system has gotten itself into such a mess that any hardships will be seen as resulting from the failures of the industrial system itself and not from the policies of the revolutionaries. the revolution against technology will probably have to be a revolution by outsiders, a revolution from below and not from above. 195. the revolution must be international and worldwide. it cannot be carried out on a nation by nation basis. whenever it is suggested that the united states, for example, should cut back on technological progress or economic growth, people get hysterical and start screaming that if we fall behind in technology the japanese will get ahead of us. holy robots! the world will fly off its orbit if the japanese ever sell more cars than we do! (nationalism is a great promoter of technology.) more reasonably, it is argued that if the relatively democratic nations of the world fall behind in technology while nasty, dictatorial nations like china, vietnam and north korea continue to progress, eventually the dictators may come to dominate the world. that is why the industrial system should be attacked in all nations simultaneously, to the extent that this may be possible. true, there is no assurance that the industrial system can be destroyed at approximately the same time all over the world, and it is even conceivable that the attempt to overthrow the system could lead instead to the domination of the system by dictators. that is a risk that has to be taken. and it is worth taking, since the difference between a “democratic” industrial system and one controlled by dictators is small compared with the difference between an industrial system and a non industrial one. [33] it might even be argued that an industrial system controlled by dictators would be preferable, because dictator controlled systems usually have proved inefficient, hence they are presumably more likely to break down. look at cuba. 196. revolutionaries might consider favoring measures that tend to bind the world economy into a unified whole. free trade agreements like nafta and gatt are probably harmful to the environment in the short run, but in the long run they may perhaps be advantageous because they foster economic interdependence between nations. it will be easier to destroy the industrial system on a worldwide basis if the world economy is so unified that its breakdown in any one major nation will lead to its breakdown in all industrialized nations. 197. some people take the line that modern man has too much power, too much control over nature; they argue for a more passive attitude on the part of the human race. at best these people are expressing themselves unclearly, because they fail to distinguish between power for large organizations and power for individuals and small groups. it is a mistake to argue for powerlessness and passivity, because people need power. modern man as a collective entity—that is, the industrial system—has immense power over nature, and we (fc) regard this as evil. but modern individuals and small groups of individuals have far less power than primitive man ever did. generally speaking, the vast power of “modern man” over nature is exercised not by individuals or small groups but by large organizations. to the extent that the average modern individual can wield the power of technology, he is permitted to do so only within narrow limits and only under the supervision and control of the system. (you need a license for everything and with the license come rules and regulations.) the individual has only those technological powers with which the system chooses to provide him. his personal power over nature is slight. 198. primitive individuals and small groups actually had considerable power over nature; or maybe it would be better to say power within nature. when primitive man needed food he knew how to find and prepare edible roots, how to track game and take it with homemade weapons. he knew how to protect himself from heat, cold, rain, dangerous animals, etc. but primitive man did relatively little damage to nature because the collective power of primitive society was negligible compared to the collective power of industrial society. 199. instead of arguing for powerlessness and passivity, one should argue that the power of the industrial system should be broken, and that this will greatly increase the power and freedom of individuals and small groups. 200. until the industrial system has been thoroughly wrecked, the destruction of that system must be the revolutionaries’ only goal. other goals would distract attention and energy from the main goal. more importantly, if the revolutionaries permit themselves to have any other goal than the destruction of technology, they will be tempted to use technology as a tool for reaching that other goal. if they give in to that temptation, they will fall right back into the technological trap, because modern technology is a unified, tightly organized system, so that, in order to retain some technology, one finds oneself obliged to retain most technology, hence one ends up sacrificing only token amounts of technology. 201. suppose for example that the revolutionaries took “social justice” as a goal. human nature being what it is, social justice would not come about spontaneously; it would have to be enforced. in order to enforce it the revolutionaries would have to retain central organization and control. for that they would need rapid long distance transportation and communication, and therefore all the technology needed to support the transportation and communication systems. to feed and clothe poor people they would have to use agricultural and manufacturing technology. and so forth. so that the attempt to insure social justice would force them to retain most parts of the technological system. not that we have anything against social justice, but it must not be allowed to interfere with the effort to get rid of the technological system. 202. it would be hopeless for revolutionaries to try to attack the system without using some modern technology. if nothing else they must use the communications media to spread their message. but they should use modern technology for only one purpose: to attack the technological system. 203. imagine an alcoholic sitting with a barrel of wine in front of him. suppose he starts saying to himself, “wine isn’t bad for you if used in moderation. why, they say small amounts of wine are even good for you! it won’t do me any harm if i take just one little drink.... “ well you know what is going to happen. never forget that the human race with technology is just like an alcoholic with a barrel of wine. 204. revolutionaries should have as many children as they can. there is strong scientific evidence that social attitudes are to a significant extent inherited. no one suggests that a social attitude is a direct outcome of a person’s genetic constitution, but it appears that personality traits are partly inherited and that certain personality traits tend, within the context of our society, to make a person more likely to hold this or that social attitude. objections to these findings have been raised, but the objections are feeble and seem to be ideologically motivated. in any event, no one denies that children tend on the average to hold social attitudes similar to those of their parents. from our point of view it doesn’t matter all that much whether the attitudes are passed on genetically or through childhood training. in either case they are passed on. 205. the trouble is that many of the people who are inclined to rebel against the industrial system are also concerned about the population problems, hence they are apt to have few or no children. in this way they may be handing the world over to the sort of people who support or at least accept the industrial system. to insure the strength of the next generation of revolutionaries the present generation should reproduce itself abundantly. in doing so they will be worsening the population problem only slightly. and the important problem is to get rid of the industrial system, because once the industrial system is gone the world’s population necessarily will decrease (see paragraph 167); whereas, if the industrial system survives, it will continue developing new techniques of food production that may enable the world’s population to keep increasing almost indefinitely. 206. with regard to revolutionary strategy, the only points on which we absolutely insist are that the single overriding goal must be the elimination of modern technology, and that no other goal can be allowed to compete with this one. for the rest, revolutionaries should take an empirical approach. if experience indicates that some of the recommendations made in the foregoing paragraphs are not going to give good results, then those recommendations should be discarded. two kinds of technology 207. an argument likely to be raised against our proposed revolution is that it is bound to fail, because (it is claimed) throughout history technology has always progressed, never regressed, hence technological regression is impossible. but this claim is false. 208. we distinguish between two kinds of technology, which we will call small scale technology and organization dependent technology. small scale technology is technology that can be used by small scale communities without outside assistance. organization dependent technology is technology that depends on large scale social organization. we are aware of no significant cases of regression in small scale technology. but organization dependent technology does regress when the social organization on which it depends breaks down. example: when the roman empire fell apart the romans’ small scale technology survived because any clever village craftsman could build, for instance, a water wheel, any skilled smith could make steel by roman methods, and so forth. but the romans’ organization dependent technology did regress. their aqueducts fell into disrepair and were never rebuilt. their techniques of road construction were lost. the roman system of urban sanitation was forgotten, so that not until rather recent times did the sanitation of european cities equal that of ancient rome. 209. the reason why technology has seemed always to progress is that, until perhaps a century or two before the industrial revolution, most technology was small scale technology. but most of the technology developed since the industrial revolution is organization dependent technology. take the refrigerator for example. without factory made parts or the facilities of a post industrial machine shop it would be virtually impossible for a handful of local craftsmen to build a refrigerator. if by some miracle they did succeed in building one it would be useless to them without a reliable source of electric power. so they would have to dam a stream and build a generator. generators require large amounts of copper wire. imagine trying to make that wire without modern machinery. and where would they get a gas suitable for refrigeration? it would be much easier to build an icehouse or preserve food by drying or picking, as was done before the invention of the refrigerator. 210. so it is clear that if the industrial system were once thoroughly broken down, refrigeration technology would quickly be lost. the same is true of other organization dependent technology. and once this technology had been lost for a generation or so it would take centuries to rebuild it, just as it took centuries to build it the first time around. surviving technical books would be few and scattered. an industrial society, if built from scratch without outside help, can only be built in a series of stages: you need tools to make tools to make tools to make tools ... . a long process of economic development and progress in social organization is required. and, even in the absence of an ideology opposed to technology, there is no reason to believe that anyone would be interested in rebuilding industrial society. the enthusiasm for “progress” is a phenomenon peculiar to the modern form of society, and it seems not to have existed prior to the 17th century or thereabouts. 211. in the late middle ages there were four main civilizations that were about equally “advanced”: europe, the islamic world, india, and the far east (china, japan, korea). three of those civilizations remained more or less stable, and only europe became dynamic. no one knows why europe became dynamic at that time; historians have their theories but these are only speculation. at any rate, it is clear that rapid development toward a technological form of society occurs only under special conditions. so there is no reason to assume that a long lasting technological regression cannot be brought about. 212. would society eventually develop again toward an industrial technological form? maybe, but there is no use in worrying about it, since we can’t predict or control events 500 or 1,000 years in the future. those problems must be dealt with by the people who will live at that time. the danger of leftism 213. because of their need for rebellion and for membership in a movement, leftists or persons of similar psychological type often are unattracted to a rebellious or activist movement whose goals and membership are not initially leftist. the resulting influx of leftish types can easily turn a non leftist movement into a leftist one, so that leftist goals replace or distort the original goals of the movement. 214. to avoid this, a movement that exalts nature and opposes technology must take a resolutely anti leftist stance and must avoid all collaboration with leftists. leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature, with human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology. leftism is collectivist; it seeks to bind together the entire world (both nature and the human race) into a unified whole. but this implies management of nature and of human life by organized society, and it requires advanced technology. you can’t have a united world without rapid transportation and communication, you can’t make all people love one another without sophisticated psychological techniques, you can’t have a “planned society” without the necessary technological base. above all, leftism is driven by the need for power, and the leftist seeks power on a collective basis, through identification with a mass movement or an organization. leftism is unlikely ever to give up technology, because technology is too valuable a source of collective power. 215. the anarchist [34] too seeks power, but he seeks it on an individual or small group basis; he wants individuals and small groups to be able to control the circumstances of their own lives. he opposes technology because it makes small groups dependent on large organizations. 216. some leftists may seem to oppose technology, but they will oppose it only so long as they are outsiders and the technological system is controlled by non leftists. if leftism ever becomes dominant in society, so that the technological system becomes a tool in the hands of leftists, they will enthusiastically use it and promote its growth. in doing this they will be repeating a pattern that leftism has shown again and again in the past. when the bolsheviks in russia were outsiders, they vigorously opposed censorship and the secret police, they advocated self determination for ethnic minorities, and so forth; but as soon as they came into power themselves, they imposed a tighter censorship and created a more ruthless secret police than any that had existed under the tsars, and they oppressed ethnic minorities at least as much as the tsars had done. in the united states, a couple of decades ago when leftists were a minority in our universities, leftist professors were vigorous proponents of academic freedom, but today, in those of our universities where leftists have become dominant, they have shown themselves ready to take away from everyone else’s academic freedom. (this is “political correctness.”) the same will happen with leftists and technology: they will use it to oppress everyone else if they ever get it under their own control. 217. in earlier revolutions, leftists of the most power hungry type, repeatedly, have first cooperated with non leftist revolutionaries, as well as with leftists of a more libertarian inclination, and later have double crossed them to seize power for themselves. robespierre did this in the french revolution, the bolsheviks did it in the russian revolution, the communists did it in spain in 1938 and castro and his followers did it in cuba. given the past history of leftism, it would be utterly foolish for non leftist revolutionaries today to collaborate with leftists. 218. various thinkers have pointed out that leftism is a kind of religion. leftism is not a religion in the strict sense because leftist doctrine does not postulate the existence of any supernatural being. but, for the leftist, leftism plays a psychological role much like that which religion plays for some people. the leftist needs to believe in leftism; it plays a vital role in his psychological economy. his beliefs are not easily modified by logic or facts. he has a deep conviction that leftism is morally right with a capital r, and that he has not only a right but a duty to impose leftist morality on everyone. (however, many of the people we are referring to as “leftists” do not think of themselves as leftists and would not describe their system of beliefs as leftism. we use the term “leftism” because we don’t know of any better words to designate the spectrum of related creeds that includes the feminist, gay rights, political correctness, etc., movements, and because these movements have a strong affinity with the old left. see paragraphs 227 230.) 219. leftism is a totalitarian force. wherever leftism is in a position of power it tends to invade every private corner and force every thought into a leftist mold. in part this is because of the quasi religious character of leftism; everything contrary to leftist beliefs represents sin. more importantly, leftism is a totalitarian force because of the leftists’ drive for power. the leftist seeks to satisfy his need for power through identification with a social movement and he tries to go through the power process by helping to pursue and attain the goals of the movement (see paragraph 83). but no matter how far the movement has gone in attaining its goals the leftist is never satisfied, because his activism is a surrogate activity (see paragraph 41). that is, the leftist’s real motive is not to attain the ostensible goals of leftism; in reality he is motivated by the sense of power he gets from struggling for and then reaching a social goal. [35] consequently the leftist is never satisfied with the goals he has already attained; his need for the power process leads him always to pursue some new goal. the leftist wants equal opportunities for minorities. when that is attained he insists on statistical equality of achievement by minorities. and as long as anyone harbors in some corner of his mind a negative attitude toward some minority, the leftist has to re educated him. and ethnic minorities are not enough; no one can be allowed to have a negative attitude toward homosexuals, disabled people, fat people, old people, ugly people, and on and on and on. it’s not enough that the public should be informed about the hazards of smoking; a warning has to be stamped on every package of cigarettes. then cigarette advertising has to be restricted if not banned. the activists will never be satisfied until tobacco is outlawed, and after that it will be alcohol, then junk food, etc. activists have fought gross child abuse, which is reasonable. but now they want to stop all spanking. when they have done that they will want to ban something else they consider unwholesome, then another thing and then another. they will never be satisfied until they have complete control over all child rearing practices. and then they will move on to another cause. 220. suppose you asked leftists to make a list of all the things that were wrong with society, and then suppose you instituted every social change that they demanded. it is safe to say that within a couple of years the majority of leftists would find something new to complain about, some new social “evil” to correct because, once again, the leftist is motivated less by distress at society’s ills than by the need to satisfy his drive for power by imposing his solutions on society. 221. because of the restrictions placed on their thoughts and behavior by their high level of socialization, many leftists of the over socialized type cannot pursue power in the ways that other people do. for them the drive for power has only one morally acceptable outlet, and that is in the struggle to impose their morality on everyone. 222. leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, are true believers in the sense of eric hoffer’s book, “the true believer.” but not all true believers are of the same psychological type as leftists. presumably a true believing nazi, for instance, is very different psychologically from a true believing leftist. because of their capacity for single minded devotion to a cause, true believers are a useful, perhaps a necessary, ingredient of any revolutionary movement. this presents a problem with which we must admit we don’t know how to deal. we aren’t sure how to harness the energies of the true believer to a revolution against technology. at present all we can say is that no true believer will make a safe recruit to the revolution unless his commitment is exclusively to the destruction of technology. if he is committed also to another ideal, he may want to use technology as a tool for pursuing that other ideal (see paragraphs 220, 221). 223. some readers may say, “this stuff about leftism is a lot of crap. i know john and jane who are leftish types and they don’t have all these totalitarian tendencies.” it’s quite true that many leftists, possibly even a numerical majority, are decent people who sincerely believe in tolerating others’ values (up to a point) and wouldn’t want to use high handed methods to reach their social goals. our remarks about leftism are not meant to apply to every individual leftist but to describe the general character of leftism as a movement. and the general character of a movement is not necessarily determined by the numerical proportions of the various kinds of people involved in the movement. 224. the people who rise to positions of power in leftist movements tend to be leftists of the most power hungry type, because power hungry people are those who strive hardest to get into positions of power. once the power hungry types have captured control of the movement, there are many leftists of a gentler breed who inwardly disapprove of many of the actions of the leaders, but cannot bring themselves to oppose them. they need their faith in the movement, and because they cannot give up this faith they go along with the leaders. true, some leftists do have the guts to oppose the totalitarian tendencies that emerge, but they generally lose, because the power hungry types are better organized, are more ruthless and machiavellian and have taken care to build themselves a strong power base. 225. these phenomena appeared clearly in russia and other countries that were taken over by leftists. similarly, before the breakdown of communism in the ussr, leftish types in the west would seldom criticize that country. if prodded they would admit that the ussr did many wrong things, but then they would try to find excuses for the communists and begin talking about the faults of the west. they always opposed western military resistance to communist aggression. leftish types all over the world vigorously protested the u.s. military action in vietnam, but when the ussr invaded afghanistan they did nothing. not that they approved of the soviet actions; but because of their leftist faith, they just couldn’t bear to put themselves in opposition to communism. today, in those of our universities where “political correctness” has become dominant, there are probably many leftish types who privately disapprove of the suppression of academic freedom, but they go along with it anyway. 226. thus the fact that many individual leftists are personally mild and fairly tolerant people by no means prevents leftism as a whole form having a totalitarian tendency. 227. our discussion of leftism has a serious weakness. it is still far from clear what we mean by the word “leftist.” there doesn’t seem to be much we can do about this. today leftism is fragmented into a whole spectrum of activist movements. yet not all activist movements are leftist, and some activist movements (e.g., radical environmentalism) seem to include both personalities of the leftist type and personalities of thoroughly un leftist types who ought to know better than to collaborate with leftists. varieties of leftists fade out gradually into varieties of non leftists and we ourselves would often be hard pressed to decide whether a given individual is or is not a leftist. to the extent that it is defined at all, our conception of leftism is defined by the discussion of it that we have given in this article, and we can only advise the reader to use his own judgment in deciding who is a leftist. 228. but it will be helpful to list some criteria for diagnosing leftism. these criteria cannot be applied in a cut and dried manner. some individuals may meet some of the criteria without being leftists, some leftists may not meet any of the criteria. again, you just have to use your judgment. 229. the leftist is oriented toward large scale collectivism. he emphasizes the duty of the individual to serve society and the duty of society to take care of the individual. he has a negative attitude toward individualism. he often takes a moralistic tone. he tends to be for gun control, for sex education and other psychologically “enlightened” educational methods, for social planning, for affirmative action, for multiculturalism. he tends to identify with victims. he tends to be against competition and against violence, but he often finds excuses for those leftists who do commit violence. he is fond of using the common catch phrases of the left, like “racism,” “sexism,” “homophobia,” “capitalism,” “imperialism,” “neocolonialism,” “genocide,” “social change,” “social justice,” “social responsibility.” maybe the best diagnostic trait of the leftist is his tendency to sympathize with the following movements: feminism, gay rights, ethnic rights, disability rights, animal rights, political correctness. anyone who strongly sympathizes with all of these movements is almost certainly a leftist. [36] 230. the more dangerous leftists, that is, those who are most power hungry, are often characterized by arrogance or by a dogmatic approach to ideology. however, the most dangerous leftists of all may be certain oversocialized types who avoid irritating displays of aggressiveness and refrain from advertising their leftism, but work quietly and unobtrusively to promote collectivist values, “enlightened” psychological techniques for socializing children, dependence of the individual on the system, and so forth. these crypto leftists (as we may call them) approximate certain bourgeois types as far as practical action is concerned, but differ from them in psychology, ideology and motivation. the ordinary bourgeois tries to bring people under control of the system in order to protect his way of life, or he does so simply because his attitudes are conventional. the crypto leftist tries to bring people under control of the system because he is a true believer in a collectivistic ideology. the crypto leftist is differentiated from the average leftist of the oversocialized type by the fact that his rebellious impulse is weaker and he is more securely socialized. he is differentiated from the ordinary well socialized bourgeois by the fact that there is some deep lack within him that makes it necessary for him to devote himself to a cause and immerse himself in a collectivity. and maybe his (well sublimated) drive for power is stronger than that of the average bourgeois. final note 231. throughout this article we’ve made imprecise statements and statements that ought to have had all sorts of qualifications and reservations attached to them; and some of our statements may be flatly false. lack of sufficient information and the need for brevity made it impossible for us to formulate our assertions more precisely or add all the necessary qualifications. and of course in a discussion of this kind one must rely heavily on intuitive judgment, and that can sometimes be wrong. so we don’t claim that this article expresses more than a crude approximation to the truth. 232. all the same, we are reasonably confident that the general outlines of the picture we have painted here are roughly correct. just one possible weak point needs to be mentioned. we have portrayed leftism in its modern form as a phenomenon peculiar to our time and as a symptom of the disruption of the power process. but we might possibly be wrong about this. oversocialized types who try to satisfy their drive for power by imposing their morality on everyone have certainly been around for a long time. but we think that the decisive role played by feelings of inferiority, low self esteem, powerlessness, identification with victims by people who are not themselves victims, is a peculiarity of modern leftism. identification with victims by people not themselves victims can be seen to some extent in 19th century leftism and early christianity but as far as we can make out, symptoms of low self esteem, etc., were not nearly so evident in these movements, or in any other movements, as they are in modern leftism. but we are not in a position to assert confidently that no such movements have existed prior to modern leftism. this is a significant question to which historians ought to give their attention. notes 1. (paragraph 19) we are asserting that all, or even most, bullies and ruthless competitors suffer from feelings of inferiority. 2. (paragraph 25) during the victorian period many oversocialized people suffered from serious psychological problems as a result of repressing or trying to repress their sexual feelings. freud apparently based his theories on people of this type. today the focus of socialization has shifted from sex to aggression. 3. (paragraph 27) not necessarily including specialists in engineering or the “hard” sciences. 4. (paragraph 28) there are many individuals of the middle and upper classes who resist some of these values, but usually their resistance is more or less covert. such resistance appears in the mass media only to a very limited extent. the main thrust of propaganda in our society is in favor of the stated values. the main reason why these values have become, so to speak, the official values of our society is that they are useful to the industrial system. violence is discouraged because it disrupts the functioning of the system. racism is discouraged because ethnic conflicts also disrupt the system, and discrimination wastes the talents of minority group members who could be useful to the system. poverty must be “cured” because the underclass causes problems for the system and contact with the underclass lowers the morale of the other classes. women are encouraged to have careers because their talents are useful to the system and, more importantly, because by having regular jobs women become better integrated into the system and tied directly to it rather than to their families. this helps to weaken family solidarity. (the leaders of the system say they want to strengthen the family, but they really mean is that they want the family to serve as an effective tool for socializing children in accord with the needs of the system. we argue in paragraphs 51, 52 that the system cannot afford to let the family or other small scale social groups be strong or autonomous.) 5. (paragraph 42) it may be argued that the majority of people don’t want to make their own decisions but want leaders to do their thinking for them. there is an element of truth in this. people like to make their own decisions in small matters, but making decisions on difficult, fundamental questions requires facing up to psychological conflict, and most people hate psychological conflict. hence they tend to lean on others in making difficult decisions. but it does not follow that they like to have decisions imposed upon them without having any opportunity to influence those decisions. the majority of people are natural followers, not leaders, but they like to have direct personal access to their leaders, they want to be able to influence the leaders and participate to some extent in making even the difficult decisions. at least to that degree they need autonomy. 6. (paragraph 44) some of the symptoms listed are similar to those shown by caged animals. to explain how these symptoms arise from deprivation with respect to the power process: common sense understanding of human nature tells one that lack of goals whose attainment requires effort leads to boredom and that boredom, long continued, often leads eventually to depression. failure to attain goals leads to frustration and lowering of self esteem. frustration leads to anger, anger to aggression, often in the form of spouse or child abuse. it has been shown that long continued frustration commonly leads to depression and that depression tends to cause guilt, sleep disorders, eating disorders and bad feelings about oneself. those who are tending toward depression seek pleasure as an antidote; hence insatiable hedonism and excessive sex, with perversions as a means of getting new kicks. boredom too tends to cause excessive pleasure seeking since, lacking other goals, people often use pleasure as a goal. see accompanying diagram. the foregoing is a simplification. reality is more complex, and of course, deprivation with respect to the power process is not the only cause of the symptoms described. by the way, when we mention depression we do not necessarily mean depression that is severe enough to be treated by a psychiatrist. often only mild forms of depression are involved. and when we speak of goals we do not necessarily mean long term, thought out goals. for many or most people through much of human history, the goals of a hand to mouth existence (merely providing oneself and one’s family with food from day to day) have been quite sufficient. 7. (paragraph 52) a partial exception may be made for a few passive, inward looking groups, such as the amish, which have little effect on the wider society. apart from these, some genuine small scale communities do exist in america today. for instance, youth gangs and “cults.” everyone regards them as dangerous, and so they are, because the members of these groups are loyal primarily to one another rather than to the system, hence the system cannot control them. or take the gypsies. the gypsies commonly get away with theft and fraud because their loyalties are such that they can always get other gypsies to give testimony that “proves” their innocence. obviously the system would be in serious trouble if too many people belonged to such groups. some of the early 20th century chinese thinkers who were concerned with modernizing china recognized the necessity breaking down small scale social groups such as the family: “(according to sun yat sen) the chinese people needed a new surge of patriotism, which would lead to a transfer of loyalty from the family to the state.... (according to li huang) traditional attachments, particularly to the family had to be abandoned if nationalism were to develop in china.” (chester c. tan, “chinese political thought in the twentieth century,” page 125, page 297.) 8. (paragraph 56) yes, we know that 19th century america had its problems, and serious ones, but for the sake of brevity we have to express ourselves in simplified terms. 9. (paragraph 61) we leave aside the “underclass.” we are speaking of the mainstream. 10. (paragraph 62) some social scientists, educators, “mental health” professionals and the like are doing their best to push the social drives into group 1 by trying to see to it that everyone has a satisfactory social life. 11. (paragraphs 63, 82) is the drive for endless material acquisition really an artificial creation of the advertising and marketing industry? certainly there is no innate human drive for material acquisition. there have been many cultures in which people have desired little material wealth beyond what was necessary to satisfy their basic physical needs (australian aborigines, traditional mexican peasant culture, some african cultures). on the other hand there have also been many pre industrial cultures in which material acquisition has played an important role. so we can’t claim that today’s acquisition oriented culture is exclusively a creation of the advertising and marketing industry. but it is clear that the advertising and marketing industry has had an important part in creating that culture. the big corporations that spend millions on advertising wouldn’t be spending that kind of money without solid proof that they were getting it back in increased sales. one member of fc met a sales manager a couple of years ago who was frank enough to tell him, “our job is to make people buy things they don’t want and don’t need.” he then described how an untrained novice could present people with the facts about a product, and make no sales at all, while a trained and experienced professional salesman would make lots of sales to the same people. this shows that people are manipulated into buying things they don’t really want. 12. (paragraph 64) the problem of purposelessness seems to have become less serious during the last 15 years or so, because people now feel less secure physically and economically than they did earlier, and the need for security provides them with a goal. but purposelessness has been replaced by frustration over the difficulty of attaining security. we emphasize the problem of purposelessness because the liberals and leftists would wish to solve our social problems by having society guarantee everyone’s security; but if that could be done it would only bring back the problem of purposelessness. the real issue is not whether society provides well or poorly for people’s security; the trouble is that people are dependent on the system for their security rather than having it in their own hands. this, by the way, is part of the reason why some people get worked up about the right to bear arms; possession of a gun puts that aspect of their security in their own hands. 13. (paragraph 66) conservatives’ efforts to decrease the amount of government regulation are of little benefit to the average man. for one thing, only a fraction of the regulations can be eliminated because most regulations are necessary. for another thing, most of the deregulation affects business rather than the average individual, so that its main effect is to take power from the government and give it to private corporations. what this means for the average man is that government interference in his life is replaced by interference from big corporations, which may be permitted, for example, to dump more chemicals that get into his water supply and give him cancer. the conservatives are just taking the average man for a sucker, exploiting his resentment of big government to promote the power of big business. 14. (paragraph 73) when someone approves of the purpose for which propaganda is being used in a given case, he generally calls it “education” or applies to it some similar euphemism. but propaganda is propaganda regardless of the purpose for which it is used. 15. (paragraph 83) we are not expressing approval or disapproval of the panama invasion. we only use it to illustrate a point. 16. (paragraph 95) when the american colonies were under british rule there were fewer and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there were after the american constitution went into effect, yet there was more personal freedom in pre industrial america, both before and after the war of independence, than there was after the industrial revolution took hold in this country. we quote from “violence in america: historical and comparative perspectives,” edited by hugh davis graham and ted robert gurr, chapter 12 by roger lane, pages 476 478: “the progressive heightening of standards of propriety, and with it the increasing reliance on official law enforcement (in 19th century america) ... were common to the whole society.... [t]he change in social behavior is so long term and so widespread as to suggest a connection with the most fundamental of contemporary social processes; that of industrial urbanization itself....”massachusetts in 1835 had a population of some 660,940, 81 percent rural, overwhelmingly preindustrial and native born. it’s citizens were used to considerable personal freedom. whether teamsters, farmers or artisans, they were all accustomed to setting their own schedules, and the nature of their work made them physically independent of each other.... individual problems, sins or even crimes, were not generally cause for wider social concern....”but the impact of the twin movements to the city and to the factory, both just gathering force in 1835, had a progressive effect on personal behavior throughout the 19th century and into the 20th. the factory demanded regularity of behavior, a life governed by obedience to the rhythms of clock and calendar, the demands of foreman and supervisor. in the city or town, the needs of living in closely packed neighborhoods inhibited many actions previously unobjectionable. both blue and white collar employees in larger establishments were mutually dependent on their fellows; as one man’s work fit into anther’s, so one man’s business was no longer his own. “the results of the new organization of life and work were apparent by 1900, when some 76 percent of the 2,805,346 inhabitants of massachusetts were classified as urbanites. much violent or irregular behavior which had been tolerable in a casual, independent society was no longer acceptable in the more formalized, cooperative atmosphere of the later period.... the move to the cities had, in short, produced a more tractable, more socialized, more ‘civilized’ generation than its predecessors.” 17. (paragraph 117) apologists for the system are fond of citing cases in which elections have been decided by one or two votes, but such cases are rare. 18. (paragraph 119) “today, in technologically advanced lands, men live very similar lives in spite of geographical, religious, and political differences. the daily lives of a christian bank clerk in chicago, a buddhist bank clerk in tokyo, and a communist bank clerk in moscow are far more alike than the life of any one of them is like that of any single man who lived a thousand years ago. these similarities are the result of a common technology....” l. sprague de camp, “the ancient engineers,” ballantine edition, page 17. the lives of the three bank clerks are not identical. ideology does have some effect. but all technological societies, in order to survive, must evolve along approximately the same trajectory. 19. (paragraph 123) just think an irresponsible genetic engineer might create a lot of terrorists. 20. (paragraph 124) for a further example of undesirable consequences of medical progress, suppose a reliable cure for cancer is discovered. even if the treatment is too expensive to be available to any but the elite, it will greatly reduce their incentive to stop the escape of carcinogens into the environment. 21. (paragraph 128) since many people may find paradoxical the notion that a large number of good things can add up to a bad thing, we illustrate with an analogy. suppose mr. a is playing chess with mr. b. mr. c, a grand master, is looking over mr. a’s shoulder. mr. a of course wants to win his game, so if mr. c points out a good move for him to make, he is doing mr. a a favor. but suppose now that mr. c tells mr. a how to make all of his moves. in each particular instance he does mr. a a favor by showing him his best move, but by making all of his moves for him he spoils his game, since there is not point in mr. a’s playing the game at all if someone else makes all his moves. the situation of modern man is analogous to that of mr. a. the system makes an individual’s life easier for him in innumerable ways, but in doing so it deprives him of control over his own fate. 22. (paragraph 137) here we are considering only the conflict of values within the mainstream. for the sake of simplicity we leave out of the picture “outsider” values like the idea that wild nature is more important than human economic welfare. 23. (paragraph 137) self interest is not necessarily material self interest. it can consist in fulfillment of some psychological need, for example, by promoting one’s own ideology or religion. 24. (paragraph 139) a qualification: it is in the interest of the system to permit a certain prescribed degree of freedom in some areas. for example, economic freedom (with suitable limitations and restraints) has proved effective in promoting economic growth. but only planned, circumscribed, limited freedom is in the interest of the system. the individual must always be kept on a leash, even if the leash is sometimes long (see paragraphs 94, 97). 25. (paragraph 143) we don’t mean to suggest that the efficiency or the potential for survival of a society has always been inversely proportional to the amount of pressure or discomfort to which the society subjects people. that certainly is not the case. there is good reason to believe that many primitive societies subjected people to less pressure than european society did, but european society proved far more efficient than any primitive society and always won out in conflicts with such societies because of the advantages conferred by technology. 26. (paragraph 147) if you think that more effective law enforcement is unequivocally good because it suppresses crime, then remember that crime as defined by the system is not necessarily what you would call crime. today, smoking marijuana is a “crime,” and, in some places in the u.s., so is possession of an unregistered handgun. tomorrow, possession of any firearm, registered or not, may be made a crime, and the same thing may happen with disapproved methods of child rearing, such as spanking. in some countries, expression of dissident political opinions is a crime, and there is no certainty that this will never happen in the u.s., since no constitution or political system lasts forever. if a society needs a large, powerful law enforcement establishment, then there is something gravely wrong with that society; it must be subjecting people to severe pressures if so many refuse to follow the rules, or follow them only because forced. many societies in the past have gotten by with little or no formal law enforcement. 27. (paragraph 151) to be sure, past societies have had means of influencing human behavior, but these have been primitive and of low effectiveness compared with the technological means that are now being developed. 28. (paragraph 152) however, some psychologists have publicly expressed opinions indicating their contempt for human freedom. and the mathematician claude shannon was quoted in omni (august 1987) as saying, “i visualize a time when we will be to robots what dogs are to humans, and i’m rooting for the machines.” 29. (paragraph 154) this is no science fiction! after writing paragraph 154 we came across an article in scientific american according to which scientists are actively developing techniques for identifying possible future criminals and for treating them by a combination of biological and psychological means. some scientists advocate compulsory application of the treatment, which may be available in the near future. (see “seeking the criminal element,” by w. wayt gibbs, scientific american, march 1995.) maybe you think this is ok because the treatment would be applied to those who might become violent criminals. but of course it won’t stop there. next, a treatment will be applied to those who might become drunk drivers (they endanger human life too), then perhaps to peel who spank their children, then to environmentalists who sabotage logging equipment, eventually to anyone whose behavior is inconvenient for the system. 30. (paragraph 184) a further advantage of nature as a counter ideal to technology is that, in many people, nature inspires the kind of reverence that is associated with religion, so that nature could perhaps be idealized on a religious basis. it is true that in many societies religion has served as a support and justification for the established order, but it is also true that religion has often provided a basis for rebellion. thus it may be useful to introduce a religious element into the rebellion against technology, the more so because western society today has no strong religious foundation. religion, nowadays either is used as cheap and transparent support for narrow, short sighted selfishness (some conservatives use it this way), or even is cynically exploited to make easy money (by many evangelists), or has degenerated into crude irrationalism (fundamentalist protestant sects, “cults”), or is simply stagnant (catholicism, main line protestantism). the nearest thing to a strong, widespread, dynamic religion that the west has seen in recent times has been the quasi religion of leftism, but leftism today is fragmented and has no clear, unified, inspiring goal. thus there is a religious vacuum in our society that could perhaps be filled by a religion focused on nature in opposition to technology. but it would be a mistake to try to concoct artificially a religion to fill this role. such an invented religion would probably be a failure. take the “gaia” religion for example. do its adherents really believe in it or are they just play acting? if they are just play acting their religion will be a flop in the end. it is probably best not to try to introduce religion into the conflict of nature vs. technology unless you really believe in that religion yourself and find that it arouses a deep, strong, genuine response in many other people. 31. (paragraph 189) assuming that such a final push occurs. conceivably the industrial system might be eliminated in a somewhat gradual or piecemeal fashion (see paragraphs 4, 167 and note 4). 32. (paragraph 193) it is even conceivable (remotely) that the revolution might consist only of a massive change of attitudes toward technology resulting in a relatively gradual and painless disintegration of the industrial system. but if this happens we’ll be very lucky. it’s far more probably that the transition to a nontechnological society will be very difficult and full of conflicts and disasters. 33. (paragraph 195) the economic and technological structure of a society are far more important than its political structure in determining the way the average man lives (see paragraphs 95, 119 and notes 16, 18). 34. (paragraph 215) this statement refers to our particular brand of anarchism. a wide variety of social attitudes have been called “anarchist,” and it may be that many who consider themselves anarchists would not accept our statement of paragraph 215. it should be noted, by the way, that there is a nonviolent anarchist movement whose members probably would not accept fc as anarchist and certainly would not approve of fc’s violent methods. 35. (paragraph 219) many leftists are motivated also by hostility, but the hostility probably results in part from a frustrated need for power. 36. (paragraph 229) it is important to understand that we mean someone who sympathizes with these movements as they exist today in our society. one who believes that women, homosexuals, etc., should have equal rights is not necessary a leftist. the feminist, gay rights, etc., movements that exist in our society have the particular ideological tone that characterizes leftism, and if one believes, for example, that women should have equal rights it does not necessarily follow that one must sympathize with the feminist movement as it exists today. if copyright problems make it impossible for this long quotation to be printed, then please change note 16 to read as follows: 16. (paragraph 95) when the american colonies were under british rule there were fewer and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there were after the american constitution went into effect, yet there was more personal freedom in pre industrial america, both before and after the war of independence, than there was after the industrial revolution took hold in this country. in “violence in america: historical and comparative perspectives,” edited by hugh davis graham and ted robert gurr, chapter 12 by roger lane, it is explained how in pre industrial america the average person had greater independence and autonomy than he does today, and how the process of industrialization necessarily led to the restriction of personal freedom."una2 <- gsub("[^0-9a-zA-Z]", " ", una2) #The regex way -- not A-Z,a-z, or 0-9
una2 %>% stri_wrap() %>% print()## [1] "industrial society and its future introduction 1 the industrial"
## [2] "revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human"
## [3] "race they have greatly increased the life expectancy of those of us who"
## [4] "live in advanced countries but they have destabilized society have made"
## [5] "life unfulfilling have subjected human beings to indignities have led"
## [6] "to widespread psychological suffering in the third world to physical"
## [7] "suffering as well and have inflicted severe damage on the natural world"
## [8] "the continued development of technology will worsen the situation it"
## [9] "will certainly subject human beings to greater indignities and inflict"
## [10] "greater damage on the natural world it will probably lead to greater"
## [11] "social disruption and psychological suffering and it may lead to"
## [12] "increased physical suffering even in advanced countries 2 the industrial"
## [13] "technological system may survive or it may break down if it survives"
## [14] "it may eventually achieve a low level of physical and psychological"
## [15] "suffering but only after passing through a long and very painful period"
## [16] "of adjustment and only at the cost of permanently reducing human beings"
## [17] "and many other living organisms to engineered products and mere cogs in"
## [18] "the social machine furthermore if the system survives the consequences"
## [19] "will be inevitable there is no way of reforming or modifying the system"
## [20] "so as to prevent it from depriving people of dignity and autonomy 3"
## [21] "if the system breaks down the consequences will still be very painful"
## [22] "but the bigger the system grows the more disastrous the results of"
## [23] "its breakdown will be so if it is to break down it had best break"
## [24] "down sooner rather than later 4 we therefore advocate a revolution"
## [25] "against the industrial system this revolution may or may not make use"
## [26] "of violence it may be sudden or it may be a relatively gradual process"
## [27] "spanning a few decades we can t predict any of that but we do outline"
## [28] "in a very general way the measures that those who hate the industrial"
## [29] "system should take in order to prepare the way for a revolution against"
## [30] "that form of society this is not to be a political revolution its object"
## [31] "will be to overthrow not governments but the economic and technological"
## [32] "basis of the present society 5 in this article we give attention to only"
## [33] "some of the negative developments that have grown out of the industrial"
## [34] "technological system other such developments we mention only briefly"
## [35] "or ignore altogether this does not mean that we regard these other"
## [36] "developments as unimportant for practical reasons we have to confine our"
## [37] "discussion to areas that have received insufficient public attention or"
## [38] "in which we have something new to say for example since there are well"
## [39] "developed environmental and wilderness movements we have written very"
## [40] "little about environmental degradation or the destruction of wild nature"
## [41] "even though we consider these to be highly important the psychology of"
## [42] "modern leftism 6 almost everyone will agree that we live in a deeply"
## [43] "troubled society one of the most widespread manifestations of the"
## [44] "craziness of our world is leftism so a discussion of the psychology of"
## [45] "leftism can serve as an introduction to the discussion of the problems"
## [46] "of modern society in general 7 but what is leftism during the first half"
## [47] "of the 20th century leftism could have been practically identified with"
## [48] "socialism today the movement is fragmented and it is not clear who can"
## [49] "properly be called a leftist when we speak of leftists in this article"
## [50] "we have in mind mainly socialists collectivists politically correct"
## [51] "types feminists gay and disability activists animal rights activists and"
## [52] "the like but not everyone who is associated with one of these movements"
## [53] "is a leftist what we are trying to get at in discussing leftism is not"
## [54] "so much movement or an ideology as a psychological type or rather a"
## [55] "collection of related types thus what we mean by leftism will emerge"
## [56] "more clearly in the course of our discussion of leftist psychology also"
## [57] "see paragraphs 227 230 8 even so our conception of leftism will remain"
## [58] "a good deal less clear than we would wish but there doesn t seem to be"
## [59] "any remedy for this all we are trying to do here is indicate in a rough"
## [60] "and approximate way the two psychological tendencies that we believe"
## [61] "are the main driving force of modern leftism we by no means claim to"
## [62] "be telling the whole truth about leftist psychology also our discussion"
## [63] "is meant to apply to modern leftism only we leave open the question of"
## [64] "the extent to which our discussion could be applied to the leftists of"
## [65] "the 19th and early 20th centuries 9 the two psychological tendencies"
## [66] "that underlie modern leftism we call feelings of inferiority and"
## [67] "oversocialization feelings of inferiority are characteristic of modern"
## [68] "leftism as a whole while oversocialization is characteristic only of a"
## [69] "certain segment of modern leftism but this segment is highly influential"
## [70] "feelings of inferiority 10 by feelings of inferiority we mean not only"
## [71] "inferiority feelings in the strict sense but a whole spectrum of related"
## [72] "traits low self esteem feelings of powerlessness depressive tendencies"
## [73] "defeatism guilt self hatred etc we argue that modern leftists tend"
## [74] "to have some such feelings possibly more or less repressed and that"
## [75] "these feelings are decisive in determining the direction of modern"
## [76] "leftism 11 when someone interprets as derogatory almost anything that"
## [77] "is said about him or about groups with whom he identifies we conclude"
## [78] "that he has inferiority feelings or low self esteem this tendency is"
## [79] "pronounced among minority rights activists whether or not they belong"
## [80] "to the minority groups whose rights they defend they are hypersensitive"
## [81] "about the words used to designate minorities and about anything that"
## [82] "is said concerning minorities the terms negro oriental handicapped or"
## [83] "chick for an african an asian a disabled person or a woman originally"
## [84] "had no derogatory connotation broad and chick were merely the feminine"
## [85] "equivalents of guy dude or fellow the negative connotations have been"
## [86] "attached to these terms by the activists themselves some animal rights"
## [87] "activists have gone so far as to reject the word pet and insist on its"
## [88] "replacement by animal companion leftish anthropologists go to great"
## [89] "lengths to avoid saying anything about primitive peoples that could"
## [90] "conceivably be interpreted as negative they want to replace the world"
## [91] "primitive by nonliterate they seem almost paranoid about anything that"
## [92] "might suggest that any primitive culture is inferior to our own we do"
## [93] "not mean to imply that primitive cultures are inferior to ours we merely"
## [94] "point out the hypersensitivity of leftish anthropologists 12 those who"
## [95] "are most sensitive about politically incorrect terminology are not the"
## [96] "average black ghetto dweller asian immigrant abused woman or disabled"
## [97] "person but a minority of activists many of whom do not even belong to"
## [98] "any oppressed group but come from privileged strata of society political"
## [99] "correctness has its stronghold among university professors who have"
## [100] "secure employment with comfortable salaries and the majority of whom"
## [101] "are heterosexual white males from middle to upper middle class families"
## [102] "13 many leftists have an intense identification with the problems of"
## [103] "groups that have an image of being weak women defeated american indians"
## [104] "repellent homosexuals or otherwise inferior the leftists themselves feel"
## [105] "that these groups are inferior they would never admit to themselves that"
## [106] "they have such feelings but it is precisely because they do see these"
## [107] "groups as inferior that they identify with their problems we do not"
## [108] "mean to suggest that women indians etc are inferior we are only making"
## [109] "a point about leftist psychology 14 feminists are desperately anxious"
## [110] "to prove that women are as strong and as capable as men clearly they"
## [111] "are nagged by a fear that women may not be as strong and as capable as"
## [112] "men 15 leftists tend to hate anything that has an image of being strong"
## [113] "good and successful they hate america they hate western civilization"
## [114] "they hate white males they hate rationality the reasons that leftists"
## [115] "give for hating the west etc clearly do not correspond with their real"
## [116] "motives they say they hate the west because it is warlike imperialistic"
## [117] "sexist ethnocentric and so forth but where these same faults appear in"
## [118] "socialist countries or in primitive cultures the leftist finds excuses"
## [119] "for them or at best he grudgingly admits that they exist whereas he"
## [120] "enthusiastically points out and often greatly exaggerates these faults"
## [121] "where they appear in western civilization thus it is clear that these"
## [122] "faults are not the leftist s real motive for hating america and the west"
## [123] "he hates america and the west because they are strong and successful"
## [124] "16 words like self confidence self reliance initiative enterprise"
## [125] "optimism etc play little role in the liberal and leftist vocabulary the"
## [126] "leftist is anti individualistic pro collectivist he wants society to"
## [127] "solve everyone s problems for them satisfy everyone s needs for them"
## [128] "take care of them he is not the sort of person who has an inner sense"
## [129] "of confidence in his ability to solve his own problems and satisfy his"
## [130] "own needs the leftist is antagonistic to the concept of competition"
## [131] "because deep inside he feels like a loser 17 art forms that appeal"
## [132] "to modern leftish intellectuals tend to focus on sordidness defeat"
## [133] "and despair or else they take an orgiastic tone throwing off rational"
## [134] "control as if there were no hope of accomplishing anything through"
## [135] "rational calculation and all that was left was to immerse oneself in"
## [136] "the sensations of the moment 18 modern leftish philosophers tend to"
## [137] "dismiss reason science objective reality and to insist that everything"
## [138] "is culturally relative it is true that one can ask serious questions"
## [139] "about the foundations of scientific knowledge and about how if at"
## [140] "all the concept of objective reality can be defined but it is obvious"
## [141] "that modern leftish philosophers are not simply cool headed logicians"
## [142] "systematically analyzing the foundations of knowledge they are deeply"
## [143] "involved emotionally in their attack on truth and reality they attack"
## [144] "these concepts because of their own psychological needs for one thing"
## [145] "their attack is an outlet for hostility and to the extent that it"
## [146] "is successful it satisfies the drive for power more importantly the"
## [147] "leftist hates science and rationality because they classify certain"
## [148] "beliefs as true i e successful superior and other beliefs as false i e"
## [149] "failed inferior the leftist s feelings of inferiority run so deep that"
## [150] "he cannot tolerate any classification of some things as successful or"
## [151] "superior and other things as failed or inferior this also underlies the"
## [152] "rejection by many leftists of the concept of mental illness and of the"
## [153] "utility of iq tests leftists are antagonistic to genetic explanations"
## [154] "of human abilities or behavior because such explanations tend to make"
## [155] "some persons appear superior or inferior to others leftists prefer to"
## [156] "give society the credit or blame for an individual s ability or lack"
## [157] "of it thus if a person is inferior it is not his fault but society"
## [158] "s because he has not been brought up properly 19 the leftist is not"
## [159] "typically the kind of person whose feelings of inferiority make him a"
## [160] "braggart an egotist a bully a self promoter a ruthless competitor this"
## [161] "kind of person has not wholly lost faith in himself he has a deficit in"
## [162] "his sense of power and self worth but he can still conceive of himself"
## [163] "as having the capacity to be strong and his efforts to make himself"
## [164] "strong produce his unpleasant behavior 1 but the leftist is too far"
## [165] "gone for that his feelings of inferiority are so ingrained that he"
## [166] "cannot conceive of himself as individually strong and valuable hence"
## [167] "the collectivism of the leftist he can feel strong only as a member"
## [168] "of a large organization or a mass movement with which he identifies"
## [169] "himself 20 notice the masochistic tendency of leftist tactics leftists"
## [170] "protest by lying down in front of vehicles they intentionally provoke"
## [171] "police or racists to abuse them etc these tactics may often be effective"
## [172] "but many leftists use them not as a means to an end but because they"
## [173] "prefer masochistic tactics self hatred is a leftist trait 21 leftists"
## [174] "may claim that their activism is motivated by compassion or by moral"
## [175] "principles and moral principle does play a role for the leftist of the"
## [176] "oversocialized type but compassion and moral principle cannot be the"
## [177] "main motives for leftist activism hostility is too prominent a component"
## [178] "of leftist behavior so is the drive for power moreover much leftist"
## [179] "behavior is not rationally calculated to be of benefit to the people"
## [180] "whom the leftists claim to be trying to help for example if one believes"
## [181] "that affirmative action is good for black people does it make sense"
## [182] "to demand affirmative action in hostile or dogmatic terms obviously"
## [183] "it would be more productive to take a diplomatic and conciliatory"
## [184] "approach that would make at least verbal and symbolic concessions to"
## [185] "white people who think that affirmative action discriminates against"
## [186] "them but leftist activists do not take such an approach because it"
## [187] "would not satisfy their emotional needs helping black people is not"
## [188] "their real goal instead race problems serve as an excuse for them to"
## [189] "express their own hostility and frustrated need for power in doing so"
## [190] "they actually harm black people because the activists hostile attitude"
## [191] "toward the white majority tends to intensify race hatred 22 if our"
## [192] "society had no social problems at all the leftists would have to invent"
## [193] "problems in order to provide themselves with an excuse for making a fuss"
## [194] "23 we emphasize that the foregoing does not pretend to be an accurate"
## [195] "description of everyone who might be considered a leftist it is only a"
## [196] "rough indication of a general tendency of leftism oversocialization 24"
## [197] "psychologists use the term socialization to designate the process by"
## [198] "which children are trained to think and act as society demands a person"
## [199] "is said to be well socialized if he believes in and obeys the moral code"
## [200] "of his society and fits in well as a functioning part of that society"
## [201] "it may seem senseless to say that many leftists are oversocialized since"
## [202] "the leftist is perceived as a rebel nevertheless the position can be"
## [203] "defended many leftists are not such rebels as they seem 25 the moral"
## [204] "code of our society is so demanding that no one can think feel and"
## [205] "act in a completely moral way for example we are not supposed to hate"
## [206] "anyone yet almost everyone hates somebody at some time or other whether"
## [207] "he admits it to himself or not some people are so highly socialized"
## [208] "that the attempt to think feel and act morally imposes a severe burden"
## [209] "on them in order to avoid feelings of guilt they continually have to"
## [210] "deceive themselves about their own motives and find moral explanations"
## [211] "for feelings and actions that in reality have a non moral origin we use"
## [212] "the term oversocialized to describe such people 2 26 oversocialization"
## [213] "can lead to low self esteem a sense of powerlessness defeatism guilt etc"
## [214] "one of the most important means by which our society socializes children"
## [215] "is by making them feel ashamed of behavior or speech that is contrary"
## [216] "to society s expectations if this is overdone or if a particular child"
## [217] "is especially susceptible to such feelings he ends by feeling ashamed"
## [218] "of himself moreover the thought and the behavior of the oversocialized"
## [219] "person are more restricted by society s expectations than are those"
## [220] "of the lightly socialized person the majority of people engage in a"
## [221] "significant amount of naughty behavior they lie they commit petty thefts"
## [222] "they break traffic laws they goof off at work they hate someone they"
## [223] "say spiteful things or they use some underhanded trick to get ahead of"
## [224] "the other guy the oversocialized person cannot do these things or if he"
## [225] "does do them he generates in himself a sense of shame and self hatred"
## [226] "the oversocialized person cannot even experience without guilt thoughts"
## [227] "or feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality he cannot think"
## [228] "unclean thoughts and socialization is not just a matter of morality we"
## [229] "are socialized to conform to many norms of behavior that do not fall"
## [230] "under the heading of morality thus the oversocialized person is kept on"
## [231] "a psychological leash and spends his life running on rails that society"
## [232] "has laid down for him in many oversocialized people this results in a"
## [233] "sense of constraint and powerlessness that can be a severe hardship we"
## [234] "suggest that oversocialization is among the more serious cruelties that"
## [235] "human beings inflict on one another 27 we argue that a very important"
## [236] "and influential segment of the modern left is oversocialized and that"
## [237] "their oversocialization is of great importance in determining the"
## [238] "direction of modern leftism leftists of the oversocialized type tend"
## [239] "to be intellectuals or members of the upper middle class notice that"
## [240] "university intellectuals 3 constitute the most highly socialized segment"
## [241] "of our society and also the most left wing segment 28 the leftist of"
## [242] "the oversocialized type tries to get off his psychological leash and"
## [243] "assert his autonomy by rebelling but usually he is not strong enough"
## [244] "to rebel against the most basic values of society generally speaking"
## [245] "the goals of today s leftists are not in conflict with the accepted"
## [246] "morality on the contrary the left takes an accepted moral principle"
## [247] "adopts it as its own and then accuses mainstream society of violating"
## [248] "that principle examples racial equality equality of the sexes helping"
## [249] "poor people peace as opposed to war nonviolence generally freedom"
## [250] "of expression kindness to animals more fundamentally the duty of the"
## [251] "individual to serve society and the duty of society to take care of the"
## [252] "individual all these have been deeply rooted values of our society or"
## [253] "at least of its middle and upper classes 4 for a long time these values"
## [254] "are explicitly or implicitly expressed or presupposed in most of the"
## [255] "material presented to us by the mainstream communications media and"
## [256] "the educational system leftists especially those of the oversocialized"
## [257] "type usually do not rebel against these principles but justify their"
## [258] "hostility to society by claiming with some degree of truth that society"
## [259] "is not living up to these principles 29 here is an illustration of"
## [260] "the way in which the oversocialized leftist shows his real attachment"
## [261] "to the conventional attitudes of our society while pretending to be"
## [262] "in rebellion against it many leftists push for affirmative action for"
## [263] "moving black people into high prestige jobs for improved education in"
## [264] "black schools and more money for such schools the way of life of the"
## [265] "black underclass they regard as a social disgrace they want to integrate"
## [266] "the black man into the system make him a business executive a lawyer a"
## [267] "scientist just like upper middle class white people the leftists will"
## [268] "reply that the last thing they want is to make the black man into a copy"
## [269] "of the white man instead they want to preserve african american culture"
## [270] "but in what does this preservation of african american culture consist"
## [271] "it can hardly consist in anything more than eating black style food"
## [272] "listening to black style music wearing black style clothing and going to"
## [273] "a black style church or mosque in other words it can express itself only"
## [274] "in superficial matters in all essential respects most leftists of the"
## [275] "oversocialized type want to make the black man conform to white middle"
## [276] "class ideals they want to make him study technical subjects become an"
## [277] "executive or a scientist spend his life climbing the status ladder to"
## [278] "prove that black people are as good as white they want to make black"
## [279] "fathers responsible they want black gangs to become nonviolent etc but"
## [280] "these are exactly the values of the industrial technological system"
## [281] "the system couldn t care less what kind of music a man listens to what"
## [282] "kind of clothes he wears or what religion he believes in as long as he"
## [283] "studies in school holds a respectable job climbs the status ladder is"
## [284] "a responsible parent is nonviolent and so forth in effect however much"
## [285] "he may deny it the oversocialized leftist wants to integrate the black"
## [286] "man into the system and make him adopt its values 30 we certainly do"
## [287] "not claim that leftists even of the oversocialized type never rebel"
## [288] "against the fundamental values of our society clearly they sometimes"
## [289] "do some oversocialized leftists have gone so far as to rebel against"
## [290] "one of modern society s most important principles by engaging in"
## [291] "physical violence by their own account violence is for them a form of"
## [292] "liberation in other words by committing violence they break through the"
## [293] "psychological restraints that have been trained into them because they"
## [294] "are oversocialized these restraints have been more confining for them"
## [295] "than for others hence their need to break free of them but they usually"
## [296] "justify their rebellion in terms of mainstream values if they engage"
## [297] "in violence they claim to be fighting against racism or the like 31 we"
## [298] "realize that many objections could be raised to the foregoing thumbnail"
## [299] "sketch of leftist psychology the real situation is complex and anything"
## [300] "like a complete description of it would take several volumes even if"
## [301] "the necessary data were available we claim only to have indicated very"
## [302] "roughly the two most important tendencies in the psychology of modern"
## [303] "leftism 32 the problems of the leftist are indicative of the problems"
## [304] "of our society as a whole low self esteem depressive tendencies and"
## [305] "defeatism are not restricted to the left though they are especially"
## [306] "noticeable in the left they are widespread in our society and today"
## [307] "s society tries to socialize us to a greater extent than any previous"
## [308] "society we are even told by experts how to eat how to exercise how"
## [309] "to make love how to raise our kids and so forth the power process 33"
## [310] "human beings have a need probably based in biology for something that"
## [311] "we will call the power process this is closely related to the need for"
## [312] "power which is widely recognized but is not quite the same thing the"
## [313] "power process has four elements the three most clear cut of these we"
## [314] "call goal effort and attainment of goal everyone needs to have goals"
## [315] "whose attainment requires effort and needs to succeed in attaining at"
## [316] "least some of his goals the fourth element is more difficult to define"
## [317] "and may not be necessary for everyone we call it autonomy and will"
## [318] "discuss it later paragraphs 42 44 34 consider the hypothetical case"
## [319] "of a man who can have anything he wants just by wishing for it such"
## [320] "a man has power but he will develop serious psychological problems at"
## [321] "first he will have a lot of fun but by and by he will become acutely"
## [322] "bored and demoralized eventually he may become clinically depressed"
## [323] "history shows that leisured aristocracies tend to become decadent this"
## [324] "is not true of fighting aristocracies that have to struggle to maintain"
## [325] "their power but leisured secure aristocracies that have no need to"
## [326] "exert themselves usually become bored hedonistic and demoralized even"
## [327] "though they have power this shows that power is not enough one must"
## [328] "have goals toward which to exercise one s power 35 everyone has goals"
## [329] "if nothing else to obtain the physical necessities of life food water"
## [330] "and whatever clothing and shelter are made necessary by the climate but"
## [331] "the leisured aristocrat obtains these things without effort hence his"
## [332] "boredom and demoralization 36 nonattainment of important goals results"
## [333] "in death if the goals are physical necessities and in frustration"
## [334] "if nonattainment of the goals is compatible with survival consistent"
## [335] "failure to attain goals throughout life results in defeatism low self"
## [336] "esteem or depression 37 thus in order to avoid serious psychological"
## [337] "problems a human being needs goals whose attainment requires effort"
## [338] "and he must have a reasonable rate of success in attaining his goals"
## [339] "surrogate activities 38 but not every leisured aristocrat becomes bored"
## [340] "and demoralized for example the emperor hirohito instead of sinking into"
## [341] "decadent hedonism devoted himself to marine biology a field in which"
## [342] "he became distinguished when people do not have to exert themselves"
## [343] "to satisfy their physical needs they often set up artificial goals for"
## [344] "themselves in many cases they then pursue these goals with the same"
## [345] "energy and emotional involvement that they otherwise would have put into"
## [346] "the search for physical necessities thus the aristocrats of the roman"
## [347] "empire had their literary pretensions many european aristocrats a few"
## [348] "centuries ago invested tremendous time and energy in hunting though they"
## [349] "certainly didn t need the meat other aristocracies have competed for"
## [350] "status through elaborate displays of wealth and a few aristocrats like"
## [351] "hirohito have turned to science 39 we use the term surrogate activity"
## [352] "to designate an activity that is directed toward an artificial goal"
## [353] "that people set up for themselves merely in order to have some goal"
## [354] "to work toward or let us say merely for the sake of the fulfillment"
## [355] "that they get from pursuing the goal here is a rule of thumb for the"
## [356] "identification of surrogate activities given a person who devotes much"
## [357] "time and energy to the pursuit of goal x ask yourself this if he had to"
## [358] "devote most of his time and energy to satisfying his biological needs"
## [359] "and if that effort required him to use his physical and mental faculties"
## [360] "in a varied and interesting way would he feel seriously deprived because"
## [361] "he did not attain goal x if the answer is no then the person s pursuit"
## [362] "of goal x is a surrogate activity hirohito s studies in marine biology"
## [363] "clearly constituted a surrogate activity since it is pretty certain"
## [364] "that if hirohito had had to spend his time working at interesting non"
## [365] "scientific tasks in order to obtain the necessities of life he would"
## [366] "not have felt deprived because he didn t know all about the anatomy"
## [367] "and life cycles of marine animals on the other hand the pursuit of"
## [368] "sex and love for example is not a surrogate activity because most"
## [369] "people even if their existence were otherwise satisfactory would feel"
## [370] "deprived if they passed their lives without ever having a relationship"
## [371] "with a member of the opposite sex but pursuit of an excessive amount"
## [372] "of sex more than one really needs can be a surrogate activity 40 in"
## [373] "modern industrial society only minimal effort is necessary to satisfy"
## [374] "one s physical needs it is enough to go through a training program to"
## [375] "acquire some petty technical skill then come to work on time and exert"
## [376] "the very modest effort needed to hold a job the only requirements are"
## [377] "a moderate amount of intelligence and most of all simple obedience"
## [378] "if one has those society takes care of one from cradle to grave yes"
## [379] "there is an underclass that cannot take the physical necessities for"
## [380] "granted but we are speaking here of mainstream society thus it is not"
## [381] "surprising that modern society is full of surrogate activities these"
## [382] "include scientific work athletic achievement humanitarian work artistic"
## [383] "and literary creation climbing the corporate ladder acquisition of"
## [384] "money and material goods far beyond the point at which they cease to"
## [385] "give any additional physical satisfaction and social activism when it"
## [386] "addresses issues that are not important for the activist personally"
## [387] "as in the case of white activists who work for the rights of nonwhite"
## [388] "minorities these are not always pure surrogate activities since for"
## [389] "many people they may be motivated in part by needs other than the need"
## [390] "to have some goal to pursue scientific work may be motivated in part"
## [391] "by a drive for prestige artistic creation by a need to express feelings"
## [392] "militant social activism by hostility but for most people who pursue"
## [393] "them these activities are in large part surrogate activities for example"
## [394] "the majority of scientists will probably agree that the fulfillment"
## [395] "they get from their work is more important than the money and prestige"
## [396] "they earn 41 for many if not most people surrogate activities are less"
## [397] "satisfying than the pursuit of real goals that is goals that people"
## [398] "would want to attain even if their need for the power process were"
## [399] "already fulfilled one indication of this is the fact that in many or"
## [400] "most cases people who are deeply involved in surrogate activities are"
## [401] "never satisfied never at rest thus the money maker constantly strives"
## [402] "for more and more wealth the scientist no sooner solves one problem than"
## [403] "he moves on to the next the long distance runner drives himself to run"
## [404] "always farther and faster many people who pursue surrogate activities"
## [405] "will say that they get far more fulfillment from these activities than"
## [406] "they do from the mundane business of satisfying their biological needs"
## [407] "but that is because in our society the effort needed to satisfy the"
## [408] "biological needs has been reduced to triviality more importantly in our"
## [409] "society people do not satisfy their biological needs autonomously but"
## [410] "by functioning as parts of an immense social machine in contrast people"
## [411] "generally have a great deal of autonomy in pursuing their surrogate"
## [412] "activities autonomy 42 autonomy as a part of the power process may not"
## [413] "be necessary for every individual but most people need a greater or"
## [414] "lesser degree of autonomy in working toward their goals their efforts"
## [415] "must be undertaken on their own initiative and must be under their"
## [416] "own direction and control yet most people do not have to exert this"
## [417] "initiative direction and control as single individuals it is usually"
## [418] "enough to act as a member of a small group thus if half a dozen people"
## [419] "discuss a goal among themselves and make a successful joint effort to"
## [420] "attain that goal their need for the power process will be served but"
## [421] "if they work under rigid orders handed down from above that leave them"
## [422] "no room for autonomous decision and initiative then their need for the"
## [423] "power process will not be served the same is true when decisions are"
## [424] "made on a collective basis if the group making the collective decision"
## [425] "is so large that the role of each individual is insignificant 5 43 it"
## [426] "is true that some individuals seem to have little need for autonomy"
## [427] "either their drive for power is weak or they satisfy it by identifying"
## [428] "themselves with some powerful organization to which they belong and"
## [429] "then there are unthinking animal types who seem to be satisfied with"
## [430] "a purely physical sense of power the good combat soldier who gets his"
## [431] "sense of power by developing fighting skills that he is quite content"
## [432] "to use in blind obedience to his superiors 44 but for most people it is"
## [433] "through the power process having a goal making an autonomous effort and"
## [434] "attaining the goal that self esteem self confidence and a sense of power"
## [435] "are acquired when one does not have adequate opportunity to go through"
## [436] "the power process the consequences are depending on the individual and"
## [437] "on the way the power process is disrupted boredom demoralization low"
## [438] "self esteem inferiority feelings defeatism depression anxiety guilt"
## [439] "frustration hostility spouse or child abuse insatiable hedonism abnormal"
## [440] "sexual behavior sleep disorders eating disorders etc 6 sources of social"
## [441] "problems 45 any of the foregoing symptoms can occur in any society but"
## [442] "in modern industrial society they are present on a massive scale we aren"
## [443] "t the first to mention that the world today seems to be going crazy this"
## [444] "sort of thing is not normal for human societies there is good reason"
## [445] "to believe that primitive man suffered from less stress and frustration"
## [446] "and was better satisfied with his way of life than modern man is it is"
## [447] "true that not all was sweetness and light in primitive societies abuse"
## [448] "of women was common among the australian aborigines transexuality was"
## [449] "fairly common among some of the american indian tribes but it does"
## [450] "appear that generally speaking the kinds of problems that we have"
## [451] "listed in the preceding paragraph were far less common among primitive"
## [452] "peoples than they are in modern society 46 we attribute the social and"
## [453] "psychological problems of modern society to the fact that that society"
## [454] "requires people to live under conditions radically different from those"
## [455] "under which the human race evolved and to behave in ways that conflict"
## [456] "with the patterns of behavior that the human race developed while living"
## [457] "under the earlier conditions it is clear from what we have already"
## [458] "written that we consider lack of opportunity to properly experience the"
## [459] "power process as the most important of the abnormal conditions to which"
## [460] "modern society subjects people but it is not the only one before dealing"
## [461] "with disruption of the power process as a source of social problems we"
## [462] "will discuss some of the other sources 47 among the abnormal conditions"
## [463] "present in modern industrial society are excessive density of population"
## [464] "isolation of man from nature excessive rapidity of social change and the"
## [465] "breakdown of natural small scale communities such as the extended family"
## [466] "the village or the tribe 48 it is well known that crowding increases"
## [467] "stress and aggression the degree of crowding that exists today and the"
## [468] "isolation of man from nature are consequences of technological progress"
## [469] "all pre industrial societies were predominantly rural the industrial"
## [470] "revolution vastly increased the size of cities and the proportion of"
## [471] "the population that lives in them and modern agricultural technology"
## [472] "has made it possible for the earth to support a far denser population"
## [473] "than it ever did before also technology exacerbates the effects of"
## [474] "crowding because it puts increased disruptive powers in people s hands"
## [475] "for example a variety of noise making devices power mowers radios"
## [476] "motorcycles etc if the use of these devices is unrestricted people"
## [477] "who want peace and quiet are frustrated by the noise if their use is"
## [478] "restricted people who use the devices are frustrated by the regulations"
## [479] "but if these machines had never been invented there would have been no"
## [480] "conflict and no frustration generated by them 49 for primitive societies"
## [481] "the natural world which usually changes only slowly provided a stable"
## [482] "framework and therefore a sense of security in the modern world it is"
## [483] "human society that dominates nature rather than the other way around and"
## [484] "modern society changes very rapidly owing to technological change thus"
## [485] "there is no stable framework 50 the conservatives are fools they whine"
## [486] "about the decay of traditional values yet they enthusiastically support"
## [487] "technological progress and economic growth apparently it never occurs to"
## [488] "them that you can t make rapid drastic changes in the technology and the"
## [489] "economy of a society without causing rapid changes in all other aspects"
## [490] "of the society as well and that such rapid changes inevitably break down"
## [491] "traditional values 51 the breakdown of traditional values to some extent"
## [492] "implies the breakdown of the bonds that hold together traditional small"
## [493] "scale social groups the disintegration of small scale social groups is"
## [494] "also promoted by the fact that modern conditions often require or tempt"
## [495] "individuals to move to new locations separating themselves from their"
## [496] "communities beyond that a technological society has to weaken family"
## [497] "ties and local communities if it is to function efficiently in modern"
## [498] "society an individual s loyalty must be first to the system and only"
## [499] "secondarily to a small scale community because if the internal loyalties"
## [500] "of small scale communities were stronger than loyalty to the system"
## [501] "such communities would pursue their own advantage at the expense of"
## [502] "the system 52 suppose that a public official or a corporation executive"
## [503] "appoints his cousin his friend or his co religionist to a position"
## [504] "rather than appointing the person best qualified for the job he has"
## [505] "permitted personal loyalty to supersede his loyalty to the system and"
## [506] "that is nepotism or discrimination both of which are terrible sins in"
## [507] "modern society would be industrial societies that have done a poor job"
## [508] "of subordinating personal or local loyalties to loyalty to the system"
## [509] "are usually very inefficient look at latin america thus an advanced"
## [510] "industrial society can tolerate only those small scale communities"
## [511] "that are emasculated tamed and made into tools of the system 7 53"
## [512] "crowding rapid change and the breakdown of communities have been widely"
## [513] "recognized as sources of social problems but we do not believe they are"
## [514] "enough to account for the extent of the problems that are seen today"
## [515] "54 a few pre industrial cities were very large and crowded yet their"
## [516] "inhabitants do not seem to have suffered from psychological problems"
## [517] "to the same extent as modern man in america today there still are"
## [518] "uncrowded rural areas and we find there the same problems as in urban"
## [519] "areas though the problems tend to be less acute in the rural areas thus"
## [520] "crowding does not seem to be the decisive factor 55 on the growing edge"
## [521] "of the american frontier during the 19th century the mobility of the"
## [522] "population probably broke down extended families and small scale social"
## [523] "groups to at least the same extent as these are broken down today in"
## [524] "fact many nuclear families lived by choice in such isolation having"
## [525] "no neighbors within several miles that they belonged to no community"
## [526] "at all yet they do not seem to have developed problems as a result 56"
## [527] "furthermore change in american frontier society was very rapid and deep"
## [528] "a man might be born and raised in a log cabin outside the reach of law"
## [529] "and order and fed largely on wild meat and by the time he arrived at"
## [530] "old age he might be working at a regular job and living in an ordered"
## [531] "community with effective law enforcement this was a deeper change than"
## [532] "that which typically occurs in the life of a modern individual yet it"
## [533] "does not seem to have led to psychological problems in fact 19th century"
## [534] "american society had an optimistic and self confident tone quite unlike"
## [535] "that of today s society 8 57 the difference we argue is that modern man"
## [536] "has the sense largely justified that change is imposed on him whereas"
## [537] "the 19th century frontiersman had the sense also largely justified that"
## [538] "he created change himself by his own choice thus a pioneer settled on"
## [539] "a piece of land of his own choosing and made it into a farm through his"
## [540] "own effort in those days an entire county might have only a couple of"
## [541] "hundred inhabitants and was a far more isolated and autonomous entity"
## [542] "than a modern county is hence the pioneer farmer participated as a"
## [543] "member of a relatively small group in the creation of a new ordered"
## [544] "community one may well question whether the creation of this community"
## [545] "was an improvement but at any rate it satisfied the pioneer s need for"
## [546] "the power process 58 it would be possible to give other examples of"
## [547] "societies in which there has been rapid change and or lack of close"
## [548] "community ties without the kind of massive behavioral aberration that"
## [549] "is seen in today s industrial society we contend that the most important"
## [550] "cause of social and psychological problems in modern society is the"
## [551] "fact that people have insufficient opportunity to go through the power"
## [552] "process in a normal way we don t mean to say that modern society is the"
## [553] "only one in which the power process has been disrupted probably most if"
## [554] "not all civilized societies have interfered with the power process to"
## [555] "a greater or lesser extent but in modern industrial society the problem"
## [556] "has become particularly acute leftism at least in its recent mid to"
## [557] "late 20th century form is in part a symptom of deprivation with respect"
## [558] "to the power process disruption of the power process in modern society"
## [559] "59 we divide human drives into three groups 1 those drives that can be"
## [560] "satisfied with minimal effort 2 those that can be satisfied but only at"
## [561] "the cost of serious effort 3 those that cannot be adequately satisfied"
## [562] "no matter how much effort one makes the power process is the process"
## [563] "of satisfying the drives of the second group the more drives there"
## [564] "are in the third group the more there is frustration anger eventually"
## [565] "defeatism depression etc 60 in modern industrial society natural human"
## [566] "drives tend to be pushed into the first and third groups and the second"
## [567] "group tends to consist increasingly of artificially created drives 61"
## [568] "in primitive societies physical necessities generally fall into group 2"
## [569] "they can be obtained but only at the cost of serious effort but modern"
## [570] "society tends to guaranty the physical necessities to everyone 9 in"
## [571] "exchange for only minimal effort hence physical needs are pushed into"
## [572] "group 1 there may be disagreement about whether the effort needed to"
## [573] "hold a job is minimal but usually in lower to middle level jobs whatever"
## [574] "effort is required is merely that of obedience you sit or stand where"
## [575] "you are told to sit or stand and do what you are told to do in the way"
## [576] "you are told to do it seldom do you have to exert yourself seriously"
## [577] "and in any case you have hardly any autonomy in work so that the need"
## [578] "for the power process is not well served 62 social needs such as sex"
## [579] "love and status often remain in group 2 in modern society depending"
## [580] "on the situation of the individual 10 but except for people who have"
## [581] "a particularly strong drive for status the effort required to fulfill"
## [582] "the social drives is insufficient to satisfy adequately the need for"
## [583] "the power process 63 so certain artificial needs have been created that"
## [584] "fall into group 2 hence serve the need for the power process advertising"
## [585] "and marketing techniques have been developed that make many people feel"
## [586] "they need things that their grandparents never desired or even dreamed"
## [587] "of it requires serious effort to earn enough money to satisfy these"
## [588] "artificial needs hence they fall into group 2 but see paragraphs 80 82"
## [589] "modern man must satisfy his need for the power process largely through"
## [590] "pursuit of the artificial needs created by the advertising and marketing"
## [591] "industry 11 and through surrogate activities 64 it seems that for many"
## [592] "people maybe the majority these artificial forms of the power process"
## [593] "are insufficient a theme that appears repeatedly in the writings of"
## [594] "the social critics of the second half of the 20th century is the sense"
## [595] "of purposelessness that afflicts many people in modern society this"
## [596] "purposelessness is often called by other names such as anomic or middle"
## [597] "class vacuity we suggest that the so called identity crisis is actually"
## [598] "a search for a sense of purpose often for commitment to a suitable"
## [599] "surrogate activity it may be that existentialism is in large part a"
## [600] "response to the purposelessness of modern life 12 very widespread in"
## [601] "modern society is the search for fulfillment but we think that for the"
## [602] "majority of people an activity whose main goal is fulfillment that is a"
## [603] "surrogate activity does not bring completely satisfactory fulfillment in"
## [604] "other words it does not fully satisfy the need for the power process see"
## [605] "paragraph 41 that need can be fully satisfied only through activities"
## [606] "that have some external goal such as physical necessities sex love"
## [607] "status revenge etc 65 moreover where goals are pursued through earning"
## [608] "money climbing the status ladder or functioning as part of the system"
## [609] "in some other way most people are not in a position to pursue their"
## [610] "goals autonomously most workers are someone else s employee and as"
## [611] "we pointed out in paragraph 61 must spend their days doing what they"
## [612] "are told to do in the way they are told to do it even people who are"
## [613] "in business for themselves have only limited autonomy it is a chronic"
## [614] "complaint of small business persons and entrepreneurs that their hands"
## [615] "are tied by excessive government regulation some of these regulations"
## [616] "are doubtless unnecessary but for the most part government regulations"
## [617] "are essential and inevitable parts of our extremely complex society a"
## [618] "large portion of small business today operates on the franchise system"
## [619] "it was reported in the wall street journal a few years ago that many"
## [620] "of the franchise granting companies require applicants for franchises"
## [621] "to take a personality test that is designed to exclude those who have"
## [622] "creativity and initiative because such persons are not sufficiently"
## [623] "docile to go along obediently with the franchise system this excludes"
## [624] "from small business many of the people who most need autonomy 66 today"
## [625] "people live more by virtue of what the system does for them or to"
## [626] "them than by virtue of what they do for themselves and what they do"
## [627] "for themselves is done more and more along channels laid down by the"
## [628] "system opportunities tend to be those that the system provides the"
## [629] "opportunities must be exploited in accord with rules and regulations"
## [630] "13 and techniques prescribed by experts must be followed if there is"
## [631] "to be a chance of success 67 thus the power process is disrupted in"
## [632] "our society through a deficiency of real goals and a deficiency of"
## [633] "autonomy in the pursuit of goals but it is also disrupted because of"
## [634] "those human drives that fall into group 3 the drives that one cannot"
## [635] "adequately satisfy no matter how much effort one makes one of these"
## [636] "drives is the need for security our lives depend on decisions made by"
## [637] "other people we have no control over these decisions and usually we"
## [638] "do not even know the people who make them we live in a world in which"
## [639] "relatively few people maybe 500 or 1 000 make the important decisions"
## [640] "philip b heymann of harvard law school quoted by anthony lewis new"
## [641] "york times april 21 1995 our lives depend on whether safety standards"
## [642] "at a nuclear power plant are properly maintained on how much pesticide"
## [643] "is allowed to get into our food or how much pollution into our air on"
## [644] "how skillful or incompetent our doctor is whether we lose or get a job"
## [645] "may depend on decisions made by government economists or corporation"
## [646] "executives and so forth most individuals are not in a position to"
## [647] "secure themselves against these threats to more than a very limited"
## [648] "extent the individual s search for security is therefore frustrated"
## [649] "which leads to a sense of powerlessness 68 it may be objected that"
## [650] "primitive man is physically less secure than modern man as is shown"
## [651] "by his shorter life expectancy hence modern man suffers from less not"
## [652] "more than the amount of insecurity that is normal for human beings"
## [653] "but psychological security does not closely correspond with physical"
## [654] "security what makes us feel secure is not so much objective security"
## [655] "as a sense of confidence in our ability to take care of ourselves"
## [656] "primitive man threatened by a fierce animal or by hunger can fight in"
## [657] "self defense or travel in search of food he has no certainty of success"
## [658] "in these efforts but he is by no means helpless against the things that"
## [659] "threaten him the modern individual on the other hand is threatened by"
## [660] "many things against which he is helpless nuclear accidents carcinogens"
## [661] "in food environmental pollution war increasing taxes invasion of his"
## [662] "privacy by large organizations nationwide social or economic phenomena"
## [663] "that may disrupt his way of life 69 it is true that primitive man is"
## [664] "powerless against some of the things that threaten him disease for"
## [665] "example but he can accept the risk of disease stoically it is part of"
## [666] "the nature of things it is no one s fault unless it is the fault of"
## [667] "some imaginary impersonal demon but threats to the modern individual"
## [668] "tend to be man made they are not the results of chance but are imposed"
## [669] "on him by other persons whose decisions he as an individual is unable"
## [670] "to influence consequently he feels frustrated humiliated and angry 70"
## [671] "thus primitive man for the most part has his security in his own hands"
## [672] "either as an individual or as a member of a small group whereas the"
## [673] "security of modern man is in the hands of persons or organizations that"
## [674] "are too remote or too large for him to be able personally to influence"
## [675] "them so modern man s drive for security tends to fall into groups 1 and"
## [676] "3 in some areas food shelter etc his security is assured at the cost"
## [677] "of only trivial effort whereas in other areas he cannot attain security"
## [678] "the foregoing greatly simplifies the real situation but it does indicate"
## [679] "in a rough general way how the condition of modern man differs from"
## [680] "that of primitive man 71 people have many transitory drives or impulses"
## [681] "that are necessarily frustrated in modern life hence fall into group"
## [682] "3 one may become angry but modern society cannot permit fighting in"
## [683] "many situations it does not even permit verbal aggression when going"
## [684] "somewhere one may be in a hurry or one may be in a mood to travel slowly"
## [685] "but one generally has no choice but to move with the flow of traffic and"
## [686] "obey the traffic signals one may want to do one s work in a different"
## [687] "way but usually one can work only according to the rules laid down by"
## [688] "one s employer in many other ways as well modern man is strapped down by"
## [689] "a network of rules and regulations explicit or implicit that frustrate"
## [690] "many of his impulses and thus interfere with the power process most of"
## [691] "these regulations cannot be dispensed with because they are necessary"
## [692] "for the functioning of industrial society 72 modern society is in"
## [693] "certain respects extremely permissive in matters that are irrelevant"
## [694] "to the functioning of the system we can generally do what we please we"
## [695] "can believe in any religion we like as long as it does not encourage"
## [696] "behavior that is dangerous to the system we can go to bed with anyone"
## [697] "we like as long as we practice safe sex we can do anything we like"
## [698] "as long as it is unimportant but in all important matters the system"
## [699] "tends increasingly to regulate our behavior 73 behavior is regulated"
## [700] "not only through explicit rules and not only by the government control"
## [701] "is often exercised through indirect coercion or through psychological"
## [702] "pressure or manipulation and by organizations other than the government"
## [703] "or by the system as a whole most large organizations use some form of"
## [704] "propaganda 14 to manipulate public attitudes or behavior propaganda is"
## [705] "not limited to commercials and advertisements and sometimes it is not"
## [706] "even consciously intended as propaganda by the people who make it for"
## [707] "instance the content of entertainment programming is a powerful form"
## [708] "of propaganda an example of indirect coercion there is no law that"
## [709] "says we have to go to work every day and follow our employer s orders"
## [710] "legally there is nothing to prevent us from going to live in the wild"
## [711] "like primitive people or from going into business for ourselves but in"
## [712] "practice there is very little wild country left and there is room in the"
## [713] "economy for only a limited number of small business owners hence most of"
## [714] "us can survive only as someone else s employee 74 we suggest that modern"
## [715] "man s obsession with longevity and with maintaining physical vigor and"
## [716] "sexual attractiveness to an advanced age is a symptom of unfulfillment"
## [717] "resulting from deprivation with respect to the power process the mid"
## [718] "life crisis also is such a symptom so is the lack of interest in having"
## [719] "children that is fairly common in modern society but almost unheard of"
## [720] "in primitive societies 75 in primitive societies life is a succession of"
## [721] "stages the needs and purposes of one stage having been fulfilled there"
## [722] "is no particular reluctance about passing on to the next stage a young"
## [723] "man goes through the power process by becoming a hunter hunting not for"
## [724] "sport or for fulfillment but to get meat that is necessary for food in"
## [725] "young women the process is more complex with greater emphasis on social"
## [726] "power we won t discuss that here this phase having been successfully"
## [727] "passed through the young man has no reluctance about settling down to"
## [728] "the responsibilities of raising a family in contrast some modern people"
## [729] "indefinitely postpone having children because they are too busy seeking"
## [730] "some kind of fulfillment we suggest that the fulfillment they need is"
## [731] "adequate experience of the power process with real goals instead of"
## [732] "the artificial goals of surrogate activities again having successfully"
## [733] "raised his children going through the power process by providing them"
## [734] "with the physical necessities the primitive man feels that his work is"
## [735] "done and he is prepared to accept old age if he survives that long and"
## [736] "death many modern people on the other hand are disturbed by the prospect"
## [737] "of physical deterioration and death as is shown by the amount of effort"
## [738] "they expend trying to maintain their physical condition appearance and"
## [739] "health we argue that this is due to unfulfillment resulting from the"
## [740] "fact that they have never put their physical powers to any practical"
## [741] "use have never gone through the power process using their bodies in a"
## [742] "serious way it is not the primitive man who has used his body daily for"
## [743] "practical purposes who fears the deterioration of age but the modern"
## [744] "man who has never had a practical use for his body beyond walking from"
## [745] "his car to his house it is the man whose need for the power process has"
## [746] "been satisfied during his life who is best prepared to accept the end"
## [747] "of that life 76 in response to the arguments of this section someone"
## [748] "will say society must find a way to give people the opportunity to go"
## [749] "through the power process for such people the value of the opportunity"
## [750] "is destroyed by the very fact that society gives it to them what they"
## [751] "need is to find or make their own opportunities as long as the system"
## [752] "gives them their opportunities it still has them on a leash to attain"
## [753] "autonomy they must get off that leash how some people adjust 77 not"
## [754] "everyone in industrial technological society suffers from psychological"
## [755] "problems some people even profess to be quite satisfied with society"
## [756] "as it is we now discuss some of the reasons why people differ so"
## [757] "greatly in their response to modern society 78 first there doubtless"
## [758] "are differences in the strength of the drive for power individuals with"
## [759] "a weak drive for power may have relatively little need to go through"
## [760] "the power process or at least relatively little need for autonomy in"
## [761] "the power process these are docile types who would have been happy"
## [762] "as plantation darkies in the old south we don t mean to sneer at the"
## [763] "plantation darkies of the old south to their credit most of the slaves"
## [764] "were not content with their servitude we do sneer at people who are"
## [765] "content with servitude 79 some people may have some exceptional drive"
## [766] "in pursuing which they satisfy their need for the power process for"
## [767] "example those who have an unusually strong drive for social status"
## [768] "may spend their whole lives climbing the status ladder without ever"
## [769] "getting bored with that game 80 people vary in their susceptibility to"
## [770] "advertising and marketing techniques some are so susceptible that even"
## [771] "if they make a great deal of money they cannot satisfy their constant"
## [772] "craving for the the shiny new toys that the marketing industry dangles"
## [773] "before their eyes so they always feel hard pressed financially even if"
## [774] "their income is large and their cravings are frustrated 81 some people"
## [775] "have low susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques these"
## [776] "are the people who aren t interested in money material acquisition does"
## [777] "not serve their need for the power process 82 people who have medium"
## [778] "susceptibility to advertising and marketing techniques are able to"
## [779] "earn enough money to satisfy their craving for goods and services but"
## [780] "only at the cost of serious effort putting in overtime taking a second"
## [781] "job earning promotions etc thus material acquisition serves their need"
## [782] "for the power process but it does not necessarily follow that their"
## [783] "need is fully satisfied they may have insufficient autonomy in the"
## [784] "power process their work may consist of following orders and some of"
## [785] "their drives may be frustrated e g security aggression we are guilty"
## [786] "of oversimplification in paragraphs 80 82 because we have assumed"
## [787] "that the desire for material acquisition is entirely a creation of"
## [788] "the advertising and marketing industry of course it s not that simple"
## [789] "11 83 some people partly satisfy their need for power by identifying"
## [790] "themselves with a powerful organization or mass movement an individual"
## [791] "lacking goals or power joins a movement or an organization adopts its"
## [792] "goals as his own then works toward those goals when some of the goals"
## [793] "are attained the individual even though his personal efforts have played"
## [794] "only an insignificant part in the attainment of the goals feels through"
## [795] "his identification with the movement or organization as if he had gone"
## [796] "through the power process this phenomenon was exploited by the fascists"
## [797] "nazis and communists our society uses it too though less crudely"
## [798] "example manuel noriega was an irritant to the u s goal punish noriega"
## [799] "the u s invaded panama effort and punished noriega attainment of goal"
## [800] "thus the u s went through the power process and many americans because"
## [801] "of their identification with the u s experienced the power process"
## [802] "vicariously hence the widespread public approval of the panama invasion"
## [803] "it gave people a sense of power 15 we see the same phenomenon in armies"
## [804] "corporations political parties humanitarian organizations religious or"
## [805] "ideological movements in particular leftist movements tend to attract"
## [806] "people who are seeking to satisfy their need for power but for most"
## [807] "people identification with a large organization or a mass movement does"
## [808] "not fully satisfy the need for power 84 another way in which people"
## [809] "satisfy their need for the power process is through surrogate activities"
## [810] "as we explained in paragraphs 38 40 a surrogate activity is an activity"
## [811] "that is directed toward an artificial goal that the individual pursues"
## [812] "for the sake of the fulfillment that he gets from pursuing the goal"
## [813] "not because he needs to attain the goal itself for instance there is"
## [814] "no practical motive for building enormous muscles hitting a little ball"
## [815] "into a hole or acquiring a complete series of postage stamps yet many"
## [816] "people in our society devote themselves with passion to bodybuilding"
## [817] "golf or stamp collecting some people are more other directed than"
## [818] "others and therefore will more readily attach importance to a surrogate"
## [819] "activity simply because the people around them treat it as important"
## [820] "or because society tells them it is important that is why some people"
## [821] "get very serious about essentially trivial activities such as sports"
## [822] "or bridge or chess or arcane scholarly pursuits whereas others who are"
## [823] "more clear sighted never see these things as anything but the surrogate"
## [824] "activities that they are and consequently never attach enough importance"
## [825] "to them to satisfy their need for the power process in that way it only"
## [826] "remains to point out that in many cases a person s way of earning a"
## [827] "living is also a surrogate activity not a pure surrogate activity since"
## [828] "part of the motive for the activity is to gain the physical necessities"
## [829] "and for some people social status and the luxuries that advertising"
## [830] "makes them want but many people put into their work far more effort"
## [831] "than is necessary to earn whatever money and status they require and"
## [832] "this extra effort constitutes a surrogate activity this extra effort"
## [833] "together with the emotional investment that accompanies it is one of"
## [834] "the most potent forces acting toward the continual development and"
## [835] "perfecting of the system with negative consequences for individual"
## [836] "freedom see paragraph 131 especially for the most creative scientists"
## [837] "and engineers work tends to be largely a surrogate activity this point"
## [838] "is so important that it deserves a separate discussion which we shall"
## [839] "give in a moment paragraphs 87 92 85 in this section we have explained"
## [840] "how many people in modern society do satisfy their need for the power"
## [841] "process to a greater or lesser extent but we think that for the majority"
## [842] "of people the need for the power process is not fully satisfied in the"
## [843] "first place those who have an insatiable drive for status or who get"
## [844] "firmly hooked on a surrogate activity or who identify strongly enough"
## [845] "with a movement or organization to satisfy their need for power in"
## [846] "that way are exceptional personalities others are not fully satisfied"
## [847] "with surrogate activities or by identification with an organization"
## [848] "see paragraphs 41 64 in the second place too much control is imposed"
## [849] "by the system through explicit regulation or through socialization"
## [850] "which results in a deficiency of autonomy and in frustration due to"
## [851] "the impossibility of attaining certain goals and the necessity of"
## [852] "restraining too many impulses 86 but even if most people in industrial"
## [853] "technological society were well satisfied we fc would still be opposed"
## [854] "to that form of society because among other reasons we consider it"
## [855] "demeaning to fulfill one s need for the power process through surrogate"
## [856] "activities or through identification with an organization rather than"
## [857] "through pursuit of real goals the motives of scientists 87 science and"
## [858] "technology provide the most important examples of surrogate activities"
## [859] "some scientists claim that they are motivated by curiosity or by a"
## [860] "desire to benefit humanity but it is easy to see that neither of these"
## [861] "can be the principal motive of most scientists as for curiosity that"
## [862] "notion is simply absurd most scientists work on highly specialized"
## [863] "problems that are not the object of any normal curiosity for example"
## [864] "is an astronomer a mathematician or an entomologist curious about the"
## [865] "properties of isopropyltrimethylmethane of course not only a chemist"
## [866] "is curious about such a thing and he is curious about it only because"
## [867] "chemistry is his surrogate activity is the chemist curious about the"
## [868] "appropriate classification of a new species of beetle no that question"
## [869] "is of interest only to the entomologist and he is interested in it"
## [870] "only because entomology is his surrogate activity if the chemist"
## [871] "and the entomologist had to exert themselves seriously to obtain the"
## [872] "physical necessities and if that effort exercised their abilities in"
## [873] "an interesting way but in some nonscientific pursuit then they wouldn"
## [874] "t give a damn about isopropyltrimethylmethane or the classification of"
## [875] "beetles suppose that lack of funds for postgraduate education had led"
## [876] "the chemist to become an insurance broker instead of a chemist in that"
## [877] "case he would have been very interested in insurance matters but would"
## [878] "have cared nothing about isopropyltrimethylmethane in any case it is"
## [879] "not normal to put into the satisfaction of mere curiosity the amount"
## [880] "of time and effort that scientists put into their work the curiosity"
## [881] "explanation for the scientists motive just doesn t stand up 88 the"
## [882] "benefit of humanity explanation doesn t work any better some scientific"
## [883] "work has no conceivable relation to the welfare of the human race most"
## [884] "of archaeology or comparative linguistics for example some other areas"
## [885] "of science present obviously dangerous possibilities yet scientists"
## [886] "in these areas are just as enthusiastic about their work as those who"
## [887] "develop vaccines or study air pollution consider the case of dr edward"
## [888] "teller who had an obvious emotional involvement in promoting nuclear"
## [889] "power plants did this involvement stem from a desire to benefit humanity"
## [890] "if so then why didn t dr teller get emotional about other humanitarian"
## [891] "causes if he was such a humanitarian then why did he help to develop"
## [892] "the h bomb as with many other scientific achievements it is very much"
## [893] "open to question whether nuclear power plants actually do benefit"
## [894] "humanity does the cheap electricity outweigh the accumulating waste"
## [895] "and the risk of accidents dr teller saw only one side of the question"
## [896] "clearly his emotional involvement with nuclear power arose not from a"
## [897] "desire to benefit humanity but from a personal fulfillment he got from"
## [898] "his work and from seeing it put to practical use 89 the same is true"
## [899] "of scientists generally with possible rare exceptions their motive"
## [900] "is neither curiosity nor a desire to benefit humanity but the need to"
## [901] "go through the power process to have a goal a scientific problem to"
## [902] "solve to make an effort research and to attain the goal solution of"
## [903] "the problem science is a surrogate activity because scientists work"
## [904] "mainly for the fulfillment they get out of the work itself 90 of course"
## [905] "it s not that simple other motives do play a role for many scientists"
## [906] "money and status for example some scientists may be persons of the type"
## [907] "who have an insatiable drive for status see paragraph 79 and this may"
## [908] "provide much of the motivation for their work no doubt the majority"
## [909] "of scientists like the majority of the general population are more or"
## [910] "less susceptible to advertising and marketing techniques and need money"
## [911] "to satisfy their craving for goods and services thus science is not a"
## [912] "pure surrogate activity but it is in large part a surrogate activity 91"
## [913] "also science and technology constitute a power mass movement and many"
## [914] "scientists gratify their need for power through identification with"
## [915] "this mass movement see paragraph 83 92 thus science marches on blindly"
## [916] "without regard to the real welfare of the human race or to any other"
## [917] "standard obedient only to the psychological needs of the scientists and"
## [918] "of the government officials and corporation executives who provide the"
## [919] "funds for research the nature of freedom 93 we are going to argue that"
## [920] "industrial technological society cannot be reformed in such a way as"
## [921] "to prevent it from progressively narrowing the sphere of human freedom"
## [922] "but because freedom is a word that can be interpreted in many ways we"
## [923] "must first make clear what kind of freedom we are concerned with 94 by"
## [924] "freedom we mean the opportunity to go through the power process with"
## [925] "real goals not the artificial goals of surrogate activities and without"
## [926] "interference manipulation or supervision from anyone especially from"
## [927] "any large organization freedom means being in control either as an"
## [928] "individual or as a member of a small group of the life and death issues"
## [929] "of one s existence food clothing shelter and defense against whatever"
## [930] "threats there may be in one s environment freedom means having power"
## [931] "not the power to control other people but the power to control the"
## [932] "circumstances of one s own life one does not have freedom if anyone"
## [933] "else especially a large organization has power over one no matter how"
## [934] "benevolently tolerantly and permissively that power may be exercised"
## [935] "it is important not to confuse freedom with mere permissiveness see"
## [936] "paragraph 72 95 it is said that we live in a free society because we"
## [937] "have a certain number of constitutionally guaranteed rights but these"
## [938] "are not as important as they seem the degree of personal freedom that"
## [939] "exists in a society is determined more by the economic and technological"
## [940] "structure of the society than by its laws or its form of government"
## [941] "16 most of the indian nations of new england were monarchies and many"
## [942] "of the cities of the italian renaissance were controlled by dictators"
## [943] "but in reading about these societies one gets the impression that they"
## [944] "allowed far more personal freedom than our society does in part this"
## [945] "was because they lacked efficient mechanisms for enforcing the ruler"
## [946] "s will there were no modern well organized police forces no rapid"
## [947] "long distance communications no surveillance cameras no dossiers of"
## [948] "information about the lives of average citizens hence it was relatively"
## [949] "easy to evade control 96 as for our constitutional rights consider for"
## [950] "example that of freedom of the press we certainly don t mean to knock"
## [951] "that right it is very important tool for limiting concentration of"
## [952] "political power and for keeping those who do have political power in"
## [953] "line by publicly exposing any misbehavior on their part but freedom of"
## [954] "the press is of very little use to the average citizen as an individual"
## [955] "the mass media are mostly under the control of large organizations"
## [956] "that are integrated into the system anyone who has a little money can"
## [957] "have something printed or can distribute it on the internet or in some"
## [958] "such way but what he has to say will be swamped by the vast volume of"
## [959] "material put out by the media hence it will have no practical effect to"
## [960] "make an impression on society with words is therefore almost impossible"
## [961] "for most individuals and small groups take us fc for example if we had"
## [962] "never done anything violent and had submitted the present writings to"
## [963] "a publisher they probably would not have been accepted if they had been"
## [964] "been accepted and published they probably would not have attracted many"
## [965] "readers because it s more fun to watch the entertainment put out by the"
## [966] "media than to read a sober essay even if these writings had had many"
## [967] "readers most of these readers would soon have forgotten what they had"
## [968] "read as their minds were flooded by the mass of material to which the"
## [969] "media expose them in order to get our message before the public with"
## [970] "some chance of making a lasting impression we ve had to kill people"
## [971] "97 constitutional rights are useful up to a point but they do not"
## [972] "serve to guarantee much more than what might be called the bourgeois"
## [973] "conception of freedom according to the bourgeois conception a free man"
## [974] "is essentially an element of a social machine and has only a certain"
## [975] "set of prescribed and delimited freedoms freedoms that are designed to"
## [976] "serve the needs of the social machine more than those of the individual"
## [977] "thus the bourgeois s free man has economic freedom because that promotes"
## [978] "growth and progress he has freedom of the press because public criticism"
## [979] "restrains misbehavior by political leaders he has a right to a fair"
## [980] "trial because imprisonment at the whim of the powerful would be bad for"
## [981] "the system this was clearly the attitude of simon bolivar to him people"
## [982] "deserved liberty only if they used it to promote progress progress"
## [983] "as conceived by the bourgeois other bourgeois thinkers have taken a"
## [984] "similar view of freedom as a mere means to collective ends chester c"
## [985] "tan chinese political thought in the twentieth century page 202 explains"
## [986] "the philosophy of the kuomintang leader hu han min an individual is"
## [987] "granted rights because he is a member of society and his community life"
## [988] "requires such rights by community hu meant the whole society of the"
## [989] "nation and on page 259 tan states that according to carsum chang chang"
## [990] "chun mai head of the state socialist party in china freedom had to be"
## [991] "used in the interest of the state and of the people as a whole but what"
## [992] "kind of freedom does one have if one can use it only as someone else"
## [993] "prescribes fc s conception of freedom is not that of bolivar hu chang"
## [994] "or other bourgeois theorists the trouble with such theorists is that"
## [995] "they have made the development and application of social theories their"
## [996] "surrogate activity consequently the theories are designed to serve the"
## [997] "needs of the theorists more than the needs of any people who may be"
## [998] "unlucky enough to live in a society on which the theories are imposed"
## [999] "98 one more point to be made in this section it should not be assumed"
## [1000] "that a person has enough freedom just because he says he has enough"
## [1001] "freedom is restricted in part by psychological controls of which people"
## [1002] "are unconscious and moreover many people s ideas of what constitutes"
## [1003] "freedom are governed more by social convention than by their real needs"
## [1004] "for example it s likely that many leftists of the oversocialized type"
## [1005] "would say that most people including themselves are socialized too"
## [1006] "little rather than too much yet the oversocialized leftist pays a heavy"
## [1007] "psychological price for his high level of socialization some principles"
## [1008] "of history 99 think of history as being the sum of two components an"
## [1009] "erratic component that consists of unpredictable events that follow"
## [1010] "no discernible pattern and a regular component that consists of long"
## [1011] "term historical trends here we are concerned with the long term trends"
## [1012] "100 first principle if a small change is made that affects a long term"
## [1013] "historical trend then the effect of that change will almost always be"
## [1014] "transitory the trend will soon revert to its original state example a"
## [1015] "reform movement designed to clean up political corruption in a society"
## [1016] "rarely has more than a short term effect sooner or later the reformers"
## [1017] "relax and corruption creeps back in the level of political corruption"
## [1018] "in a given society tends to remain constant or to change only slowly"
## [1019] "with the evolution of the society normally a political cleanup will"
## [1020] "be permanent only if accompanied by widespread social changes a small"
## [1021] "change in the society won t be enough if a small change in a long term"
## [1022] "historical trend appears to be permanent it is only because the change"
## [1023] "acts in the direction in which the trend is already moving so that the"
## [1024] "trend is not altered by only pushed a step ahead 101 the first principle"
## [1025] "is almost a tautology if a trend were not stable with respect to small"
## [1026] "changes it would wander at random rather than following a definite"
## [1027] "direction in other words it would not be a long term trend at all 102"
## [1028] "second principle if a change is made that is sufficiently large to alter"
## [1029] "permanently a long term historical trend then it will alter the society"
## [1030] "as a whole in other words a society is a system in which all parts"
## [1031] "are interrelated and you can t permanently change any important part"
## [1032] "without changing all other parts as well 103 third principle if a change"
## [1033] "is made that is large enough to alter permanently a long term trend"
## [1034] "then the consequences for the society as a whole cannot be predicted"
## [1035] "in advance unless various other societies have passed through the same"
## [1036] "change and have all experienced the same consequences in which case"
## [1037] "one can predict on empirical grounds that another society that passes"
## [1038] "through the same change will be like to experience similar consequences"
## [1039] "104 fourth principle a new kind of society cannot be designed on paper"
## [1040] "that is you cannot plan out a new form of society in advance then set"
## [1041] "it up and expect it to function as it was designed to do 105 the third"
## [1042] "and fourth principles result from the complexity of human societies"
## [1043] "a change in human behavior will affect the economy of a society and"
## [1044] "its physical environment the economy will affect the environment and"
## [1045] "vice versa and the changes in the economy and the environment will"
## [1046] "affect human behavior in complex unpredictable ways and so forth the"
## [1047] "network of causes and effects is far too complex to be untangled and"
## [1048] "understood 106 fifth principle people do not consciously and rationally"
## [1049] "choose the form of their society societies develop through processes"
## [1050] "of social evolution that are not under rational human control 107 the"
## [1051] "fifth principle is a consequence of the other four 108 to illustrate"
## [1052] "by the first principle generally speaking an attempt at social reform"
## [1053] "either acts in the direction in which the society is developing anyway"
## [1054] "so that it merely accelerates a change that would have occurred in"
## [1055] "any case or else it has only a transitory effect so that the society"
## [1056] "soon slips back into its old groove to make a lasting change in the"
## [1057] "direction of development of any important aspect of a society reform"
## [1058] "is insufficient and revolution is required a revolution does not"
## [1059] "necessarily involve an armed uprising or the overthrow of a government"
## [1060] "by the second principle a revolution never changes only one aspect of a"
## [1061] "society it changes the whole society and by the third principle changes"
## [1062] "occur that were never expected or desired by the revolutionaries by"
## [1063] "the fourth principle when revolutionaries or utopians set up a new kind"
## [1064] "of society it never works out as planned 109 the american revolution"
## [1065] "does not provide a counterexample the american revolution was not a"
## [1066] "revolution in our sense of the word but a war of independence followed"
## [1067] "by a rather far reaching political reform the founding fathers did not"
## [1068] "change the direction of development of american society nor did they"
## [1069] "aspire to do so they only freed the development of american society"
## [1070] "from the retarding effect of british rule their political reform did"
## [1071] "not change any basic trend but only pushed american political culture"
## [1072] "along its natural direction of development british society of which"
## [1073] "american society was an offshoot had been moving for a long time in"
## [1074] "the direction of representative democracy and prior to the war of"
## [1075] "independence the americans were already practicing a significant degree"
## [1076] "of representative democracy in the colonial assemblies the political"
## [1077] "system established by the constitution was modeled on the british system"
## [1078] "and on the colonial assemblies with major alteration to be sure there is"
## [1079] "no doubt that the founding fathers took a very important step but it was"
## [1080] "a step along the road that english speaking world was already traveling"
## [1081] "the proof is that britain and all of its colonies that were populated"
## [1082] "predominantly by people of british descent ended up with systems of"
## [1083] "representative democracy essentially similar to that of the united"
## [1084] "states if the founding fathers had lost their nerve and declined to sign"
## [1085] "the declaration of independence our way of life today would not have"
## [1086] "been significantly different maybe we would have had somewhat closer"
## [1087] "ties to britain and would have had a parliament and prime minister"
## [1088] "instead of a congress and president no big deal thus the american"
## [1089] "revolution provides not a counterexample to our principles but a good"
## [1090] "illustration of them 110 still one has to use common sense in applying"
## [1091] "the principles they are expressed in imprecise language that allows"
## [1092] "latitude for interpretation and exceptions to them can be found so we"
## [1093] "present these principles not as inviolable laws but as rules of thumb"
## [1094] "or guides to thinking that may provide a partial antidote to naive ideas"
## [1095] "about the future of society the principles should be borne constantly"
## [1096] "in mind and whenever one reaches a conclusion that conflicts with them"
## [1097] "one should carefully reexamine one s thinking and retain the conclusion"
## [1098] "only if one has good solid reasons for doing so industrial technological"
## [1099] "society cannot be reformed 111 the foregoing principles help to show"
## [1100] "how hopelessly difficult it would be to reform the industrial system"
## [1101] "in such a way as to prevent it from progressively narrowing our sphere"
## [1102] "of freedom there has been a consistent tendency going back at least to"
## [1103] "the industrial revolution for technology to strengthen the system at"
## [1104] "a high cost in individual freedom and local autonomy hence any change"
## [1105] "designed to protect freedom from technology would be contrary to a"
## [1106] "fundamental trend in the development of our society consequently such"
## [1107] "a change either would be a transitory one soon swamped by the tide of"
## [1108] "history or if large enough to be permanent would alter the nature of"
## [1109] "our whole society this by the first and second principles moreover since"
## [1110] "society would be altered in a way that could not be predicted in advance"
## [1111] "third principle there would be great risk changes large enough to make"
## [1112] "a lasting difference in favor of freedom would not be initiated because"
## [1113] "it would be realized that they would gravely disrupt the system so any"
## [1114] "attempts at reform would be too timid to be effective even if changes"
## [1115] "large enough to make a lasting difference were initiated they would be"
## [1116] "retracted when their disruptive effects became apparent thus permanent"
## [1117] "changes in favor of freedom could be brought about only by persons"
## [1118] "prepared to accept radical dangerous and unpredictable alteration of the"
## [1119] "entire system in other words by revolutionaries not reformers 112 people"
## [1120] "anxious to rescue freedom without sacrificing the supposed benefits of"
## [1121] "technology will suggest naive schemes for some new form of society that"
## [1122] "would reconcile freedom with technology apart from the fact that people"
## [1123] "who make such suggestions seldom propose any practical means by which"
## [1124] "the new form of society could be set up in the first place it follows"
## [1125] "from the fourth principle that even if the new form of society could"
## [1126] "be once established it either would collapse or would give results very"
## [1127] "different from those expected 113 so even on very general grounds it"
## [1128] "seems highly improbable that any way of changing society could be found"
## [1129] "that would reconcile freedom with modern technology in the next few"
## [1130] "sections we will give more specific reasons for concluding that freedom"
## [1131] "and technological progress are incompatible restriction of freedom is"
## [1132] "unavoidable in industrial society 114 as explained in paragraphs 65 67"
## [1133] "70 73 modern man is strapped down by a network of rules and regulations"
## [1134] "and his fate depends on the actions of persons remote from him whose"
## [1135] "decisions he cannot influence this is not accidental or a result of the"
## [1136] "arbitrariness of arrogant bureaucrats it is necessary and inevitable"
## [1137] "in any technologically advanced society the system has to regulate"
## [1138] "human behavior closely in order to function at work people have to"
## [1139] "do what they are told to do otherwise production would be thrown into"
## [1140] "chaos bureaucracies have to be run according to rigid rules to allow"
## [1141] "any substantial personal discretion to lower level bureaucrats would"
## [1142] "disrupt the system and lead to charges of unfairness due to differences"
## [1143] "in the way individual bureaucrats exercised their discretion it is"
## [1144] "true that some restrictions on our freedom could be eliminated but"
## [1145] "generally speaking the regulation of our lives by large organizations"
## [1146] "is necessary for the functioning of industrial technological society"
## [1147] "the result is a sense of powerlessness on the part of the average"
## [1148] "person it may be however that formal regulations will tend increasingly"
## [1149] "to be replaced by psychological tools that make us want to do what"
## [1150] "the system requires of us propaganda 14 educational techniques mental"
## [1151] "health programs etc 115 the system has to force people to behave in"
## [1152] "ways that are increasingly remote from the natural pattern of human"
## [1153] "behavior for example the system needs scientists mathematicians and"
## [1154] "engineers it can t function without them so heavy pressure is put on"
## [1155] "children to excel in these fields it isn t natural for an adolescent"
## [1156] "human being to spend the bulk of his time sitting at a desk absorbed"
## [1157] "in study a normal adolescent wants to spend his time in active contact"
## [1158] "with the real world among primitive peoples the things that children"
## [1159] "are trained to do tend to be in reasonable harmony with natural human"
## [1160] "impulses among the american indians for example boys were trained in"
## [1161] "active outdoor pursuits just the sort of thing that boys like but in"
## [1162] "our society children are pushed into studying technical subjects which"
## [1163] "most do grudgingly 116 because of the constant pressure that the system"
## [1164] "exerts to modify human behavior there is a gradual increase in the"
## [1165] "number of people who cannot or will not adjust to society s requirements"
## [1166] "welfare leeches youth gang members cultists anti government rebels"
## [1167] "radical environmentalist saboteurs dropouts and resisters of various"
## [1168] "kinds 117 in any technologically advanced society the individual s fate"
## [1169] "must depend on decisions that he personally cannot influence to any"
## [1170] "great extent a technological society cannot be broken down into small"
## [1171] "autonomous communities because production depends on the cooperation of"
## [1172] "very large numbers of people and machines such a society must be highly"
## [1173] "organized and decisions have to be made that affect very large numbers"
## [1174] "of people when a decision affects say a million people then each of the"
## [1175] "affected individuals has on the average only a one millionth share in"
## [1176] "making the decision what usually happens in practice is that decisions"
## [1177] "are made by public officials or corporation executives or by technical"
## [1178] "specialists but even when the public votes on a decision the number of"
## [1179] "voters ordinarily is too large for the vote of any one individual to be"
## [1180] "significant 17 thus most individuals are unable to influence measurably"
## [1181] "the major decisions that affect their lives there is no conceivable"
## [1182] "way to remedy this in a technologically advanced society the system"
## [1183] "tries to solve this problem by using propaganda to make people want"
## [1184] "the decisions that have been made for them but even if this solution"
## [1185] "were completely successful in making people feel better it would be"
## [1186] "demeaning 118 conservatives and some others advocate more local autonomy"
## [1187] "local communities once did have autonomy but such autonomy becomes less"
## [1188] "and less possible as local communities become more enmeshed with and"
## [1189] "dependent on large scale systems like public utilities computer networks"
## [1190] "highway systems the mass communications media the modern health care"
## [1191] "system also operating against autonomy is the fact that technology"
## [1192] "applied in one location often affects people at other locations far way"
## [1193] "thus pesticide or chemical use near a creek may contaminate the water"
## [1194] "supply hundreds of miles downstream and the greenhouse effect affects"
## [1195] "the whole world 119 the system does not and cannot exist to satisfy"
## [1196] "human needs instead it is human behavior that has to be modified to fit"
## [1197] "the needs of the system this has nothing to do with the political or"
## [1198] "social ideology that may pretend to guide the technological system it"
## [1199] "is the fault of technology because the system is guided not by ideology"
## [1200] "but by technical necessity 18 of course the system does satisfy many"
## [1201] "human needs but generally speaking it does this only to the extend that"
## [1202] "it is to the advantage of the system to do it it is the needs of the"
## [1203] "system that are paramount not those of the human being for example the"
## [1204] "system provides people with food because the system couldn t function if"
## [1205] "everyone starved it attends to people s psychological needs whenever it"
## [1206] "can conveniently do so because it couldn t function if too many people"
## [1207] "became depressed or rebellious but the system for good solid practical"
## [1208] "reasons must exert constant pressure on people to mold their behavior"
## [1209] "to the needs of the system to much waste accumulating the government"
## [1210] "the media the educational system environmentalists everyone inundates us"
## [1211] "with a mass of propaganda about recycling need more technical personnel"
## [1212] "a chorus of voices exhorts kids to study science no one stops to ask"
## [1213] "whether it is inhumane to force adolescents to spend the bulk of their"
## [1214] "time studying subjects most of them hate when skilled workers are put"
## [1215] "out of a job by technical advances and have to undergo retraining no"
## [1216] "one asks whether it is humiliating for them to be pushed around in this"
## [1217] "way it is simply taken for granted that everyone must bow to technical"
## [1218] "necessity and for good reason if human needs were put before technical"
## [1219] "necessity there would be economic problems unemployment shortages or"
## [1220] "worse the concept of mental health in our society is defined largely by"
## [1221] "the extent to which an individual behaves in accord with the needs of"
## [1222] "the system and does so without showing signs of stress 120 efforts to"
## [1223] "make room for a sense of purpose and for autonomy within the system are"
## [1224] "no better than a joke for example one company instead of having each of"
## [1225] "its employees assemble only one section of a catalogue had each assemble"
## [1226] "a whole catalogue and this was supposed to give them a sense of purpose"
## [1227] "and achievement some companies have tried to give their employees more"
## [1228] "autonomy in their work but for practical reasons this usually can be"
## [1229] "done only to a very limited extent and in any case employees are never"
## [1230] "given autonomy as to ultimate goals their autonomous efforts can never"
## [1231] "be directed toward goals that they select personally but only toward"
## [1232] "their employer s goals such as the survival and growth of the company"
## [1233] "any company would soon go out of business if it permitted its employees"
## [1234] "to act otherwise similarly in any enterprise within a socialist system"
## [1235] "workers must direct their efforts toward the goals of the enterprise"
## [1236] "otherwise the enterprise will not serve its purpose as part of the"
## [1237] "system once again for purely technical reasons it is not possible for"
## [1238] "most individuals or small groups to have much autonomy in industrial"
## [1239] "society even the small business owner commonly has only limited autonomy"
## [1240] "apart from the necessity of government regulation he is restricted"
## [1241] "by the fact that he must fit into the economic system and conform to"
## [1242] "its requirements for instance when someone develops a new technology"
## [1243] "the small business person often has to use that technology whether"
## [1244] "he wants to or not in order to remain competitive the bad parts of"
## [1245] "technology cannot be separated from the good parts 121 a further reason"
## [1246] "why industrial society cannot be reformed in favor of freedom is that"
## [1247] "modern technology is a unified system in which all parts are dependent"
## [1248] "on one another you can t get rid of the bad parts of technology and"
## [1249] "retain only the good parts take modern medicine for example progress"
## [1250] "in medical science depends on progress in chemistry physics biology"
## [1251] "computer science and other fields advanced medical treatments require"
## [1252] "expensive high tech equipment that can be made available only by a"
## [1253] "technologically progressive economically rich society clearly you"
## [1254] "can t have much progress in medicine without the whole technological"
## [1255] "system and everything that goes with it 122 even if medical progress"
## [1256] "could be maintained without the rest of the technological system it"
## [1257] "would by itself bring certain evils suppose for example that a cure for"
## [1258] "diabetes is discovered people with a genetic tendency to diabetes will"
## [1259] "then be able to survive and reproduce as well as anyone else natural"
## [1260] "selection against genes for diabetes will cease and such genes will"
## [1261] "spread throughout the population this may be occurring to some extent"
## [1262] "already since diabetes while not curable can be controlled through"
## [1263] "use of insulin the same thing will happen with many other diseases"
## [1264] "susceptibility to which is affected by genetic degradation of the"
## [1265] "population the only solution will be some sort of eugenics program"
## [1266] "or extensive genetic engineering of human beings so that man in the"
## [1267] "future will no longer be a creation of nature or of chance or of god"
## [1268] "depending on your religious or philosophical opinions but a manufactured"
## [1269] "product 123 if you think that big government interferes in your life"
## [1270] "too much now just wait till the government starts regulating the genetic"
## [1271] "constitution of your children such regulation will inevitably follow"
## [1272] "the introduction of genetic engineering of human beings because the"
## [1273] "consequences of unregulated genetic engineering would be disastrous"
## [1274] "19 124 the usual response to such concerns is to talk about medical"
## [1275] "ethics but a code of ethics would not serve to protect freedom in"
## [1276] "the face of medical progress it would only make matters worse a code"
## [1277] "of ethics applicable to genetic engineering would be in effect a"
## [1278] "means of regulating the genetic constitution of human beings somebody"
## [1279] "probably the upper middle class mostly would decide that such and such"
## [1280] "applications of genetic engineering were ethical and others were not so"
## [1281] "that in effect they would be imposing their own values on the genetic"
## [1282] "constitution of the population at large even if a code of ethics were"
## [1283] "chosen on a completely democratic basis the majority would be imposing"
## [1284] "their own values on any minorities who might have a different idea of"
## [1285] "what constituted an ethical use of genetic engineering the only code"
## [1286] "of ethics that would truly protect freedom would be one that prohibited"
## [1287] "any genetic engineering of human beings and you can be sure that no"
## [1288] "such code will ever be applied in a technological society no code that"
## [1289] "reduced genetic engineering to a minor role could stand up for long"
## [1290] "because the temptation presented by the immense power of biotechnology"
## [1291] "would be irresistible especially since to the majority of people many of"
## [1292] "its applications will seem obviously and unequivocally good eliminating"
## [1293] "physical and mental diseases giving people the abilities they need to"
## [1294] "get along in today s world inevitably genetic engineering will be used"
## [1295] "extensively but only in ways consistent with the needs of the industrial"
## [1296] "technological system 20 technology is a more powerful social force than"
## [1297] "the aspiration for freedom 125 it is not possible to make a lasting"
## [1298] "compromise between technology and freedom because technology is by far"
## [1299] "the more powerful social force and continually encroaches on freedom"
## [1300] "through repeated compromises imagine the case of two neighbors each of"
## [1301] "whom at the outset owns the same amount of land but one of whom is more"
## [1302] "powerful than the other the powerful one demands a piece of the other"
## [1303] "s land the weak one refuses the powerful one says ok let s compromise"
## [1304] "give me half of what i asked the weak one has little choice but to give"
## [1305] "in some time later the powerful neighbor demands another piece of land"
## [1306] "again there is a compromise and so forth by forcing a long series of"
## [1307] "compromises on the weaker man the powerful one eventually gets all of"
## [1308] "his land so it goes in the conflict between technology and freedom 126"
## [1309] "let us explain why technology is a more powerful social force than the"
## [1310] "aspiration for freedom 127 a technological advance that appears not to"
## [1311] "threaten freedom often turns out to threaten it very seriously later on"
## [1312] "for example consider motorized transport a walking man formerly could"
## [1313] "go where he pleased go at his own pace without observing any traffic"
## [1314] "regulations and was independent of technological support systems when"
## [1315] "motor vehicles were introduced they appeared to increase man s freedom"
## [1316] "they took no freedom away from the walking man no one had to have an"
## [1317] "automobile if he didn t want one and anyone who did choose to buy an"
## [1318] "automobile could travel much faster and farther than a walking man"
## [1319] "but the introduction of motorized transport soon changed society in"
## [1320] "such a way as to restrict greatly man s freedom of locomotion when"
## [1321] "automobiles became numerous it became necessary to regulate their"
## [1322] "use extensively in a car especially in densely populated areas one"
## [1323] "cannot just go where one likes at one s own pace one s movement is"
## [1324] "governed by the flow of traffic and by various traffic laws one is"
## [1325] "tied down by various obligations license requirements driver test"
## [1326] "renewing registration insurance maintenance required for safety monthly"
## [1327] "payments on purchase price moreover the use of motorized transport is"
## [1328] "no longer optional since the introduction of motorized transport the"
## [1329] "arrangement of our cities has changed in such a way that the majority"
## [1330] "of people no longer live within walking distance of their place of"
## [1331] "employment shopping areas and recreational opportunities so that they"
## [1332] "have to depend on the automobile for transportation or else they must"
## [1333] "use public transportation in which case they have even less control"
## [1334] "over their own movement than when driving a car even the walker s"
## [1335] "freedom is now greatly restricted in the city he continually has to"
## [1336] "stop to wait for traffic lights that are designed mainly to serve auto"
## [1337] "traffic in the country motor traffic makes it dangerous and unpleasant"
## [1338] "to walk along the highway note this important point that we have just"
## [1339] "illustrated with the case of motorized transport when a new item of"
## [1340] "technology is introduced as an option that an individual can accept"
## [1341] "or not as he chooses it does not necessarily remain optional in many"
## [1342] "cases the new technology changes society in such a way that people"
## [1343] "eventually find themselves forced to use it 128 while technological"
## [1344] "progress as a whole continually narrows our sphere of freedom each"
## [1345] "new technical advance considered by itself appears to be desirable"
## [1346] "electricity indoor plumbing rapid long distance communications how"
## [1347] "could one argue against any of these things or against any other of"
## [1348] "the innumerable technical advances that have made modern society it"
## [1349] "would have been absurd to resist the introduction of the telephone"
## [1350] "for example it offered many advantages and no disadvantages yet as"
## [1351] "we explained in paragraphs 59 76 all these technical advances taken"
## [1352] "together have created a world in which the average man s fate is no"
## [1353] "longer in his own hands or in the hands of his neighbors and friends"
## [1354] "but in those of politicians corporation executives and remote anonymous"
## [1355] "technicians and bureaucrats whom he as an individual has no power to"
## [1356] "influence 21 the same process will continue in the future take genetic"
## [1357] "engineering for example few people will resist the introduction of"
## [1358] "a genetic technique that eliminates a hereditary disease it does no"
## [1359] "apparent harm and prevents much suffering yet a large number of genetic"
## [1360] "improvements taken together will make the human being into an engineered"
## [1361] "product rather than a free creation of chance or of god or whatever"
## [1362] "depending on your religious beliefs 129 another reason why technology"
## [1363] "is such a powerful social force is that within the context of a given"
## [1364] "society technological progress marches in only one direction it can"
## [1365] "never be reversed once a technical innovation has been introduced"
## [1366] "people usually become dependent on it so that they can never again do"
## [1367] "without it unless it is replaced by some still more advanced innovation"
## [1368] "not only do people become dependent as individuals on a new item of"
## [1369] "technology but even more the system as a whole becomes dependent on it"
## [1370] "imagine what would happen to the system today if computers for example"
## [1371] "were eliminated thus the system can move in only one direction toward"
## [1372] "greater technologization technology repeatedly forces freedom to take"
## [1373] "a step back but technology can never take a step back short of the"
## [1374] "overthrow of the whole technological system 130 technology advances"
## [1375] "with great rapidity and threatens freedom at many different points at"
## [1376] "the same time crowding rules and regulations increasing dependence of"
## [1377] "individuals on large organizations propaganda and other psychological"
## [1378] "techniques genetic engineering invasion of privacy through surveillance"
## [1379] "devices and computers etc to hold back any one of the threats to freedom"
## [1380] "would require a long and difficult social struggle those who want to"
## [1381] "protect freedom are overwhelmed by the sheer number of new attacks"
## [1382] "and the rapidity with which they develop hence they become apathetic"
## [1383] "and no longer resist to fight each of the threats separately would"
## [1384] "be futile success can be hoped for only by fighting the technological"
## [1385] "system as a whole but that is revolution not reform 131 technicians"
## [1386] "we use this term in its broad sense to describe all those who perform"
## [1387] "a specialized task that requires training tend to be so involved in"
## [1388] "their work their surrogate activity that when a conflict arises between"
## [1389] "their technical work and freedom they almost always decide in favor"
## [1390] "of their technical work this is obvious in the case of scientists but"
## [1391] "it also appears elsewhere educators humanitarian groups conservation"
## [1392] "organizations do not hesitate to use propaganda or other psychological"
## [1393] "techniques to help them achieve their laudable ends corporations and"
## [1394] "government agencies when they find it useful do not hesitate to collect"
## [1395] "information about individuals without regard to their privacy law"
## [1396] "enforcement agencies are frequently inconvenienced by the constitutional"
## [1397] "rights of suspects and often of completely innocent persons and they"
## [1398] "do whatever they can do legally or sometimes illegally to restrict or"
## [1399] "circumvent those rights most of these educators government officials"
## [1400] "and law officers believe in freedom privacy and constitutional rights"
## [1401] "but when these conflict with their work they usually feel that their"
## [1402] "work is more important 132 it is well known that people generally"
## [1403] "work better and more persistently when striving for a reward than when"
## [1404] "attempting to avoid a punishment or negative outcome scientists and"
## [1405] "other technicians are motivated mainly by the rewards they get through"
## [1406] "their work but those who oppose technological invasions of freedom"
## [1407] "are working to avoid a negative outcome consequently there are few who"
## [1408] "work persistently and well at this discouraging task if reformers ever"
## [1409] "achieved a signal victory that seemed to set up a solid barrier against"
## [1410] "further erosion of freedom through technical progress most would tend"
## [1411] "to relax and turn their attention to more agreeable pursuits but the"
## [1412] "scientists would remain busy in their laboratories and technology as it"
## [1413] "progresses would find ways in spite of any barriers to exert more and"
## [1414] "more control over individuals and make them always more dependent on"
## [1415] "the system 133 no social arrangements whether laws institutions customs"
## [1416] "or ethical codes can provide permanent protection against technology"
## [1417] "history shows that all social arrangements are transitory they all"
## [1418] "change or break down eventually but technological advances are permanent"
## [1419] "within the context of a given civilization suppose for example that it"
## [1420] "were possible to arrive at some social arrangements that would prevent"
## [1421] "genetic engineering from being applied to human beings or prevent it"
## [1422] "from being applied in such a way as to threaten freedom and dignity"
## [1423] "still the technology would remain waiting sooner or later the social"
## [1424] "arrangement would break down probably sooner given the pace of change"
## [1425] "in our society then genetic engineering would begin to invade our sphere"
## [1426] "of freedom and this invasion would be irreversible short of a breakdown"
## [1427] "of technological civilization itself any illusions about achieving"
## [1428] "anything permanent through social arrangements should be dispelled by"
## [1429] "what is currently happening with environmental legislation a few years"
## [1430] "ago its seemed that there were secure legal barriers preventing at"
## [1431] "least some of the worst forms of environmental degradation a change in"
## [1432] "the political wind and those barriers begin to crumble 134 for all of"
## [1433] "the foregoing reasons technology is a more powerful social force than"
## [1434] "the aspiration for freedom but this statement requires an important"
## [1435] "qualification it appears that during the next several decades the"
## [1436] "industrial technological system will be undergoing severe stresses due"
## [1437] "to economic and environmental problems and especially due to problems"
## [1438] "of human behavior alienation rebellion hostility a variety of social and"
## [1439] "psychological difficulties we hope that the stresses through which the"
## [1440] "system is likely to pass will cause it to break down or at least will"
## [1441] "weaken it sufficiently so that a revolution against it becomes possible"
## [1442] "if such a revolution occurs and is successful then at that particular"
## [1443] "moment the aspiration for freedom will have proved more powerful than"
## [1444] "technology 135 in paragraph 125 we used an analogy of a weak neighbor"
## [1445] "who is left destitute by a strong neighbor who takes all his land by"
## [1446] "forcing on him a series of compromises but suppose now that the strong"
## [1447] "neighbor gets sick so that he is unable to defend himself the weak"
## [1448] "neighbor can force the strong one to give him his land back or he can"
## [1449] "kill him if he lets the strong man survive and only forces him to give"
## [1450] "the land back he is a fool because when the strong man gets well he"
## [1451] "will again take all the land for himself the only sensible alternative"
## [1452] "for the weaker man is to kill the strong one while he has the chance"
## [1453] "in the same way while the industrial system is sick we must destroy"
## [1454] "it if we compromise with it and let it recover from its sickness it"
## [1455] "will eventually wipe out all of our freedom simpler social problems"
## [1456] "have proved intractable 136 if anyone still imagines that it would"
## [1457] "be possible to reform the system in such a way as to protect freedom"
## [1458] "from technology let him consider how clumsily and for the most part"
## [1459] "unsuccessfully our society has dealt with other social problems that"
## [1460] "are far more simple and straightforward among other things the system"
## [1461] "has failed to stop environmental degradation political corruption"
## [1462] "drug trafficking or domestic abuse 137 take our environmental problems"
## [1463] "for example here the conflict of values is straightforward economic"
## [1464] "expedience now versus saving some of our natural resources for our"
## [1465] "grandchildren 22 but on this subject we get only a lot of blather and"
## [1466] "obfuscation from the people who have power and nothing like a clear"
## [1467] "consistent line of action and we keep on piling up environmental"
## [1468] "problems that our grandchildren will have to live with attempts to"
## [1469] "resolve the environmental issue consist of struggles and compromises"
## [1470] "between different factions some of which are ascendant at one moment"
## [1471] "others at another moment the line of struggle changes with the shifting"
## [1472] "currents of public opinion this is not a rational process nor is it"
## [1473] "one that is likely to lead to a timely and successful solution to the"
## [1474] "problem major social problems if they get solved at all are rarely or"
## [1475] "never solved through any rational comprehensive plan they just work"
## [1476] "themselves out through a process in which various competing groups"
## [1477] "pursuing their own usually short term self interest 23 arrive mainly by"
## [1478] "luck at some more or less stable modus vivendi in fact the principles"
## [1479] "we formulated in paragraphs 100 106 make it seem doubtful that rational"
## [1480] "long term social planning can ever be successful 138 thus it is clear"
## [1481] "that the human race has at best a very limited capacity for solving even"
## [1482] "relatively straightforward social problems how then is it going to solve"
## [1483] "the far more difficult and subtle problem of reconciling freedom with"
## [1484] "technology technology presents clear cut material advantages whereas"
## [1485] "freedom is an abstraction that means different things to different"
## [1486] "people and its loss is easily obscured by propaganda and fancy talk"
## [1487] "139 and note this important difference it is conceivable that our"
## [1488] "environmental problems for example may some day be settled through a"
## [1489] "rational comprehensive plan but if this happens it will be only because"
## [1490] "it is in the long term interest of the system to solve these problems"
## [1491] "but it is not in the interest of the system to preserve freedom or"
## [1492] "small group autonomy on the contrary it is in the interest of the"
## [1493] "system to bring human behavior under control to the greatest possible"
## [1494] "extent 24 thus while practical considerations may eventually force the"
## [1495] "system to take a rational prudent approach to environmental problems"
## [1496] "equally practical considerations will force the system to regulate"
## [1497] "human behavior ever more closely preferably by indirect means that will"
## [1498] "disguise the encroachment on freedom this isn t just our opinion eminent"
## [1499] "social scientists e g james q wilson have stressed the importance of"
## [1500] "socializing people more effectively revolution is easier than reform 140"
## [1501] "we hope we have convinced the reader that the system cannot be reformed"
## [1502] "in such a way as to reconcile freedom with technology the only way out"
## [1503] "is to dispense with the industrial technological system altogether this"
## [1504] "implies revolution not necessarily an armed uprising but certainly a"
## [1505] "radical and fundamental change in the nature of society 141 people tend"
## [1506] "to assume that because a revolution involves a much greater change than"
## [1507] "reform does it is more difficult to bring about than reform is actually"
## [1508] "under certain circumstances revolution is much easier than reform the"
## [1509] "reason is that a revolutionary movement can inspire an intensity of"
## [1510] "commitment that a reform movement cannot inspire a reform movement"
## [1511] "merely offers to solve a particular social problem a revolutionary"
## [1512] "movement offers to solve all problems at one stroke and create a whole"
## [1513] "new world it provides the kind of ideal for which people will take"
## [1514] "great risks and make great sacrifices for this reasons it would be much"
## [1515] "easier to overthrow the whole technological system than to put effective"
## [1516] "permanent restraints on the development or application of any one"
## [1517] "segment of technology such as genetic engineering for example not many"
## [1518] "people will devote themselves with single minded passion to imposing"
## [1519] "and maintaining restraints on genetic engineering but under suitable"
## [1520] "conditions large numbers of people may devote themselves passionately to"
## [1521] "a revolution against the industrial technological system as we noted in"
## [1522] "paragraph 132 reformers seeking to limit certain aspects of technology"
## [1523] "would be working to avoid a negative outcome but revolutionaries work"
## [1524] "to gain a powerful reward fulfillment of their revolutionary vision and"
## [1525] "therefore work harder and more persistently than reformers do 142 reform"
## [1526] "is always restrained by the fear of painful consequences if changes"
## [1527] "go too far but once a revolutionary fever has taken hold of a society"
## [1528] "people are willing to undergo unlimited hardships for the sake of their"
## [1529] "revolution this was clearly shown in the french and russian revolutions"
## [1530] "it may be that in such cases only a minority of the population is"
## [1531] "really committed to the revolution but this minority is sufficiently"
## [1532] "large and active so that it becomes the dominant force in society we"
## [1533] "will have more to say about revolution in paragraphs 180 205 control"
## [1534] "of human behavior 143 since the beginning of civilization organized"
## [1535] "societies have had to put pressures on human beings of the sake of the"
## [1536] "functioning of the social organism the kinds of pressures vary greatly"
## [1537] "from one society to another some of the pressures are physical poor diet"
## [1538] "excessive labor environmental pollution some are psychological noise"
## [1539] "crowding forcing human behavior into the mold that society requires in"
## [1540] "the past human nature has been approximately constant or at any rate"
## [1541] "has varied only within certain bounds consequently societies have been"
## [1542] "able to push people only up to certain limits when the limit of human"
## [1543] "endurance has been passed things start going wrong rebellion or crime"
## [1544] "or corruption or evasion of work or depression and other mental problems"
## [1545] "or an elevated death rate or a declining birth rate or something else"
## [1546] "so that either the society breaks down or its functioning becomes too"
## [1547] "inefficient and it is quickly or gradually through conquest attrition"
## [1548] "or evolution replaced by some more efficient form of society 25 144 thus"
## [1549] "human nature has in the past put certain limits on the development of"
## [1550] "societies people could be pushed only so far and no farther but today"
## [1551] "this may be changing because modern technology is developing ways of"
## [1552] "modifying human beings 145 imagine a society that subjects people to"
## [1553] "conditions that make them terribly unhappy then gives them drugs to"
## [1554] "take away their unhappiness science fiction it is already happening"
## [1555] "to some extent in our own society it is well known that the rate of"
## [1556] "clinical depression has been greatly increasing in recent decades we"
## [1557] "believe that this is due to disruption of the power process as explained"
## [1558] "in paragraphs 59 76 but even if we are wrong the increasing rate of"
## [1559] "depression is certainly the result of some conditions that exist in"
## [1560] "today s society instead of removing the conditions that make people"
## [1561] "depressed modern society gives them antidepressant drugs in effect"
## [1562] "antidepressants are a means of modifying an individual s internal state"
## [1563] "in such a way as to enable him to tolerate social conditions that he"
## [1564] "would otherwise find intolerable yes we know that depression is often"
## [1565] "of purely genetic origin we are referring here to those cases in which"
## [1566] "environment plays the predominant role 146 drugs that affect the mind"
## [1567] "are only one example of the new methods of controlling human behavior"
## [1568] "that modern society is developing let us look at some of the other"
## [1569] "methods 147 to start with there are the techniques of surveillance"
## [1570] "hidden video cameras are now used in most stores and in many other"
## [1571] "places computers are used to collect and process vast amounts of"
## [1572] "information about individuals information so obtained greatly increases"
## [1573] "the effectiveness of physical coercion i e law enforcement 26 then there"
## [1574] "are the methods of propaganda for which the mass communication media"
## [1575] "provide effective vehicles efficient techniques have been developed"
## [1576] "for winning elections selling products influencing public opinion the"
## [1577] "entertainment industry serves as an important psychological tool of"
## [1578] "the system possibly even when it is dishing out large amounts of sex"
## [1579] "and violence entertainment provides modern man with an essential means"
## [1580] "of escape while absorbed in television videos etc he can forget stress"
## [1581] "anxiety frustration dissatisfaction many primitive peoples when they"
## [1582] "don t have work to do are quite content to sit for hours at a time"
## [1583] "doing nothing at all because they are at peace with themselves and their"
## [1584] "world but most modern people must be constantly occupied or entertained"
## [1585] "otherwise they get bored i e they get fidgety uneasy irritable 148"
## [1586] "other techniques strike deeper than the foregoing education is no"
## [1587] "longer a simple affair of paddling a kid s behind when he doesn t know"
## [1588] "his lessons and patting him on the head when he does know them it is"
## [1589] "becoming a scientific technique for controlling the child s development"
## [1590] "sylvan learning centers for example have had great success in motivating"
## [1591] "children to study and psychological techniques are also used with more"
## [1592] "or less success in many conventional schools parenting techniques that"
## [1593] "are taught to parents are designed to make children accept fundamental"
## [1594] "values of the system and behave in ways that the system finds desirable"
## [1595] "mental health programs intervention techniques psychotherapy and so"
## [1596] "forth are ostensibly designed to benefit individuals but in practice"
## [1597] "they usually serve as methods for inducing individuals to think"
## [1598] "and behave as the system requires there is no contradiction here an"
## [1599] "individual whose attitudes or behavior bring him into conflict with the"
## [1600] "system is up against a force that is too powerful for him to conquer"
## [1601] "or escape from hence he is likely to suffer from stress frustration"
## [1602] "defeat his path will be much easier if he thinks and behaves as the"
## [1603] "system requires in that sense the system is acting for the benefit of"
## [1604] "the individual when it brainwashes him into conformity child abuse in"
## [1605] "its gross and obvious forms is disapproved in most if not all cultures"
## [1606] "tormenting a child for a trivial reason or no reason at all is something"
## [1607] "that appalls almost everyone but many psychologists interpret the"
## [1608] "concept of abuse much more broadly is spanking when used as part of"
## [1609] "a rational and consistent system of discipline a form of abuse the"
## [1610] "question will ultimately be decided by whether or not spanking tends"
## [1611] "to produce behavior that makes a person fit in well with the existing"
## [1612] "system of society in practice the word abuse tends to be interpreted to"
## [1613] "include any method of child rearing that produces behavior inconvenient"
## [1614] "for the system thus when they go beyond the prevention of obvious"
## [1615] "senseless cruelty programs for preventing child abuse are directed"
## [1616] "toward the control of human behavior on behalf of the system 149"
## [1617] "presumably research will continue to increase the effectiveness of"
## [1618] "psychological techniques for controlling human behavior but we think it"
## [1619] "is unlikely that psychological techniques alone will be sufficient to"
## [1620] "adjust human beings to the kind of society that technology is creating"
## [1621] "biological methods probably will have to be used we have already"
## [1622] "mentioned the use of drugs in this connection neurology may provide"
## [1623] "other avenues for modifying the human mind genetic engineering of human"
## [1624] "beings is already beginning to occur in the form of gene therapy and"
## [1625] "there is no reason to assume that such methods will not eventually be"
## [1626] "used to modify those aspects of the body that affect mental functioning"
## [1627] "150 as we mentioned in paragraph 134 industrial society seems likely"
## [1628] "to be entering a period of severe stress due in part to problems of"
## [1629] "human behavior and in part to economic and environmental problems and"
## [1630] "a considerable proportion of the system s economic and environmental"
## [1631] "problems result from the way human beings behave alienation low self"
## [1632] "esteem depression hostility rebellion children who won t study youth"
## [1633] "gangs illegal drug use rape child abuse other crimes unsafe sex teen"
## [1634] "pregnancy population growth political corruption race hatred ethnic"
## [1635] "rivalry bitter ideological conflict e g pro choice vs pro life political"
## [1636] "extremism terrorism sabotage anti government groups hate groups all"
## [1637] "these threaten the very survival of the system the system will therefore"
## [1638] "be forced to use every practical means of controlling human behavior"
## [1639] "151 the social disruption that we see today is certainly not the result"
## [1640] "of mere chance it can only be a result of the conditions of life that"
## [1641] "the system imposes on people we have argued that the most important"
## [1642] "of these conditions is disruption of the power process if the systems"
## [1643] "succeeds in imposing sufficient control over human behavior to assure"
## [1644] "its own survival a new watershed in human history will have been passed"
## [1645] "whereas formerly the limits of human endurance have imposed limits"
## [1646] "on the development of societies as we explained in paragraphs 143 144"
## [1647] "industrial technological society will be able to pass those limits by"
## [1648] "modifying human beings whether by psychological methods or biological"
## [1649] "methods or both in the future social systems will not be adjusted to"
## [1650] "suit the needs of human beings instead human being will be adjusted to"
## [1651] "suit the needs of the system 27 152 generally speaking technological"
## [1652] "control over human behavior will probably not be introduced with a"
## [1653] "totalitarian intention or even through a conscious desire to restrict"
## [1654] "human freedom 28 each new step in the assertion of control over the"
## [1655] "human mind will be taken as a rational response to a problem that faces"
## [1656] "society such as curing alcoholism reducing the crime rate or inducing"
## [1657] "young people to study science and engineering in many cases there"
## [1658] "will be a humanitarian justification for example when a psychiatrist"
## [1659] "prescribes an anti depressant for a depressed patient he is clearly"
## [1660] "doing that individual a favor it would be inhumane to withhold the drug"
## [1661] "from someone who needs it when parents send their children to sylvan"
## [1662] "learning centers to have them manipulated into becoming enthusiastic"
## [1663] "about their studies they do so from concern for their children s welfare"
## [1664] "it may be that some of these parents wish that one didn t have to have"
## [1665] "specialized training to get a job and that their kid didn t have to"
## [1666] "be brainwashed into becoming a computer nerd but what can they do they"
## [1667] "can t change society and their child may be unemployable if he doesn"
## [1668] "t have certain skills so they send him to sylvan 153 thus control over"
## [1669] "human behavior will be introduced not by a calculated decision of the"
## [1670] "authorities but through a process of social evolution rapid evolution"
## [1671] "however the process will be impossible to resist because each advance"
## [1672] "considered by itself will appear to be beneficial or at least the evil"
## [1673] "involved in making the advance will appear to be beneficial or at least"
## [1674] "the evil involved in making the advance will seem to be less than that"
## [1675] "which would result from not making it see paragraph 127 propaganda"
## [1676] "for example is used for many good purposes such as discouraging child"
## [1677] "abuse or race hatred 14 sex education is obviously useful yet the"
## [1678] "effect of sex education to the extent that it is successful is to take"
## [1679] "the shaping of sexual attitudes away from the family and put it into"
## [1680] "the hands of the state as represented by the public school system 154"
## [1681] "suppose a biological trait is discovered that increases the likelihood"
## [1682] "that a child will grow up to be a criminal and suppose some sort of"
## [1683] "gene therapy can remove this trait 29 of course most parents whose"
## [1684] "children possess the trait will have them undergo the therapy it would"
## [1685] "be inhumane to do otherwise since the child would probably have a"
## [1686] "miserable life if he grew up to be a criminal but many or most primitive"
## [1687] "societies have a low crime rate in comparison with that of our society"
## [1688] "even though they have neither high tech methods of child rearing nor"
## [1689] "harsh systems of punishment since there is no reason to suppose that"
## [1690] "more modern men than primitive men have innate predatory tendencies"
## [1691] "the high crime rate of our society must be due to the pressures that"
## [1692] "modern conditions put on people to which many cannot or will not adjust"
## [1693] "thus a treatment designed to remove potential criminal tendencies is"
## [1694] "at least in part a way of re engineering people so that they suit the"
## [1695] "requirements of the system 155 our society tends to regard as a sickness"
## [1696] "any mode of thought or behavior that is inconvenient for the system"
## [1697] "and this is plausible because when an individual doesn t fit into the"
## [1698] "system it causes pain to the individual as well as problems for the"
## [1699] "system thus the manipulation of an individual to adjust him to the"
## [1700] "system is seen as a cure for a sickness and therefore as good 156 in"
## [1701] "paragraph 127 we pointed out that if the use of a new item of technology"
## [1702] "is initially optional it does not necessarily remain optional because"
## [1703] "the new technology tends to change society in such a way that it becomes"
## [1704] "difficult or impossible for an individual to function without using"
## [1705] "that technology this applies also to the technology of human behavior"
## [1706] "in a world in which most children are put through a program to make"
## [1707] "them enthusiastic about studying a parent will almost be forced to"
## [1708] "put his kid through such a program because if he does not then the kid"
## [1709] "will grow up to be comparatively speaking an ignoramus and therefore"
## [1710] "unemployable or suppose a biological treatment is discovered that"
## [1711] "without undesirable side effects will greatly reduce the psychological"
## [1712] "stress from which so many people suffer in our society if large numbers"
## [1713] "of people choose to undergo the treatment then the general level of"
## [1714] "stress in society will be reduced so that it will be possible for the"
## [1715] "system to increase the stress producing pressures in fact something"
## [1716] "like this seems to have happened already with one of our society s"
## [1717] "most important psychological tools for enabling people to reduce or"
## [1718] "at least temporarily escape from stress namely mass entertainment see"
## [1719] "paragraph 147 our use of mass entertainment is optional no law requires"
## [1720] "us to watch television listen to the radio read magazines yet mass"
## [1721] "entertainment is a means of escape and stress reduction on which most"
## [1722] "of us have become dependent everyone complains about the trashiness of"
## [1723] "television but almost everyone watches it a few have kicked the tv habit"
## [1724] "but it would be a rare person who could get along today without using"
## [1725] "any form of mass entertainment yet until quite recently in human history"
## [1726] "most people got along very nicely with no other entertainment than that"
## [1727] "which each local community created for itself without the entertainment"
## [1728] "industry the system probably would not have been able to get away with"
## [1729] "putting as much stress producing pressure on us as it does 157 assuming"
## [1730] "that industrial society survives it is likely that technology will"
## [1731] "eventually acquire something approaching complete control over human"
## [1732] "behavior it has been established beyond any rational doubt that human"
## [1733] "thought and behavior have a largely biological basis as experimenters"
## [1734] "have demonstrated feelings such as hunger pleasure anger and fear"
## [1735] "can be turned on and off by electrical stimulation of appropriate"
## [1736] "parts of the brain memories can be destroyed by damaging parts of the"
## [1737] "brain or they can be brought to the surface by electrical stimulation"
## [1738] "hallucinations can be induced or moods changed by drugs there may or"
## [1739] "may not be an immaterial human soul but if there is one it clearly is"
## [1740] "less powerful that the biological mechanisms of human behavior for if"
## [1741] "that were not the case then researchers would not be able so easily"
## [1742] "to manipulate human feelings and behavior with drugs and electrical"
## [1743] "currents 158 it presumably would be impractical for all people to have"
## [1744] "electrodes inserted in their heads so that they could be controlled by"
## [1745] "the authorities but the fact that human thoughts and feelings are so"
## [1746] "open to biological intervention shows that the problem of controlling"
## [1747] "human behavior is mainly a technical problem a problem of neurons"
## [1748] "hormones and complex molecules the kind of problem that is accessible to"
## [1749] "scientific attack given the outstanding record of our society in solving"
## [1750] "technical problems it is overwhelmingly probable that great advances"
## [1751] "will be made in the control of human behavior 159 will public resistance"
## [1752] "prevent the introduction of technological control of human behavior it"
## [1753] "certainly would if an attempt were made to introduce such control all"
## [1754] "at once but since technological control will be introduced through a"
## [1755] "long sequence of small advances there will be no rational and effective"
## [1756] "public resistance see paragraphs 127 132 153 160 to those who think"
## [1757] "that all this sounds like science fiction we point out that yesterday s"
## [1758] "science fiction is today s fact the industrial revolution has radically"
## [1759] "altered man s environment and way of life and it is only to be expected"
## [1760] "that as technology is increasingly applied to the human body and mind"
## [1761] "man himself will be altered as radically as his environment and way of"
## [1762] "life have been human race at a crossroads 161 but we have gotten ahead"
## [1763] "of our story it is one thing to develop in the laboratory a series of"
## [1764] "psychological or biological techniques for manipulating human behavior"
## [1765] "and quite another to integrate these techniques into a functioning"
## [1766] "social system the latter problem is the more difficult of the two"
## [1767] "for example while the techniques of educational psychology doubtless"
## [1768] "work quite well in the lab schools where they are developed it is not"
## [1769] "necessarily easy to apply them effectively throughout our educational"
## [1770] "system we all know what many of our schools are like the teachers are"
## [1771] "too busy taking knives and guns away from the kids to subject them to"
## [1772] "the latest techniques for making them into computer nerds thus in spite"
## [1773] "of all its technical advances relating to human behavior the system to"
## [1774] "date has not been impressively successful in controlling human beings"
## [1775] "the people whose behavior is fairly well under the control of the system"
## [1776] "are those of the type that might be called bourgeois but there are"
## [1777] "growing numbers of people who in one way or another are rebels against"
## [1778] "the system welfare leaches youth gangs cultists satanists nazis radical"
## [1779] "environmentalists militiamen etc 162 the system is currently engaged"
## [1780] "in a desperate struggle to overcome certain problems that threaten"
## [1781] "its survival among which the problems of human behavior are the most"
## [1782] "important if the system succeeds in acquiring sufficient control over"
## [1783] "human behavior quickly enough it will probably survive otherwise it will"
## [1784] "break down we think the issue will most likely be resolved within the"
## [1785] "next several decades say 40 to 100 years 163 suppose the system survives"
## [1786] "the crisis of the next several decades by that time it will have to"
## [1787] "have solved or at least brought under control the principal problems"
## [1788] "that confront it in particular that of socializing human beings that"
## [1789] "is making people sufficiently docile so that heir behavior no longer"
## [1790] "threatens the system that being accomplished it does not appear that"
## [1791] "there would be any further obstacle to the development of technology"
## [1792] "and it would presumably advance toward its logical conclusion which"
## [1793] "is complete control over everything on earth including human beings"
## [1794] "and all other important organisms the system may become a unitary"
## [1795] "monolithic organization or it may be more or less fragmented and"
## [1796] "consist of a number of organizations coexisting in a relationship that"
## [1797] "includes elements of both cooperation and competition just as today the"
## [1798] "government the corporations and other large organizations both cooperate"
## [1799] "and compete with one another human freedom mostly will have vanished"
## [1800] "because individuals and small groups will be impotent vis a vis large"
## [1801] "organizations armed with supertechnology and an arsenal of advanced"
## [1802] "psychological and biological tools for manipulating human beings besides"
## [1803] "instruments of surveillance and physical coercion only a small number"
## [1804] "of people will have any real power and even these probably will have"
## [1805] "only very limited freedom because their behavior too will be regulated"
## [1806] "just as today our politicians and corporation executives can retain"
## [1807] "their positions of power only as long as their behavior remains within"
## [1808] "certain fairly narrow limits 164 don t imagine that the systems will"
## [1809] "stop developing further techniques for controlling human beings and"
## [1810] "nature once the crisis of the next few decades is over and increasing"
## [1811] "control is no longer necessary for the system s survival on the contrary"
## [1812] "once the hard times are over the system will increase its control over"
## [1813] "people and nature more rapidly because it will no longer be hampered"
## [1814] "by difficulties of the kind that it is currently experiencing survival"
## [1815] "is not the principal motive for extending control as we explained in"
## [1816] "paragraphs 87 90 technicians and scientists carry on their work largely"
## [1817] "as a surrogate activity that is they satisfy their need for power by"
## [1818] "solving technical problems they will continue to do this with unabated"
## [1819] "enthusiasm and among the most interesting and challenging problems for"
## [1820] "them to solve will be those of understanding the human body and mind and"
## [1821] "intervening in their development for the good of humanity of course 165"
## [1822] "but suppose on the other hand that the stresses of the coming decades"
## [1823] "prove to be too much for the system if the system breaks down there may"
## [1824] "be a period of chaos a time of troubles such as those that history has"
## [1825] "recorded at various epochs in the past it is impossible to predict what"
## [1826] "would emerge from such a time of troubles but at any rate the human"
## [1827] "race would be given a new chance the greatest danger is that industrial"
## [1828] "society may begin to reconstitute itself within the first few years"
## [1829] "after the breakdown certainly there will be many people power hungry"
## [1830] "types especially who will be anxious to get the factories running again"
## [1831] "166 therefore two tasks confront those who hate the servitude to which"
## [1832] "the industrial system is reducing the human race first we must work to"
## [1833] "heighten the social stresses within the system so as to increase the"
## [1834] "likelihood that it will break down or be weakened sufficiently so that a"
## [1835] "revolution against it becomes possible second it is necessary to develop"
## [1836] "and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and the industrial"
## [1837] "society if and when the system becomes sufficiently weakened and such an"
## [1838] "ideology will help to assure that if and when industrial society breaks"
## [1839] "down its remnants will be smashed beyond repair so that the system"
## [1840] "cannot be reconstituted the factories should be destroyed technical"
## [1841] "books burned etc human suffering 167 the industrial system will not"
## [1842] "break down purely as a result of revolutionary action it will not be"
## [1843] "vulnerable to revolutionary attack unless its own internal problems"
## [1844] "of development lead it into very serious difficulties so if the system"
## [1845] "breaks down it will do so either spontaneously or through a process"
## [1846] "that is in part spontaneous but helped along by revolutionaries if the"
## [1847] "breakdown is sudden many people will die since the world s population"
## [1848] "has become so overblown that it cannot even feed itself any longer"
## [1849] "without advanced technology even if the breakdown is gradual enough"
## [1850] "so that reduction of the population can occur more through lowering"
## [1851] "of the birth rate than through elevation of the death rate the process"
## [1852] "of de industrialization probably will be very chaotic and involve much"
## [1853] "suffering it is naive to think it likely that technology can be phased"
## [1854] "out in a smoothly managed orderly way especially since the technophiles"
## [1855] "will fight stubbornly at every step is it therefore cruel to work for"
## [1856] "the breakdown of the system maybe but maybe not in the first place"
## [1857] "revolutionaries will not be able to break the system down unless it is"
## [1858] "already in enough trouble so that there would be a good chance of its"
## [1859] "eventually breaking down by itself anyway and the bigger the system"
## [1860] "grows the more disastrous the consequences of its breakdown will be so"
## [1861] "it may be that revolutionaries by hastening the onset of the breakdown"
## [1862] "will be reducing the extent of the disaster 168 in the second place"
## [1863] "one has to balance struggle and death against the loss of freedom and"
## [1864] "dignity to many of us freedom and dignity are more important than a long"
## [1865] "life or avoidance of physical pain besides we all have to die some time"
## [1866] "and it may be better to die fighting for survival or for a cause than"
## [1867] "to live a long but empty and purposeless life 169 in the third place"
## [1868] "it is not at all certain that survival of the system will lead to less"
## [1869] "suffering than breakdown of the system would the system has already"
## [1870] "caused and is continuing to cause immense suffering all over the world"
## [1871] "ancient cultures that for hundreds of years gave people a satisfactory"
## [1872] "relationship with each other and with their environment have been"
## [1873] "shattered by contact with industrial society and the result has been"
## [1874] "a whole catalogue of economic environmental social and psychological"
## [1875] "problems one of the effects of the intrusion of industrial society has"
## [1876] "been that over much of the world traditional controls on population"
## [1877] "have been thrown out of balance hence the population explosion with"
## [1878] "all that that implies then there is the psychological suffering that"
## [1879] "is widespread throughout the supposedly fortunate countries of the"
## [1880] "west see paragraphs 44 45 no one knows what will happen as a result"
## [1881] "of ozone depletion the greenhouse effect and other environmental"
## [1882] "problems that cannot yet be foreseen and as nuclear proliferation has"
## [1883] "shown new technology cannot be kept out of the hands of dictators and"
## [1884] "irresponsible third world nations would you like to speculate about"
## [1885] "what iraq or north korea will do with genetic engineering 170 oh say"
## [1886] "the technophiles science is going to fix all that we will conquer famine"
## [1887] "eliminate psychological suffering make everybody healthy and happy"
## [1888] "yeah sure that s what they said 200 years ago the industrial revolution"
## [1889] "was supposed to eliminate poverty make everybody happy etc the actual"
## [1890] "result has been quite different the technophiles are hopelessly naive"
## [1891] "or self deceiving in their understanding of social problems they are"
## [1892] "unaware of or choose to ignore the fact that when large changes even"
## [1893] "seemingly beneficial ones are introduced into a society they lead to a"
## [1894] "long sequence of other changes most of which are impossible to predict"
## [1895] "paragraph 103 the result is disruption of the society so it is very"
## [1896] "probable that in their attempts to end poverty and disease engineer"
## [1897] "docile happy personalities and so forth the technophiles will create"
## [1898] "social systems that are terribly troubled even more so than the present"
## [1899] "once for example the scientists boast that they will end famine by"
## [1900] "creating new genetically engineered food plants but this will allow the"
## [1901] "human population to keep expanding indefinitely and it is well known"
## [1902] "that crowding leads to increased stress and aggression this is merely"
## [1903] "one example of the predictable problems that will arise we emphasize"
## [1904] "that as past experience has shown technical progress will lead to other"
## [1905] "new problems that cannot be predicted in advance paragraph 103 in fact"
## [1906] "ever since the industrial revolution technology has been creating new"
## [1907] "problems for society far more rapidly than it has been solving old"
## [1908] "ones thus it will take a long and difficult period of trial and error"
## [1909] "for the technophiles to work the bugs out of their brave new world if"
## [1910] "they every do in the meantime there will be great suffering so it is"
## [1911] "not at all clear that the survival of industrial society would involve"
## [1912] "less suffering than the breakdown of that society would technology has"
## [1913] "gotten the human race into a fix from which there is not likely to be"
## [1914] "any easy escape the future 171 but suppose now that industrial society"
## [1915] "does survive the next several decades and that the bugs do eventually"
## [1916] "get worked out of the system so that it functions smoothly what kind"
## [1917] "of system will it be we will consider several possibilities 172 first"
## [1918] "let us postulate that the computer scientists succeed in developing"
## [1919] "intelligent machines that can do all things better than human beings"
## [1920] "can do them in that case presumably all work will be done by vast highly"
## [1921] "organized systems of machines and no human effort will be necessary"
## [1922] "either of two cases might occur the machines might be permitted to make"
## [1923] "all of their own decisions without human oversight or else human control"
## [1924] "over the machines might be retained 173 if the machines are permitted"
## [1925] "to make all their own decisions we can t make any conjectures as to"
## [1926] "the results because it is impossible to guess how such machines might"
## [1927] "behave we only point out that the fate of the human race would be at"
## [1928] "the mercy of the machines it might be argued that the human race would"
## [1929] "never be foolish enough to hand over all power to the machines but we"
## [1930] "are suggesting neither that the human race would voluntarily turn power"
## [1931] "over to the machines nor that the machines would willfully seize power"
## [1932] "what we do suggest is that the human race might easily permit itself to"
## [1933] "drift into a position of such dependence on the machines that it would"
## [1934] "have no practical choice but to accept all of the machines decisions as"
## [1935] "society and the problems that face it become more and more complex and"
## [1936] "as machines become more and more intelligent people will let machines"
## [1937] "make more and more of their decisions for them simply because machine"
## [1938] "made decisions will bring better results than man made ones eventually a"
## [1939] "stage may be reached at which the decisions necessary to keep the system"
## [1940] "running will be so complex that human beings will be incapable of making"
## [1941] "them intelligently at that stage the machines will be in effective"
## [1942] "control people won t be able to just turn the machines off because"
## [1943] "they will be so dependent on them that turning them off would amount to"
## [1944] "suicide 174 on the other hand it is possible that human control over the"
## [1945] "machines may be retained in that case the average man may have control"
## [1946] "over certain private machines of his own such as his car or his personal"
## [1947] "computer but control over large systems of machines will be in the hands"
## [1948] "of a tiny elite just as it is today but with two differences due to"
## [1949] "improved techniques the elite will have greater control over the masses"
## [1950] "and because human work will no longer be necessary the masses will be"
## [1951] "superfluous a useless burden on the system if the elite is ruthless"
## [1952] "they may simply decide to exterminate the mass of humanity if they are"
## [1953] "humane they may use propaganda or other psychological or biological"
## [1954] "techniques to reduce the birth rate until the mass of humanity becomes"
## [1955] "extinct leaving the world to the elite or if the elite consists of soft"
## [1956] "hearted liberals they may decide to play the role of good shepherds to"
## [1957] "the rest of the human race they will see to it that everyone s physical"
## [1958] "needs are satisfied that all children are raised under psychologically"
## [1959] "hygienic conditions that everyone has a wholesome hobby to keep him"
## [1960] "busy and that anyone who may become dissatisfied undergoes treatment to"
## [1961] "cure his problem of course life will be so purposeless that people will"
## [1962] "have to be biologically or psychologically engineered either to remove"
## [1963] "their need for the power process or to make them sublimate their drive"
## [1964] "for power into some harmless hobby these engineered human beings may be"
## [1965] "happy in such a society but they most certainly will not be free they"
## [1966] "will have been reduced to the status of domestic animals 175 but suppose"
## [1967] "now that the computer scientists do not succeed in developing artificial"
## [1968] "intelligence so that human work remains necessary even so machines will"
## [1969] "take care of more and more of the simpler tasks so that there will be"
## [1970] "an increasing surplus of human workers at the lower levels of ability we"
## [1971] "see this happening already there are many people who find it difficult"
## [1972] "or impossible to get work because for intellectual or psychological"
## [1973] "reasons they cannot acquire the level of training necessary to make"
## [1974] "themselves useful in the present system on those who are employed ever"
## [1975] "increasing demands will be placed they will need more and more training"
## [1976] "more and more ability and will have to be ever more reliable conforming"
## [1977] "and docile because they will be more and more like cells of a giant"
## [1978] "organism their tasks will be increasingly specialized so that their work"
## [1979] "will be in a sense out of touch with the real world being concentrated"
## [1980] "on one tiny slice of reality the system will have to use any means that"
## [1981] "it can whether psychological or biological to engineer people to be"
## [1982] "docile to have the abilities that the system requires and to sublimate"
## [1983] "their drive for power into some specialized task but the statement"
## [1984] "that the people of such a society will have to be docile may require"
## [1985] "qualification the society may find competitiveness useful provided that"
## [1986] "ways are found of directing competitiveness into channels that serve"
## [1987] "the needs of the system we can imagine a future society in which there"
## [1988] "is endless competition for positions of prestige and power but no more"
## [1989] "than a very few people will ever reach the top where the only real"
## [1990] "power is see end of paragraph 163 very repellent is a society in which"
## [1991] "a person can satisfy his need for power only by pushing large numbers"
## [1992] "of other people out of the way and depriving them of their opportunity"
## [1993] "for power 176 one can envision scenarios that incorporate aspects of"
## [1994] "more than one of the possibilities that we have just discussed for"
## [1995] "instance it may be that machines will take over most of the work that"
## [1996] "is of real practical importance but that human beings will be kept busy"
## [1997] "by being given relatively unimportant work it has been suggested for"
## [1998] "example that a great development of the service industries might provide"
## [1999] "work for human beings thus people would spent their time shining each"
## [2000] "other s shoes driving each other around in taxicabs making handicrafts"
## [2001] "for one another waiting on each other s tables etc this seems to us a"
## [2002] "thoroughly contemptible way for the human race to end up and we doubt"
## [2003] "that many people would find fulfilling lives in such pointless busy"
## [2004] "work they would seek other dangerous outlets drugs crime cults hate"
## [2005] "groups unless they were biologically or psychologically engineered"
## [2006] "to adapt them to such a way of life 177 needless to say the scenarios"
## [2007] "outlined above do not exhaust all the possibilities they only indicate"
## [2008] "the kinds of outcomes that seem to us most likely but we can envision"
## [2009] "no plausible scenarios that are any more palatable than the ones we"
## [2010] "ve just described it is overwhelmingly probable that if the industrial"
## [2011] "technological system survives the next 40 to 100 years it will by that"
## [2012] "time have developed certain general characteristics individuals at"
## [2013] "least those of the bourgeois type who are integrated into the system"
## [2014] "and make it run and who therefore have all the power will be more"
## [2015] "dependent than ever on large organizations they will be more socialized"
## [2016] "than ever and their physical and mental qualities to a significant"
## [2017] "extent possibly to a very great extent will be those that are engineered"
## [2018] "into them rather than being the results of chance or of god s will or"
## [2019] "whatever and whatever may be left of wild nature will be reduced to"
## [2020] "remnants preserved for scientific study and kept under the supervision"
## [2021] "and management of scientists hence it will no longer be truly wild in"
## [2022] "the long run say a few centuries from now it is likely that neither"
## [2023] "the human race nor any other important organisms will exist as we know"
## [2024] "them today because once you start modifying organisms through genetic"
## [2025] "engineering there is no reason to stop at any particular point so that"
## [2026] "the modifications will probably continue until man and other organisms"
## [2027] "have been utterly transformed 178 whatever else may be the case it is"
## [2028] "certain that technology is creating for human beings a new physical and"
## [2029] "social environment radically different from the spectrum of environments"
## [2030] "to which natural selection has adapted the human race physically and"
## [2031] "psychologically if man is not adjusted to this new environment by being"
## [2032] "artificially re engineered then he will be adapted to it through a long"
## [2033] "and painful process of natural selection the former is far more likely"
## [2034] "than the latter 179 it would be better to dump the whole stinking system"
## [2035] "and take the consequences strategy 180 the technophiles are taking us"
## [2036] "all on an utterly reckless ride into the unknown many people understand"
## [2037] "something of what technological progress is doing to us yet take a"
## [2038] "passive attitude toward it because they think it is inevitable but we fc"
## [2039] "don t think it is inevitable we think it can be stopped and we will give"
## [2040] "here some indications of how to go about stopping it 181 as we stated"
## [2041] "in paragraph 166 the two main tasks for the present are to promote"
## [2042] "social stress and instability in industrial society and to develop and"
## [2043] "propagate an ideology that opposes technology and the industrial system"
## [2044] "when the system becomes sufficiently stressed and unstable a revolution"
## [2045] "against technology may be possible the pattern would be similar to"
## [2046] "that of the french and russian revolutions french society and russian"
## [2047] "society for several decades prior to their respective revolutions"
## [2048] "showed increasing signs of stress and weakness meanwhile ideologies"
## [2049] "were being developed that offered a new world view that was quite"
## [2050] "different from the old one in the russian case revolutionaries were"
## [2051] "actively working to undermine the old order then when the old system"
## [2052] "was put under sufficient additional stress by financial crisis in france"
## [2053] "by military defeat in russia it was swept away by revolution what we"
## [2054] "propose is something along the same lines 182 it will be objected that"
## [2055] "the french and russian revolutions were failures but most revolutions"
## [2056] "have two goals one is to destroy an old form of society and the other"
## [2057] "is to set up the new form of society envisioned by the revolutionaries"
## [2058] "the french and russian revolutionaries failed fortunately to create"
## [2059] "the new kind of society of which they dreamed but they were quite"
## [2060] "successful in destroying the old society we have no illusions about"
## [2061] "the feasibility of creating a new ideal form of society our goal is"
## [2062] "only to destroy the existing form of society 183 but an ideology in"
## [2063] "order to gain enthusiastic support must have a positive ideal as well"
## [2064] "as a negative one it must be for something as well as against something"
## [2065] "the positive ideal that we propose is nature that is wild nature those"
## [2066] "aspects of the functioning of the earth and its living things that"
## [2067] "are independent of human management and free of human interference and"
## [2068] "control and with wild nature we include human nature by which we mean"
## [2069] "those aspects of the functioning of the human individual that are not"
## [2070] "subject to regulation by organized society but are products of chance or"
## [2071] "free will or god depending on your religious or philosophical opinions"
## [2072] "184 nature makes a perfect counter ideal to technology for several"
## [2073] "reasons nature that which is outside the power of the system is the"
## [2074] "opposite of technology which seeks to expand indefinitely the power of"
## [2075] "the system most people will agree that nature is beautiful certainly"
## [2076] "it has tremendous popular appeal the radical environmentalists already"
## [2077] "hold an ideology that exalts nature and opposes technology 30 it is"
## [2078] "not necessary for the sake of nature to set up some chimerical utopia"
## [2079] "or any new kind of social order nature takes care of itself it was a"
## [2080] "spontaneous creation that existed long before any human society and for"
## [2081] "countless centuries many different kinds of human societies coexisted"
## [2082] "with nature without doing it an excessive amount of damage only with the"
## [2083] "industrial revolution did the effect of human society on nature become"
## [2084] "really devastating to relieve the pressure on nature it is not necessary"
## [2085] "to create a special kind of social system it is only necessary to get"
## [2086] "rid of industrial society granted this will not solve all problems"
## [2087] "industrial society has already done tremendous damage to nature and"
## [2088] "it will take a very long time for the scars to heal besides even pre"
## [2089] "industrial societies can do significant damage to nature nevertheless"
## [2090] "getting rid of industrial society will accomplish a great deal it"
## [2091] "will relieve the worst of the pressure on nature so that the scars can"
## [2092] "begin to heal it will remove the capacity of organized society to keep"
## [2093] "increasing its control over nature including human nature whatever"
## [2094] "kind of society may exist after the demise of the industrial system it"
## [2095] "is certain that most people will live close to nature because in the"
## [2096] "absence of advanced technology there is no other way that people can"
## [2097] "live to feed themselves they must be peasants or herdsmen or fishermen"
## [2098] "or hunters etc and generally speaking local autonomy should tend to"
## [2099] "increase because lack of advanced technology and rapid communications"
## [2100] "will limit the capacity of governments or other large organizations"
## [2101] "to control local communities 185 as for the negative consequences of"
## [2102] "eliminating industrial society well you can t eat your cake and have"
## [2103] "it too to gain one thing you have to sacrifice another 186 most people"
## [2104] "hate psychological conflict for this reason they avoid doing any serious"
## [2105] "thinking about difficult social issues and they like to have such issues"
## [2106] "presented to them in simple black and white terms this is all good and"
## [2107] "that is all bad the revolutionary ideology should therefore be developed"
## [2108] "on two levels 187 on the more sophisticated level the ideology should"
## [2109] "address itself to people who are intelligent thoughtful and rational the"
## [2110] "object should be to create a core of people who will be opposed to the"
## [2111] "industrial system on a rational thought out basis with full appreciation"
## [2112] "of the problems and ambiguities involved and of the price that has"
## [2113] "to be paid for getting rid of the system it is particularly important"
## [2114] "to attract people of this type as they are capable people and will be"
## [2115] "instrumental in influencing others these people should be addressed"
## [2116] "on as rational a level as possible facts should never intentionally"
## [2117] "be distorted and intemperate language should be avoided this does not"
## [2118] "mean that no appeal can be made to the emotions but in making such"
## [2119] "appeal care should be taken to avoid misrepresenting the truth or doing"
## [2120] "anything else that would destroy the intellectual respectability of"
## [2121] "the ideology 188 on a second level the ideology should be propagated"
## [2122] "in a simplified form that will enable the unthinking majority to see"
## [2123] "the conflict of technology vs nature in unambiguous terms but even on"
## [2124] "this second level the ideology should not be expressed in language that"
## [2125] "is so cheap intemperate or irrational that it alienates people of the"
## [2126] "thoughtful and rational type cheap intemperate propaganda sometimes"
## [2127] "achieves impressive short term gains but it will be more advantageous"
## [2128] "in the long run to keep the loyalty of a small number of intelligently"
## [2129] "committed people than to arouse the passions of an unthinking fickle"
## [2130] "mob who will change their attitude as soon as someone comes along with"
## [2131] "a better propaganda gimmick however propaganda of the rabble rousing"
## [2132] "type may be necessary when the system is nearing the point of collapse"
## [2133] "and there is a final struggle between rival ideologies to determine"
## [2134] "which will become dominant when the old world view goes under 189"
## [2135] "prior to that final struggle the revolutionaries should not expect"
## [2136] "to have a majority of people on their side history is made by active"
## [2137] "determined minorities not by the majority which seldom has a clear and"
## [2138] "consistent idea of what it really wants until the time comes for the"
## [2139] "final push toward revolution 31 the task of revolutionaries will be"
## [2140] "less to win the shallow support of the majority than to build a small"
## [2141] "core of deeply committed people as for the majority it will be enough"
## [2142] "to make them aware of the existence of the new ideology and remind them"
## [2143] "of it frequently though of course it will be desirable to get majority"
## [2144] "support to the extent that this can be done without weakening the core"
## [2145] "of seriously committed people 190 any kind of social conflict helps"
## [2146] "to destabilize the system but one should be careful about what kind of"
## [2147] "conflict one encourages the line of conflict should be drawn between"
## [2148] "the mass of the people and the power holding elite of industrial society"
## [2149] "politicians scientists upper level business executives government"
## [2150] "officials etc it should not be drawn between the revolutionaries and"
## [2151] "the mass of the people for example it would be bad strategy for the"
## [2152] "revolutionaries to condemn americans for their habits of consumption"
## [2153] "instead the average american should be portrayed as a victim of the"
## [2154] "advertising and marketing industry which has suckered him into buying"
## [2155] "a lot of junk that he doesn t need and that is very poor compensation"
## [2156] "for his lost freedom either approach is consistent with the facts it is"
## [2157] "merely a matter of attitude whether you blame the advertising industry"
## [2158] "for manipulating the public or blame the public for allowing itself"
## [2159] "to be manipulated as a matter of strategy one should generally avoid"
## [2160] "blaming the public 191 one should think twice before encouraging any"
## [2161] "other social conflict than that between the power holding elite which"
## [2162] "wields technology and the general public over which technology exerts"
## [2163] "its power for one thing other conflicts tend to distract attention"
## [2164] "from the important conflicts between power elite and ordinary people"
## [2165] "between technology and nature for another thing other conflicts may"
## [2166] "actually tend to encourage technologization because each side in such"
## [2167] "a conflict wants to use technological power to gain advantages over"
## [2168] "its adversary this is clearly seen in rivalries between nations it also"
## [2169] "appears in ethnic conflicts within nations for example in america many"
## [2170] "black leaders are anxious to gain power for african americans by placing"
## [2171] "back individuals in the technological power elite they want there to be"
## [2172] "many black government officials scientists corporation executives and"
## [2173] "so forth in this way they are helping to absorb the african american"
## [2174] "subculture into the technological system generally speaking one should"
## [2175] "encourage only those social conflicts that can be fitted into the"
## [2176] "framework of the conflicts of power elite vs ordinary people technology"
## [2177] "vs nature 192 but the way to discourage ethnic conflict is not through"
## [2178] "militant advocacy of minority rights see paragraphs 21 29 instead the"
## [2179] "revolutionaries should emphasize that although minorities do suffer more"
## [2180] "or less disadvantage this disadvantage is of peripheral significance"
## [2181] "our real enemy is the industrial technological system and in the"
## [2182] "struggle against the system ethnic distinctions are of no importance"
## [2183] "193 the kind of revolution we have in mind will not necessarily involve"
## [2184] "an armed uprising against any government it may or may not involve"
## [2185] "physical violence but it will not be a political revolution its focus"
## [2186] "will be on technology and economics not politics 32 194 probably the"
## [2187] "revolutionaries should even avoid assuming political power whether"
## [2188] "by legal or illegal means until the industrial system is stressed to"
## [2189] "the danger point and has proved itself to be a failure in the eyes"
## [2190] "of most people suppose for example that some green party should win"
## [2191] "control of the united states congress in an election in order to avoid"
## [2192] "betraying or watering down their own ideology they would have to take"
## [2193] "vigorous measures to turn economic growth into economic shrinkage to"
## [2194] "the average man the results would appear disastrous there would be"
## [2195] "massive unemployment shortages of commodities etc even if the grosser"
## [2196] "ill effects could be avoided through superhumanly skillful management"
## [2197] "still people would have to begin giving up the luxuries to which they"
## [2198] "have become addicted dissatisfaction would grow the green party would"
## [2199] "be voted out of office and the revolutionaries would have suffered a"
## [2200] "severe setback for this reason the revolutionaries should not try to"
## [2201] "acquire political power until the system has gotten itself into such"
## [2202] "a mess that any hardships will be seen as resulting from the failures"
## [2203] "of the industrial system itself and not from the policies of the"
## [2204] "revolutionaries the revolution against technology will probably have"
## [2205] "to be a revolution by outsiders a revolution from below and not from"
## [2206] "above 195 the revolution must be international and worldwide it cannot"
## [2207] "be carried out on a nation by nation basis whenever it is suggested"
## [2208] "that the united states for example should cut back on technological"
## [2209] "progress or economic growth people get hysterical and start screaming"
## [2210] "that if we fall behind in technology the japanese will get ahead of"
## [2211] "us holy robots the world will fly off its orbit if the japanese ever"
## [2212] "sell more cars than we do nationalism is a great promoter of technology"
## [2213] "more reasonably it is argued that if the relatively democratic nations"
## [2214] "of the world fall behind in technology while nasty dictatorial nations"
## [2215] "like china vietnam and north korea continue to progress eventually the"
## [2216] "dictators may come to dominate the world that is why the industrial"
## [2217] "system should be attacked in all nations simultaneously to the extent"
## [2218] "that this may be possible true there is no assurance that the industrial"
## [2219] "system can be destroyed at approximately the same time all over the"
## [2220] "world and it is even conceivable that the attempt to overthrow the"
## [2221] "system could lead instead to the domination of the system by dictators"
## [2222] "that is a risk that has to be taken and it is worth taking since the"
## [2223] "difference between a democratic industrial system and one controlled"
## [2224] "by dictators is small compared with the difference between an"
## [2225] "industrial system and a non industrial one 33 it might even be argued"
## [2226] "that an industrial system controlled by dictators would be preferable"
## [2227] "because dictator controlled systems usually have proved inefficient"
## [2228] "hence they are presumably more likely to break down look at cuba 196"
## [2229] "revolutionaries might consider favoring measures that tend to bind the"
## [2230] "world economy into a unified whole free trade agreements like nafta"
## [2231] "and gatt are probably harmful to the environment in the short run but"
## [2232] "in the long run they may perhaps be advantageous because they foster"
## [2233] "economic interdependence between nations it will be easier to destroy"
## [2234] "the industrial system on a worldwide basis if the world economy is"
## [2235] "so unified that its breakdown in any one major nation will lead to"
## [2236] "its breakdown in all industrialized nations 197 some people take the"
## [2237] "line that modern man has too much power too much control over nature"
## [2238] "they argue for a more passive attitude on the part of the human race"
## [2239] "at best these people are expressing themselves unclearly because they"
## [2240] "fail to distinguish between power for large organizations and power for"
## [2241] "individuals and small groups it is a mistake to argue for powerlessness"
## [2242] "and passivity because people need power modern man as a collective"
## [2243] "entity that is the industrial system has immense power over nature and"
## [2244] "we fc regard this as evil but modern individuals and small groups of"
## [2245] "individuals have far less power than primitive man ever did generally"
## [2246] "speaking the vast power of modern man over nature is exercised not by"
## [2247] "individuals or small groups but by large organizations to the extent"
## [2248] "that the average modern individual can wield the power of technology"
## [2249] "he is permitted to do so only within narrow limits and only under the"
## [2250] "supervision and control of the system you need a license for everything"
## [2251] "and with the license come rules and regulations the individual has only"
## [2252] "those technological powers with which the system chooses to provide him"
## [2253] "his personal power over nature is slight 198 primitive individuals and"
## [2254] "small groups actually had considerable power over nature or maybe it"
## [2255] "would be better to say power within nature when primitive man needed"
## [2256] "food he knew how to find and prepare edible roots how to track game and"
## [2257] "take it with homemade weapons he knew how to protect himself from heat"
## [2258] "cold rain dangerous animals etc but primitive man did relatively little"
## [2259] "damage to nature because the collective power of primitive society was"
## [2260] "negligible compared to the collective power of industrial society 199"
## [2261] "instead of arguing for powerlessness and passivity one should argue"
## [2262] "that the power of the industrial system should be broken and that this"
## [2263] "will greatly increase the power and freedom of individuals and small"
## [2264] "groups 200 until the industrial system has been thoroughly wrecked"
## [2265] "the destruction of that system must be the revolutionaries only goal"
## [2266] "other goals would distract attention and energy from the main goal"
## [2267] "more importantly if the revolutionaries permit themselves to have any"
## [2268] "other goal than the destruction of technology they will be tempted to"
## [2269] "use technology as a tool for reaching that other goal if they give in"
## [2270] "to that temptation they will fall right back into the technological"
## [2271] "trap because modern technology is a unified tightly organized system"
## [2272] "so that in order to retain some technology one finds oneself obliged to"
## [2273] "retain most technology hence one ends up sacrificing only token amounts"
## [2274] "of technology 201 suppose for example that the revolutionaries took"
## [2275] "social justice as a goal human nature being what it is social justice"
## [2276] "would not come about spontaneously it would have to be enforced in"
## [2277] "order to enforce it the revolutionaries would have to retain central"
## [2278] "organization and control for that they would need rapid long distance"
## [2279] "transportation and communication and therefore all the technology needed"
## [2280] "to support the transportation and communication systems to feed and"
## [2281] "clothe poor people they would have to use agricultural and manufacturing"
## [2282] "technology and so forth so that the attempt to insure social justice"
## [2283] "would force them to retain most parts of the technological system not"
## [2284] "that we have anything against social justice but it must not be allowed"
## [2285] "to interfere with the effort to get rid of the technological system"
## [2286] "202 it would be hopeless for revolutionaries to try to attack the"
## [2287] "system without using some modern technology if nothing else they must"
## [2288] "use the communications media to spread their message but they should"
## [2289] "use modern technology for only one purpose to attack the technological"
## [2290] "system 203 imagine an alcoholic sitting with a barrel of wine in front"
## [2291] "of him suppose he starts saying to himself wine isn t bad for you if"
## [2292] "used in moderation why they say small amounts of wine are even good"
## [2293] "for you it won t do me any harm if i take just one little drink well"
## [2294] "you know what is going to happen never forget that the human race"
## [2295] "with technology is just like an alcoholic with a barrel of wine 204"
## [2296] "revolutionaries should have as many children as they can there is strong"
## [2297] "scientific evidence that social attitudes are to a significant extent"
## [2298] "inherited no one suggests that a social attitude is a direct outcome of"
## [2299] "a person s genetic constitution but it appears that personality traits"
## [2300] "are partly inherited and that certain personality traits tend within"
## [2301] "the context of our society to make a person more likely to hold this"
## [2302] "or that social attitude objections to these findings have been raised"
## [2303] "but the objections are feeble and seem to be ideologically motivated"
## [2304] "in any event no one denies that children tend on the average to hold"
## [2305] "social attitudes similar to those of their parents from our point of"
## [2306] "view it doesn t matter all that much whether the attitudes are passed"
## [2307] "on genetically or through childhood training in either case they are"
## [2308] "passed on 205 the trouble is that many of the people who are inclined"
## [2309] "to rebel against the industrial system are also concerned about the"
## [2310] "population problems hence they are apt to have few or no children in"
## [2311] "this way they may be handing the world over to the sort of people who"
## [2312] "support or at least accept the industrial system to insure the strength"
## [2313] "of the next generation of revolutionaries the present generation should"
## [2314] "reproduce itself abundantly in doing so they will be worsening the"
## [2315] "population problem only slightly and the important problem is to get"
## [2316] "rid of the industrial system because once the industrial system is"
## [2317] "gone the world s population necessarily will decrease see paragraph"
## [2318] "167 whereas if the industrial system survives it will continue"
## [2319] "developing new techniques of food production that may enable the world"
## [2320] "s population to keep increasing almost indefinitely 206 with regard to"
## [2321] "revolutionary strategy the only points on which we absolutely insist"
## [2322] "are that the single overriding goal must be the elimination of modern"
## [2323] "technology and that no other goal can be allowed to compete with this"
## [2324] "one for the rest revolutionaries should take an empirical approach"
## [2325] "if experience indicates that some of the recommendations made in the"
## [2326] "foregoing paragraphs are not going to give good results then those"
## [2327] "recommendations should be discarded two kinds of technology 207 an"
## [2328] "argument likely to be raised against our proposed revolution is that"
## [2329] "it is bound to fail because it is claimed throughout history technology"
## [2330] "has always progressed never regressed hence technological regression is"
## [2331] "impossible but this claim is false 208 we distinguish between two kinds"
## [2332] "of technology which we will call small scale technology and organization"
## [2333] "dependent technology small scale technology is technology that can be"
## [2334] "used by small scale communities without outside assistance organization"
## [2335] "dependent technology is technology that depends on large scale social"
## [2336] "organization we are aware of no significant cases of regression in small"
## [2337] "scale technology but organization dependent technology does regress when"
## [2338] "the social organization on which it depends breaks down example when"
## [2339] "the roman empire fell apart the romans small scale technology survived"
## [2340] "because any clever village craftsman could build for instance a water"
## [2341] "wheel any skilled smith could make steel by roman methods and so forth"
## [2342] "but the romans organization dependent technology did regress their"
## [2343] "aqueducts fell into disrepair and were never rebuilt their techniques"
## [2344] "of road construction were lost the roman system of urban sanitation was"
## [2345] "forgotten so that not until rather recent times did the sanitation of"
## [2346] "european cities equal that of ancient rome 209 the reason why technology"
## [2347] "has seemed always to progress is that until perhaps a century or"
## [2348] "two before the industrial revolution most technology was small scale"
## [2349] "technology but most of the technology developed since the industrial"
## [2350] "revolution is organization dependent technology take the refrigerator"
## [2351] "for example without factory made parts or the facilities of a post"
## [2352] "industrial machine shop it would be virtually impossible for a handful"
## [2353] "of local craftsmen to build a refrigerator if by some miracle they did"
## [2354] "succeed in building one it would be useless to them without a reliable"
## [2355] "source of electric power so they would have to dam a stream and build"
## [2356] "a generator generators require large amounts of copper wire imagine"
## [2357] "trying to make that wire without modern machinery and where would they"
## [2358] "get a gas suitable for refrigeration it would be much easier to build"
## [2359] "an icehouse or preserve food by drying or picking as was done before the"
## [2360] "invention of the refrigerator 210 so it is clear that if the industrial"
## [2361] "system were once thoroughly broken down refrigeration technology"
## [2362] "would quickly be lost the same is true of other organization dependent"
## [2363] "technology and once this technology had been lost for a generation"
## [2364] "or so it would take centuries to rebuild it just as it took centuries"
## [2365] "to build it the first time around surviving technical books would be"
## [2366] "few and scattered an industrial society if built from scratch without"
## [2367] "outside help can only be built in a series of stages you need tools"
## [2368] "to make tools to make tools to make tools a long process of economic"
## [2369] "development and progress in social organization is required and even in"
## [2370] "the absence of an ideology opposed to technology there is no reason to"
## [2371] "believe that anyone would be interested in rebuilding industrial society"
## [2372] "the enthusiasm for progress is a phenomenon peculiar to the modern"
## [2373] "form of society and it seems not to have existed prior to the 17th"
## [2374] "century or thereabouts 211 in the late middle ages there were four main"
## [2375] "civilizations that were about equally advanced europe the islamic world"
## [2376] "india and the far east china japan korea three of those civilizations"
## [2377] "remained more or less stable and only europe became dynamic no one"
## [2378] "knows why europe became dynamic at that time historians have their"
## [2379] "theories but these are only speculation at any rate it is clear that"
## [2380] "rapid development toward a technological form of society occurs only"
## [2381] "under special conditions so there is no reason to assume that a long"
## [2382] "lasting technological regression cannot be brought about 212 would"
## [2383] "society eventually develop again toward an industrial technological form"
## [2384] "maybe but there is no use in worrying about it since we can t predict"
## [2385] "or control events 500 or 1 000 years in the future those problems must"
## [2386] "be dealt with by the people who will live at that time the danger of"
## [2387] "leftism 213 because of their need for rebellion and for membership"
## [2388] "in a movement leftists or persons of similar psychological type often"
## [2389] "are unattracted to a rebellious or activist movement whose goals and"
## [2390] "membership are not initially leftist the resulting influx of leftish"
## [2391] "types can easily turn a non leftist movement into a leftist one so that"
## [2392] "leftist goals replace or distort the original goals of the movement 214"
## [2393] "to avoid this a movement that exalts nature and opposes technology must"
## [2394] "take a resolutely anti leftist stance and must avoid all collaboration"
## [2395] "with leftists leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature"
## [2396] "with human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology leftism"
## [2397] "is collectivist it seeks to bind together the entire world both nature"
## [2398] "and the human race into a unified whole but this implies management of"
## [2399] "nature and of human life by organized society and it requires advanced"
## [2400] "technology you can t have a united world without rapid transportation"
## [2401] "and communication you can t make all people love one another without"
## [2402] "sophisticated psychological techniques you can t have a planned society"
## [2403] "without the necessary technological base above all leftism is driven"
## [2404] "by the need for power and the leftist seeks power on a collective"
## [2405] "basis through identification with a mass movement or an organization"
## [2406] "leftism is unlikely ever to give up technology because technology is"
## [2407] "too valuable a source of collective power 215 the anarchist 34 too seeks"
## [2408] "power but he seeks it on an individual or small group basis he wants"
## [2409] "individuals and small groups to be able to control the circumstances"
## [2410] "of their own lives he opposes technology because it makes small groups"
## [2411] "dependent on large organizations 216 some leftists may seem to oppose"
## [2412] "technology but they will oppose it only so long as they are outsiders"
## [2413] "and the technological system is controlled by non leftists if leftism"
## [2414] "ever becomes dominant in society so that the technological system"
## [2415] "becomes a tool in the hands of leftists they will enthusiastically"
## [2416] "use it and promote its growth in doing this they will be repeating a"
## [2417] "pattern that leftism has shown again and again in the past when the"
## [2418] "bolsheviks in russia were outsiders they vigorously opposed censorship"
## [2419] "and the secret police they advocated self determination for ethnic"
## [2420] "minorities and so forth but as soon as they came into power themselves"
## [2421] "they imposed a tighter censorship and created a more ruthless secret"
## [2422] "police than any that had existed under the tsars and they oppressed"
## [2423] "ethnic minorities at least as much as the tsars had done in the united"
## [2424] "states a couple of decades ago when leftists were a minority in our"
## [2425] "universities leftist professors were vigorous proponents of academic"
## [2426] "freedom but today in those of our universities where leftists have"
## [2427] "become dominant they have shown themselves ready to take away from"
## [2428] "everyone else s academic freedom this is political correctness the same"
## [2429] "will happen with leftists and technology they will use it to oppress"
## [2430] "everyone else if they ever get it under their own control 217 in"
## [2431] "earlier revolutions leftists of the most power hungry type repeatedly"
## [2432] "have first cooperated with non leftist revolutionaries as well as"
## [2433] "with leftists of a more libertarian inclination and later have double"
## [2434] "crossed them to seize power for themselves robespierre did this in the"
## [2435] "french revolution the bolsheviks did it in the russian revolution the"
## [2436] "communists did it in spain in 1938 and castro and his followers did it"
## [2437] "in cuba given the past history of leftism it would be utterly foolish"
## [2438] "for non leftist revolutionaries today to collaborate with leftists 218"
## [2439] "various thinkers have pointed out that leftism is a kind of religion"
## [2440] "leftism is not a religion in the strict sense because leftist doctrine"
## [2441] "does not postulate the existence of any supernatural being but for the"
## [2442] "leftist leftism plays a psychological role much like that which religion"
## [2443] "plays for some people the leftist needs to believe in leftism it plays"
## [2444] "a vital role in his psychological economy his beliefs are not easily"
## [2445] "modified by logic or facts he has a deep conviction that leftism is"
## [2446] "morally right with a capital r and that he has not only a right but a"
## [2447] "duty to impose leftist morality on everyone however many of the people"
## [2448] "we are referring to as leftists do not think of themselves as leftists"
## [2449] "and would not describe their system of beliefs as leftism we use the"
## [2450] "term leftism because we don t know of any better words to designate"
## [2451] "the spectrum of related creeds that includes the feminist gay rights"
## [2452] "political correctness etc movements and because these movements have a"
## [2453] "strong affinity with the old left see paragraphs 227 230 219 leftism is"
## [2454] "a totalitarian force wherever leftism is in a position of power it tends"
## [2455] "to invade every private corner and force every thought into a leftist"
## [2456] "mold in part this is because of the quasi religious character of leftism"
## [2457] "everything contrary to leftist beliefs represents sin more importantly"
## [2458] "leftism is a totalitarian force because of the leftists drive for power"
## [2459] "the leftist seeks to satisfy his need for power through identification"
## [2460] "with a social movement and he tries to go through the power process by"
## [2461] "helping to pursue and attain the goals of the movement see paragraph"
## [2462] "83 but no matter how far the movement has gone in attaining its goals"
## [2463] "the leftist is never satisfied because his activism is a surrogate"
## [2464] "activity see paragraph 41 that is the leftist s real motive is not"
## [2465] "to attain the ostensible goals of leftism in reality he is motivated"
## [2466] "by the sense of power he gets from struggling for and then reaching"
## [2467] "a social goal 35 consequently the leftist is never satisfied with the"
## [2468] "goals he has already attained his need for the power process leads him"
## [2469] "always to pursue some new goal the leftist wants equal opportunities for"
## [2470] "minorities when that is attained he insists on statistical equality of"
## [2471] "achievement by minorities and as long as anyone harbors in some corner"
## [2472] "of his mind a negative attitude toward some minority the leftist has"
## [2473] "to re educated him and ethnic minorities are not enough no one can be"
## [2474] "allowed to have a negative attitude toward homosexuals disabled people"
## [2475] "fat people old people ugly people and on and on and on it s not enough"
## [2476] "that the public should be informed about the hazards of smoking a"
## [2477] "warning has to be stamped on every package of cigarettes then cigarette"
## [2478] "advertising has to be restricted if not banned the activists will never"
## [2479] "be satisfied until tobacco is outlawed and after that it will be alcohol"
## [2480] "then junk food etc activists have fought gross child abuse which is"
## [2481] "reasonable but now they want to stop all spanking when they have done"
## [2482] "that they will want to ban something else they consider unwholesome then"
## [2483] "another thing and then another they will never be satisfied until they"
## [2484] "have complete control over all child rearing practices and then they"
## [2485] "will move on to another cause 220 suppose you asked leftists to make a"
## [2486] "list of all the things that were wrong with society and then suppose you"
## [2487] "instituted every social change that they demanded it is safe to say that"
## [2488] "within a couple of years the majority of leftists would find something"
## [2489] "new to complain about some new social evil to correct because once"
## [2490] "again the leftist is motivated less by distress at society s ills than"
## [2491] "by the need to satisfy his drive for power by imposing his solutions"
## [2492] "on society 221 because of the restrictions placed on their thoughts"
## [2493] "and behavior by their high level of socialization many leftists of the"
## [2494] "over socialized type cannot pursue power in the ways that other people"
## [2495] "do for them the drive for power has only one morally acceptable outlet"
## [2496] "and that is in the struggle to impose their morality on everyone 222"
## [2497] "leftists especially those of the oversocialized type are true believers"
## [2498] "in the sense of eric hoffer s book the true believer but not all true"
## [2499] "believers are of the same psychological type as leftists presumably a"
## [2500] "true believing nazi for instance is very different psychologically from"
## [2501] "a true believing leftist because of their capacity for single minded"
## [2502] "devotion to a cause true believers are a useful perhaps a necessary"
## [2503] "ingredient of any revolutionary movement this presents a problem with"
## [2504] "which we must admit we don t know how to deal we aren t sure how to"
## [2505] "harness the energies of the true believer to a revolution against"
## [2506] "technology at present all we can say is that no true believer will make"
## [2507] "a safe recruit to the revolution unless his commitment is exclusively"
## [2508] "to the destruction of technology if he is committed also to another"
## [2509] "ideal he may want to use technology as a tool for pursuing that other"
## [2510] "ideal see paragraphs 220 221 223 some readers may say this stuff about"
## [2511] "leftism is a lot of crap i know john and jane who are leftish types and"
## [2512] "they don t have all these totalitarian tendencies it s quite true that"
## [2513] "many leftists possibly even a numerical majority are decent people who"
## [2514] "sincerely believe in tolerating others values up to a point and wouldn t"
## [2515] "want to use high handed methods to reach their social goals our remarks"
## [2516] "about leftism are not meant to apply to every individual leftist but to"
## [2517] "describe the general character of leftism as a movement and the general"
## [2518] "character of a movement is not necessarily determined by the numerical"
## [2519] "proportions of the various kinds of people involved in the movement 224"
## [2520] "the people who rise to positions of power in leftist movements tend to"
## [2521] "be leftists of the most power hungry type because power hungry people"
## [2522] "are those who strive hardest to get into positions of power once the"
## [2523] "power hungry types have captured control of the movement there are"
## [2524] "many leftists of a gentler breed who inwardly disapprove of many of"
## [2525] "the actions of the leaders but cannot bring themselves to oppose them"
## [2526] "they need their faith in the movement and because they cannot give up"
## [2527] "this faith they go along with the leaders true some leftists do have"
## [2528] "the guts to oppose the totalitarian tendencies that emerge but they"
## [2529] "generally lose because the power hungry types are better organized are"
## [2530] "more ruthless and machiavellian and have taken care to build themselves"
## [2531] "a strong power base 225 these phenomena appeared clearly in russia"
## [2532] "and other countries that were taken over by leftists similarly before"
## [2533] "the breakdown of communism in the ussr leftish types in the west would"
## [2534] "seldom criticize that country if prodded they would admit that the ussr"
## [2535] "did many wrong things but then they would try to find excuses for the"
## [2536] "communists and begin talking about the faults of the west they always"
## [2537] "opposed western military resistance to communist aggression leftish"
## [2538] "types all over the world vigorously protested the u s military action in"
## [2539] "vietnam but when the ussr invaded afghanistan they did nothing not that"
## [2540] "they approved of the soviet actions but because of their leftist faith"
## [2541] "they just couldn t bear to put themselves in opposition to communism"
## [2542] "today in those of our universities where political correctness has"
## [2543] "become dominant there are probably many leftish types who privately"
## [2544] "disapprove of the suppression of academic freedom but they go along"
## [2545] "with it anyway 226 thus the fact that many individual leftists are"
## [2546] "personally mild and fairly tolerant people by no means prevents leftism"
## [2547] "as a whole form having a totalitarian tendency 227 our discussion of"
## [2548] "leftism has a serious weakness it is still far from clear what we mean"
## [2549] "by the word leftist there doesn t seem to be much we can do about this"
## [2550] "today leftism is fragmented into a whole spectrum of activist movements"
## [2551] "yet not all activist movements are leftist and some activist movements"
## [2552] "e g radical environmentalism seem to include both personalities of the"
## [2553] "leftist type and personalities of thoroughly un leftist types who ought"
## [2554] "to know better than to collaborate with leftists varieties of leftists"
## [2555] "fade out gradually into varieties of non leftists and we ourselves"
## [2556] "would often be hard pressed to decide whether a given individual"
## [2557] "is or is not a leftist to the extent that it is defined at all our"
## [2558] "conception of leftism is defined by the discussion of it that we have"
## [2559] "given in this article and we can only advise the reader to use his"
## [2560] "own judgment in deciding who is a leftist 228 but it will be helpful"
## [2561] "to list some criteria for diagnosing leftism these criteria cannot be"
## [2562] "applied in a cut and dried manner some individuals may meet some of"
## [2563] "the criteria without being leftists some leftists may not meet any of"
## [2564] "the criteria again you just have to use your judgment 229 the leftist"
## [2565] "is oriented toward large scale collectivism he emphasizes the duty of"
## [2566] "the individual to serve society and the duty of society to take care"
## [2567] "of the individual he has a negative attitude toward individualism he"
## [2568] "often takes a moralistic tone he tends to be for gun control for sex"
## [2569] "education and other psychologically enlightened educational methods for"
## [2570] "social planning for affirmative action for multiculturalism he tends"
## [2571] "to identify with victims he tends to be against competition and against"
## [2572] "violence but he often finds excuses for those leftists who do commit"
## [2573] "violence he is fond of using the common catch phrases of the left like"
## [2574] "racism sexism homophobia capitalism imperialism neocolonialism genocide"
## [2575] "social change social justice social responsibility maybe the best"
## [2576] "diagnostic trait of the leftist is his tendency to sympathize with the"
## [2577] "following movements feminism gay rights ethnic rights disability rights"
## [2578] "animal rights political correctness anyone who strongly sympathizes"
## [2579] "with all of these movements is almost certainly a leftist 36 230 the"
## [2580] "more dangerous leftists that is those who are most power hungry are"
## [2581] "often characterized by arrogance or by a dogmatic approach to ideology"
## [2582] "however the most dangerous leftists of all may be certain oversocialized"
## [2583] "types who avoid irritating displays of aggressiveness and refrain"
## [2584] "from advertising their leftism but work quietly and unobtrusively to"
## [2585] "promote collectivist values enlightened psychological techniques for"
## [2586] "socializing children dependence of the individual on the system and"
## [2587] "so forth these crypto leftists as we may call them approximate certain"
## [2588] "bourgeois types as far as practical action is concerned but differ from"
## [2589] "them in psychology ideology and motivation the ordinary bourgeois tries"
## [2590] "to bring people under control of the system in order to protect his"
## [2591] "way of life or he does so simply because his attitudes are conventional"
## [2592] "the crypto leftist tries to bring people under control of the system"
## [2593] "because he is a true believer in a collectivistic ideology the crypto"
## [2594] "leftist is differentiated from the average leftist of the oversocialized"
## [2595] "type by the fact that his rebellious impulse is weaker and he is"
## [2596] "more securely socialized he is differentiated from the ordinary well"
## [2597] "socialized bourgeois by the fact that there is some deep lack within"
## [2598] "him that makes it necessary for him to devote himself to a cause and"
## [2599] "immerse himself in a collectivity and maybe his well sublimated drive"
## [2600] "for power is stronger than that of the average bourgeois final note 231"
## [2601] "throughout this article we ve made imprecise statements and statements"
## [2602] "that ought to have had all sorts of qualifications and reservations"
## [2603] "attached to them and some of our statements may be flatly false lack of"
## [2604] "sufficient information and the need for brevity made it impossible for"
## [2605] "us to formulate our assertions more precisely or add all the necessary"
## [2606] "qualifications and of course in a discussion of this kind one must rely"
## [2607] "heavily on intuitive judgment and that can sometimes be wrong so we"
## [2608] "don t claim that this article expresses more than a crude approximation"
## [2609] "to the truth 232 all the same we are reasonably confident that the"
## [2610] "general outlines of the picture we have painted here are roughly correct"
## [2611] "just one possible weak point needs to be mentioned we have portrayed"
## [2612] "leftism in its modern form as a phenomenon peculiar to our time and as"
## [2613] "a symptom of the disruption of the power process but we might possibly"
## [2614] "be wrong about this oversocialized types who try to satisfy their drive"
## [2615] "for power by imposing their morality on everyone have certainly been"
## [2616] "around for a long time but we think that the decisive role played by"
## [2617] "feelings of inferiority low self esteem powerlessness identification"
## [2618] "with victims by people who are not themselves victims is a peculiarity"
## [2619] "of modern leftism identification with victims by people not themselves"
## [2620] "victims can be seen to some extent in 19th century leftism and early"
## [2621] "christianity but as far as we can make out symptoms of low self esteem"
## [2622] "etc were not nearly so evident in these movements or in any other"
## [2623] "movements as they are in modern leftism but we are not in a position"
## [2624] "to assert confidently that no such movements have existed prior to"
## [2625] "modern leftism this is a significant question to which historians"
## [2626] "ought to give their attention notes 1 paragraph 19 we are asserting"
## [2627] "that all or even most bullies and ruthless competitors suffer from"
## [2628] "feelings of inferiority 2 paragraph 25 during the victorian period many"
## [2629] "oversocialized people suffered from serious psychological problems as"
## [2630] "a result of repressing or trying to repress their sexual feelings freud"
## [2631] "apparently based his theories on people of this type today the focus"
## [2632] "of socialization has shifted from sex to aggression 3 paragraph 27 not"
## [2633] "necessarily including specialists in engineering or the hard sciences"
## [2634] "4 paragraph 28 there are many individuals of the middle and upper"
## [2635] "classes who resist some of these values but usually their resistance"
## [2636] "is more or less covert such resistance appears in the mass media only"
## [2637] "to a very limited extent the main thrust of propaganda in our society"
## [2638] "is in favor of the stated values the main reason why these values have"
## [2639] "become so to speak the official values of our society is that they"
## [2640] "are useful to the industrial system violence is discouraged because it"
## [2641] "disrupts the functioning of the system racism is discouraged because"
## [2642] "ethnic conflicts also disrupt the system and discrimination wastes the"
## [2643] "talents of minority group members who could be useful to the system"
## [2644] "poverty must be cured because the underclass causes problems for the"
## [2645] "system and contact with the underclass lowers the morale of the other"
## [2646] "classes women are encouraged to have careers because their talents are"
## [2647] "useful to the system and more importantly because by having regular jobs"
## [2648] "women become better integrated into the system and tied directly to it"
## [2649] "rather than to their families this helps to weaken family solidarity"
## [2650] "the leaders of the system say they want to strengthen the family but"
## [2651] "they really mean is that they want the family to serve as an effective"
## [2652] "tool for socializing children in accord with the needs of the system"
## [2653] "we argue in paragraphs 51 52 that the system cannot afford to let the"
## [2654] "family or other small scale social groups be strong or autonomous 5"
## [2655] "paragraph 42 it may be argued that the majority of people don t want"
## [2656] "to make their own decisions but want leaders to do their thinking for"
## [2657] "them there is an element of truth in this people like to make their own"
## [2658] "decisions in small matters but making decisions on difficult fundamental"
## [2659] "questions requires facing up to psychological conflict and most people"
## [2660] "hate psychological conflict hence they tend to lean on others in making"
## [2661] "difficult decisions but it does not follow that they like to have"
## [2662] "decisions imposed upon them without having any opportunity to influence"
## [2663] "those decisions the majority of people are natural followers not leaders"
## [2664] "but they like to have direct personal access to their leaders they want"
## [2665] "to be able to influence the leaders and participate to some extent in"
## [2666] "making even the difficult decisions at least to that degree they need"
## [2667] "autonomy 6 paragraph 44 some of the symptoms listed are similar to"
## [2668] "those shown by caged animals to explain how these symptoms arise from"
## [2669] "deprivation with respect to the power process common sense understanding"
## [2670] "of human nature tells one that lack of goals whose attainment requires"
## [2671] "effort leads to boredom and that boredom long continued often leads"
## [2672] "eventually to depression failure to attain goals leads to frustration"
## [2673] "and lowering of self esteem frustration leads to anger anger to"
## [2674] "aggression often in the form of spouse or child abuse it has been shown"
## [2675] "that long continued frustration commonly leads to depression and that"
## [2676] "depression tends to cause guilt sleep disorders eating disorders and"
## [2677] "bad feelings about oneself those who are tending toward depression"
## [2678] "seek pleasure as an antidote hence insatiable hedonism and excessive"
## [2679] "sex with perversions as a means of getting new kicks boredom too tends"
## [2680] "to cause excessive pleasure seeking since lacking other goals people"
## [2681] "often use pleasure as a goal see accompanying diagram the foregoing"
## [2682] "is a simplification reality is more complex and of course deprivation"
## [2683] "with respect to the power process is not the only cause of the symptoms"
## [2684] "described by the way when we mention depression we do not necessarily"
## [2685] "mean depression that is severe enough to be treated by a psychiatrist"
## [2686] "often only mild forms of depression are involved and when we speak of"
## [2687] "goals we do not necessarily mean long term thought out goals for many or"
## [2688] "most people through much of human history the goals of a hand to mouth"
## [2689] "existence merely providing oneself and one s family with food from day"
## [2690] "to day have been quite sufficient 7 paragraph 52 a partial exception"
## [2691] "may be made for a few passive inward looking groups such as the amish"
## [2692] "which have little effect on the wider society apart from these some"
## [2693] "genuine small scale communities do exist in america today for instance"
## [2694] "youth gangs and cults everyone regards them as dangerous and so they"
## [2695] "are because the members of these groups are loyal primarily to one"
## [2696] "another rather than to the system hence the system cannot control them"
## [2697] "or take the gypsies the gypsies commonly get away with theft and fraud"
## [2698] "because their loyalties are such that they can always get other gypsies"
## [2699] "to give testimony that proves their innocence obviously the system"
## [2700] "would be in serious trouble if too many people belonged to such groups"
## [2701] "some of the early 20th century chinese thinkers who were concerned"
## [2702] "with modernizing china recognized the necessity breaking down small"
## [2703] "scale social groups such as the family according to sun yat sen the"
## [2704] "chinese people needed a new surge of patriotism which would lead to a"
## [2705] "transfer of loyalty from the family to the state according to li huang"
## [2706] "traditional attachments particularly to the family had to be abandoned"
## [2707] "if nationalism were to develop in china chester c tan chinese political"
## [2708] "thought in the twentieth century page 125 page 297 8 paragraph 56 yes"
## [2709] "we know that 19th century america had its problems and serious ones"
## [2710] "but for the sake of brevity we have to express ourselves in simplified"
## [2711] "terms 9 paragraph 61 we leave aside the underclass we are speaking of"
## [2712] "the mainstream 10 paragraph 62 some social scientists educators mental"
## [2713] "health professionals and the like are doing their best to push the"
## [2714] "social drives into group 1 by trying to see to it that everyone has a"
## [2715] "satisfactory social life 11 paragraphs 63 82 is the drive for endless"
## [2716] "material acquisition really an artificial creation of the advertising"
## [2717] "and marketing industry certainly there is no innate human drive for"
## [2718] "material acquisition there have been many cultures in which people have"
## [2719] "desired little material wealth beyond what was necessary to satisfy"
## [2720] "their basic physical needs australian aborigines traditional mexican"
## [2721] "peasant culture some african cultures on the other hand there have also"
## [2722] "been many pre industrial cultures in which material acquisition has"
## [2723] "played an important role so we can t claim that today s acquisition"
## [2724] "oriented culture is exclusively a creation of the advertising and"
## [2725] "marketing industry but it is clear that the advertising and marketing"
## [2726] "industry has had an important part in creating that culture the big"
## [2727] "corporations that spend millions on advertising wouldn t be spending"
## [2728] "that kind of money without solid proof that they were getting it back"
## [2729] "in increased sales one member of fc met a sales manager a couple of"
## [2730] "years ago who was frank enough to tell him our job is to make people buy"
## [2731] "things they don t want and don t need he then described how an untrained"
## [2732] "novice could present people with the facts about a product and make"
## [2733] "no sales at all while a trained and experienced professional salesman"
## [2734] "would make lots of sales to the same people this shows that people are"
## [2735] "manipulated into buying things they don t really want 12 paragraph 64"
## [2736] "the problem of purposelessness seems to have become less serious during"
## [2737] "the last 15 years or so because people now feel less secure physically"
## [2738] "and economically than they did earlier and the need for security"
## [2739] "provides them with a goal but purposelessness has been replaced by"
## [2740] "frustration over the difficulty of attaining security we emphasize the"
## [2741] "problem of purposelessness because the liberals and leftists would wish"
## [2742] "to solve our social problems by having society guarantee everyone s"
## [2743] "security but if that could be done it would only bring back the problem"
## [2744] "of purposelessness the real issue is not whether society provides well"
## [2745] "or poorly for people s security the trouble is that people are dependent"
## [2746] "on the system for their security rather than having it in their own"
## [2747] "hands this by the way is part of the reason why some people get worked"
## [2748] "up about the right to bear arms possession of a gun puts that aspect of"
## [2749] "their security in their own hands 13 paragraph 66 conservatives efforts"
## [2750] "to decrease the amount of government regulation are of little benefit to"
## [2751] "the average man for one thing only a fraction of the regulations can be"
## [2752] "eliminated because most regulations are necessary for another thing most"
## [2753] "of the deregulation affects business rather than the average individual"
## [2754] "so that its main effect is to take power from the government and give"
## [2755] "it to private corporations what this means for the average man is that"
## [2756] "government interference in his life is replaced by interference from big"
## [2757] "corporations which may be permitted for example to dump more chemicals"
## [2758] "that get into his water supply and give him cancer the conservatives"
## [2759] "are just taking the average man for a sucker exploiting his resentment"
## [2760] "of big government to promote the power of big business 14 paragraph 73"
## [2761] "when someone approves of the purpose for which propaganda is being used"
## [2762] "in a given case he generally calls it education or applies to it some"
## [2763] "similar euphemism but propaganda is propaganda regardless of the purpose"
## [2764] "for which it is used 15 paragraph 83 we are not expressing approval or"
## [2765] "disapproval of the panama invasion we only use it to illustrate a point"
## [2766] "16 paragraph 95 when the american colonies were under british rule there"
## [2767] "were fewer and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there"
## [2768] "were after the american constitution went into effect yet there was more"
## [2769] "personal freedom in pre industrial america both before and after the"
## [2770] "war of independence than there was after the industrial revolution took"
## [2771] "hold in this country we quote from violence in america historical and"
## [2772] "comparative perspectives edited by hugh davis graham and ted robert gurr"
## [2773] "chapter 12 by roger lane pages 476 478 the progressive heightening of"
## [2774] "standards of propriety and with it the increasing reliance on official"
## [2775] "law enforcement in 19th century america were common to the whole society"
## [2776] "t he change in social behavior is so long term and so widespread as to"
## [2777] "suggest a connection with the most fundamental of contemporary social"
## [2778] "processes that of industrial urbanization itself massachusetts in"
## [2779] "1835 had a population of some 660 940 81 percent rural overwhelmingly"
## [2780] "preindustrial and native born it s citizens were used to considerable"
## [2781] "personal freedom whether teamsters farmers or artisans they were all"
## [2782] "accustomed to setting their own schedules and the nature of their work"
## [2783] "made them physically independent of each other individual problems sins"
## [2784] "or even crimes were not generally cause for wider social concern but the"
## [2785] "impact of the twin movements to the city and to the factory both just"
## [2786] "gathering force in 1835 had a progressive effect on personal behavior"
## [2787] "throughout the 19th century and into the 20th the factory demanded"
## [2788] "regularity of behavior a life governed by obedience to the rhythms of"
## [2789] "clock and calendar the demands of foreman and supervisor in the city or"
## [2790] "town the needs of living in closely packed neighborhoods inhibited many"
## [2791] "actions previously unobjectionable both blue and white collar employees"
## [2792] "in larger establishments were mutually dependent on their fellows as one"
## [2793] "man s work fit into anther s so one man s business was no longer his own"
## [2794] "the results of the new organization of life and work were apparent by"
## [2795] "1900 when some 76 percent of the 2 805 346 inhabitants of massachusetts"
## [2796] "were classified as urbanites much violent or irregular behavior which"
## [2797] "had been tolerable in a casual independent society was no longer"
## [2798] "acceptable in the more formalized cooperative atmosphere of the later"
## [2799] "period the move to the cities had in short produced a more tractable"
## [2800] "more socialized more civilized generation than its predecessors 17"
## [2801] "paragraph 117 apologists for the system are fond of citing cases in"
## [2802] "which elections have been decided by one or two votes but such cases"
## [2803] "are rare 18 paragraph 119 today in technologically advanced lands men"
## [2804] "live very similar lives in spite of geographical religious and political"
## [2805] "differences the daily lives of a christian bank clerk in chicago a"
## [2806] "buddhist bank clerk in tokyo and a communist bank clerk in moscow are"
## [2807] "far more alike than the life of any one of them is like that of any"
## [2808] "single man who lived a thousand years ago these similarities are the"
## [2809] "result of a common technology l sprague de camp the ancient engineers"
## [2810] "ballantine edition page 17 the lives of the three bank clerks are not"
## [2811] "identical ideology does have some effect but all technological societies"
## [2812] "in order to survive must evolve along approximately the same trajectory"
## [2813] "19 paragraph 123 just think an irresponsible genetic engineer might"
## [2814] "create a lot of terrorists 20 paragraph 124 for a further example of"
## [2815] "undesirable consequences of medical progress suppose a reliable cure"
## [2816] "for cancer is discovered even if the treatment is too expensive to be"
## [2817] "available to any but the elite it will greatly reduce their incentive"
## [2818] "to stop the escape of carcinogens into the environment 21 paragraph"
## [2819] "128 since many people may find paradoxical the notion that a large"
## [2820] "number of good things can add up to a bad thing we illustrate with an"
## [2821] "analogy suppose mr a is playing chess with mr b mr c a grand master"
## [2822] "is looking over mr a s shoulder mr a of course wants to win his game"
## [2823] "so if mr c points out a good move for him to make he is doing mr a a"
## [2824] "favor but suppose now that mr c tells mr a how to make all of his moves"
## [2825] "in each particular instance he does mr a a favor by showing him his"
## [2826] "best move but by making all of his moves for him he spoils his game"
## [2827] "since there is not point in mr a s playing the game at all if someone"
## [2828] "else makes all his moves the situation of modern man is analogous to"
## [2829] "that of mr a the system makes an individual s life easier for him in"
## [2830] "innumerable ways but in doing so it deprives him of control over his"
## [2831] "own fate 22 paragraph 137 here we are considering only the conflict of"
## [2832] "values within the mainstream for the sake of simplicity we leave out"
## [2833] "of the picture outsider values like the idea that wild nature is more"
## [2834] "important than human economic welfare 23 paragraph 137 self interest is"
## [2835] "not necessarily material self interest it can consist in fulfillment of"
## [2836] "some psychological need for example by promoting one s own ideology or"
## [2837] "religion 24 paragraph 139 a qualification it is in the interest of the"
## [2838] "system to permit a certain prescribed degree of freedom in some areas"
## [2839] "for example economic freedom with suitable limitations and restraints"
## [2840] "has proved effective in promoting economic growth but only planned"
## [2841] "circumscribed limited freedom is in the interest of the system the"
## [2842] "individual must always be kept on a leash even if the leash is sometimes"
## [2843] "long see paragraphs 94 97 25 paragraph 143 we don t mean to suggest that"
## [2844] "the efficiency or the potential for survival of a society has always"
## [2845] "been inversely proportional to the amount of pressure or discomfort"
## [2846] "to which the society subjects people that certainly is not the case"
## [2847] "there is good reason to believe that many primitive societies subjected"
## [2848] "people to less pressure than european society did but european society"
## [2849] "proved far more efficient than any primitive society and always won out"
## [2850] "in conflicts with such societies because of the advantages conferred"
## [2851] "by technology 26 paragraph 147 if you think that more effective law"
## [2852] "enforcement is unequivocally good because it suppresses crime then"
## [2853] "remember that crime as defined by the system is not necessarily what"
## [2854] "you would call crime today smoking marijuana is a crime and in some"
## [2855] "places in the u s so is possession of an unregistered handgun tomorrow"
## [2856] "possession of any firearm registered or not may be made a crime and the"
## [2857] "same thing may happen with disapproved methods of child rearing such as"
## [2858] "spanking in some countries expression of dissident political opinions is"
## [2859] "a crime and there is no certainty that this will never happen in the u"
## [2860] "s since no constitution or political system lasts forever if a society"
## [2861] "needs a large powerful law enforcement establishment then there is"
## [2862] "something gravely wrong with that society it must be subjecting people"
## [2863] "to severe pressures if so many refuse to follow the rules or follow"
## [2864] "them only because forced many societies in the past have gotten by with"
## [2865] "little or no formal law enforcement 27 paragraph 151 to be sure past"
## [2866] "societies have had means of influencing human behavior but these have"
## [2867] "been primitive and of low effectiveness compared with the technological"
## [2868] "means that are now being developed 28 paragraph 152 however some"
## [2869] "psychologists have publicly expressed opinions indicating their contempt"
## [2870] "for human freedom and the mathematician claude shannon was quoted in"
## [2871] "omni august 1987 as saying i visualize a time when we will be to robots"
## [2872] "what dogs are to humans and i m rooting for the machines 29 paragraph"
## [2873] "154 this is no science fiction after writing paragraph 154 we came"
## [2874] "across an article in scientific american according to which scientists"
## [2875] "are actively developing techniques for identifying possible future"
## [2876] "criminals and for treating them by a combination of biological and"
## [2877] "psychological means some scientists advocate compulsory application of"
## [2878] "the treatment which may be available in the near future see seeking the"
## [2879] "criminal element by w wayt gibbs scientific american march 1995 maybe"
## [2880] "you think this is ok because the treatment would be applied to those who"
## [2881] "might become violent criminals but of course it won t stop there next a"
## [2882] "treatment will be applied to those who might become drunk drivers they"
## [2883] "endanger human life too then perhaps to peel who spank their children"
## [2884] "then to environmentalists who sabotage logging equipment eventually to"
## [2885] "anyone whose behavior is inconvenient for the system 30 paragraph 184"
## [2886] "a further advantage of nature as a counter ideal to technology is that"
## [2887] "in many people nature inspires the kind of reverence that is associated"
## [2888] "with religion so that nature could perhaps be idealized on a religious"
## [2889] "basis it is true that in many societies religion has served as a support"
## [2890] "and justification for the established order but it is also true that"
## [2891] "religion has often provided a basis for rebellion thus it may be useful"
## [2892] "to introduce a religious element into the rebellion against technology"
## [2893] "the more so because western society today has no strong religious"
## [2894] "foundation religion nowadays either is used as cheap and transparent"
## [2895] "support for narrow short sighted selfishness some conservatives use"
## [2896] "it this way or even is cynically exploited to make easy money by many"
## [2897] "evangelists or has degenerated into crude irrationalism fundamentalist"
## [2898] "protestant sects cults or is simply stagnant catholicism main line"
## [2899] "protestantism the nearest thing to a strong widespread dynamic religion"
## [2900] "that the west has seen in recent times has been the quasi religion"
## [2901] "of leftism but leftism today is fragmented and has no clear unified"
## [2902] "inspiring goal thus there is a religious vacuum in our society that"
## [2903] "could perhaps be filled by a religion focused on nature in opposition"
## [2904] "to technology but it would be a mistake to try to concoct artificially"
## [2905] "a religion to fill this role such an invented religion would probably"
## [2906] "be a failure take the gaia religion for example do its adherents really"
## [2907] "believe in it or are they just play acting if they are just play acting"
## [2908] "their religion will be a flop in the end it is probably best not to"
## [2909] "try to introduce religion into the conflict of nature vs technology"
## [2910] "unless you really believe in that religion yourself and find that it"
## [2911] "arouses a deep strong genuine response in many other people 31 paragraph"
## [2912] "189 assuming that such a final push occurs conceivably the industrial"
## [2913] "system might be eliminated in a somewhat gradual or piecemeal fashion"
## [2914] "see paragraphs 4 167 and note 4 32 paragraph 193 it is even conceivable"
## [2915] "remotely that the revolution might consist only of a massive change"
## [2916] "of attitudes toward technology resulting in a relatively gradual and"
## [2917] "painless disintegration of the industrial system but if this happens"
## [2918] "we ll be very lucky it s far more probably that the transition to a"
## [2919] "nontechnological society will be very difficult and full of conflicts"
## [2920] "and disasters 33 paragraph 195 the economic and technological structure"
## [2921] "of a society are far more important than its political structure in"
## [2922] "determining the way the average man lives see paragraphs 95 119 and"
## [2923] "notes 16 18 34 paragraph 215 this statement refers to our particular"
## [2924] "brand of anarchism a wide variety of social attitudes have been called"
## [2925] "anarchist and it may be that many who consider themselves anarchists"
## [2926] "would not accept our statement of paragraph 215 it should be noted by"
## [2927] "the way that there is a nonviolent anarchist movement whose members"
## [2928] "probably would not accept fc as anarchist and certainly would not"
## [2929] "approve of fc s violent methods 35 paragraph 219 many leftists are"
## [2930] "motivated also by hostility but the hostility probably results in part"
## [2931] "from a frustrated need for power 36 paragraph 229 it is important to"
## [2932] "understand that we mean someone who sympathizes with these movements as"
## [2933] "they exist today in our society one who believes that women homosexuals"
## [2934] "etc should have equal rights is not necessary a leftist the feminist"
## [2935] "gay rights etc movements that exist in our society have the particular"
## [2936] "ideological tone that characterizes leftism and if one believes for"
## [2937] "example that women should have equal rights it does not necessarily"
## [2938] "follow that one must sympathize with the feminist movement as it exists"
## [2939] "today if copyright problems make it impossible for this long quotation"
## [2940] "to be printed then please change note 16 to read as follows 16 paragraph"
## [2941] "95 when the american colonies were under british rule there were fewer"
## [2942] "and less effective legal guarantees of freedom than there were after"
## [2943] "the american constitution went into effect yet there was more personal"
## [2944] "freedom in pre industrial america both before and after the war of"
## [2945] "independence than there was after the industrial revolution took hold"
## [2946] "in this country in violence in america historical and comparative"
## [2947] "perspectives edited by hugh davis graham and ted robert gurr chapter 12"
## [2948] "by roger lane it is explained how in pre industrial america the average"
## [2949] "person had greater independence and autonomy than he does today and how"
## [2950] "the process of industrialization necessarily led to the restriction of"
## [2951] "personal freedom"# una2 <- gsub('[^\x01-\x7F]', ' ', una2) #anything that isn't a character code
# in the hexadecimal range 0x20 to 0x7E, i.e. 32 to 126' in an ascii tableStrip ordinal suffixes (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc), then numbers
una2 <- gsub("\\d+(st|nd|rd|th)", " ", una2) #gets rid of the suffix for any number >1
una2 <- gsub("\\d", " ", una2) #regex - find any digit, replace with blank space, look in una3. T
una2 %>% stri_wrap() %>% print()## [1] "industrial society and its future introduction the industrial revolution"
## [2] "and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race they"
## [3] "have greatly increased the life expectancy of those of us who live"
## [4] "in advanced countries but they have destabilized society have made"
## [5] "life unfulfilling have subjected human beings to indignities have led"
## [6] "to widespread psychological suffering in the third world to physical"
## [7] "suffering as well and have inflicted severe damage on the natural world"
## [8] "the continued development of technology will worsen the situation it"
## [9] "will certainly subject human beings to greater indignities and inflict"
## [10] "greater damage on the natural world it will probably lead to greater"
## [11] "social disruption and psychological suffering and it may lead to"
## [12] "increased physical suffering even in advanced countries the industrial"
## [13] "technological system may survive or it may break down if it survives"
## [14] "it may eventually achieve a low level of physical and psychological"
## [15] "suffering but only after passing through a long and very painful period"
## [16] "of adjustment and only at the cost of permanently reducing human beings"
## [17] "and many other living organisms to engineered products and mere cogs in"
## [18] "the social machine furthermore if the system survives the consequences"
## [19] "will be inevitable there is no way of reforming or modifying the system"
## [20] "so as to prevent it from depriving people of dignity and autonomy if"
## [21] "the system breaks down the consequences will still be very painful"
## [22] "but the bigger the system grows the more disastrous the results of"
## [23] "its breakdown will be so if it is to break down it had best break down"
## [24] "sooner rather than later we therefore advocate a revolution against the"
## [25] "industrial system this revolution may or may not make use of violence"
## [26] "it may be sudden or it may be a relatively gradual process spanning a"
## [27] "few decades we can t predict any of that but we do outline in a very"
## [28] "general way the measures that those who hate the industrial system"
## [29] "should take in order to prepare the way for a revolution against that"
## [30] "form of society this is not to be a political revolution its object"
## [31] "will be to overthrow not governments but the economic and technological"
## [32] "basis of the present society in this article we give attention to only"
## [33] "some of the negative developments that have grown out of the industrial"
## [34] "technological system other such developments we mention only briefly"
## [35] "or ignore altogether this does not mean that we regard these other"
## [36] "developments as unimportant for practical reasons we have to confine our"
## [37] "discussion to areas that have received insufficient public attention or"
## [38] "in which we have something new to say for example since there are well"
## [39] "developed environmental and wilderness movements we have written very"
## [40] "little about environmental degradation or the destruction of wild nature"
## [41] "even though we consider these to be highly important the psychology"
## [42] "of modern leftism almost everyone will agree that we live in a deeply"
## [43] "troubled society one of the most widespread manifestations of the"
## [44] "craziness of our world is leftism so a discussion of the psychology of"
## [45] "leftism can serve as an introduction to the discussion of the problems"
## [46] "of modern society in general but what is leftism during the first half"
## [47] "of the century leftism could have been practically identified with"
## [48] "socialism today the movement is fragmented and it is not clear who"
## [49] "can properly be called a leftist when we speak of leftists in this"
## [50] "article we have in mind mainly socialists collectivists politically"
## [51] "correct types feminists gay and disability activists animal rights"
## [52] "activists and the like but not everyone who is associated with one of"
## [53] "these movements is a leftist what we are trying to get at in discussing"
## [54] "leftism is not so much movement or an ideology as a psychological type"
## [55] "or rather a collection of related types thus what we mean by leftism"
## [56] "will emerge more clearly in the course of our discussion of leftist"
## [57] "psychology also see paragraphs even so our conception of leftism will"
## [58] "remain a good deal less clear than we would wish but there doesn t seem"
## [59] "to be any remedy for this all we are trying to do here is indicate in"
## [60] "a rough and approximate way the two psychological tendencies that we"
## [61] "believe are the main driving force of modern leftism we by no means"
## [62] "claim to be telling the whole truth about leftist psychology also our"
## [63] "discussion is meant to apply to modern leftism only we leave open the"
## [64] "question of the extent to which our discussion could be applied to the"
## [65] "leftists of the and early centuries the two psychological tendencies"
## [66] "that underlie modern leftism we call feelings of inferiority and"
## [67] "oversocialization feelings of inferiority are characteristic of modern"
## [68] "leftism as a whole while oversocialization is characteristic only of a"
## [69] "certain segment of modern leftism but this segment is highly influential"
## [70] "feelings of inferiority by feelings of inferiority we mean not only"
## [71] "inferiority feelings in the strict sense but a whole spectrum of related"
## [72] "traits low self esteem feelings of powerlessness depressive tendencies"
## [73] "defeatism guilt self hatred etc we argue that modern leftists tend"
## [74] "to have some such feelings possibly more or less repressed and that"
## [75] "these feelings are decisive in determining the direction of modern"
## [76] "leftism when someone interprets as derogatory almost anything that"
## [77] "is said about him or about groups with whom he identifies we conclude"
## [78] "that he has inferiority feelings or low self esteem this tendency is"
## [79] "pronounced among minority rights activists whether or not they belong"
## [80] "to the minority groups whose rights they defend they are hypersensitive"
## [81] "about the words used to designate minorities and about anything that"
## [82] "is said concerning minorities the terms negro oriental handicapped or"
## [83] "chick for an african an asian a disabled person or a woman originally"
## [84] "had no derogatory connotation broad and chick were merely the feminine"
## [85] "equivalents of guy dude or fellow the negative connotations have been"
## [86] "attached to these terms by the activists themselves some animal rights"
## [87] "activists have gone so far as to reject the word pet and insist on its"
## [88] "replacement by animal companion leftish anthropologists go to great"
## [89] "lengths to avoid saying anything about primitive peoples that could"
## [90] "conceivably be interpreted as negative they want to replace the world"
## [91] "primitive by nonliterate they seem almost paranoid about anything that"
## [92] "might suggest that any primitive culture is inferior to our own we do"
## [93] "not mean to imply that primitive cultures are inferior to ours we merely"
## [94] "point out the hypersensitivity of leftish anthropologists those who"
## [95] "are most sensitive about politically incorrect terminology are not the"
## [96] "average black ghetto dweller asian immigrant abused woman or disabled"
## [97] "person but a minority of activists many of whom do not even belong to"
## [98] "any oppressed group but come from privileged strata of society political"
## [99] "correctness has its stronghold among university professors who have"
## [100] "secure employment with comfortable salaries and the majority of whom are"
## [101] "heterosexual white males from middle to upper middle class families many"
## [102] "leftists have an intense identification with the problems of groups that"
## [103] "have an image of being weak women defeated american indians repellent"
## [104] "homosexuals or otherwise inferior the leftists themselves feel that"
## [105] "these groups are inferior they would never admit to themselves that they"
## [106] "have such feelings but it is precisely because they do see these groups"
## [107] "as inferior that they identify with their problems we do not mean to"
## [108] "suggest that women indians etc are inferior we are only making a point"
## [109] "about leftist psychology feminists are desperately anxious to prove that"
## [110] "women are as strong and as capable as men clearly they are nagged by a"
## [111] "fear that women may not be as strong and as capable as men leftists tend"
## [112] "to hate anything that has an image of being strong good and successful"
## [113] "they hate america they hate western civilization they hate white males"
## [114] "they hate rationality the reasons that leftists give for hating the"
## [115] "west etc clearly do not correspond with their real motives they say they"
## [116] "hate the west because it is warlike imperialistic sexist ethnocentric"
## [117] "and so forth but where these same faults appear in socialist countries"
## [118] "or in primitive cultures the leftist finds excuses for them or at"
## [119] "best he grudgingly admits that they exist whereas he enthusiastically"
## [120] "points out and often greatly exaggerates these faults where they appear"
## [121] "in western civilization thus it is clear that these faults are not"
## [122] "the leftist s real motive for hating america and the west he hates"
## [123] "america and the west because they are strong and successful words like"
## [124] "self confidence self reliance initiative enterprise optimism etc play"
## [125] "little role in the liberal and leftist vocabulary the leftist is anti"
## [126] "individualistic pro collectivist he wants society to solve everyone s"
## [127] "problems for them satisfy everyone s needs for them take care of them"
## [128] "he is not the sort of person who has an inner sense of confidence in"
## [129] "his ability to solve his own problems and satisfy his own needs the"
## [130] "leftist is antagonistic to the concept of competition because deep"
## [131] "inside he feels like a loser art forms that appeal to modern leftish"
## [132] "intellectuals tend to focus on sordidness defeat and despair or else"
## [133] "they take an orgiastic tone throwing off rational control as if there"
## [134] "were no hope of accomplishing anything through rational calculation and"
## [135] "all that was left was to immerse oneself in the sensations of the moment"
## [136] "modern leftish philosophers tend to dismiss reason science objective"
## [137] "reality and to insist that everything is culturally relative it is true"
## [138] "that one can ask serious questions about the foundations of scientific"
## [139] "knowledge and about how if at all the concept of objective reality can"
## [140] "be defined but it is obvious that modern leftish philosophers are not"
## [141] "simply cool headed logicians systematically analyzing the foundations"
## [142] "of knowledge they are deeply involved emotionally in their attack"
## [143] "on truth and reality they attack these concepts because of their"
## [144] "own psychological needs for one thing their attack is an outlet for"
## [145] "hostility and to the extent that it is successful it satisfies the drive"
## [146] "for power more importantly the leftist hates science and rationality"
## [147] "because they classify certain beliefs as true ie successful superior"
## [148] "and other beliefs as false ie failed inferior the leftist s feelings"
## [149] "of inferiority run so deep that he cannot tolerate any classification"
## [150] "of some things as successful or superior and other things as failed"
## [151] "or inferior this also underlies the rejection by many leftists of the"
## [152] "concept of mental illness and of the utility of iq tests leftists are"
## [153] "antagonistic to genetic explanations of human abilities or behavior"
## [154] "because such explanations tend to make some persons appear superior or"
## [155] "inferior to others leftists prefer to give society the credit or blame"
## [156] "for an individual s ability or lack of it thus if a person is inferior"
## [157] "it is not his fault but society s because he has not been brought up"
## [158] "properly the leftist is not typically the kind of person whose feelings"
## [159] "of inferiority make him a braggart an egotist a bully a self promoter"
## [160] "a ruthless competitor this kind of person has not wholly lost faith in"
## [161] "himself he has a deficit in his sense of power and self worth but he"
## [162] "can still conceive of himself as having the capacity to be strong and"
## [163] "his efforts to make himself strong produce his unpleasant behavior but"
## [164] "the leftist is too far gone for that his feelings of inferiority are so"
## [165] "ingrained that he cannot conceive of himself as individually strong and"
## [166] "valuable hence the collectivism of the leftist he can feel strong only"
## [167] "as a member of a large organization or a mass movement with which he"
## [168] "identifies himself notice the masochistic tendency of leftist tactics"
## [169] "leftists protest by lying down in front of vehicles they intentionally"
## [170] "provoke police or racists to abuse them etc these tactics may often"
## [171] "be effective but many leftists use them not as a means to an end but"
## [172] "because they prefer masochistic tactics self hatred is a leftist trait"
## [173] "leftists may claim that their activism is motivated by compassion or by"
## [174] "moral principles and moral principle does play a role for the leftist of"
## [175] "the oversocialized type but compassion and moral principle cannot be the"
## [176] "main motives for leftist activism hostility is too prominent a component"
## [177] "of leftist behavior so is the drive for power moreover much leftist"
## [178] "behavior is not rationally calculated to be of benefit to the people"
## [179] "whom the leftists claim to be trying to help for example if one believes"
## [180] "that affirmative action is good for black people does it make sense"
## [181] "to demand affirmative action in hostile or dogmatic terms obviously it"
## [182] "would be more productive to take a diplomatic and conciliatory approach"
## [183] "that would make at least verbal and symbolic concessions to white people"
## [184] "who think that affirmative action discriminates against them but leftist"
## [185] "activists do not take such an approach because it would not satisfy"
## [186] "their emotional needs helping black people is not their real goal"
## [187] "instead race problems serve as an excuse for them to express their own"
## [188] "hostility and frustrated need for power in doing so they actually harm"
## [189] "black people because the activists hostile attitude toward the white"
## [190] "majority tends to intensify race hatred if our society had no social"
## [191] "problems at all the leftists would have to invent problems in order to"
## [192] "provide themselves with an excuse for making a fuss we emphasize that"
## [193] "the foregoing does not pretend to be an accurate description of everyone"
## [194] "who might be considered a leftist it is only a rough indication of a"
## [195] "general tendency of leftism oversocialization psychologists use the term"
## [196] "socialization to designate the process by which children are trained to"
## [197] "think and act as society demands a person is said to be well socialized"
## [198] "if he believes in and obeys the moral code of his society and fits in"
## [199] "well as a functioning part of that society it may seem senseless to say"
## [200] "that many leftists are oversocialized since the leftist is perceived as"
## [201] "a rebel nevertheless the position can be defended many leftists are not"
## [202] "such rebels as they seem the moral code of our society is so demanding"
## [203] "that no one can think feel and act in a completely moral way for example"
## [204] "we are not supposed to hate anyone yet almost everyone hates somebody"
## [205] "at some time or other whether he admits it to himself or not some people"
## [206] "are so highly socialized that the attempt to think feel and act morally"
## [207] "imposes a severe burden on them in order to avoid feelings of guilt"
## [208] "they continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and"
## [209] "find moral explanations for feelings and actions that in reality have a"
## [210] "non moral origin we use the term oversocialized to describe such people"
## [211] "oversocialization can lead to low self esteem a sense of powerlessness"
## [212] "defeatism guilt etc one of the most important means by which our society"
## [213] "socializes children is by making them feel ashamed of behavior or speech"
## [214] "that is contrary to society s expectations if this is overdone or if"
## [215] "a particular child is especially susceptible to such feelings he ends"
## [216] "by feeling ashamed of himself moreover the thought and the behavior of"
## [217] "the oversocialized person are more restricted by society s expectations"
## [218] "than are those of the lightly socialized person the majority of people"
## [219] "engage in a significant amount of naughty behavior they lie they commit"
## [220] "petty thefts they break traffic laws they goof off at work they hate"
## [221] "someone they say spiteful things or they use some underhanded trick to"
## [222] "get ahead of the other guy the oversocialized person cannot do these"
## [223] "things or if he does do them he generates in himself a sense of shame"
## [224] "and self hatred the oversocialized person cannot even experience without"
## [225] "guilt thoughts or feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality"
## [226] "he cannot think unclean thoughts and socialization is not just a matter"
## [227] "of morality we are socialized to conform to many norms of behavior that"
## [228] "do not fall under the heading of morality thus the oversocialized person"
## [229] "is kept on a psychological leash and spends his life running on rails"
## [230] "that society has laid down for him in many oversocialized people this"
## [231] "results in a sense of constraint and powerlessness that can be a severe"
## [232] "hardship we suggest that oversocialization is among the more serious"
## [233] "cruelties that human beings inflict on one another we argue that a very"
## [234] "important and influential segment of the modern left is oversocialized"
## [235] "and that their oversocialization is of great importance in determining"
## [236] "the direction of modern leftism leftists of the oversocialized type tend"
## [237] "to be intellectuals or members of the upper middle class notice that"
## [238] "university intellectuals constitute the most highly socialized segment"
## [239] "of our society and also the most left wing segment the leftist of the"
## [240] "oversocialized type tries to get off his psychological leash and assert"
## [241] "his autonomy by rebelling but usually he is not strong enough to rebel"
## [242] "against the most basic values of society generally speaking the goals"
## [243] "of today s leftists are not in conflict with the accepted morality on"
## [244] "the contrary the left takes an accepted moral principle adopts it as"
## [245] "its own and then accuses mainstream society of violating that principle"
## [246] "examples racial equality equality of the sexes helping poor people"
## [247] "peace as opposed to war nonviolence generally freedom of expression"
## [248] "kindness to animals more fundamentally the duty of the individual to"
## [249] "serve society and the duty of society to take care of the individual all"
## [250] "these have been deeply rooted values of our society or at least of its"
## [251] "middle and upper classes for a long time these values are explicitly or"
## [252] "implicitly expressed or presupposed in most of the material presented"
## [253] "to us by the mainstream communications media and the educational system"
## [254] "leftists especially those of the oversocialized type usually do not"
## [255] "rebel against these principles but justify their hostility to society"
## [256] "by claiming with some degree of truth that society is not living up"
## [257] "to these principles here is an illustration of the way in which the"
## [258] "oversocialized leftist shows his real attachment to the conventional"
## [259] "attitudes of our society while pretending to be in rebellion against"
## [260] "it many leftists push for affirmative action for moving black people"
## [261] "into high prestige jobs for improved education in black schools and"
## [262] "more money for such schools the way of life of the black underclass"
## [263] "they regard as a social disgrace they want to integrate the black man"
## [264] "into the system make him a business executive a lawyer a scientist"
## [265] "just like upper middle class white people the leftists will reply that"
## [266] "the last thing they want is to make the black man into a copy of the"
## [267] "white man instead they want to preserve african american culture but in"
## [268] "what does this preservation of african american culture consist it can"
## [269] "hardly consist in anything more than eating black style food listening"
## [270] "to black style music wearing black style clothing and going to a black"
## [271] "style church or mosque in other words it can express itself only in"
## [272] "superficial matters in all essential respects most leftists of the"
## [273] "oversocialized type want to make the black man conform to white middle"
## [274] "class ideals they want to make him study technical subjects become an"
## [275] "executive or a scientist spend his life climbing the status ladder to"
## [276] "prove that black people are as good as white they want to make black"
## [277] "fathers responsible they want black gangs to become nonviolent etc but"
## [278] "these are exactly the values of the industrial technological system"
## [279] "the system couldn t care less what kind of music a man listens to what"
## [280] "kind of clothes he wears or what religion he believes in as long as"
## [281] "he studies in school holds a respectable job climbs the status ladder"
## [282] "is a responsible parent is nonviolent and so forth in effect however"
## [283] "much he may deny it the oversocialized leftist wants to integrate the"
## [284] "black man into the system and make him adopt its values we certainly"
## [285] "do not claim that leftists even of the oversocialized type never rebel"
## [286] "against the fundamental values of our society clearly they sometimes"
## [287] "do some oversocialized leftists have gone so far as to rebel against"
## [288] "one of modern society s most important principles by engaging in"
## [289] "physical violence by their own account violence is for them a form of"
## [290] "liberation in other words by committing violence they break through"
## [291] "the psychological restraints that have been trained into them because"
## [292] "they are oversocialized these restraints have been more confining for"
## [293] "them than for others hence their need to break free of them but they"
## [294] "usually justify their rebellion in terms of mainstream values if they"
## [295] "engage in violence they claim to be fighting against racism or the"
## [296] "like we realize that many objections could be raised to the foregoing"
## [297] "thumbnail sketch of leftist psychology the real situation is complex"
## [298] "and anything like a complete description of it would take several"
## [299] "volumes even if the necessary data were available we claim only to"
## [300] "have indicated very roughly the two most important tendencies in the"
## [301] "psychology of modern leftism the problems of the leftist are indicative"
## [302] "of the problems of our society as a whole low self esteem depressive"
## [303] "tendencies and defeatism are not restricted to the left though they are"
## [304] "especially noticeable in the left they are widespread in our society"
## [305] "and today s society tries to socialize us to a greater extent than any"
## [306] "previous society we are even told by experts how to eat how to exercise"
## [307] "how to make love how to raise our kids and so forth the power process"
## [308] "human beings have a need probably based in biology for something that"
## [309] "we will call the power process this is closely related to the need for"
## [310] "power which is widely recognized but is not quite the same thing the"
## [311] "power process has four elements the three most clear cut of these we"
## [312] "call goal effort and attainment of goal everyone needs to have goals"
## [313] "whose attainment requires effort and needs to succeed in attaining"
## [314] "at least some of his goals the fourth element is more difficult to"
## [315] "define and may not be necessary for everyone we call it autonomy and"
## [316] "will discuss it later paragraphs consider the hypothetical case of a"
## [317] "man who can have anything he wants just by wishing for it such a man"
## [318] "has power but he will develop serious psychological problems at first"
## [319] "he will have a lot of fun but by and by he will become acutely bored"
## [320] "and demoralized eventually he may become clinically depressed history"
## [321] "shows that leisured aristocracies tend to become decadent this is not"
## [322] "true of fighting aristocracies that have to struggle to maintain their"
## [323] "power but leisured secure aristocracies that have no need to exert"
## [324] "themselves usually become bored hedonistic and demoralized even though"
## [325] "they have power this shows that power is not enough one must have goals"
## [326] "toward which to exercise one s power everyone has goals if nothing"
## [327] "else to obtain the physical necessities of life food water and whatever"
## [328] "clothing and shelter are made necessary by the climate but the leisured"
## [329] "aristocrat obtains these things without effort hence his boredom and"
## [330] "demoralization nonattainment of important goals results in death if the"
## [331] "goals are physical necessities and in frustration if nonattainment of"
## [332] "the goals is compatible with survival consistent failure to attain goals"
## [333] "throughout life results in defeatism low self esteem or depression thus"
## [334] "in order to avoid serious psychological problems a human being needs"
## [335] "goals whose attainment requires effort and he must have a reasonable"
## [336] "rate of success in attaining his goals surrogate activities but not"
## [337] "every leisured aristocrat becomes bored and demoralized for example"
## [338] "the emperor hirohito instead of sinking into decadent hedonism devoted"
## [339] "himself to marine biology a field in which he became distinguished when"
## [340] "people do not have to exert themselves to satisfy their physical needs"
## [341] "they often set up artificial goals for themselves in many cases they"
## [342] "then pursue these goals with the same energy and emotional involvement"
## [343] "that they otherwise would have put into the search for physical"
## [344] "necessities thus the aristocrats of the roman empire had their literary"
## [345] "pretensions many european aristocrats a few centuries ago invested"
## [346] "tremendous time and energy in hunting though they certainly didn t need"
## [347] "the meat other aristocracies have competed for status through elaborate"
## [348] "displays of wealth and a few aristocrats like hirohito have turned to"
## [349] "science we use the term surrogate activity to designate an activity that"
## [350] "is directed toward an artificial goal that people set up for themselves"
## [351] "merely in order to have some goal to work toward or let us say merely"
## [352] "for the sake of the fulfillment that they get from pursuing the goal"
## [353] "here is a rule of thumb for the identification of surrogate activities"
## [354] "given a person who devotes much time and energy to the pursuit of goal"
## [355] "x ask yourself this if he had to devote most of his time and energy"
## [356] "to satisfying his biological needs and if that effort required him to"
## [357] "use his physical and mental faculties in a varied and interesting way"
## [358] "would he feel seriously deprived because he did not attain goal x if"
## [359] "the answer is no then the person s pursuit of goal x is a surrogate"
## [360] "activity hirohito s studies in marine biology clearly constituted a"
## [361] "surrogate activity since it is pretty certain that if hirohito had"
## [362] "had to spend his time working at interesting non scientific tasks in"
## [363] "order to obtain the necessities of life he would not have felt deprived"
## [364] "because he didn t know all about the anatomy and life cycles of marine"
## [365] "animals on the other hand the pursuit of sex and love for example is not"
## [366] "a surrogate activity because most people even if their existence were"
## [367] "otherwise satisfactory would feel deprived if they passed their lives"
## [368] "without ever having a relationship with a member of the opposite sex"
## [369] "but pursuit of an excessive amount of sex more than one really needs"
## [370] "can be a surrogate activity in modern industrial society only minimal"
## [371] "effort is necessary to satisfy one s physical needs it is enough to go"
## [372] "through a training program to acquire some petty technical skill then"
## [373] "come to work on time and exert the very modest effort needed to hold"
## [374] "a job the only requirements are a moderate amount of intelligence and"
## [375] "most of all simple obedience if one has those society takes care of one"
## [376] "from cradle to grave yes there is an underclass that cannot take the"
## [377] "physical necessities for granted but we are speaking here of mainstream"
## [378] "society thus it is not surprising that modern society is full of"
## [379] "surrogate activities these include scientific work athletic achievement"
## [380] "humanitarian work artistic and literary creation climbing the corporate"
## [381] "ladder acquisition of money and material goods far beyond the point"
## [382] "at which they cease to give any additional physical satisfaction and"
## [383] "social activism when it addresses issues that are not important for"
## [384] "the activist personally as in the case of white activists who work for"
## [385] "the rights of nonwhite minorities these are not always pure surrogate"
## [386] "activities since for many people they may be motivated in part by needs"
## [387] "other than the need to have some goal to pursue scientific work may be"
## [388] "motivated in part by a drive for prestige artistic creation by a need"
## [389] "to express feelings militant social activism by hostility but for most"
## [390] "people who pursue them these activities are in large part surrogate"
## [391] "activities for example the majority of scientists will probably agree"
## [392] "that the fulfillment they get from their work is more important than"
## [393] "the money and prestige they earn for many if not most people surrogate"
## [394] "activities are less satisfying than the pursuit of real goals that"
## [395] "is goals that people would want to attain even if their need for the"
## [396] "power process were already fulfilled one indication of this is the fact"
## [397] "that in many or most cases people who are deeply involved in surrogate"
## [398] "activities are never satisfied never at rest thus the money maker"
## [399] "constantly strives for more and more wealth the scientist no sooner"
## [400] "solves one problem than he moves on to the next the long distance runner"
## [401] "drives himself to run always farther and faster many people who pursue"
## [402] "surrogate activities will say that they get far more fulfillment from"
## [403] "these activities than they do from the mundane business of satisfying"
## [404] "their biological needs but that is because in our society the effort"
## [405] "needed to satisfy the biological needs has been reduced to triviality"
## [406] "more importantly in our society people do not satisfy their biological"
## [407] "needs autonomously but by functioning as parts of an immense social"
## [408] "machine in contrast people generally have a great deal of autonomy in"
## [409] "pursuing their surrogate activities autonomy autonomy as a part of the"
## [410] "power process may not be necessary for every individual but most people"
## [411] "need a greater or lesser degree of autonomy in working toward their"
## [412] "goals their efforts must be undertaken on their own initiative and must"
## [413] "be under their own direction and control yet most people do not have"
## [414] "to exert this initiative direction and control as single individuals"
## [415] "it is usually enough to act as a member of a small group thus if half"
## [416] "a dozen people discuss a goal among themselves and make a successful"
## [417] "joint effort to attain that goal their need for the power process will"
## [418] "be served but if they work under rigid orders handed down from above"
## [419] "that leave them no room for autonomous decision and initiative then"
## [420] "their need for the power process will not be served the same is true"
## [421] "when decisions are made on a collective basis if the group making the"
## [422] "collective decision is so large that the role of each individual is"
## [423] "insignificant it is true that some individuals seem to have little"
## [424] "need for autonomy either their drive for power is weak or they satisfy"
## [425] "it by identifying themselves with some powerful organization to which"
## [426] "they belong and then there are unthinking animal types who seem to"
## [427] "be satisfied with a purely physical sense of power the good combat"
## [428] "soldier who gets his sense of power by developing fighting skills that"
## [429] "he is quite content to use in blind obedience to his superiors but"
## [430] "for most people it is through the power process having a goal making"
## [431] "an autonomous effort and attaining the goal that self esteem self"
## [432] "confidence and a sense of power are acquired when one does not have"
## [433] "adequate opportunity to go through the power process the consequences"
## [434] "are depending on the individual and on the way the power process is"
## [435] "disrupted boredom demoralization low self esteem inferiority feelings"
## [436] "defeatism depression anxiety guilt frustration hostility spouse or"
## [437] "child abuse insatiable hedonism abnormal sexual behavior sleep disorders"
## [438] "eating disorders etc sources of social problems any of the foregoing"
## [439] "symptoms can occur in any society but in modern industrial society they"
## [440] "are present on a massive scale we aren t the first to mention that the"
## [441] "world today seems to be going crazy this sort of thing is not normal"
## [442] "for human societies there is good reason to believe that primitive man"
## [443] "suffered from less stress and frustration and was better satisfied with"
## [444] "his way of life than modern man is it is true that not all was sweetness"
## [445] "and light in primitive societies abuse of women was common among the"
## [446] "australian aborigines transexuality was fairly common among some of the"
## [447] "american indian tribes but it does appear that generally speaking the"
## [448] "kinds of problems that we have listed in the preceding paragraph were"
## [449] "far less common among primitive peoples than they are in modern society"
## [450] "we attribute the social and psychological problems of modern society"
## [451] "to the fact that that society requires people to live under conditions"
## [452] "radically different from those under which the human race evolved and"
## [453] "to behave in ways that conflict with the patterns of behavior that"
## [454] "the human race developed while living under the earlier conditions"
## [455] "it is clear from what we have already written that we consider lack"
## [456] "of opportunity to properly experience the power process as the most"
## [457] "important of the abnormal conditions to which modern society subjects"
## [458] "people but it is not the only one before dealing with disruption of the"
## [459] "power process as a source of social problems we will discuss some of the"
## [460] "other sources among the abnormal conditions present in modern industrial"
## [461] "society are excessive density of population isolation of man from"
## [462] "nature excessive rapidity of social change and the breakdown of natural"
## [463] "small scale communities such as the extended family the village or the"
## [464] "tribe it is well known that crowding increases stress and aggression"
## [465] "the degree of crowding that exists today and the isolation of man from"
## [466] "nature are consequences of technological progress all pre industrial"
## [467] "societies were predominantly rural the industrial revolution vastly"
## [468] "increased the size of cities and the proportion of the population that"
## [469] "lives in them and modern agricultural technology has made it possible"
## [470] "for the earth to support a far denser population than it ever did before"
## [471] "also technology exacerbates the effects of crowding because it puts"
## [472] "increased disruptive powers in people s hands for example a variety"
## [473] "of noise making devices power mowers radios motorcycles etc if the use"
## [474] "of these devices is unrestricted people who want peace and quiet are"
## [475] "frustrated by the noise if their use is restricted people who use the"
## [476] "devices are frustrated by the regulations but if these machines had"
## [477] "never been invented there would have been no conflict and no frustration"
## [478] "generated by them for primitive societies the natural world which"
## [479] "usually changes only slowly provided a stable framework and therefore a"
## [480] "sense of security in the modern world it is human society that dominates"
## [481] "nature rather than the other way around and modern society changes very"
## [482] "rapidly owing to technological change thus there is no stable framework"
## [483] "the conservatives are fools they whine about the decay of traditional"
## [484] "values yet they enthusiastically support technological progress and"
## [485] "economic growth apparently it never occurs to them that you can t make"
## [486] "rapid drastic changes in the technology and the economy of a society"
## [487] "without causing rapid changes in all other aspects of the society as"
## [488] "well and that such rapid changes inevitably break down traditional"
## [489] "values the breakdown of traditional values to some extent implies the"
## [490] "breakdown of the bonds that hold together traditional small scale social"
## [491] "groups the disintegration of small scale social groups is also promoted"
## [492] "by the fact that modern conditions often require or tempt individuals"
## [493] "to move to new locations separating themselves from their communities"
## [494] "beyond that a technological society has to weaken family ties and"
## [495] "local communities if it is to function efficiently in modern society an"
## [496] "individual s loyalty must be first to the system and only secondarily to"
## [497] "a small scale community because if the internal loyalties of small scale"
## [498] "communities were stronger than loyalty to the system such communities"
## [499] "would pursue their own advantage at the expense of the system suppose"
## [500] "that a public official or a corporation executive appoints his cousin"
## [501] "his friend or his co religionist to a position rather than appointing"
## [502] "the person best qualified for the job he has permitted personal"
## [503] "loyalty to supersede his loyalty to the system and that is nepotism or"
## [504] "discrimination both of which are terrible sins in modern society would"
## [505] "be industrial societies that have done a poor job of subordinating"
## [506] "personal or local loyalties to loyalty to the system are usually very"
## [507] "inefficient look at latin america thus an advanced industrial society"
## [508] "can tolerate only those small scale communities that are emasculated"
## [509] "tamed and made into tools of the system crowding rapid change and the"
## [510] "breakdown of communities have been widely recognized as sources of"
## [511] "social problems but we do not believe they are enough to account for"
## [512] "the extent of the problems that are seen today a few pre industrial"
## [513] "cities were very large and crowded yet their inhabitants do not seem to"
## [514] "have suffered from psychological problems to the same extent as modern"
## [515] "man in america today there still are uncrowded rural areas and we find"
## [516] "there the same problems as in urban areas though the problems tend to"
## [517] "be less acute in the rural areas thus crowding does not seem to be the"
## [518] "decisive factor on the growing edge of the american frontier during"
## [519] "the century the mobility of the population probably broke down extended"
## [520] "families and small scale social groups to at least the same extent"
## [521] "as these are broken down today in fact many nuclear families lived"
## [522] "by choice in such isolation having no neighbors within several miles"
## [523] "that they belonged to no community at all yet they do not seem to have"
## [524] "developed problems as a result furthermore change in american frontier"
## [525] "society was very rapid and deep a man might be born and raised in a log"
## [526] "cabin outside the reach of law and order and fed largely on wild meat"
## [527] "and by the time he arrived at old age he might be working at a regular"
## [528] "job and living in an ordered community with effective law enforcement"
## [529] "this was a deeper change than that which typically occurs in the life"
## [530] "of a modern individual yet it does not seem to have led to psychological"
## [531] "problems in fact century american society had an optimistic and self"
## [532] "confident tone quite unlike that of today s society the difference we"
## [533] "argue is that modern man has the sense largely justified that change"
## [534] "is imposed on him whereas the century frontiersman had the sense also"
## [535] "largely justified that he created change himself by his own choice thus"
## [536] "a pioneer settled on a piece of land of his own choosing and made it"
## [537] "into a farm through his own effort in those days an entire county might"
## [538] "have only a couple of hundred inhabitants and was a far more isolated"
## [539] "and autonomous entity than a modern county is hence the pioneer farmer"
## [540] "participated as a member of a relatively small group in the creation"
## [541] "of a new ordered community one may well question whether the creation"
## [542] "of this community was an improvement but at any rate it satisfied"
## [543] "the pioneer s need for the power process it would be possible to give"
## [544] "other examples of societies in which there has been rapid change andor"
## [545] "lack of close community ties without the kind of massive behavioral"
## [546] "aberration that is seen in today s industrial society we contend that"
## [547] "the most important cause of social and psychological problems in modern"
## [548] "society is the fact that people have insufficient opportunity to go"
## [549] "through the power process in a normal way we don t mean to say that"
## [550] "modern society is the only one in which the power process has been"
## [551] "disrupted probably most if not all civilized societies have interfered"
## [552] "with the power process to a greater or lesser extent but in modern"
## [553] "industrial society the problem has become particularly acute leftism"
## [554] "at least in its recent mid to late century form is in part a symptom of"
## [555] "deprivation with respect to the power process disruption of the power"
## [556] "process in modern society we divide human drives into three groups"
## [557] "those drives that can be satisfied with minimal effort those that can"
## [558] "be satisfied but only at the cost of serious effort those that cannot"
## [559] "be adequately satisfied no matter how much effort one makes the power"
## [560] "process is the process of satisfying the drives of the second group the"
## [561] "more drives there are in the third group the more there is frustration"
## [562] "anger eventually defeatism depression etc in modern industrial society"
## [563] "natural human drives tend to be pushed into the first and third groups"
## [564] "and the second group tends to consist increasingly of artificially"
## [565] "created drives in primitive societies physical necessities generally"
## [566] "fall into group they can be obtained but only at the cost of serious"
## [567] "effort but modern society tends to guaranty the physical necessities to"
## [568] "everyone in exchange for only minimal effort hence physical needs are"
## [569] "pushed into group there may be disagreement about whether the effort"
## [570] "needed to hold a job is minimal but usually in lower to middle level"
## [571] "jobs whatever effort is required is merely that of obedience you sit or"
## [572] "stand where you are told to sit or stand and do what you are told to do"
## [573] "in the way you are told to do it seldom do you have to exert yourself"
## [574] "seriously and in any case you have hardly any autonomy in work so that"
## [575] "the need for the power process is not well served social needs such as"
## [576] "sex love and status often remain in group in modern society depending"
## [577] "on the situation of the individual but except for people who have a"
## [578] "particularly strong drive for status the effort required to fulfill the"
## [579] "social drives is insufficient to satisfy adequately the need for the"
## [580] "power process so certain artificial needs have been created that fall"
## [581] "into group hence serve the need for the power process advertising and"
## [582] "marketing techniques have been developed that make many people feel they"
## [583] "need things that their grandparents never desired or even dreamed of it"
## [584] "requires serious effort to earn enough money to satisfy these artificial"
## [585] "needs hence they fall into group but see paragraphs modern man must"
## [586] "satisfy his need for the power process largely through pursuit of the"
## [587] "artificial needs created by the advertising and marketing industry and"
## [588] "through surrogate activities it seems that for many people maybe the"
## [589] "majority these artificial forms of the power process are insufficient"
## [590] "a theme that appears repeatedly in the writings of the social critics"
## [591] "of the second half of the century is the sense of purposelessness that"
## [592] "afflicts many people in modern society this purposelessness is often"
## [593] "called by other names such as anomic or middle class vacuity we suggest"
## [594] "that the so called identity crisis is actually a search for a sense of"
## [595] "purpose often for commitment to a suitable surrogate activity it may be"
## [596] "that existentialism is in large part a response to the purposelessness"
## [597] "of modern life very widespread in modern society is the search for"
## [598] "fulfillment but we think that for the majority of people an activity"
## [599] "whose main goal is fulfillment that is a surrogate activity does not"
## [600] "bring completely satisfactory fulfillment in other words it does not"
## [601] "fully satisfy the need for the power process see paragraph that need"
## [602] "can be fully satisfied only through activities that have some external"
## [603] "goal such as physical necessities sex love status revenge etc moreover"
## [604] "where goals are pursued through earning money climbing the status ladder"
## [605] "or functioning as part of the system in some other way most people"
## [606] "are not in a position to pursue their goals autonomously most workers"
## [607] "are someone else s employee and as we pointed out in paragraph must"
## [608] "spend their days doing what they are told to do in the way they are"
## [609] "told to do it even people who are in business for themselves have only"
## [610] "limited autonomy it is a chronic complaint of small business persons"
## [611] "and entrepreneurs that their hands are tied by excessive government"
## [612] "regulation some of these regulations are doubtless unnecessary but for"
## [613] "the most part government regulations are essential and inevitable parts"
## [614] "of our extremely complex society a large portion of small business today"
## [615] "operates on the franchise system it was reported in the wall street"
## [616] "journal a few years ago that many of the franchise granting companies"
## [617] "require applicants for franchises to take a personality test that is"
## [618] "designed to exclude those who have creativity and initiative because"
## [619] "such persons are not sufficiently docile to go along obediently with"
## [620] "the franchise system this excludes from small business many of the"
## [621] "people who most need autonomy today people live more by virtue of what"
## [622] "the system does for them or to them than by virtue of what they do for"
## [623] "themselves and what they do for themselves is done more and more along"
## [624] "channels laid down by the system opportunities tend to be those that"
## [625] "the system provides the opportunities must be exploited in accord with"
## [626] "rules and regulations and techniques prescribed by experts must be"
## [627] "followed if there is to be a chance of success thus the power process"
## [628] "is disrupted in our society through a deficiency of real goals and a"
## [629] "deficiency of autonomy in the pursuit of goals but it is also disrupted"
## [630] "because of those human drives that fall into group the drives that one"
## [631] "cannot adequately satisfy no matter how much effort one makes one of"
## [632] "these drives is the need for security our lives depend on decisions made"
## [633] "by other people we have no control over these decisions and usually we"
## [634] "do not even know the people who make them we live in a world in which"
## [635] "relatively few people maybe or make the important decisions philip b"
## [636] "heymann of harvard law school quoted by anthony lewis new york times"
## [637] "april our lives depend on whether safety standards at a nuclear power"
## [638] "plant are properly maintained on how much pesticide is allowed to get"
## [639] "into our food or how much pollution into our air on how skillful or"
## [640] "incompetent our doctor is whether we lose or get a job may depend on"
## [641] "decisions made by government economists or corporation executives and"
## [642] "so forth most individuals are not in a position to secure themselves"
## [643] "against these threats to more than a very limited extent the individual"
## [644] "s search for security is therefore frustrated which leads to a sense of"
## [645] "powerlessness it may be objected that primitive man is physically less"
## [646] "secure than modern man as is shown by his shorter life expectancy hence"
## [647] "modern man suffers from less not more than the amount of insecurity that"
## [648] "is normal for human beings but psychological security does not closely"
## [649] "correspond with physical security what makes us feel secure is not so"
## [650] "much objective security as a sense of confidence in our ability to take"
## [651] "care of ourselves primitive man threatened by a fierce animal or by"
## [652] "hunger can fight in self defense or travel in search of food he has no"
## [653] "certainty of success in these efforts but he is by no means helpless"
## [654] "against the things that threaten him the modern individual on the other"
## [655] "hand is threatened by many things against which he is helpless nuclear"
## [656] "accidents carcinogens in food environmental pollution war increasing"
## [657] "taxes invasion of his privacy by large organizations nationwide social"
## [658] "or economic phenomena that may disrupt his way of life it is true that"
## [659] "primitive man is powerless against some of the things that threaten"
## [660] "him disease for example but he can accept the risk of disease stoically"
## [661] "it is part of the nature of things it is no one s fault unless it is"
## [662] "the fault of some imaginary impersonal demon but threats to the modern"
## [663] "individual tend to be man made they are not the results of chance but"
## [664] "are imposed on him by other persons whose decisions he as an individual"
## [665] "is unable to influence consequently he feels frustrated humiliated and"
## [666] "angry thus primitive man for the most part has his security in his own"
## [667] "hands either as an individual or as a member of a small group whereas"
## [668] "the security of modern man is in the hands of persons or organizations"
## [669] "that are too remote or too large for him to be able personally to"
## [670] "influence them so modern man s drive for security tends to fall into"
## [671] "groups and in some areas food shelter etc his security is assured at"
## [672] "the cost of only trivial effort whereas in other areas he cannot attain"
## [673] "security the foregoing greatly simplifies the real situation but it"
## [674] "does indicate in a rough general way how the condition of modern man"
## [675] "differs from that of primitive man people have many transitory drives"
## [676] "or impulses that are necessarily frustrated in modern life hence"
## [677] "fall into group one may become angry but modern society cannot permit"
## [678] "fighting in many situations it does not even permit verbal aggression"
## [679] "when going somewhere one may be in a hurry or one may be in a mood"
## [680] "to travel slowly but one generally has no choice but to move with the"
## [681] "flow of traffic and obey the traffic signals one may want to do one s"
## [682] "work in a different way but usually one can work only according to the"
## [683] "rules laid down by one s employer in many other ways as well modern"
## [684] "man is strapped down by a network of rules and regulations explicit or"
## [685] "implicit that frustrate many of his impulses and thus interfere with"
## [686] "the power process most of these regulations cannot be dispensed with"
## [687] "because they are necessary for the functioning of industrial society"
## [688] "modern society is in certain respects extremely permissive in matters"
## [689] "that are irrelevant to the functioning of the system we can generally do"
## [690] "what we please we can believe in any religion we like as long as it does"
## [691] "not encourage behavior that is dangerous to the system we can go to bed"
## [692] "with anyone we like as long as we practice safe sex we can do anything"
## [693] "we like as long as it is unimportant but in all important matters the"
## [694] "system tends increasingly to regulate our behavior behavior is regulated"
## [695] "not only through explicit rules and not only by the government control"
## [696] "is often exercised through indirect coercion or through psychological"
## [697] "pressure or manipulation and by organizations other than the government"
## [698] "or by the system as a whole most large organizations use some form of"
## [699] "propaganda to manipulate public attitudes or behavior propaganda is"
## [700] "not limited to commercials and advertisements and sometimes it is not"
## [701] "even consciously intended as propaganda by the people who make it for"
## [702] "instance the content of entertainment programming is a powerful form"
## [703] "of propaganda an example of indirect coercion there is no law that"
## [704] "says we have to go to work every day and follow our employer s orders"
## [705] "legally there is nothing to prevent us from going to live in the wild"
## [706] "like primitive people or from going into business for ourselves but in"
## [707] "practice there is very little wild country left and there is room in the"
## [708] "economy for only a limited number of small business owners hence most"
## [709] "of us can survive only as someone else s employee we suggest that modern"
## [710] "man s obsession with longevity and with maintaining physical vigor and"
## [711] "sexual attractiveness to an advanced age is a symptom of unfulfillment"
## [712] "resulting from deprivation with respect to the power process the mid"
## [713] "life crisis also is such a symptom so is the lack of interest in having"
## [714] "children that is fairly common in modern society but almost unheard of"
## [715] "in primitive societies in primitive societies life is a succession of"
## [716] "stages the needs and purposes of one stage having been fulfilled there"
## [717] "is no particular reluctance about passing on to the next stage a young"
## [718] "man goes through the power process by becoming a hunter hunting not for"
## [719] "sport or for fulfillment but to get meat that is necessary for food in"
## [720] "young women the process is more complex with greater emphasis on social"
## [721] "power we won t discuss that here this phase having been successfully"
## [722] "passed through the young man has no reluctance about settling down to"
## [723] "the responsibilities of raising a family in contrast some modern people"
## [724] "indefinitely postpone having children because they are too busy seeking"
## [725] "some kind of fulfillment we suggest that the fulfillment they need is"
## [726] "adequate experience of the power process with real goals instead of"
## [727] "the artificial goals of surrogate activities again having successfully"
## [728] "raised his children going through the power process by providing them"
## [729] "with the physical necessities the primitive man feels that his work is"
## [730] "done and he is prepared to accept old age if he survives that long and"
## [731] "death many modern people on the other hand are disturbed by the prospect"
## [732] "of physical deterioration and death as is shown by the amount of effort"
## [733] "they expend trying to maintain their physical condition appearance and"
## [734] "health we argue that this is due to unfulfillment resulting from the"
## [735] "fact that they have never put their physical powers to any practical"
## [736] "use have never gone through the power process using their bodies in a"
## [737] "serious way it is not the primitive man who has used his body daily for"
## [738] "practical purposes who fears the deterioration of age but the modern"
## [739] "man who has never had a practical use for his body beyond walking from"
## [740] "his car to his house it is the man whose need for the power process has"
## [741] "been satisfied during his life who is best prepared to accept the end of"
## [742] "that life in response to the arguments of this section someone will say"
## [743] "society must find a way to give people the opportunity to go through the"
## [744] "power process for such people the value of the opportunity is destroyed"
## [745] "by the very fact that society gives it to them what they need is to"
## [746] "find or make their own opportunities as long as the system gives them"
## [747] "their opportunities it still has them on a leash to attain autonomy"
## [748] "they must get off that leash how some people adjust not everyone in"
## [749] "industrial technological society suffers from psychological problems"
## [750] "some people even profess to be quite satisfied with society as it is we"
## [751] "now discuss some of the reasons why people differ so greatly in their"
## [752] "response to modern society first there doubtless are differences in"
## [753] "the strength of the drive for power individuals with a weak drive for"
## [754] "power may have relatively little need to go through the power process"
## [755] "or at least relatively little need for autonomy in the power process"
## [756] "these are docile types who would have been happy as plantation darkies"
## [757] "in the old south we don t mean to sneer at the plantation darkies of"
## [758] "the old south to their credit most of the slaves were not content with"
## [759] "their servitude we do sneer at people who are content with servitude"
## [760] "some people may have some exceptional drive in pursuing which they"
## [761] "satisfy their need for the power process for example those who have"
## [762] "an unusually strong drive for social status may spend their whole"
## [763] "lives climbing the status ladder without ever getting bored with that"
## [764] "game people vary in their susceptibility to advertising and marketing"
## [765] "techniques some are so susceptible that even if they make a great deal"
## [766] "of money they cannot satisfy their constant craving for the the shiny"
## [767] "new toys that the marketing industry dangles before their eyes so they"
## [768] "always feel hard pressed financially even if their income is large and"
## [769] "their cravings are frustrated some people have low susceptibility to"
## [770] "advertising and marketing techniques these are the people who aren t"
## [771] "interested in money material acquisition does not serve their need for"
## [772] "the power process people who have medium susceptibility to advertising"
## [773] "and marketing techniques are able to earn enough money to satisfy their"
## [774] "craving for goods and services but only at the cost of serious effort"
## [775] "putting in overtime taking a second job earning promotions etc thus"
## [776] "material acquisition serves their need for the power process but it does"
## [777] "not necessarily follow that their need is fully satisfied they may have"
## [778] "insufficient autonomy in the power process their work may consist of"
## [779] "following orders and some of their drives may be frustrated eg security"
## [780] "aggression we are guilty of oversimplification in paragraphs because"
## [781] "we have assumed that the desire for material acquisition is entirely"
## [782] "a creation of the advertising and marketing industry of course it s"
## [783] "not that simple some people partly satisfy their need for power by"
## [784] "identifying themselves with a powerful organization or mass movement an"
## [785] "individual lacking goals or power joins a movement or an organization"
## [786] "adopts its goals as his own then works toward those goals when some of"
## [787] "the goals are attained the individual even though his personal efforts"
## [788] "have played only an insignificant part in the attainment of the goals"
## [789] "feels through his identification with the movement or organization as"
## [790] "if he had gone through the power process this phenomenon was exploited"
## [791] "by the fascists nazis and communists our society uses it too though less"
## [792] "crudely example manuel noriega was an irritant to the us goal punish"
## [793] "noriega the us invaded panama effort and punished noriega attainment"
## [794] "of goal thus the us went through the power process and many americans"
## [795] "because of their identification with the us experienced the power"
## [796] "process vicariously hence the widespread public approval of the panama"
## [797] "invasion it gave people a sense of power we see the same phenomenon"
## [798] "in armies corporations political parties humanitarian organizations"
## [799] "religious or ideological movements in particular leftist movements"
## [800] "tend to attract people who are seeking to satisfy their need for power"
## [801] "but for most people identification with a large organization or a mass"
## [802] "movement does not fully satisfy the need for power another way in which"
## [803] "people satisfy their need for the power process is through surrogate"
## [804] "activities as we explained in paragraphs a surrogate activity is an"
## [805] "activity that is directed toward an artificial goal that the individual"
## [806] "pursues for the sake of the fulfillment that he gets from pursuing"
## [807] "the goal not because he needs to attain the goal itself for instance"
## [808] "there is no practical motive for building enormous muscles hitting"
## [809] "a little ball into a hole or acquiring a complete series of postage"
## [810] "stamps yet many people in our society devote themselves with passion"
## [811] "to bodybuilding golf or stamp collecting some people are more other"
## [812] "directed than others and therefore will more readily attach importance"
## [813] "to a surrogate activity simply because the people around them treat it"
## [814] "as important or because society tells them it is important that is why"
## [815] "some people get very serious about essentially trivial activities such"
## [816] "as sports or bridge or chess or arcane scholarly pursuits whereas others"
## [817] "who are more clear sighted never see these things as anything but the"
## [818] "surrogate activities that they are and consequently never attach enough"
## [819] "importance to them to satisfy their need for the power process in that"
## [820] "way it only remains to point out that in many cases a person s way"
## [821] "of earning a living is also a surrogate activity not a pure surrogate"
## [822] "activity since part of the motive for the activity is to gain the"
## [823] "physical necessities and for some people social status and the luxuries"
## [824] "that advertising makes them want but many people put into their work"
## [825] "far more effort than is necessary to earn whatever money and status"
## [826] "they require and this extra effort constitutes a surrogate activity this"
## [827] "extra effort together with the emotional investment that accompanies it"
## [828] "is one of the most potent forces acting toward the continual development"
## [829] "and perfecting of the system with negative consequences for individual"
## [830] "freedom see paragraph especially for the most creative scientists and"
## [831] "engineers work tends to be largely a surrogate activity this point is so"
## [832] "important that it deserves a separate discussion which we shall give in"
## [833] "a moment paragraphs in this section we have explained how many people in"
## [834] "modern society do satisfy their need for the power process to a greater"
## [835] "or lesser extent but we think that for the majority of people the need"
## [836] "for the power process is not fully satisfied in the first place those"
## [837] "who have an insatiable drive for status or who get firmly hooked on a"
## [838] "surrogate activity or who identify strongly enough with a movement or"
## [839] "organization to satisfy their need for power in that way are exceptional"
## [840] "personalities others are not fully satisfied with surrogate activities"
## [841] "or by identification with an organization see paragraphs in the second"
## [842] "place too much control is imposed by the system through explicit"
## [843] "regulation or through socialization which results in a deficiency"
## [844] "of autonomy and in frustration due to the impossibility of attaining"
## [845] "certain goals and the necessity of restraining too many impulses but"
## [846] "even if most people in industrial technological society were well"
## [847] "satisfied we fc would still be opposed to that form of society because"
## [848] "among other reasons we consider it demeaning to fulfill one s need for"
## [849] "the power process through surrogate activities or through identification"
## [850] "with an organization rather than through pursuit of real goals the"
## [851] "motives of scientists science and technology provide the most important"
## [852] "examples of surrogate activities some scientists claim that they are"
## [853] "motivated by curiosity or by a desire to benefit humanity but it is"
## [854] "easy to see that neither of these can be the principal motive of most"
## [855] "scientists as for curiosity that notion is simply absurd most scientists"
## [856] "work on highly specialized problems that are not the object of any"
## [857] "normal curiosity for example is an astronomer a mathematician or an"
## [858] "entomologist curious about the properties of isopropyltrimethylmethane"
## [859] "of course not only a chemist is curious about such a thing and he is"
## [860] "curious about it only because chemistry is his surrogate activity is the"
## [861] "chemist curious about the appropriate classification of a new species"
## [862] "of beetle no that question is of interest only to the entomologist and"
## [863] "he is interested in it only because entomology is his surrogate activity"
## [864] "if the chemist and the entomologist had to exert themselves seriously"
## [865] "to obtain the physical necessities and if that effort exercised their"
## [866] "abilities in an interesting way but in some nonscientific pursuit"
## [867] "then they wouldn t give a damn about isopropyltrimethylmethane or the"
## [868] "classification of beetles suppose that lack of funds for postgraduate"
## [869] "education had led the chemist to become an insurance broker instead of"
## [870] "a chemist in that case he would have been very interested in insurance"
## [871] "matters but would have cared nothing about isopropyltrimethylmethane"
## [872] "in any case it is not normal to put into the satisfaction of mere"
## [873] "curiosity the amount of time and effort that scientists put into their"
## [874] "work the curiosity explanation for the scientists motive just doesn t"
## [875] "stand up the benefit of humanity explanation doesn t work any better"
## [876] "some scientific work has no conceivable relation to the welfare of the"
## [877] "human race most of archaeology or comparative linguistics for example"
## [878] "some other areas of science present obviously dangerous possibilities"
## [879] "yet scientists in these areas are just as enthusiastic about their"
## [880] "work as those who develop vaccines or study air pollution consider the"
## [881] "case of dr edward teller who had an obvious emotional involvement in"
## [882] "promoting nuclear power plants did this involvement stem from a desire"
## [883] "to benefit humanity if so then why didn t dr teller get emotional about"
## [884] "other humanitarian causes if he was such a humanitarian then why did he"
## [885] "help to develop the h bomb as with many other scientific achievements"
## [886] "it is very much open to question whether nuclear power plants actually"
## [887] "do benefit humanity does the cheap electricity outweigh the accumulating"
## [888] "waste and the risk of accidents dr teller saw only one side of the"
## [889] "question clearly his emotional involvement with nuclear power arose not"
## [890] "from a desire to benefit humanity but from a personal fulfillment he"
## [891] "got from his work and from seeing it put to practical use the same is"
## [892] "true of scientists generally with possible rare exceptions their motive"
## [893] "is neither curiosity nor a desire to benefit humanity but the need to"
## [894] "go through the power process to have a goal a scientific problem to"
## [895] "solve to make an effort research and to attain the goal solution of"
## [896] "the problem science is a surrogate activity because scientists work"
## [897] "mainly for the fulfillment they get out of the work itself of course"
## [898] "it s not that simple other motives do play a role for many scientists"
## [899] "money and status for example some scientists may be persons of the"
## [900] "type who have an insatiable drive for status see paragraph and this"
## [901] "may provide much of the motivation for their work no doubt the majority"
## [902] "of scientists like the majority of the general population are more"
## [903] "or less susceptible to advertising and marketing techniques and need"
## [904] "money to satisfy their craving for goods and services thus science"
## [905] "is not a pure surrogate activity but it is in large part a surrogate"
## [906] "activity also science and technology constitute a power mass movement"
## [907] "and many scientists gratify their need for power through identification"
## [908] "with this mass movement see paragraph thus science marches on blindly"
## [909] "without regard to the real welfare of the human race or to any other"
## [910] "standard obedient only to the psychological needs of the scientists"
## [911] "and of the government officials and corporation executives who provide"
## [912] "the funds for research the nature of freedom we are going to argue that"
## [913] "industrial technological society cannot be reformed in such a way as"
## [914] "to prevent it from progressively narrowing the sphere of human freedom"
## [915] "but because freedom is a word that can be interpreted in many ways we"
## [916] "must first make clear what kind of freedom we are concerned with by"
## [917] "freedom we mean the opportunity to go through the power process with"
## [918] "real goals not the artificial goals of surrogate activities and without"
## [919] "interference manipulation or supervision from anyone especially from"
## [920] "any large organization freedom means being in control either as an"
## [921] "individual or as a member of a small group of the life and death issues"
## [922] "of one s existence food clothing shelter and defense against whatever"
## [923] "threats there may be in one s environment freedom means having power"
## [924] "not the power to control other people but the power to control the"
## [925] "circumstances of one s own life one does not have freedom if anyone"
## [926] "else especially a large organization has power over one no matter how"
## [927] "benevolently tolerantly and permissively that power may be exercised"
## [928] "it is important not to confuse freedom with mere permissiveness see"
## [929] "paragraph it is said that we live in a free society because we have a"
## [930] "certain number of constitutionally guaranteed rights but these are not"
## [931] "as important as they seem the degree of personal freedom that exists in"
## [932] "a society is determined more by the economic and technological structure"
## [933] "of the society than by its laws or its form of government most of the"
## [934] "indian nations of new england were monarchies and many of the cities"
## [935] "of the italian renaissance were controlled by dictators but in reading"
## [936] "about these societies one gets the impression that they allowed far"
## [937] "more personal freedom than our society does in part this was because"
## [938] "they lacked efficient mechanisms for enforcing the ruler s will there"
## [939] "were no modern well organized police forces no rapid long distance"
## [940] "communications no surveillance cameras no dossiers of information about"
## [941] "the lives of average citizens hence it was relatively easy to evade"
## [942] "control as for our constitutional rights consider for example that of"
## [943] "freedom of the press we certainly don t mean to knock that right it"
## [944] "is very important tool for limiting concentration of political power"
## [945] "and for keeping those who do have political power in line by publicly"
## [946] "exposing any misbehavior on their part but freedom of the press is of"
## [947] "very little use to the average citizen as an individual the mass media"
## [948] "are mostly under the control of large organizations that are integrated"
## [949] "into the system anyone who has a little money can have something printed"
## [950] "or can distribute it on the internet or in some such way but what he"
## [951] "has to say will be swamped by the vast volume of material put out by the"
## [952] "media hence it will have no practical effect to make an impression on"
## [953] "society with words is therefore almost impossible for most individuals"
## [954] "and small groups take us fc for example if we had never done anything"
## [955] "violent and had submitted the present writings to a publisher they"
## [956] "probably would not have been accepted if they had been been accepted and"
## [957] "published they probably would not have attracted many readers because it"
## [958] "s more fun to watch the entertainment put out by the media than to read"
## [959] "a sober essay even if these writings had had many readers most of these"
## [960] "readers would soon have forgotten what they had read as their minds"
## [961] "were flooded by the mass of material to which the media expose them in"
## [962] "order to get our message before the public with some chance of making"
## [963] "a lasting impression we ve had to kill people constitutional rights"
## [964] "are useful up to a point but they do not serve to guarantee much more"
## [965] "than what might be called the bourgeois conception of freedom according"
## [966] "to the bourgeois conception a free man is essentially an element of a"
## [967] "social machine and has only a certain set of prescribed and delimited"
## [968] "freedoms freedoms that are designed to serve the needs of the social"
## [969] "machine more than those of the individual thus the bourgeois s free man"
## [970] "has economic freedom because that promotes growth and progress he has"
## [971] "freedom of the press because public criticism restrains misbehavior by"
## [972] "political leaders he has a right to a fair trial because imprisonment"
## [973] "at the whim of the powerful would be bad for the system this was"
## [974] "clearly the attitude of simon bolivar to him people deserved liberty"
## [975] "only if they used it to promote progress progress as conceived by the"
## [976] "bourgeois other bourgeois thinkers have taken a similar view of freedom"
## [977] "as a mere means to collective ends chester c tan chinese political"
## [978] "thought in the twentieth century page explains the philosophy of the"
## [979] "kuomintang leader hu han min an individual is granted rights because"
## [980] "he is a member of society and his community life requires such rights"
## [981] "by community hu meant the whole society of the nation and on page tan"
## [982] "states that according to carsum chang chang chun mai head of the state"
## [983] "socialist party in china freedom had to be used in the interest of the"
## [984] "state and of the people as a whole but what kind of freedom does one"
## [985] "have if one can use it only as someone else prescribes fc s conception"
## [986] "of freedom is not that of bolivar hu chang or other bourgeois theorists"
## [987] "the trouble with such theorists is that they have made the development"
## [988] "and application of social theories their surrogate activity consequently"
## [989] "the theories are designed to serve the needs of the theorists more"
## [990] "than the needs of any people who may be unlucky enough to live in a"
## [991] "society on which the theories are imposed one more point to be made in"
## [992] "this section it should not be assumed that a person has enough freedom"
## [993] "just because he says he has enough freedom is restricted in part by"
## [994] "psychological controls of which people are unconscious and moreover"
## [995] "many people s ideas of what constitutes freedom are governed more by"
## [996] "social convention than by their real needs for example it s likely that"
## [997] "many leftists of the oversocialized type would say that most people"
## [998] "including themselves are socialized too little rather than too much yet"
## [999] "the oversocialized leftist pays a heavy psychological price for his high"
## [1000] "level of socialization some principles of history think of history as"
## [1001] "being the sum of two components an erratic component that consists of"
## [1002] "unpredictable events that follow no discernible pattern and a regular"
## [1003] "component that consists of long term historical trends here we are"
## [1004] "concerned with the long term trends first principle if a small change"
## [1005] "is made that affects a long term historical trend then the effect of"
## [1006] "that change will almost always be transitory the trend will soon revert"
## [1007] "to its original state example a reform movement designed to clean up"
## [1008] "political corruption in a society rarely has more than a short term"
## [1009] "effect sooner or later the reformers relax and corruption creeps back"
## [1010] "in the level of political corruption in a given society tends to remain"
## [1011] "constant or to change only slowly with the evolution of the society"
## [1012] "normally a political cleanup will be permanent only if accompanied"
## [1013] "by widespread social changes a small change in the society won t be"
## [1014] "enough if a small change in a long term historical trend appears to"
## [1015] "be permanent it is only because the change acts in the direction in"
## [1016] "which the trend is already moving so that the trend is not altered by"
## [1017] "only pushed a step ahead the first principle is almost a tautology if"
## [1018] "a trend were not stable with respect to small changes it would wander"
## [1019] "at random rather than following a definite direction in other words"
## [1020] "it would not be a long term trend at all second principle if a change"
## [1021] "is made that is sufficiently large to alter permanently a long term"
## [1022] "historical trend then it will alter the society as a whole in other"
## [1023] "words a society is a system in which all parts are interrelated and you"
## [1024] "can t permanently change any important part without changing all other"
## [1025] "parts as well third principle if a change is made that is large enough"
## [1026] "to alter permanently a long term trend then the consequences for the"
## [1027] "society as a whole cannot be predicted in advance unless various other"
## [1028] "societies have passed through the same change and have all experienced"
## [1029] "the same consequences in which case one can predict on empirical grounds"
## [1030] "that another society that passes through the same change will be like"
## [1031] "to experience similar consequences fourth principle a new kind of"
## [1032] "society cannot be designed on paper that is you cannot plan out a new"
## [1033] "form of society in advance then set it up and expect it to function as"
## [1034] "it was designed to do the third and fourth principles result from the"
## [1035] "complexity of human societies a change in human behavior will affect"
## [1036] "the economy of a society and its physical environment the economy will"
## [1037] "affect the environment and vice versa and the changes in the economy and"
## [1038] "the environment will affect human behavior in complex unpredictable ways"
## [1039] "and so forth the network of causes and effects is far too complex to be"
## [1040] "untangled and understood fifth principle people do not consciously and"
## [1041] "rationally choose the form of their society societies develop through"
## [1042] "processes of social evolution that are not under rational human control"
## [1043] "the fifth principle is a consequence of the other four to illustrate"
## [1044] "by the first principle generally speaking an attempt at social reform"
## [1045] "either acts in the direction in which the society is developing anyway"
## [1046] "so that it merely accelerates a change that would have occurred in"
## [1047] "any case or else it has only a transitory effect so that the society"
## [1048] "soon slips back into its old groove to make a lasting change in the"
## [1049] "direction of development of any important aspect of a society reform"
## [1050] "is insufficient and revolution is required a revolution does not"
## [1051] "necessarily involve an armed uprising or the overthrow of a government"
## [1052] "by the second principle a revolution never changes only one aspect of a"
## [1053] "society it changes the whole society and by the third principle changes"
## [1054] "occur that were never expected or desired by the revolutionaries by the"
## [1055] "fourth principle when revolutionaries or utopians set up a new kind of"
## [1056] "society it never works out as planned the american revolution does not"
## [1057] "provide a counterexample the american revolution was not a revolution"
## [1058] "in our sense of the word but a war of independence followed by a rather"
## [1059] "far reaching political reform the founding fathers did not change the"
## [1060] "direction of development of american society nor did they aspire to"
## [1061] "do so they only freed the development of american society from the"
## [1062] "retarding effect of british rule their political reform did not change"
## [1063] "any basic trend but only pushed american political culture along its"
## [1064] "natural direction of development british society of which american"
## [1065] "society was an offshoot had been moving for a long time in the direction"
## [1066] "of representative democracy and prior to the war of independence the"
## [1067] "americans were already practicing a significant degree of representative"
## [1068] "democracy in the colonial assemblies the political system established by"
## [1069] "the constitution was modeled on the british system and on the colonial"
## [1070] "assemblies with major alteration to be sure there is no doubt that the"
## [1071] "founding fathers took a very important step but it was a step along"
## [1072] "the road that english speaking world was already traveling the proof is"
## [1073] "that britain and all of its colonies that were populated predominantly"
## [1074] "by people of british descent ended up with systems of representative"
## [1075] "democracy essentially similar to that of the united states if the"
## [1076] "founding fathers had lost their nerve and declined to sign the"
## [1077] "declaration of independence our way of life today would not have been"
## [1078] "significantly different maybe we would have had somewhat closer ties to"
## [1079] "britain and would have had a parliament and prime minister instead of a"
## [1080] "congress and president no big deal thus the american revolution provides"
## [1081] "not a counterexample to our principles but a good illustration of them"
## [1082] "still one has to use common sense in applying the principles they are"
## [1083] "expressed in imprecise language that allows latitude for interpretation"
## [1084] "and exceptions to them can be found so we present these principles"
## [1085] "not as inviolable laws but as rules of thumb or guides to thinking"
## [1086] "that may provide a partial antidote to naive ideas about the future of"
## [1087] "society the principles should be borne constantly in mind and whenever"
## [1088] "one reaches a conclusion that conflicts with them one should carefully"
## [1089] "reexamine one s thinking and retain the conclusion only if one has good"
## [1090] "solid reasons for doing so industrial technological society cannot be"
## [1091] "reformed the foregoing principles help to show how hopelessly difficult"
## [1092] "it would be to reform the industrial system in such a way as to prevent"
## [1093] "it from progressively narrowing our sphere of freedom there has been a"
## [1094] "consistent tendency going back at least to the industrial revolution for"
## [1095] "technology to strengthen the system at a high cost in individual freedom"
## [1096] "and local autonomy hence any change designed to protect freedom from"
## [1097] "technology would be contrary to a fundamental trend in the development"
## [1098] "of our society consequently such a change either would be a transitory"
## [1099] "one soon swamped by the tide of history or if large enough to be"
## [1100] "permanent would alter the nature of our whole society this by the first"
## [1101] "and second principles moreover since society would be altered in a way"
## [1102] "that could not be predicted in advance third principle there would be"
## [1103] "great risk changes large enough to make a lasting difference in favor"
## [1104] "of freedom would not be initiated because it would be realized that"
## [1105] "they would gravely disrupt the system so any attempts at reform would"
## [1106] "be too timid to be effective even if changes large enough to make a"
## [1107] "lasting difference were initiated they would be retracted when their"
## [1108] "disruptive effects became apparent thus permanent changes in favor"
## [1109] "of freedom could be brought about only by persons prepared to accept"
## [1110] "radical dangerous and unpredictable alteration of the entire system in"
## [1111] "other words by revolutionaries not reformers people anxious to rescue"
## [1112] "freedom without sacrificing the supposed benefits of technology will"
## [1113] "suggest naive schemes for some new form of society that would reconcile"
## [1114] "freedom with technology apart from the fact that people who make such"
## [1115] "suggestions seldom propose any practical means by which the new form of"
## [1116] "society could be set up in the first place it follows from the fourth"
## [1117] "principle that even if the new form of society could be once established"
## [1118] "it either would collapse or would give results very different from those"
## [1119] "expected so even on very general grounds it seems highly improbable that"
## [1120] "any way of changing society could be found that would reconcile freedom"
## [1121] "with modern technology in the next few sections we will give more"
## [1122] "specific reasons for concluding that freedom and technological progress"
## [1123] "are incompatible restriction of freedom is unavoidable in industrial"
## [1124] "society as explained in paragraphs modern man is strapped down by a"
## [1125] "network of rules and regulations and his fate depends on the actions"
## [1126] "of persons remote from him whose decisions he cannot influence this is"
## [1127] "not accidental or a result of the arbitrariness of arrogant bureaucrats"
## [1128] "it is necessary and inevitable in any technologically advanced society"
## [1129] "the system has to regulate human behavior closely in order to function"
## [1130] "at work people have to do what they are told to do otherwise production"
## [1131] "would be thrown into chaos bureaucracies have to be run according to"
## [1132] "rigid rules to allow any substantial personal discretion to lower level"
## [1133] "bureaucrats would disrupt the system and lead to charges of unfairness"
## [1134] "due to differences in the way individual bureaucrats exercised their"
## [1135] "discretion it is true that some restrictions on our freedom could"
## [1136] "be eliminated but generally speaking the regulation of our lives by"
## [1137] "large organizations is necessary for the functioning of industrial"
## [1138] "technological society the result is a sense of powerlessness on the"
## [1139] "part of the average person it may be however that formal regulations"
## [1140] "will tend increasingly to be replaced by psychological tools that make"
## [1141] "us want to do what the system requires of us propaganda educational"
## [1142] "techniques mental health programs etc the system has to force people to"
## [1143] "behave in ways that are increasingly remote from the natural pattern of"
## [1144] "human behavior for example the system needs scientists mathematicians"
## [1145] "and engineers it can t function without them so heavy pressure is put"
## [1146] "on children to excel in these fields it isn t natural for an adolescent"
## [1147] "human being to spend the bulk of his time sitting at a desk absorbed"
## [1148] "in study a normal adolescent wants to spend his time in active contact"
## [1149] "with the real world among primitive peoples the things that children"
## [1150] "are trained to do tend to be in reasonable harmony with natural human"
## [1151] "impulses among the american indians for example boys were trained in"
## [1152] "active outdoor pursuits just the sort of thing that boys like but in our"
## [1153] "society children are pushed into studying technical subjects which most"
## [1154] "do grudgingly because of the constant pressure that the system exerts"
## [1155] "to modify human behavior there is a gradual increase in the number of"
## [1156] "people who cannot or will not adjust to society s requirements welfare"
## [1157] "leeches youth gang members cultists anti government rebels radical"
## [1158] "environmentalist saboteurs dropouts and resisters of various kinds in"
## [1159] "any technologically advanced society the individual s fate must depend"
## [1160] "on decisions that he personally cannot influence to any great extent"
## [1161] "a technological society cannot be broken down into small autonomous"
## [1162] "communities because production depends on the cooperation of very large"
## [1163] "numbers of people and machines such a society must be highly organized"
## [1164] "and decisions have to be made that affect very large numbers of people"
## [1165] "when a decision affects say a million people then each of the affected"
## [1166] "individuals has on the average only a one millionth share in making"
## [1167] "the decision what usually happens in practice is that decisions are"
## [1168] "made by public officials or corporation executives or by technical"
## [1169] "specialists but even when the public votes on a decision the number of"
## [1170] "voters ordinarily is too large for the vote of any one individual to"
## [1171] "be significant thus most individuals are unable to influence measurably"
## [1172] "the major decisions that affect their lives there is no conceivable"
## [1173] "way to remedy this in a technologically advanced society the system"
## [1174] "tries to solve this problem by using propaganda to make people want"
## [1175] "the decisions that have been made for them but even if this solution"
## [1176] "were completely successful in making people feel better it would be"
## [1177] "demeaning conservatives and some others advocate more local autonomy"
## [1178] "local communities once did have autonomy but such autonomy becomes less"
## [1179] "and less possible as local communities become more enmeshed with and"
## [1180] "dependent on large scale systems like public utilities computer networks"
## [1181] "highway systems the mass communications media the modern health care"
## [1182] "system also operating against autonomy is the fact that technology"
## [1183] "applied in one location often affects people at other locations far way"
## [1184] "thus pesticide or chemical use near a creek may contaminate the water"
## [1185] "supply hundreds of miles downstream and the greenhouse effect affects"
## [1186] "the whole world the system does not and cannot exist to satisfy human"
## [1187] "needs instead it is human behavior that has to be modified to fit the"
## [1188] "needs of the system this has nothing to do with the political or social"
## [1189] "ideology that may pretend to guide the technological system it is the"
## [1190] "fault of technology because the system is guided not by ideology but"
## [1191] "by technical necessity of course the system does satisfy many human"
## [1192] "needs but generally speaking it does this only to the extend that it is"
## [1193] "to the advantage of the system to do it it is the needs of the system"
## [1194] "that are paramount not those of the human being for example the system"
## [1195] "provides people with food because the system couldn t function if"
## [1196] "everyone starved it attends to people s psychological needs whenever it"
## [1197] "can conveniently do so because it couldn t function if too many people"
## [1198] "became depressed or rebellious but the system for good solid practical"
## [1199] "reasons must exert constant pressure on people to mold their behavior"
## [1200] "to the needs of the system to much waste accumulating the government"
## [1201] "the media the educational system environmentalists everyone inundates us"
## [1202] "with a mass of propaganda about recycling need more technical personnel"
## [1203] "a chorus of voices exhorts kids to study science no one stops to ask"
## [1204] "whether it is inhumane to force adolescents to spend the bulk of their"
## [1205] "time studying subjects most of them hate when skilled workers are put"
## [1206] "out of a job by technical advances and have to undergo retraining no"
## [1207] "one asks whether it is humiliating for them to be pushed around in this"
## [1208] "way it is simply taken for granted that everyone must bow to technical"
## [1209] "necessity and for good reason if human needs were put before technical"
## [1210] "necessity there would be economic problems unemployment shortages or"
## [1211] "worse the concept of mental health in our society is defined largely"
## [1212] "by the extent to which an individual behaves in accord with the needs"
## [1213] "of the system and does so without showing signs of stress efforts to"
## [1214] "make room for a sense of purpose and for autonomy within the system"
## [1215] "are no better than a joke for example one company instead of having"
## [1216] "each of its employees assemble only one section of a catalogue had"
## [1217] "each assemble a whole catalogue and this was supposed to give them"
## [1218] "a sense of purpose and achievement some companies have tried to give"
## [1219] "their employees more autonomy in their work but for practical reasons"
## [1220] "this usually can be done only to a very limited extent and in any case"
## [1221] "employees are never given autonomy as to ultimate goals their autonomous"
## [1222] "efforts can never be directed toward goals that they select personally"
## [1223] "but only toward their employer s goals such as the survival and growth"
## [1224] "of the company any company would soon go out of business if it permitted"
## [1225] "its employees to act otherwise similarly in any enterprise within a"
## [1226] "socialist system workers must direct their efforts toward the goals of"
## [1227] "the enterprise otherwise the enterprise will not serve its purpose as"
## [1228] "part of the system once again for purely technical reasons it is not"
## [1229] "possible for most individuals or small groups to have much autonomy"
## [1230] "in industrial society even the small business owner commonly has only"
## [1231] "limited autonomy apart from the necessity of government regulation he"
## [1232] "is restricted by the fact that he must fit into the economic system and"
## [1233] "conform to its requirements for instance when someone develops a new"
## [1234] "technology the small business person often has to use that technology"
## [1235] "whether he wants to or not in order to remain competitive the bad parts"
## [1236] "of technology cannot be separated from the good parts a further reason"
## [1237] "why industrial society cannot be reformed in favor of freedom is that"
## [1238] "modern technology is a unified system in which all parts are dependent"
## [1239] "on one another you can t get rid of the bad parts of technology and"
## [1240] "retain only the good parts take modern medicine for example progress"
## [1241] "in medical science depends on progress in chemistry physics biology"
## [1242] "computer science and other fields advanced medical treatments require"
## [1243] "expensive high tech equipment that can be made available only by a"
## [1244] "technologically progressive economically rich society clearly you"
## [1245] "can t have much progress in medicine without the whole technological"
## [1246] "system and everything that goes with it even if medical progress could"
## [1247] "be maintained without the rest of the technological system it would"
## [1248] "by itself bring certain evils suppose for example that a cure for"
## [1249] "diabetes is discovered people with a genetic tendency to diabetes will"
## [1250] "then be able to survive and reproduce as well as anyone else natural"
## [1251] "selection against genes for diabetes will cease and such genes will"
## [1252] "spread throughout the population this may be occurring to some extent"
## [1253] "already since diabetes while not curable can be controlled through"
## [1254] "use of insulin the same thing will happen with many other diseases"
## [1255] "susceptibility to which is affected by genetic degradation of the"
## [1256] "population the only solution will be some sort of eugenics program"
## [1257] "or extensive genetic engineering of human beings so that man in the"
## [1258] "future will no longer be a creation of nature or of chance or of god"
## [1259] "depending on your religious or philosophical opinions but a manufactured"
## [1260] "product if you think that big government interferes in your life too"
## [1261] "much now just wait till the government starts regulating the genetic"
## [1262] "constitution of your children such regulation will inevitably follow"
## [1263] "the introduction of genetic engineering of human beings because the"
## [1264] "consequences of unregulated genetic engineering would be disastrous the"
## [1265] "usual response to such concerns is to talk about medical ethics but a"
## [1266] "code of ethics would not serve to protect freedom in the face of medical"
## [1267] "progress it would only make matters worse a code of ethics applicable"
## [1268] "to genetic engineering would be in effect a means of regulating the"
## [1269] "genetic constitution of human beings somebody probably the upper middle"
## [1270] "class mostly would decide that such and such applications of genetic"
## [1271] "engineering were ethical and others were not so that in effect they"
## [1272] "would be imposing their own values on the genetic constitution of the"
## [1273] "population at large even if a code of ethics were chosen on a completely"
## [1274] "democratic basis the majority would be imposing their own values on"
## [1275] "any minorities who might have a different idea of what constituted"
## [1276] "an ethical use of genetic engineering the only code of ethics that"
## [1277] "would truly protect freedom would be one that prohibited any genetic"
## [1278] "engineering of human beings and you can be sure that no such code"
## [1279] "will ever be applied in a technological society no code that reduced"
## [1280] "genetic engineering to a minor role could stand up for long because"
## [1281] "the temptation presented by the immense power of biotechnology would"
## [1282] "be irresistible especially since to the majority of people many of its"
## [1283] "applications will seem obviously and unequivocally good eliminating"
## [1284] "physical and mental diseases giving people the abilities they need to"
## [1285] "get along in today s world inevitably genetic engineering will be used"
## [1286] "extensively but only in ways consistent with the needs of the industrial"
## [1287] "technological system technology is a more powerful social force than the"
## [1288] "aspiration for freedom it is not possible to make a lasting compromise"
## [1289] "between technology and freedom because technology is by far the more"
## [1290] "powerful social force and continually encroaches on freedom through"
## [1291] "repeated compromises imagine the case of two neighbors each of whom at"
## [1292] "the outset owns the same amount of land but one of whom is more powerful"
## [1293] "than the other the powerful one demands a piece of the other s land the"
## [1294] "weak one refuses the powerful one says ok let s compromise give me half"
## [1295] "of what i asked the weak one has little choice but to give in some time"
## [1296] "later the powerful neighbor demands another piece of land again there"
## [1297] "is a compromise and so forth by forcing a long series of compromises"
## [1298] "on the weaker man the powerful one eventually gets all of his land so"
## [1299] "it goes in the conflict between technology and freedom let us explain"
## [1300] "why technology is a more powerful social force than the aspiration for"
## [1301] "freedom a technological advance that appears not to threaten freedom"
## [1302] "often turns out to threaten it very seriously later on for example"
## [1303] "consider motorized transport a walking man formerly could go where he"
## [1304] "pleased go at his own pace without observing any traffic regulations"
## [1305] "and was independent of technological support systems when motor vehicles"
## [1306] "were introduced they appeared to increase man s freedom they took no"
## [1307] "freedom away from the walking man no one had to have an automobile if"
## [1308] "he didn t want one and anyone who did choose to buy an automobile could"
## [1309] "travel much faster and farther than a walking man but the introduction"
## [1310] "of motorized transport soon changed society in such a way as to restrict"
## [1311] "greatly man s freedom of locomotion when automobiles became numerous it"
## [1312] "became necessary to regulate their use extensively in a car especially"
## [1313] "in densely populated areas one cannot just go where one likes at one"
## [1314] "s own pace one s movement is governed by the flow of traffic and by"
## [1315] "various traffic laws one is tied down by various obligations license"
## [1316] "requirements driver test renewing registration insurance maintenance"
## [1317] "required for safety monthly payments on purchase price moreover the"
## [1318] "use of motorized transport is no longer optional since the introduction"
## [1319] "of motorized transport the arrangement of our cities has changed in"
## [1320] "such a way that the majority of people no longer live within walking"
## [1321] "distance of their place of employment shopping areas and recreational"
## [1322] "opportunities so that they have to depend on the automobile for"
## [1323] "transportation or else they must use public transportation in which"
## [1324] "case they have even less control over their own movement than when"
## [1325] "driving a car even the walker s freedom is now greatly restricted in"
## [1326] "the city he continually has to stop to wait for traffic lights that"
## [1327] "are designed mainly to serve auto traffic in the country motor traffic"
## [1328] "makes it dangerous and unpleasant to walk along the highway note this"
## [1329] "important point that we have just illustrated with the case of motorized"
## [1330] "transport when a new item of technology is introduced as an option that"
## [1331] "an individual can accept or not as he chooses it does not necessarily"
## [1332] "remain optional in many cases the new technology changes society in"
## [1333] "such a way that people eventually find themselves forced to use it while"
## [1334] "technological progress as a whole continually narrows our sphere of"
## [1335] "freedom each new technical advance considered by itself appears to be"
## [1336] "desirable electricity indoor plumbing rapid long distance communications"
## [1337] "how could one argue against any of these things or against any other"
## [1338] "of the innumerable technical advances that have made modern society"
## [1339] "it would have been absurd to resist the introduction of the telephone"
## [1340] "for example it offered many advantages and no disadvantages yet as we"
## [1341] "explained in paragraphs all these technical advances taken together"
## [1342] "have created a world in which the average man s fate is no longer in his"
## [1343] "own hands or in the hands of his neighbors and friends but in those of"
## [1344] "politicians corporation executives and remote anonymous technicians and"
## [1345] "bureaucrats whom he as an individual has no power to influence the same"
## [1346] "process will continue in the future take genetic engineering for example"
## [1347] "few people will resist the introduction of a genetic technique that"
## [1348] "eliminates a hereditary disease it does no apparent harm and prevents"
## [1349] "much suffering yet a large number of genetic improvements taken together"
## [1350] "will make the human being into an engineered product rather than a free"
## [1351] "creation of chance or of god or whatever depending on your religious"
## [1352] "beliefs another reason why technology is such a powerful social force"
## [1353] "is that within the context of a given society technological progress"
## [1354] "marches in only one direction it can never be reversed once a technical"
## [1355] "innovation has been introduced people usually become dependent on it so"
## [1356] "that they can never again do without it unless it is replaced by some"
## [1357] "still more advanced innovation not only do people become dependent as"
## [1358] "individuals on a new item of technology but even more the system as a"
## [1359] "whole becomes dependent on it imagine what would happen to the system"
## [1360] "today if computers for example were eliminated thus the system can"
## [1361] "move in only one direction toward greater technologization technology"
## [1362] "repeatedly forces freedom to take a step back but technology can never"
## [1363] "take a step back short of the overthrow of the whole technological"
## [1364] "system technology advances with great rapidity and threatens freedom at"
## [1365] "many different points at the same time crowding rules and regulations"
## [1366] "increasing dependence of individuals on large organizations propaganda"
## [1367] "and other psychological techniques genetic engineering invasion of"
## [1368] "privacy through surveillance devices and computers etc to hold back"
## [1369] "any one of the threats to freedom would require a long and difficult"
## [1370] "social struggle those who want to protect freedom are overwhelmed by"
## [1371] "the sheer number of new attacks and the rapidity with which they develop"
## [1372] "hence they become apathetic and no longer resist to fight each of the"
## [1373] "threats separately would be futile success can be hoped for only by"
## [1374] "fighting the technological system as a whole but that is revolution"
## [1375] "not reform technicians we use this term in its broad sense to describe"
## [1376] "all those who perform a specialized task that requires training tend"
## [1377] "to be so involved in their work their surrogate activity that when a"
## [1378] "conflict arises between their technical work and freedom they almost"
## [1379] "always decide in favor of their technical work this is obvious in the"
## [1380] "case of scientists but it also appears elsewhere educators humanitarian"
## [1381] "groups conservation organizations do not hesitate to use propaganda"
## [1382] "or other psychological techniques to help them achieve their laudable"
## [1383] "ends corporations and government agencies when they find it useful do"
## [1384] "not hesitate to collect information about individuals without regard"
## [1385] "to their privacy law enforcement agencies are frequently inconvenienced"
## [1386] "by the constitutional rights of suspects and often of completely"
## [1387] "innocent persons and they do whatever they can do legally or sometimes"
## [1388] "illegally to restrict or circumvent those rights most of these educators"
## [1389] "government officials and law officers believe in freedom privacy and"
## [1390] "constitutional rights but when these conflict with their work they"
## [1391] "usually feel that their work is more important it is well known that"
## [1392] "people generally work better and more persistently when striving for a"
## [1393] "reward than when attempting to avoid a punishment or negative outcome"
## [1394] "scientists and other technicians are motivated mainly by the rewards"
## [1395] "they get through their work but those who oppose technological invasions"
## [1396] "of freedom are working to avoid a negative outcome consequently there"
## [1397] "are few who work persistently and well at this discouraging task if"
## [1398] "reformers ever achieved a signal victory that seemed to set up a solid"
## [1399] "barrier against further erosion of freedom through technical progress"
## [1400] "most would tend to relax and turn their attention to more agreeable"
## [1401] "pursuits but the scientists would remain busy in their laboratories and"
## [1402] "technology as it progresses would find ways in spite of any barriers to"
## [1403] "exert more and more control over individuals and make them always more"
## [1404] "dependent on the system no social arrangements whether laws institutions"
## [1405] "customs or ethical codes can provide permanent protection against"
## [1406] "technology history shows that all social arrangements are transitory"
## [1407] "they all change or break down eventually but technological advances"
## [1408] "are permanent within the context of a given civilization suppose for"
## [1409] "example that it were possible to arrive at some social arrangements that"
## [1410] "would prevent genetic engineering from being applied to human beings"
## [1411] "or prevent it from being applied in such a way as to threaten freedom"
## [1412] "and dignity still the technology would remain waiting sooner or later"
## [1413] "the social arrangement would break down probably sooner given the pace"
## [1414] "of change in our society then genetic engineering would begin to invade"
## [1415] "our sphere of freedom and this invasion would be irreversible short of"
## [1416] "a breakdown of technological civilization itself any illusions about"
## [1417] "achieving anything permanent through social arrangements should be"
## [1418] "dispelled by what is currently happening with environmental legislation"
## [1419] "a few years ago its seemed that there were secure legal barriers"
## [1420] "preventing at least some of the worst forms of environmental degradation"
## [1421] "a change in the political wind and those barriers begin to crumble for"
## [1422] "all of the foregoing reasons technology is a more powerful social force"
## [1423] "than the aspiration for freedom but this statement requires an important"
## [1424] "qualification it appears that during the next several decades the"
## [1425] "industrial technological system will be undergoing severe stresses due"
## [1426] "to economic and environmental problems and especially due to problems"
## [1427] "of human behavior alienation rebellion hostility a variety of social and"
## [1428] "psychological difficulties we hope that the stresses through which the"
## [1429] "system is likely to pass will cause it to break down or at least will"
## [1430] "weaken it sufficiently so that a revolution against it becomes possible"
## [1431] "if such a revolution occurs and is successful then at that particular"
## [1432] "moment the aspiration for freedom will have proved more powerful than"
## [1433] "technology in paragraph we used an analogy of a weak neighbor who is"
## [1434] "left destitute by a strong neighbor who takes all his land by forcing"
## [1435] "on him a series of compromises but suppose now that the strong neighbor"
## [1436] "gets sick so that he is unable to defend himself the weak neighbor can"
## [1437] "force the strong one to give him his land back or he can kill him if he"
## [1438] "lets the strong man survive and only forces him to give the land back he"
## [1439] "is a fool because when the strong man gets well he will again take all"
## [1440] "the land for himself the only sensible alternative for the weaker man"
## [1441] "is to kill the strong one while he has the chance in the same way while"
## [1442] "the industrial system is sick we must destroy it if we compromise with"
## [1443] "it and let it recover from its sickness it will eventually wipe out all"
## [1444] "of our freedom simpler social problems have proved intractable if anyone"
## [1445] "still imagines that it would be possible to reform the system in such a"
## [1446] "way as to protect freedom from technology let him consider how clumsily"
## [1447] "and for the most part unsuccessfully our society has dealt with other"
## [1448] "social problems that are far more simple and straightforward among other"
## [1449] "things the system has failed to stop environmental degradation political"
## [1450] "corruption drug trafficking or domestic abuse take our environmental"
## [1451] "problems for example here the conflict of values is straightforward"
## [1452] "economic expedience now versus saving some of our natural resources"
## [1453] "for our grandchildren but on this subject we get only a lot of blather"
## [1454] "and obfuscation from the people who have power and nothing like a"
## [1455] "clear consistent line of action and we keep on piling up environmental"
## [1456] "problems that our grandchildren will have to live with attempts to"
## [1457] "resolve the environmental issue consist of struggles and compromises"
## [1458] "between different factions some of which are ascendant at one moment"
## [1459] "others at another moment the line of struggle changes with the shifting"
## [1460] "currents of public opinion this is not a rational process nor is it"
## [1461] "one that is likely to lead to a timely and successful solution to the"
## [1462] "problem major social problems if they get solved at all are rarely or"
## [1463] "never solved through any rational comprehensive plan they just work"
## [1464] "themselves out through a process in which various competing groups"
## [1465] "pursuing their own usually short term self interest arrive mainly by"
## [1466] "luck at some more or less stable modus vivendi in fact the principles we"
## [1467] "formulated in paragraphs make it seem doubtful that rational long term"
## [1468] "social planning can ever be successful thus it is clear that the human"
## [1469] "race has at best a very limited capacity for solving even relatively"
## [1470] "straightforward social problems how then is it going to solve the far"
## [1471] "more difficult and subtle problem of reconciling freedom with technology"
## [1472] "technology presents clear cut material advantages whereas freedom is an"
## [1473] "abstraction that means different things to different people and its loss"
## [1474] "is easily obscured by propaganda and fancy talk and note this important"
## [1475] "difference it is conceivable that our environmental problems for example"
## [1476] "may some day be settled through a rational comprehensive plan but if"
## [1477] "this happens it will be only because it is in the long term interest of"
## [1478] "the system to solve these problems but it is not in the interest of the"
## [1479] "system to preserve freedom or small group autonomy on the contrary it"
## [1480] "is in the interest of the system to bring human behavior under control"
## [1481] "to the greatest possible extent thus while practical considerations"
## [1482] "may eventually force the system to take a rational prudent approach"
## [1483] "to environmental problems equally practical considerations will force"
## [1484] "the system to regulate human behavior ever more closely preferably"
## [1485] "by indirect means that will disguise the encroachment on freedom this"
## [1486] "isn t just our opinion eminent social scientists eg james q wilson"
## [1487] "have stressed the importance of socializing people more effectively"
## [1488] "revolution is easier than reform we hope we have convinced the reader"
## [1489] "that the system cannot be reformed in such a way as to reconcile freedom"
## [1490] "with technology the only way out is to dispense with the industrial"
## [1491] "technological system altogether this implies revolution not necessarily"
## [1492] "an armed uprising but certainly a radical and fundamental change in"
## [1493] "the nature of society people tend to assume that because a revolution"
## [1494] "involves a much greater change than reform does it is more difficult"
## [1495] "to bring about than reform is actually under certain circumstances"
## [1496] "revolution is much easier than reform the reason is that a revolutionary"
## [1497] "movement can inspire an intensity of commitment that a reform movement"
## [1498] "cannot inspire a reform movement merely offers to solve a particular"
## [1499] "social problem a revolutionary movement offers to solve all problems"
## [1500] "at one stroke and create a whole new world it provides the kind of"
## [1501] "ideal for which people will take great risks and make great sacrifices"
## [1502] "for this reasons it would be much easier to overthrow the whole"
## [1503] "technological system than to put effective permanent restraints on the"
## [1504] "development or application of any one segment of technology such as"
## [1505] "genetic engineering for example not many people will devote themselves"
## [1506] "with single minded passion to imposing and maintaining restraints on"
## [1507] "genetic engineering but under suitable conditions large numbers of"
## [1508] "people may devote themselves passionately to a revolution against the"
## [1509] "industrial technological system as we noted in paragraph reformers"
## [1510] "seeking to limit certain aspects of technology would be working to avoid"
## [1511] "a negative outcome but revolutionaries work to gain a powerful reward"
## [1512] "fulfillment of their revolutionary vision and therefore work harder"
## [1513] "and more persistently than reformers do reform is always restrained"
## [1514] "by the fear of painful consequences if changes go too far but once a"
## [1515] "revolutionary fever has taken hold of a society people are willing to"
## [1516] "undergo unlimited hardships for the sake of their revolution this was"
## [1517] "clearly shown in the french and russian revolutions it may be that"
## [1518] "in such cases only a minority of the population is really committed"
## [1519] "to the revolution but this minority is sufficiently large and active"
## [1520] "so that it becomes the dominant force in society we will have more to"
## [1521] "say about revolution in paragraphs control of human behavior since the"
## [1522] "beginning of civilization organized societies have had to put pressures"
## [1523] "on human beings of the sake of the functioning of the social organism"
## [1524] "the kinds of pressures vary greatly from one society to another some"
## [1525] "of the pressures are physical poor diet excessive labor environmental"
## [1526] "pollution some are psychological noise crowding forcing human behavior"
## [1527] "into the mold that society requires in the past human nature has been"
## [1528] "approximately constant or at any rate has varied only within certain"
## [1529] "bounds consequently societies have been able to push people only up"
## [1530] "to certain limits when the limit of human endurance has been passed"
## [1531] "things start going wrong rebellion or crime or corruption or evasion"
## [1532] "of work or depression and other mental problems or an elevated death"
## [1533] "rate or a declining birth rate or something else so that either the"
## [1534] "society breaks down or its functioning becomes too inefficient and"
## [1535] "it is quickly or gradually through conquest attrition or evolution"
## [1536] "replaced by some more efficient form of society thus human nature"
## [1537] "has in the past put certain limits on the development of societies"
## [1538] "people could be pushed only so far and no farther but today this may"
## [1539] "be changing because modern technology is developing ways of modifying"
## [1540] "human beings imagine a society that subjects people to conditions that"
## [1541] "make them terribly unhappy then gives them drugs to take away their"
## [1542] "unhappiness science fiction it is already happening to some extent in"
## [1543] "our own society it is well known that the rate of clinical depression"
## [1544] "has been greatly increasing in recent decades we believe that this is"
## [1545] "due to disruption of the power process as explained in paragraphs but"
## [1546] "even if we are wrong the increasing rate of depression is certainly"
## [1547] "the result of some conditions that exist in today s society instead"
## [1548] "of removing the conditions that make people depressed modern society"
## [1549] "gives them antidepressant drugs in effect antidepressants are a"
## [1550] "means of modifying an individual s internal state in such a way as to"
## [1551] "enable him to tolerate social conditions that he would otherwise find"
## [1552] "intolerable yes we know that depression is often of purely genetic"
## [1553] "origin we are referring here to those cases in which environment plays"
## [1554] "the predominant role drugs that affect the mind are only one example"
## [1555] "of the new methods of controlling human behavior that modern society is"
## [1556] "developing let us look at some of the other methods to start with there"
## [1557] "are the techniques of surveillance hidden video cameras are now used"
## [1558] "in most stores and in many other places computers are used to collect"
## [1559] "and process vast amounts of information about individuals information"
## [1560] "so obtained greatly increases the effectiveness of physical coercion ie"
## [1561] "law enforcement then there are the methods of propaganda for which the"
## [1562] "mass communication media provide effective vehicles efficient techniques"
## [1563] "have been developed for winning elections selling products influencing"
## [1564] "public opinion the entertainment industry serves as an important"
## [1565] "psychological tool of the system possibly even when it is dishing out"
## [1566] "large amounts of sex and violence entertainment provides modern man with"
## [1567] "an essential means of escape while absorbed in television videos etc"
## [1568] "he can forget stress anxiety frustration dissatisfaction many primitive"
## [1569] "peoples when they don t have work to do are quite content to sit for"
## [1570] "hours at a time doing nothing at all because they are at peace with"
## [1571] "themselves and their world but most modern people must be constantly"
## [1572] "occupied or entertained otherwise they get bored ie they get fidgety"
## [1573] "uneasy irritable other techniques strike deeper than the foregoing"
## [1574] "education is no longer a simple affair of paddling a kid s behind when"
## [1575] "he doesn t know his lessons and patting him on the head when he does"
## [1576] "know them it is becoming a scientific technique for controlling the"
## [1577] "child s development sylvan learning centers for example have had great"
## [1578] "success in motivating children to study and psychological techniques"
## [1579] "are also used with more or less success in many conventional schools"
## [1580] "parenting techniques that are taught to parents are designed to make"
## [1581] "children accept fundamental values of the system and behave in ways"
## [1582] "that the system finds desirable mental health programs intervention"
## [1583] "techniques psychotherapy and so forth are ostensibly designed to"
## [1584] "benefit individuals but in practice they usually serve as methods for"
## [1585] "inducing individuals to think and behave as the system requires there"
## [1586] "is no contradiction here an individual whose attitudes or behavior"
## [1587] "bring him into conflict with the system is up against a force that is"
## [1588] "too powerful for him to conquer or escape from hence he is likely to"
## [1589] "suffer from stress frustration defeat his path will be much easier if"
## [1590] "he thinks and behaves as the system requires in that sense the system"
## [1591] "is acting for the benefit of the individual when it brainwashes him into"
## [1592] "conformity child abuse in its gross and obvious forms is disapproved"
## [1593] "in most if not all cultures tormenting a child for a trivial reason"
## [1594] "or no reason at all is something that appalls almost everyone but"
## [1595] "many psychologists interpret the concept of abuse much more broadly"
## [1596] "is spanking when used as part of a rational and consistent system of"
## [1597] "discipline a form of abuse the question will ultimately be decided by"
## [1598] "whether or not spanking tends to produce behavior that makes a person"
## [1599] "fit in well with the existing system of society in practice the word"
## [1600] "abuse tends to be interpreted to include any method of child rearing"
## [1601] "that produces behavior inconvenient for the system thus when they"
## [1602] "go beyond the prevention of obvious senseless cruelty programs for"
## [1603] "preventing child abuse are directed toward the control of human behavior"
## [1604] "on behalf of the system presumably research will continue to increase"
## [1605] "the effectiveness of psychological techniques for controlling human"
## [1606] "behavior but we think it is unlikely that psychological techniques"
## [1607] "alone will be sufficient to adjust human beings to the kind of society"
## [1608] "that technology is creating biological methods probably will have to"
## [1609] "be used we have already mentioned the use of drugs in this connection"
## [1610] "neurology may provide other avenues for modifying the human mind genetic"
## [1611] "engineering of human beings is already beginning to occur in the form"
## [1612] "of gene therapy and there is no reason to assume that such methods will"
## [1613] "not eventually be used to modify those aspects of the body that affect"
## [1614] "mental functioning as we mentioned in paragraph industrial society seems"
## [1615] "likely to be entering a period of severe stress due in part to problems"
## [1616] "of human behavior and in part to economic and environmental problems"
## [1617] "and a considerable proportion of the system s economic and environmental"
## [1618] "problems result from the way human beings behave alienation low self"
## [1619] "esteem depression hostility rebellion children who won t study youth"
## [1620] "gangs illegal drug use rape child abuse other crimes unsafe sex teen"
## [1621] "pregnancy population growth political corruption race hatred ethnic"
## [1622] "rivalry bitter ideological conflict eg pro choice vs pro life political"
## [1623] "extremism terrorism sabotage anti government groups hate groups all"
## [1624] "these threaten the very survival of the system the system will therefore"
## [1625] "be forced to use every practical means of controlling human behavior"
## [1626] "the social disruption that we see today is certainly not the result"
## [1627] "of mere chance it can only be a result of the conditions of life that"
## [1628] "the system imposes on people we have argued that the most important"
## [1629] "of these conditions is disruption of the power process if the systems"
## [1630] "succeeds in imposing sufficient control over human behavior to assure"
## [1631] "its own survival a new watershed in human history will have been passed"
## [1632] "whereas formerly the limits of human endurance have imposed limits on"
## [1633] "the development of societies as we explained in paragraphs industrial"
## [1634] "technological society will be able to pass those limits by modifying"
## [1635] "human beings whether by psychological methods or biological methods"
## [1636] "or both in the future social systems will not be adjusted to suit the"
## [1637] "needs of human beings instead human being will be adjusted to suit the"
## [1638] "needs of the system generally speaking technological control over human"
## [1639] "behavior will probably not be introduced with a totalitarian intention"
## [1640] "or even through a conscious desire to restrict human freedom each new"
## [1641] "step in the assertion of control over the human mind will be taken"
## [1642] "as a rational response to a problem that faces society such as curing"
## [1643] "alcoholism reducing the crime rate or inducing young people to study"
## [1644] "science and engineering in many cases there will be a humanitarian"
## [1645] "justification for example when a psychiatrist prescribes an anti"
## [1646] "depressant for a depressed patient he is clearly doing that individual"
## [1647] "a favor it would be inhumane to withhold the drug from someone who needs"
## [1648] "it when parents send their children to sylvan learning centers to have"
## [1649] "them manipulated into becoming enthusiastic about their studies they"
## [1650] "do so from concern for their children s welfare it may be that some of"
## [1651] "these parents wish that one didn t have to have specialized training to"
## [1652] "get a job and that their kid didn t have to be brainwashed into becoming"
## [1653] "a computer nerd but what can they do they can t change society and their"
## [1654] "child may be unemployable if he doesn t have certain skills so they send"
## [1655] "him to sylvan thus control over human behavior will be introduced not"
## [1656] "by a calculated decision of the authorities but through a process of"
## [1657] "social evolution rapid evolution however the process will be impossible"
## [1658] "to resist because each advance considered by itself will appear to be"
## [1659] "beneficial or at least the evil involved in making the advance will"
## [1660] "appear to be beneficial or at least the evil involved in making the"
## [1661] "advance will seem to be less than that which would result from not"
## [1662] "making it see paragraph propaganda for example is used for many good"
## [1663] "purposes such as discouraging child abuse or race hatred sex education"
## [1664] "is obviously useful yet the effect of sex education to the extent that"
## [1665] "it is successful is to take the shaping of sexual attitudes away from"
## [1666] "the family and put it into the hands of the state as represented by"
## [1667] "the public school system suppose a biological trait is discovered that"
## [1668] "increases the likelihood that a child will grow up to be a criminal"
## [1669] "and suppose some sort of gene therapy can remove this trait of course"
## [1670] "most parents whose children possess the trait will have them undergo"
## [1671] "the therapy it would be inhumane to do otherwise since the child would"
## [1672] "probably have a miserable life if he grew up to be a criminal but many"
## [1673] "or most primitive societies have a low crime rate in comparison with"
## [1674] "that of our society even though they have neither high tech methods of"
## [1675] "child rearing nor harsh systems of punishment since there is no reason"
## [1676] "to suppose that more modern men than primitive men have innate predatory"
## [1677] "tendencies the high crime rate of our society must be due to the"
## [1678] "pressures that modern conditions put on people to which many cannot or"
## [1679] "will not adjust thus a treatment designed to remove potential criminal"
## [1680] "tendencies is at least in part a way of re engineering people so that"
## [1681] "they suit the requirements of the system our society tends to regard"
## [1682] "as a sickness any mode of thought or behavior that is inconvenient for"
## [1683] "the system and this is plausible because when an individual doesn t fit"
## [1684] "into the system it causes pain to the individual as well as problems"
## [1685] "for the system thus the manipulation of an individual to adjust him to"
## [1686] "the system is seen as a cure for a sickness and therefore as good in"
## [1687] "paragraph we pointed out that if the use of a new item of technology is"
## [1688] "initially optional it does not necessarily remain optional because the"
## [1689] "new technology tends to change society in such a way that it becomes"
## [1690] "difficult or impossible for an individual to function without using"
## [1691] "that technology this applies also to the technology of human behavior"
## [1692] "in a world in which most children are put through a program to make them"
## [1693] "enthusiastic about studying a parent will almost be forced to put his"
## [1694] "kid through such a program because if he does not then the kid will grow"
## [1695] "up to be comparatively speaking an ignoramus and therefore unemployable"
## [1696] "or suppose a biological treatment is discovered that without undesirable"
## [1697] "side effects will greatly reduce the psychological stress from which so"
## [1698] "many people suffer in our society if large numbers of people choose to"
## [1699] "undergo the treatment then the general level of stress in society will"
## [1700] "be reduced so that it will be possible for the system to increase the"
## [1701] "stress producing pressures in fact something like this seems to have"
## [1702] "happened already with one of our society s most important psychological"
## [1703] "tools for enabling people to reduce or at least temporarily escape"
## [1704] "from stress namely mass entertainment see paragraph our use of mass"
## [1705] "entertainment is optional no law requires us to watch television listen"
## [1706] "to the radio read magazines yet mass entertainment is a means of escape"
## [1707] "and stress reduction on which most of us have become dependent everyone"
## [1708] "complains about the trashiness of television but almost everyone watches"
## [1709] "it a few have kicked the tv habit but it would be a rare person who"
## [1710] "could get along today without using any form of mass entertainment yet"
## [1711] "until quite recently in human history most people got along very nicely"
## [1712] "with no other entertainment than that which each local community created"
## [1713] "for itself without the entertainment industry the system probably would"
## [1714] "not have been able to get away with putting as much stress producing"
## [1715] "pressure on us as it does assuming that industrial society survives it"
## [1716] "is likely that technology will eventually acquire something approaching"
## [1717] "complete control over human behavior it has been established beyond"
## [1718] "any rational doubt that human thought and behavior have a largely"
## [1719] "biological basis as experimenters have demonstrated feelings such as"
## [1720] "hunger pleasure anger and fear can be turned on and off by electrical"
## [1721] "stimulation of appropriate parts of the brain memories can be destroyed"
## [1722] "by damaging parts of the brain or they can be brought to the surface by"
## [1723] "electrical stimulation hallucinations can be induced or moods changed"
## [1724] "by drugs there may or may not be an immaterial human soul but if there"
## [1725] "is one it clearly is less powerful that the biological mechanisms of"
## [1726] "human behavior for if that were not the case then researchers would"
## [1727] "not be able so easily to manipulate human feelings and behavior with"
## [1728] "drugs and electrical currents it presumably would be impractical for"
## [1729] "all people to have electrodes inserted in their heads so that they could"
## [1730] "be controlled by the authorities but the fact that human thoughts and"
## [1731] "feelings are so open to biological intervention shows that the problem"
## [1732] "of controlling human behavior is mainly a technical problem a problem"
## [1733] "of neurons hormones and complex molecules the kind of problem that is"
## [1734] "accessible to scientific attack given the outstanding record of our"
## [1735] "society in solving technical problems it is overwhelmingly probable that"
## [1736] "great advances will be made in the control of human behavior will public"
## [1737] "resistance prevent the introduction of technological control of human"
## [1738] "behavior it certainly would if an attempt were made to introduce such"
## [1739] "control all at once but since technological control will be introduced"
## [1740] "through a long sequence of small advances there will be no rational"
## [1741] "and effective public resistance see paragraphs to those who think that"
## [1742] "all this sounds like science fiction we point out that yesterday s"
## [1743] "science fiction is today s fact the industrial revolution has radically"
## [1744] "altered man s environment and way of life and it is only to be expected"
## [1745] "that as technology is increasingly applied to the human body and mind"
## [1746] "man himself will be altered as radically as his environment and way"
## [1747] "of life have been human race at a crossroads but we have gotten ahead"
## [1748] "of our story it is one thing to develop in the laboratory a series of"
## [1749] "psychological or biological techniques for manipulating human behavior"
## [1750] "and quite another to integrate these techniques into a functioning"
## [1751] "social system the latter problem is the more difficult of the two"
## [1752] "for example while the techniques of educational psychology doubtless"
## [1753] "work quite well in the lab schools where they are developed it is not"
## [1754] "necessarily easy to apply them effectively throughout our educational"
## [1755] "system we all know what many of our schools are like the teachers are"
## [1756] "too busy taking knives and guns away from the kids to subject them to"
## [1757] "the latest techniques for making them into computer nerds thus in spite"
## [1758] "of all its technical advances relating to human behavior the system to"
## [1759] "date has not been impressively successful in controlling human beings"
## [1760] "the people whose behavior is fairly well under the control of the"
## [1761] "system are those of the type that might be called bourgeois but there"
## [1762] "are growing numbers of people who in one way or another are rebels"
## [1763] "against the system welfare leaches youth gangs cultists satanists nazis"
## [1764] "radical environmentalists militiamen etc the system is currently engaged"
## [1765] "in a desperate struggle to overcome certain problems that threaten"
## [1766] "its survival among which the problems of human behavior are the most"
## [1767] "important if the system succeeds in acquiring sufficient control over"
## [1768] "human behavior quickly enough it will probably survive otherwise it"
## [1769] "will break down we think the issue will most likely be resolved within"
## [1770] "the next several decades say to years suppose the system survives"
## [1771] "the crisis of the next several decades by that time it will have to"
## [1772] "have solved or at least brought under control the principal problems"
## [1773] "that confront it in particular that of socializing human beings that"
## [1774] "is making people sufficiently docile so that heir behavior no longer"
## [1775] "threatens the system that being accomplished it does not appear that"
## [1776] "there would be any further obstacle to the development of technology"
## [1777] "and it would presumably advance toward its logical conclusion which"
## [1778] "is complete control over everything on earth including human beings"
## [1779] "and all other important organisms the system may become a unitary"
## [1780] "monolithic organization or it may be more or less fragmented and"
## [1781] "consist of a number of organizations coexisting in a relationship that"
## [1782] "includes elements of both cooperation and competition just as today the"
## [1783] "government the corporations and other large organizations both cooperate"
## [1784] "and compete with one another human freedom mostly will have vanished"
## [1785] "because individuals and small groups will be impotent vis a vis large"
## [1786] "organizations armed with supertechnology and an arsenal of advanced"
## [1787] "psychological and biological tools for manipulating human beings besides"
## [1788] "instruments of surveillance and physical coercion only a small number"
## [1789] "of people will have any real power and even these probably will have"
## [1790] "only very limited freedom because their behavior too will be regulated"
## [1791] "just as today our politicians and corporation executives can retain"
## [1792] "their positions of power only as long as their behavior remains within"
## [1793] "certain fairly narrow limits don t imagine that the systems will stop"
## [1794] "developing further techniques for controlling human beings and nature"
## [1795] "once the crisis of the next few decades is over and increasing control"
## [1796] "is no longer necessary for the system s survival on the contrary once"
## [1797] "the hard times are over the system will increase its control over"
## [1798] "people and nature more rapidly because it will no longer be hampered"
## [1799] "by difficulties of the kind that it is currently experiencing survival"
## [1800] "is not the principal motive for extending control as we explained"
## [1801] "in paragraphs technicians and scientists carry on their work largely"
## [1802] "as a surrogate activity that is they satisfy their need for power by"
## [1803] "solving technical problems they will continue to do this with unabated"
## [1804] "enthusiasm and among the most interesting and challenging problems"
## [1805] "for them to solve will be those of understanding the human body and"
## [1806] "mind and intervening in their development for the good of humanity of"
## [1807] "course but suppose on the other hand that the stresses of the coming"
## [1808] "decades prove to be too much for the system if the system breaks down"
## [1809] "there may be a period of chaos a time of troubles such as those that"
## [1810] "history has recorded at various epochs in the past it is impossible"
## [1811] "to predict what would emerge from such a time of troubles but at any"
## [1812] "rate the human race would be given a new chance the greatest danger"
## [1813] "is that industrial society may begin to reconstitute itself within the"
## [1814] "first few years after the breakdown certainly there will be many people"
## [1815] "power hungry types especially who will be anxious to get the factories"
## [1816] "running again therefore two tasks confront those who hate the servitude"
## [1817] "to which the industrial system is reducing the human race first we must"
## [1818] "work to heighten the social stresses within the system so as to increase"
## [1819] "the likelihood that it will break down or be weakened sufficiently so"
## [1820] "that a revolution against it becomes possible second it is necessary"
## [1821] "to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology and the"
## [1822] "industrial society if and when the system becomes sufficiently weakened"
## [1823] "and such an ideology will help to assure that if and when industrial"
## [1824] "society breaks down its remnants will be smashed beyond repair so that"
## [1825] "the system cannot be reconstituted the factories should be destroyed"
## [1826] "technical books burned etc human suffering the industrial system will"
## [1827] "not break down purely as a result of revolutionary action it will not"
## [1828] "be vulnerable to revolutionary attack unless its own internal problems"
## [1829] "of development lead it into very serious difficulties so if the system"
## [1830] "breaks down it will do so either spontaneously or through a process"
## [1831] "that is in part spontaneous but helped along by revolutionaries if the"
## [1832] "breakdown is sudden many people will die since the world s population"
## [1833] "has become so overblown that it cannot even feed itself any longer"
## [1834] "without advanced technology even if the breakdown is gradual enough"
## [1835] "so that reduction of the population can occur more through lowering"
## [1836] "of the birth rate than through elevation of the death rate the process"
## [1837] "of de industrialization probably will be very chaotic and involve much"
## [1838] "suffering it is naive to think it likely that technology can be phased"
## [1839] "out in a smoothly managed orderly way especially since the technophiles"
## [1840] "will fight stubbornly at every step is it therefore cruel to work for"
## [1841] "the breakdown of the system maybe but maybe not in the first place"
## [1842] "revolutionaries will not be able to break the system down unless it is"
## [1843] "already in enough trouble so that there would be a good chance of its"
## [1844] "eventually breaking down by itself anyway and the bigger the system"
## [1845] "grows the more disastrous the consequences of its breakdown will be so"
## [1846] "it may be that revolutionaries by hastening the onset of the breakdown"
## [1847] "will be reducing the extent of the disaster in the second place one has"
## [1848] "to balance struggle and death against the loss of freedom and dignity"
## [1849] "to many of us freedom and dignity are more important than a long life"
## [1850] "or avoidance of physical pain besides we all have to die some time"
## [1851] "and it may be better to die fighting for survival or for a cause than"
## [1852] "to live a long but empty and purposeless life in the third place it"
## [1853] "is not at all certain that survival of the system will lead to less"
## [1854] "suffering than breakdown of the system would the system has already"
## [1855] "caused and is continuing to cause immense suffering all over the world"
## [1856] "ancient cultures that for hundreds of years gave people a satisfactory"
## [1857] "relationship with each other and with their environment have been"
## [1858] "shattered by contact with industrial society and the result has been"
## [1859] "a whole catalogue of economic environmental social and psychological"
## [1860] "problems one of the effects of the intrusion of industrial society has"
## [1861] "been that over much of the world traditional controls on population"
## [1862] "have been thrown out of balance hence the population explosion with"
## [1863] "all that that implies then there is the psychological suffering that is"
## [1864] "widespread throughout the supposedly fortunate countries of the west see"
## [1865] "paragraphs no one knows what will happen as a result of ozone depletion"
## [1866] "the greenhouse effect and other environmental problems that cannot"
## [1867] "yet be foreseen and as nuclear proliferation has shown new technology"
## [1868] "cannot be kept out of the hands of dictators and irresponsible third"
## [1869] "world nations would you like to speculate about what iraq or north"
## [1870] "korea will do with genetic engineering oh say the technophiles science"
## [1871] "is going to fix all that we will conquer famine eliminate psychological"
## [1872] "suffering make everybody healthy and happy yeah sure that s what they"
## [1873] "said years ago the industrial revolution was supposed to eliminate"
## [1874] "poverty make everybody happy etc the actual result has been quite"
## [1875] "different the technophiles are hopelessly naive or self deceiving in"
## [1876] "their understanding of social problems they are unaware of or choose to"
## [1877] "ignore the fact that when large changes even seemingly beneficial ones"
## [1878] "are introduced into a society they lead to a long sequence of other"
## [1879] "changes most of which are impossible to predict paragraph the result is"
## [1880] "disruption of the society so it is very probable that in their attempts"
## [1881] "to end poverty and disease engineer docile happy personalities and so"
## [1882] "forth the technophiles will create social systems that are terribly"
## [1883] "troubled even more so than the present once for example the scientists"
## [1884] "boast that they will end famine by creating new genetically engineered"
## [1885] "food plants but this will allow the human population to keep expanding"
## [1886] "indefinitely and it is well known that crowding leads to increased"
## [1887] "stress and aggression this is merely one example of the predictable"
## [1888] "problems that will arise we emphasize that as past experience has"
## [1889] "shown technical progress will lead to other new problems that cannot"
## [1890] "be predicted in advance paragraph in fact ever since the industrial"
## [1891] "revolution technology has been creating new problems for society far"
## [1892] "more rapidly than it has been solving old ones thus it will take a"
## [1893] "long and difficult period of trial and error for the technophiles to"
## [1894] "work the bugs out of their brave new world if they every do in the"
## [1895] "meantime there will be great suffering so it is not at all clear that"
## [1896] "the survival of industrial society would involve less suffering than"
## [1897] "the breakdown of that society would technology has gotten the human"
## [1898] "race into a fix from which there is not likely to be any easy escape"
## [1899] "the future but suppose now that industrial society does survive the"
## [1900] "next several decades and that the bugs do eventually get worked out of"
## [1901] "the system so that it functions smoothly what kind of system will it"
## [1902] "be we will consider several possibilities first let us postulate that"
## [1903] "the computer scientists succeed in developing intelligent machines that"
## [1904] "can do all things better than human beings can do them in that case"
## [1905] "presumably all work will be done by vast highly organized systems of"
## [1906] "machines and no human effort will be necessary either of two cases might"
## [1907] "occur the machines might be permitted to make all of their own decisions"
## [1908] "without human oversight or else human control over the machines might be"
## [1909] "retained if the machines are permitted to make all their own decisions"
## [1910] "we can t make any conjectures as to the results because it is impossible"
## [1911] "to guess how such machines might behave we only point out that the"
## [1912] "fate of the human race would be at the mercy of the machines it might"
## [1913] "be argued that the human race would never be foolish enough to hand"
## [1914] "over all power to the machines but we are suggesting neither that the"
## [1915] "human race would voluntarily turn power over to the machines nor that"
## [1916] "the machines would willfully seize power what we do suggest is that the"
## [1917] "human race might easily permit itself to drift into a position of such"
## [1918] "dependence on the machines that it would have no practical choice but"
## [1919] "to accept all of the machines decisions as society and the problems that"
## [1920] "face it become more and more complex and as machines become more and"
## [1921] "more intelligent people will let machines make more and more of their"
## [1922] "decisions for them simply because machine made decisions will bring"
## [1923] "better results than man made ones eventually a stage may be reached"
## [1924] "at which the decisions necessary to keep the system running will be so"
## [1925] "complex that human beings will be incapable of making them intelligently"
## [1926] "at that stage the machines will be in effective control people won t"
## [1927] "be able to just turn the machines off because they will be so dependent"
## [1928] "on them that turning them off would amount to suicide on the other hand"
## [1929] "it is possible that human control over the machines may be retained in"
## [1930] "that case the average man may have control over certain private machines"
## [1931] "of his own such as his car or his personal computer but control over"
## [1932] "large systems of machines will be in the hands of a tiny elite just"
## [1933] "as it is today but with two differences due to improved techniques the"
## [1934] "elite will have greater control over the masses and because human work"
## [1935] "will no longer be necessary the masses will be superfluous a useless"
## [1936] "burden on the system if the elite is ruthless they may simply decide"
## [1937] "to exterminate the mass of humanity if they are humane they may use"
## [1938] "propaganda or other psychological or biological techniques to reduce"
## [1939] "the birth rate until the mass of humanity becomes extinct leaving the"
## [1940] "world to the elite or if the elite consists of soft hearted liberals"
## [1941] "they may decide to play the role of good shepherds to the rest of"
## [1942] "the human race they will see to it that everyone s physical needs are"
## [1943] "satisfied that all children are raised under psychologically hygienic"
## [1944] "conditions that everyone has a wholesome hobby to keep him busy and"
## [1945] "that anyone who may become dissatisfied undergoes treatment to cure his"
## [1946] "problem of course life will be so purposeless that people will have to"
## [1947] "be biologically or psychologically engineered either to remove their"
## [1948] "need for the power process or to make them sublimate their drive for"
## [1949] "power into some harmless hobby these engineered human beings may be"
## [1950] "happy in such a society but they most certainly will not be free they"
## [1951] "will have been reduced to the status of domestic animals but suppose"
## [1952] "now that the computer scientists do not succeed in developing artificial"
## [1953] "intelligence so that human work remains necessary even so machines will"
## [1954] "take care of more and more of the simpler tasks so that there will be"
## [1955] "an increasing surplus of human workers at the lower levels of ability we"
## [1956] "see this happening already there are many people who find it difficult"
## [1957] "or impossible to get work because for intellectual or psychological"
## [1958] "reasons they cannot acquire the level of training necessary to make"
## [1959] "themselves useful in the present system on those who are employed ever"
## [1960] "increasing demands will be placed they will need more and more training"
## [1961] "more and more ability and will have to be ever more reliable conforming"
## [1962] "and docile because they will be more and more like cells of a giant"
## [1963] "organism their tasks will be increasingly specialized so that their work"
## [1964] "will be in a sense out of touch with the real world being concentrated"
## [1965] "on one tiny slice of reality the system will have to use any means that"
## [1966] "it can whether psychological or biological to engineer people to be"
## [1967] "docile to have the abilities that the system requires and to sublimate"
## [1968] "their drive for power into some specialized task but the statement"
## [1969] "that the people of such a society will have to be docile may require"
## [1970] "qualification the society may find competitiveness useful provided"
## [1971] "that ways are found of directing competitiveness into channels that"
## [1972] "serve the needs of the system we can imagine a future society in which"
## [1973] "there is endless competition for positions of prestige and power but"
## [1974] "no more than a very few people will ever reach the top where the only"
## [1975] "real power is see end of paragraph very repellent is a society in which"
## [1976] "a person can satisfy his need for power only by pushing large numbers"
## [1977] "of other people out of the way and depriving them of their opportunity"
## [1978] "for power one can envision scenarios that incorporate aspects of more"
## [1979] "than one of the possibilities that we have just discussed for instance"
## [1980] "it may be that machines will take over most of the work that is of real"
## [1981] "practical importance but that human beings will be kept busy by being"
## [1982] "given relatively unimportant work it has been suggested for example that"
## [1983] "a great development of the service industries might provide work for"
## [1984] "human beings thus people would spent their time shining each other s"
## [1985] "shoes driving each other around in taxicabs making handicrafts for one"
## [1986] "another waiting on each other s tables etc this seems to us a thoroughly"
## [1987] "contemptible way for the human race to end up and we doubt that many"
## [1988] "people would find fulfilling lives in such pointless busy work they"
## [1989] "would seek other dangerous outlets drugs crime cults hate groups unless"
## [1990] "they were biologically or psychologically engineered to adapt them to"
## [1991] "such a way of life needless to say the scenarios outlined above do not"
## [1992] "exhaust all the possibilities they only indicate the kinds of outcomes"
## [1993] "that seem to us most likely but we can envision no plausible scenarios"
## [1994] "that are any more palatable than the ones we ve just described it is"
## [1995] "overwhelmingly probable that if the industrial technological system"
## [1996] "survives the next to years it will by that time have developed certain"
## [1997] "general characteristics individuals at least those of the bourgeois"
## [1998] "type who are integrated into the system and make it run and who"
## [1999] "therefore have all the power will be more dependent than ever on large"
## [2000] "organizations they will be more socialized than ever and their physical"
## [2001] "and mental qualities to a significant extent possibly to a very great"
## [2002] "extent will be those that are engineered into them rather than being"
## [2003] "the results of chance or of god s will or whatever and whatever may be"
## [2004] "left of wild nature will be reduced to remnants preserved for scientific"
## [2005] "study and kept under the supervision and management of scientists hence"
## [2006] "it will no longer be truly wild in the long run say a few centuries from"
## [2007] "now it is likely that neither the human race nor any other important"
## [2008] "organisms will exist as we know them today because once you start"
## [2009] "modifying organisms through genetic engineering there is no reason to"
## [2010] "stop at any particular point so that the modifications will probably"
## [2011] "continue until man and other organisms have been utterly transformed"
## [2012] "whatever else may be the case it is certain that technology is creating"
## [2013] "for human beings a new physical and social environment radically"
## [2014] "different from the spectrum of environments to which natural selection"
## [2015] "has adapted the human race physically and psychologically if man is not"
## [2016] "adjusted to this new environment by being artificially re engineered"
## [2017] "then he will be adapted to it through a long and painful process of"
## [2018] "natural selection the former is far more likely than the latter it would"
## [2019] "be better to dump the whole stinking system and take the consequences"
## [2020] "strategy the technophiles are taking us all on an utterly reckless ride"
## [2021] "into the unknown many people understand something of what technological"
## [2022] "progress is doing to us yet take a passive attitude toward it because"
## [2023] "they think it is inevitable but we fc don t think it is inevitable we"
## [2024] "think it can be stopped and we will give here some indications of how"
## [2025] "to go about stopping it as we stated in paragraph the two main tasks for"
## [2026] "the present are to promote social stress and instability in industrial"
## [2027] "society and to develop and propagate an ideology that opposes technology"
## [2028] "and the industrial system when the system becomes sufficiently stressed"
## [2029] "and unstable a revolution against technology may be possible the"
## [2030] "pattern would be similar to that of the french and russian revolutions"
## [2031] "french society and russian society for several decades prior to their"
## [2032] "respective revolutions showed increasing signs of stress and weakness"
## [2033] "meanwhile ideologies were being developed that offered a new world"
## [2034] "view that was quite different from the old one in the russian case"
## [2035] "revolutionaries were actively working to undermine the old order then"
## [2036] "when the old system was put under sufficient additional stress by"
## [2037] "financial crisis in france by military defeat in russia it was swept"
## [2038] "away by revolution what we propose is something along the same lines it"
## [2039] "will be objected that the french and russian revolutions were failures"
## [2040] "but most revolutions have two goals one is to destroy an old form of"
## [2041] "society and the other is to set up the new form of society envisioned"
## [2042] "by the revolutionaries the french and russian revolutionaries failed"
## [2043] "fortunately to create the new kind of society of which they dreamed"
## [2044] "but they were quite successful in destroying the old society we have no"
## [2045] "illusions about the feasibility of creating a new ideal form of society"
## [2046] "our goal is only to destroy the existing form of society but an ideology"
## [2047] "in order to gain enthusiastic support must have a positive ideal as well"
## [2048] "as a negative one it must be for something as well as against something"
## [2049] "the positive ideal that we propose is nature that is wild nature those"
## [2050] "aspects of the functioning of the earth and its living things that"
## [2051] "are independent of human management and free of human interference and"
## [2052] "control and with wild nature we include human nature by which we mean"
## [2053] "those aspects of the functioning of the human individual that are not"
## [2054] "subject to regulation by organized society but are products of chance or"
## [2055] "free will or god depending on your religious or philosophical opinions"
## [2056] "nature makes a perfect counter ideal to technology for several reasons"
## [2057] "nature that which is outside the power of the system is the opposite"
## [2058] "of technology which seeks to expand indefinitely the power of the"
## [2059] "system most people will agree that nature is beautiful certainly it has"
## [2060] "tremendous popular appeal the radical environmentalists already hold an"
## [2061] "ideology that exalts nature and opposes technology it is not necessary"
## [2062] "for the sake of nature to set up some chimerical utopia or any new"
## [2063] "kind of social order nature takes care of itself it was a spontaneous"
## [2064] "creation that existed long before any human society and for countless"
## [2065] "centuries many different kinds of human societies coexisted with nature"
## [2066] "without doing it an excessive amount of damage only with the industrial"
## [2067] "revolution did the effect of human society on nature become really"
## [2068] "devastating to relieve the pressure on nature it is not necessary to"
## [2069] "create a special kind of social system it is only necessary to get"
## [2070] "rid of industrial society granted this will not solve all problems"
## [2071] "industrial society has already done tremendous damage to nature and"
## [2072] "it will take a very long time for the scars to heal besides even pre"
## [2073] "industrial societies can do significant damage to nature nevertheless"
## [2074] "getting rid of industrial society will accomplish a great deal it"
## [2075] "will relieve the worst of the pressure on nature so that the scars can"
## [2076] "begin to heal it will remove the capacity of organized society to keep"
## [2077] "increasing its control over nature including human nature whatever"
## [2078] "kind of society may exist after the demise of the industrial system it"
## [2079] "is certain that most people will live close to nature because in the"
## [2080] "absence of advanced technology there is no other way that people can"
## [2081] "live to feed themselves they must be peasants or herdsmen or fishermen"
## [2082] "or hunters etc and generally speaking local autonomy should tend to"
## [2083] "increase because lack of advanced technology and rapid communications"
## [2084] "will limit the capacity of governments or other large organizations"
## [2085] "to control local communities as for the negative consequences of"
## [2086] "eliminating industrial society well you can t eat your cake and have"
## [2087] "it too to gain one thing you have to sacrifice another most people hate"
## [2088] "psychological conflict for this reason they avoid doing any serious"
## [2089] "thinking about difficult social issues and they like to have such issues"
## [2090] "presented to them in simple black and white terms this is all good and"
## [2091] "that is all bad the revolutionary ideology should therefore be developed"
## [2092] "on two levels on the more sophisticated level the ideology should"
## [2093] "address itself to people who are intelligent thoughtful and rational the"
## [2094] "object should be to create a core of people who will be opposed to the"
## [2095] "industrial system on a rational thought out basis with full appreciation"
## [2096] "of the problems and ambiguities involved and of the price that has"
## [2097] "to be paid for getting rid of the system it is particularly important"
## [2098] "to attract people of this type as they are capable people and will be"
## [2099] "instrumental in influencing others these people should be addressed"
## [2100] "on as rational a level as possible facts should never intentionally"
## [2101] "be distorted and intemperate language should be avoided this does not"
## [2102] "mean that no appeal can be made to the emotions but in making such"
## [2103] "appeal care should be taken to avoid misrepresenting the truth or doing"
## [2104] "anything else that would destroy the intellectual respectability of"
## [2105] "the ideology on a second level the ideology should be propagated in"
## [2106] "a simplified form that will enable the unthinking majority to see the"
## [2107] "conflict of technology vs nature in unambiguous terms but even on this"
## [2108] "second level the ideology should not be expressed in language that"
## [2109] "is so cheap intemperate or irrational that it alienates people of the"
## [2110] "thoughtful and rational type cheap intemperate propaganda sometimes"
## [2111] "achieves impressive short term gains but it will be more advantageous"
## [2112] "in the long run to keep the loyalty of a small number of intelligently"
## [2113] "committed people than to arouse the passions of an unthinking fickle"
## [2114] "mob who will change their attitude as soon as someone comes along with a"
## [2115] "better propaganda gimmick however propaganda of the rabble rousing type"
## [2116] "may be necessary when the system is nearing the point of collapse and"
## [2117] "there is a final struggle between rival ideologies to determine which"
## [2118] "will become dominant when the old world view goes under prior to that"
## [2119] "final struggle the revolutionaries should not expect to have a majority"
## [2120] "of people on their side history is made by active determined minorities"
## [2121] "not by the majority which seldom has a clear and consistent idea of"
## [2122] "what it really wants until the time comes for the final push toward"
## [2123] "revolution the task of revolutionaries will be less to win the shallow"
## [2124] "support of the majority than to build a small core of deeply committed"
## [2125] "people as for the majority it will be enough to make them aware of the"
## [2126] "existence of the new ideology and remind them of it frequently though"
## [2127] "of course it will be desirable to get majority support to the extent"
## [2128] "that this can be done without weakening the core of seriously committed"
## [2129] "people any kind of social conflict helps to destabilize the system but"
## [2130] "one should be careful about what kind of conflict one encourages the"
## [2131] "line of conflict should be drawn between the mass of the people and the"
## [2132] "power holding elite of industrial society politicians scientists upper"
## [2133] "level business executives government officials etc it should not be"
## [2134] "drawn between the revolutionaries and the mass of the people for example"
## [2135] "it would be bad strategy for the revolutionaries to condemn americans"
## [2136] "for their habits of consumption instead the average american should be"
## [2137] "portrayed as a victim of the advertising and marketing industry which"
## [2138] "has suckered him into buying a lot of junk that he doesn t need and"
## [2139] "that is very poor compensation for his lost freedom either approach"
## [2140] "is consistent with the facts it is merely a matter of attitude whether"
## [2141] "you blame the advertising industry for manipulating the public or"
## [2142] "blame the public for allowing itself to be manipulated as a matter of"
## [2143] "strategy one should generally avoid blaming the public one should think"
## [2144] "twice before encouraging any other social conflict than that between"
## [2145] "the power holding elite which wields technology and the general public"
## [2146] "over which technology exerts its power for one thing other conflicts"
## [2147] "tend to distract attention from the important conflicts between power"
## [2148] "elite and ordinary people between technology and nature for another"
## [2149] "thing other conflicts may actually tend to encourage technologization"
## [2150] "because each side in such a conflict wants to use technological power"
## [2151] "to gain advantages over its adversary this is clearly seen in rivalries"
## [2152] "between nations it also appears in ethnic conflicts within nations for"
## [2153] "example in america many black leaders are anxious to gain power for"
## [2154] "african americans by placing back individuals in the technological power"
## [2155] "elite they want there to be many black government officials scientists"
## [2156] "corporation executives and so forth in this way they are helping to"
## [2157] "absorb the african american subculture into the technological system"
## [2158] "generally speaking one should encourage only those social conflicts"
## [2159] "that can be fitted into the framework of the conflicts of power elite"
## [2160] "vs ordinary people technology vs nature but the way to discourage"
## [2161] "ethnic conflict is not through militant advocacy of minority rights see"
## [2162] "paragraphs instead the revolutionaries should emphasize that although"
## [2163] "minorities do suffer more or less disadvantage this disadvantage is of"
## [2164] "peripheral significance our real enemy is the industrial technological"
## [2165] "system and in the struggle against the system ethnic distinctions"
## [2166] "are of no importance the kind of revolution we have in mind will not"
## [2167] "necessarily involve an armed uprising against any government it may"
## [2168] "or may not involve physical violence but it will not be a political"
## [2169] "revolution its focus will be on technology and economics not politics"
## [2170] "probably the revolutionaries should even avoid assuming political"
## [2171] "power whether by legal or illegal means until the industrial system"
## [2172] "is stressed to the danger point and has proved itself to be a failure"
## [2173] "in the eyes of most people suppose for example that some green party"
## [2174] "should win control of the united states congress in an election in"
## [2175] "order to avoid betraying or watering down their own ideology they would"
## [2176] "have to take vigorous measures to turn economic growth into economic"
## [2177] "shrinkage to the average man the results would appear disastrous there"
## [2178] "would be massive unemployment shortages of commodities etc even if"
## [2179] "the grosser ill effects could be avoided through superhumanly skillful"
## [2180] "management still people would have to begin giving up the luxuries to"
## [2181] "which they have become addicted dissatisfaction would grow the green"
## [2182] "party would be voted out of office and the revolutionaries would have"
## [2183] "suffered a severe setback for this reason the revolutionaries should"
## [2184] "not try to acquire political power until the system has gotten itself"
## [2185] "into such a mess that any hardships will be seen as resulting from the"
## [2186] "failures of the industrial system itself and not from the policies of"
## [2187] "the revolutionaries the revolution against technology will probably"
## [2188] "have to be a revolution by outsiders a revolution from below and not"
## [2189] "from above the revolution must be international and worldwide it cannot"
## [2190] "be carried out on a nation by nation basis whenever it is suggested"
## [2191] "that the united states for example should cut back on technological"
## [2192] "progress or economic growth people get hysterical and start screaming"
## [2193] "that if we fall behind in technology the japanese will get ahead of"
## [2194] "us holy robots the world will fly off its orbit if the japanese ever"
## [2195] "sell more cars than we do nationalism is a great promoter of technology"
## [2196] "more reasonably it is argued that if the relatively democratic"
## [2197] "nations of the world fall behind in technology while nasty dictatorial"
## [2198] "nations like china vietnam and north korea continue to progress"
## [2199] "eventually the dictators may come to dominate the world that is why"
## [2200] "the industrial system should be attacked in all nations simultaneously"
## [2201] "to the extent that this may be possible true there is no assurance"
## [2202] "that the industrial system can be destroyed at approximately the same"
## [2203] "time all over the world and it is even conceivable that the attempt"
## [2204] "to overthrow the system could lead instead to the domination of the"
## [2205] "system by dictators that is a risk that has to be taken and it is worth"
## [2206] "taking since the difference between a democratic industrial system"
## [2207] "and one controlled by dictators is small compared with the difference"
## [2208] "between an industrial system and a non industrial one it might even"
## [2209] "be argued that an industrial system controlled by dictators would be"
## [2210] "preferable because dictator controlled systems usually have proved"
## [2211] "inefficient hence they are presumably more likely to break down look"
## [2212] "at cuba revolutionaries might consider favoring measures that tend to"
## [2213] "bind the world economy into a unified whole free trade agreements like"
## [2214] "nafta and gatt are probably harmful to the environment in the short"
## [2215] "run but in the long run they may perhaps be advantageous because they"
## [2216] "foster economic interdependence between nations it will be easier to"
## [2217] "destroy the industrial system on a worldwide basis if the world economy"
## [2218] "is so unified that its breakdown in any one major nation will lead"
## [2219] "to its breakdown in all industrialized nations some people take the"
## [2220] "line that modern man has too much power too much control over nature"
## [2221] "they argue for a more passive attitude on the part of the human race"
## [2222] "at best these people are expressing themselves unclearly because they"
## [2223] "fail to distinguish between power for large organizations and power for"
## [2224] "individuals and small groups it is a mistake to argue for powerlessness"
## [2225] "and passivity because people need power modern man as a collective"
## [2226] "entity that is the industrial system has immense power over nature and"
## [2227] "we fc regard this as evil but modern individuals and small groups of"
## [2228] "individuals have far less power than primitive man ever did generally"
## [2229] "speaking the vast power of modern man over nature is exercised not by"
## [2230] "individuals or small groups but by large organizations to the extent"
## [2231] "that the average modern individual can wield the power of technology"
## [2232] "he is permitted to do so only within narrow limits and only under the"
## [2233] "supervision and control of the system you need a license for everything"
## [2234] "and with the license come rules and regulations the individual has only"
## [2235] "those technological powers with which the system chooses to provide"
## [2236] "him his personal power over nature is slight primitive individuals and"
## [2237] "small groups actually had considerable power over nature or maybe it"
## [2238] "would be better to say power within nature when primitive man needed"
## [2239] "food he knew how to find and prepare edible roots how to track game"
## [2240] "and take it with homemade weapons he knew how to protect himself from"
## [2241] "heat cold rain dangerous animals etc but primitive man did relatively"
## [2242] "little damage to nature because the collective power of primitive"
## [2243] "society was negligible compared to the collective power of industrial"
## [2244] "society instead of arguing for powerlessness and passivity one should"
## [2245] "argue that the power of the industrial system should be broken and that"
## [2246] "this will greatly increase the power and freedom of individuals and"
## [2247] "small groups until the industrial system has been thoroughly wrecked"
## [2248] "the destruction of that system must be the revolutionaries only goal"
## [2249] "other goals would distract attention and energy from the main goal"
## [2250] "more importantly if the revolutionaries permit themselves to have any"
## [2251] "other goal than the destruction of technology they will be tempted to"
## [2252] "use technology as a tool for reaching that other goal if they give in"
## [2253] "to that temptation they will fall right back into the technological"
## [2254] "trap because modern technology is a unified tightly organized system"
## [2255] "so that in order to retain some technology one finds oneself obliged to"
## [2256] "retain most technology hence one ends up sacrificing only token amounts"
## [2257] "of technology suppose for example that the revolutionaries took social"
## [2258] "justice as a goal human nature being what it is social justice would"
## [2259] "not come about spontaneously it would have to be enforced in order to"
## [2260] "enforce it the revolutionaries would have to retain central organization"
## [2261] "and control for that they would need rapid long distance transportation"
## [2262] "and communication and therefore all the technology needed to support the"
## [2263] "transportation and communication systems to feed and clothe poor people"
## [2264] "they would have to use agricultural and manufacturing technology and so"
## [2265] "forth so that the attempt to insure social justice would force them to"
## [2266] "retain most parts of the technological system not that we have anything"
## [2267] "against social justice but it must not be allowed to interfere with the"
## [2268] "effort to get rid of the technological system it would be hopeless for"
## [2269] "revolutionaries to try to attack the system without using some modern"
## [2270] "technology if nothing else they must use the communications media to"
## [2271] "spread their message but they should use modern technology for only"
## [2272] "one purpose to attack the technological system imagine an alcoholic"
## [2273] "sitting with a barrel of wine in front of him suppose he starts saying"
## [2274] "to himself wine isn t bad for you if used in moderation why they say"
## [2275] "small amounts of wine are even good for you it won t do me any harm if"
## [2276] "i take just one little drink well you know what is going to happen never"
## [2277] "forget that the human race with technology is just like an alcoholic"
## [2278] "with a barrel of wine revolutionaries should have as many children"
## [2279] "as they can there is strong scientific evidence that social attitudes"
## [2280] "are to a significant extent inherited no one suggests that a social"
## [2281] "attitude is a direct outcome of a person s genetic constitution but it"
## [2282] "appears that personality traits are partly inherited and that certain"
## [2283] "personality traits tend within the context of our society to make a"
## [2284] "person more likely to hold this or that social attitude objections"
## [2285] "to these findings have been raised but the objections are feeble and"
## [2286] "seem to be ideologically motivated in any event no one denies that"
## [2287] "children tend on the average to hold social attitudes similar to those"
## [2288] "of their parents from our point of view it doesn t matter all that much"
## [2289] "whether the attitudes are passed on genetically or through childhood"
## [2290] "training in either case they are passed on the trouble is that many"
## [2291] "of the people who are inclined to rebel against the industrial system"
## [2292] "are also concerned about the population problems hence they are apt to"
## [2293] "have few or no children in this way they may be handing the world over"
## [2294] "to the sort of people who support or at least accept the industrial"
## [2295] "system to insure the strength of the next generation of revolutionaries"
## [2296] "the present generation should reproduce itself abundantly in doing so"
## [2297] "they will be worsening the population problem only slightly and the"
## [2298] "important problem is to get rid of the industrial system because once"
## [2299] "the industrial system is gone the world s population necessarily will"
## [2300] "decrease see paragraph whereas if the industrial system survives it will"
## [2301] "continue developing new techniques of food production that may enable"
## [2302] "the world s population to keep increasing almost indefinitely with"
## [2303] "regard to revolutionary strategy the only points on which we absolutely"
## [2304] "insist are that the single overriding goal must be the elimination"
## [2305] "of modern technology and that no other goal can be allowed to compete"
## [2306] "with this one for the rest revolutionaries should take an empirical"
## [2307] "approach if experience indicates that some of the recommendations made"
## [2308] "in the foregoing paragraphs are not going to give good results then"
## [2309] "those recommendations should be discarded two kinds of technology an"
## [2310] "argument likely to be raised against our proposed revolution is that"
## [2311] "it is bound to fail because it is claimed throughout history technology"
## [2312] "has always progressed never regressed hence technological regression is"
## [2313] "impossible but this claim is false we distinguish between two kinds of"
## [2314] "technology which we will call small scale technology and organization"
## [2315] "dependent technology small scale technology is technology that can be"
## [2316] "used by small scale communities without outside assistance organization"
## [2317] "dependent technology is technology that depends on large scale social"
## [2318] "organization we are aware of no significant cases of regression in small"
## [2319] "scale technology but organization dependent technology does regress when"
## [2320] "the social organization on which it depends breaks down example when"
## [2321] "the roman empire fell apart the romans small scale technology survived"
## [2322] "because any clever village craftsman could build for instance a water"
## [2323] "wheel any skilled smith could make steel by roman methods and so forth"
## [2324] "but the romans organization dependent technology did regress their"
## [2325] "aqueducts fell into disrepair and were never rebuilt their techniques"
## [2326] "of road construction were lost the roman system of urban sanitation was"
## [2327] "forgotten so that not until rather recent times did the sanitation of"
## [2328] "european cities equal that of ancient rome the reason why technology"
## [2329] "has seemed always to progress is that until perhaps a century or"
## [2330] "two before the industrial revolution most technology was small scale"
## [2331] "technology but most of the technology developed since the industrial"
## [2332] "revolution is organization dependent technology take the refrigerator"
## [2333] "for example without factory made parts or the facilities of a post"
## [2334] "industrial machine shop it would be virtually impossible for a handful"
## [2335] "of local craftsmen to build a refrigerator if by some miracle they did"
## [2336] "succeed in building one it would be useless to them without a reliable"
## [2337] "source of electric power so they would have to dam a stream and build"
## [2338] "a generator generators require large amounts of copper wire imagine"
## [2339] "trying to make that wire without modern machinery and where would they"
## [2340] "get a gas suitable for refrigeration it would be much easier to build"
## [2341] "an icehouse or preserve food by drying or picking as was done before"
## [2342] "the invention of the refrigerator so it is clear that if the industrial"
## [2343] "system were once thoroughly broken down refrigeration technology"
## [2344] "would quickly be lost the same is true of other organization dependent"
## [2345] "technology and once this technology had been lost for a generation"
## [2346] "or so it would take centuries to rebuild it just as it took centuries"
## [2347] "to build it the first time around surviving technical books would be"
## [2348] "few and scattered an industrial society if built from scratch without"
## [2349] "outside help can only be built in a series of stages you need tools"
## [2350] "to make tools to make tools to make tools a long process of economic"
## [2351] "development and progress in social organization is required and even"
## [2352] "in the absence of an ideology opposed to technology there is no reason"
## [2353] "to believe that anyone would be interested in rebuilding industrial"
## [2354] "society the enthusiasm for progress is a phenomenon peculiar to the"
## [2355] "modern form of society and it seems not to have existed prior to the"
## [2356] "century or thereabouts in the late middle ages there were four main"
## [2357] "civilizations that were about equally advanced europe the islamic world"
## [2358] "india and the far east china japan korea three of those civilizations"
## [2359] "remained more or less stable and only europe became dynamic no one"
## [2360] "knows why europe became dynamic at that time historians have their"
## [2361] "theories but these are only speculation at any rate it is clear that"
## [2362] "rapid development toward a technological form of society occurs only"
## [2363] "under special conditions so there is no reason to assume that a long"
## [2364] "lasting technological regression cannot be brought about would society"
## [2365] "eventually develop again toward an industrial technological form maybe"
## [2366] "but there is no use in worrying about it since we can t predict or"
## [2367] "control events or years in the future those problems must be dealt with"
## [2368] "by the people who will live at that time the danger of leftism because"
## [2369] "of their need for rebellion and for membership in a movement leftists"
## [2370] "or persons of similar psychological type often are unattracted to a"
## [2371] "rebellious or activist movement whose goals and membership are not"
## [2372] "initially leftist the resulting influx of leftish types can easily turn"
## [2373] "a non leftist movement into a leftist one so that leftist goals replace"
## [2374] "or distort the original goals of the movement to avoid this a movement"
## [2375] "that exalts nature and opposes technology must take a resolutely anti"
## [2376] "leftist stance and must avoid all collaboration with leftists leftism"
## [2377] "is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature with human freedom and"
## [2378] "with the elimination of modern technology leftism is collectivist it"
## [2379] "seeks to bind together the entire world both nature and the human race"
## [2380] "into a unified whole but this implies management of nature and of human"
## [2381] "life by organized society and it requires advanced technology you can"
## [2382] "t have a united world without rapid transportation and communication"
## [2383] "you can t make all people love one another without sophisticated"
## [2384] "psychological techniques you can t have a planned society without the"
## [2385] "necessary technological base above all leftism is driven by the need"
## [2386] "for power and the leftist seeks power on a collective basis through"
## [2387] "identification with a mass movement or an organization leftism is"
## [2388] "unlikely ever to give up technology because technology is too valuable"
## [2389] "a source of collective power the anarchist too seeks power but he seeks"
## [2390] "it on an individual or small group basis he wants individuals and small"
## [2391] "groups to be able to control the circumstances of their own lives he"
## [2392] "opposes technology because it makes small groups dependent on large"
## [2393] "organizations some leftists may seem to oppose technology but they"
## [2394] "will oppose it only so long as they are outsiders and the technological"
## [2395] "system is controlled by non leftists if leftism ever becomes dominant"
## [2396] "in society so that the technological system becomes a tool in the hands"
## [2397] "of leftists they will enthusiastically use it and promote its growth in"
## [2398] "doing this they will be repeating a pattern that leftism has shown again"
## [2399] "and again in the past when the bolsheviks in russia were outsiders they"
## [2400] "vigorously opposed censorship and the secret police they advocated self"
## [2401] "determination for ethnic minorities and so forth but as soon as they"
## [2402] "came into power themselves they imposed a tighter censorship and created"
## [2403] "a more ruthless secret police than any that had existed under the tsars"
## [2404] "and they oppressed ethnic minorities at least as much as the tsars"
## [2405] "had done in the united states a couple of decades ago when leftists"
## [2406] "were a minority in our universities leftist professors were vigorous"
## [2407] "proponents of academic freedom but today in those of our universities"
## [2408] "where leftists have become dominant they have shown themselves ready"
## [2409] "to take away from everyone else s academic freedom this is political"
## [2410] "correctness the same will happen with leftists and technology they will"
## [2411] "use it to oppress everyone else if they ever get it under their own"
## [2412] "control in earlier revolutions leftists of the most power hungry type"
## [2413] "repeatedly have first cooperated with non leftist revolutionaries as"
## [2414] "well as with leftists of a more libertarian inclination and later have"
## [2415] "double crossed them to seize power for themselves robespierre did this"
## [2416] "in the french revolution the bolsheviks did it in the russian revolution"
## [2417] "the communists did it in spain in and castro and his followers did it"
## [2418] "in cuba given the past history of leftism it would be utterly foolish"
## [2419] "for non leftist revolutionaries today to collaborate with leftists"
## [2420] "various thinkers have pointed out that leftism is a kind of religion"
## [2421] "leftism is not a religion in the strict sense because leftist doctrine"
## [2422] "does not postulate the existence of any supernatural being but for"
## [2423] "the leftist leftism plays a psychological role much like that which"
## [2424] "religion plays for some people the leftist needs to believe in leftism"
## [2425] "it plays a vital role in his psychological economy his beliefs are"
## [2426] "not easily modified by logic or facts he has a deep conviction that"
## [2427] "leftism is morally right with a capital r and that he has not only a"
## [2428] "right but a duty to impose leftist morality on everyone however many of"
## [2429] "the people we are referring to as leftists do not think of themselves"
## [2430] "as leftists and would not describe their system of beliefs as leftism"
## [2431] "we use the term leftism because we don t know of any better words to"
## [2432] "designate the spectrum of related creeds that includes the feminist gay"
## [2433] "rights political correctness etc movements and because these movements"
## [2434] "have a strong affinity with the old left see paragraphs leftism is"
## [2435] "a totalitarian force wherever leftism is in a position of power it"
## [2436] "tends to invade every private corner and force every thought into a"
## [2437] "leftist mold in part this is because of the quasi religious character"
## [2438] "of leftism everything contrary to leftist beliefs represents sin more"
## [2439] "importantly leftism is a totalitarian force because of the leftists"
## [2440] "drive for power the leftist seeks to satisfy his need for power through"
## [2441] "identification with a social movement and he tries to go through the"
## [2442] "power process by helping to pursue and attain the goals of the movement"
## [2443] "see paragraph but no matter how far the movement has gone in attaining"
## [2444] "its goals the leftist is never satisfied because his activism is a"
## [2445] "surrogate activity see paragraph that is the leftist s real motive is"
## [2446] "not to attain the ostensible goals of leftism in reality he is motivated"
## [2447] "by the sense of power he gets from struggling for and then reaching a"
## [2448] "social goal consequently the leftist is never satisfied with the goals"
## [2449] "he has already attained his need for the power process leads him always"
## [2450] "to pursue some new goal the leftist wants equal opportunities for"
## [2451] "minorities when that is attained he insists on statistical equality of"
## [2452] "achievement by minorities and as long as anyone harbors in some corner"
## [2453] "of his mind a negative attitude toward some minority the leftist has"
## [2454] "to re educated him and ethnic minorities are not enough no one can be"
## [2455] "allowed to have a negative attitude toward homosexuals disabled people"
## [2456] "fat people old people ugly people and on and on and on it s not enough"
## [2457] "that the public should be informed about the hazards of smoking a"
## [2458] "warning has to be stamped on every package of cigarettes then cigarette"
## [2459] "advertising has to be restricted if not banned the activists will never"
## [2460] "be satisfied until tobacco is outlawed and after that it will be alcohol"
## [2461] "then junk food etc activists have fought gross child abuse which is"
## [2462] "reasonable but now they want to stop all spanking when they have done"
## [2463] "that they will want to ban something else they consider unwholesome"
## [2464] "then another thing and then another they will never be satisfied until"
## [2465] "they have complete control over all child rearing practices and then"
## [2466] "they will move on to another cause suppose you asked leftists to make a"
## [2467] "list of all the things that were wrong with society and then suppose you"
## [2468] "instituted every social change that they demanded it is safe to say that"
## [2469] "within a couple of years the majority of leftists would find something"
## [2470] "new to complain about some new social evil to correct because once again"
## [2471] "the leftist is motivated less by distress at society s ills than by the"
## [2472] "need to satisfy his drive for power by imposing his solutions on society"
## [2473] "because of the restrictions placed on their thoughts and behavior by"
## [2474] "their high level of socialization many leftists of the over socialized"
## [2475] "type cannot pursue power in the ways that other people do for them the"
## [2476] "drive for power has only one morally acceptable outlet and that is in"
## [2477] "the struggle to impose their morality on everyone leftists especially"
## [2478] "those of the oversocialized type are true believers in the sense of eric"
## [2479] "hoffer s book the true believer but not all true believers are of the"
## [2480] "same psychological type as leftists presumably a true believing nazi"
## [2481] "for instance is very different psychologically from a true believing"
## [2482] "leftist because of their capacity for single minded devotion to a"
## [2483] "cause true believers are a useful perhaps a necessary ingredient of any"
## [2484] "revolutionary movement this presents a problem with which we must admit"
## [2485] "we don t know how to deal we aren t sure how to harness the energies"
## [2486] "of the true believer to a revolution against technology at present"
## [2487] "all we can say is that no true believer will make a safe recruit to"
## [2488] "the revolution unless his commitment is exclusively to the destruction"
## [2489] "of technology if he is committed also to another ideal he may want to"
## [2490] "use technology as a tool for pursuing that other ideal see paragraphs"
## [2491] "some readers may say this stuff about leftism is a lot of crap i know"
## [2492] "john and jane who are leftish types and they don t have all these"
## [2493] "totalitarian tendencies it s quite true that many leftists possibly"
## [2494] "even a numerical majority are decent people who sincerely believe in"
## [2495] "tolerating others values up to a point and wouldn t want to use high"
## [2496] "handed methods to reach their social goals our remarks about leftism"
## [2497] "are not meant to apply to every individual leftist but to describe the"
## [2498] "general character of leftism as a movement and the general character of"
## [2499] "a movement is not necessarily determined by the numerical proportions"
## [2500] "of the various kinds of people involved in the movement the people who"
## [2501] "rise to positions of power in leftist movements tend to be leftists of"
## [2502] "the most power hungry type because power hungry people are those who"
## [2503] "strive hardest to get into positions of power once the power hungry"
## [2504] "types have captured control of the movement there are many leftists"
## [2505] "of a gentler breed who inwardly disapprove of many of the actions of"
## [2506] "the leaders but cannot bring themselves to oppose them they need their"
## [2507] "faith in the movement and because they cannot give up this faith they"
## [2508] "go along with the leaders true some leftists do have the guts to oppose"
## [2509] "the totalitarian tendencies that emerge but they generally lose because"
## [2510] "the power hungry types are better organized are more ruthless and"
## [2511] "machiavellian and have taken care to build themselves a strong power"
## [2512] "base these phenomena appeared clearly in russia and other countries"
## [2513] "that were taken over by leftists similarly before the breakdown of"
## [2514] "communism in the ussr leftish types in the west would seldom criticize"
## [2515] "that country if prodded they would admit that the ussr did many wrong"
## [2516] "things but then they would try to find excuses for the communists and"
## [2517] "begin talking about the faults of the west they always opposed western"
## [2518] "military resistance to communist aggression leftish types all over the"
## [2519] "world vigorously protested the us military action in vietnam but when"
## [2520] "the ussr invaded afghanistan they did nothing not that they approved of"
## [2521] "the soviet actions but because of their leftist faith they just couldn"
## [2522] "t bear to put themselves in opposition to communism today in those"
## [2523] "of our universities where political correctness has become dominant"
## [2524] "there are probably many leftish types who privately disapprove of the"
## [2525] "suppression of academic freedom but they go along with it anyway thus"
## [2526] "the fact that many individual leftists are personally mild and fairly"
## [2527] "tolerant people by no means prevents leftism as a whole form having a"
## [2528] "totalitarian tendency our discussion of leftism has a serious weakness"
## [2529] "it is still far from clear what we mean by the word leftist there doesn"
## [2530] "t seem to be much we can do about this today leftism is fragmented into"
## [2531] "a whole spectrum of activist movements yet not all activist movements"
## [2532] "are leftist and some activist movements eg radical environmentalism seem"
## [2533] "to include both personalities of the leftist type and personalities of"
## [2534] "thoroughly un leftist types who ought to know better than to collaborate"
## [2535] "with leftists varieties of leftists fade out gradually into varieties"
## [2536] "of non leftists and we ourselves would often be hard pressed to decide"
## [2537] "whether a given individual is or is not a leftist to the extent that it"
## [2538] "is defined at all our conception of leftism is defined by the discussion"
## [2539] "of it that we have given in this article and we can only advise the"
## [2540] "reader to use his own judgment in deciding who is a leftist but it will"
## [2541] "be helpful to list some criteria for diagnosing leftism these criteria"
## [2542] "cannot be applied in a cut and dried manner some individuals may meet"
## [2543] "some of the criteria without being leftists some leftists may not meet"
## [2544] "any of the criteria again you just have to use your judgment the leftist"
## [2545] "is oriented toward large scale collectivism he emphasizes the duty of"
## [2546] "the individual to serve society and the duty of society to take care"
## [2547] "of the individual he has a negative attitude toward individualism he"
## [2548] "often takes a moralistic tone he tends to be for gun control for sex"
## [2549] "education and other psychologically enlightened educational methods for"
## [2550] "social planning for affirmative action for multiculturalism he tends"
## [2551] "to identify with victims he tends to be against competition and against"
## [2552] "violence but he often finds excuses for those leftists who do commit"
## [2553] "violence he is fond of using the common catch phrases of the left like"
## [2554] "racism sexism homophobia capitalism imperialism neocolonialism genocide"
## [2555] "social change social justice social responsibility maybe the best"
## [2556] "diagnostic trait of the leftist is his tendency to sympathize with the"
## [2557] "following movements feminism gay rights ethnic rights disability rights"
## [2558] "animal rights political correctness anyone who strongly sympathizes with"
## [2559] "all of these movements is almost certainly a leftist the more dangerous"
## [2560] "leftists that is those who are most power hungry are often characterized"
## [2561] "by arrogance or by a dogmatic approach to ideology however the most"
## [2562] "dangerous leftists of all may be certain oversocialized types who avoid"
## [2563] "irritating displays of aggressiveness and refrain from advertising"
## [2564] "their leftism but work quietly and unobtrusively to promote collectivist"
## [2565] "values enlightened psychological techniques for socializing children"
## [2566] "dependence of the individual on the system and so forth these crypto"
## [2567] "leftists as we may call them approximate certain bourgeois types as"
## [2568] "far as practical action is concerned but differ from them in psychology"
## [2569] "ideology and motivation the ordinary bourgeois tries to bring people"
## [2570] "under control of the system in order to protect his way of life or"
## [2571] "he does so simply because his attitudes are conventional the crypto"
## [2572] "leftist tries to bring people under control of the system because he"
## [2573] "is a true believer in a collectivistic ideology the crypto leftist is"
## [2574] "differentiated from the average leftist of the oversocialized type by"
## [2575] "the fact that his rebellious impulse is weaker and he is more securely"
## [2576] "socialized he is differentiated from the ordinary well socialized"
## [2577] "bourgeois by the fact that there is some deep lack within him that makes"
## [2578] "it necessary for him to devote himself to a cause and immerse himself in"
## [2579] "a collectivity and maybe his well sublimated drive for power is stronger"
## [2580] "than that of the average bourgeois final note throughout this article"
## [2581] "we ve made imprecise statements and statements that ought to have had"
## [2582] "all sorts of qualifications and reservations attached to them and some"
## [2583] "of our statements may be flatly false lack of sufficient information"
## [2584] "and the need for brevity made it impossible for us to formulate our"
## [2585] "assertions more precisely or add all the necessary qualifications and of"
## [2586] "course in a discussion of this kind one must rely heavily on intuitive"
## [2587] "judgment and that can sometimes be wrong so we don t claim that this"
## [2588] "article expresses more than a crude approximation to the truth all"
## [2589] "the same we are reasonably confident that the general outlines of the"
## [2590] "picture we have painted here are roughly correct just one possible weak"
## [2591] "point needs to be mentioned we have portrayed leftism in its modern"
## [2592] "form as a phenomenon peculiar to our time and as a symptom of the"
## [2593] "disruption of the power process but we might possibly be wrong about"
## [2594] "this oversocialized types who try to satisfy their drive for power by"
## [2595] "imposing their morality on everyone have certainly been around for a"
## [2596] "long time but we think that the decisive role played by feelings of"
## [2597] "inferiority low self esteem powerlessness identification with victims"
## [2598] "by people who are not themselves victims is a peculiarity of modern"
## [2599] "leftism identification with victims by people not themselves victims"
## [2600] "can be seen to some extent in century leftism and early christianity"
## [2601] "but as far as we can make out symptoms of low self esteem etc were not"
## [2602] "nearly so evident in these movements or in any other movements as they"
## [2603] "are in modern leftism but we are not in a position to assert confidently"
## [2604] "that no such movements have existed prior to modern leftism this is a"
## [2605] "significant question to which historians ought to give their attention"
## [2606] "notes paragraph we are asserting that all or even most bullies and"
## [2607] "ruthless competitors suffer from feelings of inferiority paragraph"
## [2608] "during the victorian period many oversocialized people suffered from"
## [2609] "serious psychological problems as a result of repressing or trying to"
## [2610] "repress their sexual feelings freud apparently based his theories on"
## [2611] "people of this type today the focus of socialization has shifted from"
## [2612] "sex to aggression paragraph not necessarily including specialists in"
## [2613] "engineering or the hard sciences paragraph there are many individuals"
## [2614] "of the middle and upper classes who resist some of these values but"
## [2615] "usually their resistance is more or less covert such resistance appears"
## [2616] "in the mass media only to a very limited extent the main thrust of"
## [2617] "propaganda in our society is in favor of the stated values the main"
## [2618] "reason why these values have become so to speak the official values of"
## [2619] "our society is that they are useful to the industrial system violence"
## [2620] "is discouraged because it disrupts the functioning of the system racism"
## [2621] "is discouraged because ethnic conflicts also disrupt the system and"
## [2622] "discrimination wastes the talents of minority group members who could"
## [2623] "be useful to the system poverty must be cured because the underclass"
## [2624] "causes problems for the system and contact with the underclass lowers"
## [2625] "the morale of the other classes women are encouraged to have careers"
## [2626] "because their talents are useful to the system and more importantly"
## [2627] "because by having regular jobs women become better integrated into the"
## [2628] "system and tied directly to it rather than to their families this helps"
## [2629] "to weaken family solidarity the leaders of the system say they want"
## [2630] "to strengthen the family but they really mean is that they want the"
## [2631] "family to serve as an effective tool for socializing children in accord"
## [2632] "with the needs of the system we argue in paragraphs that the system"
## [2633] "cannot afford to let the family or other small scale social groups be"
## [2634] "strong or autonomous paragraph it may be argued that the majority of"
## [2635] "people don t want to make their own decisions but want leaders to do"
## [2636] "their thinking for them there is an element of truth in this people"
## [2637] "like to make their own decisions in small matters but making decisions"
## [2638] "on difficult fundamental questions requires facing up to psychological"
## [2639] "conflict and most people hate psychological conflict hence they tend"
## [2640] "to lean on others in making difficult decisions but it does not follow"
## [2641] "that they like to have decisions imposed upon them without having any"
## [2642] "opportunity to influence those decisions the majority of people are"
## [2643] "natural followers not leaders but they like to have direct personal"
## [2644] "access to their leaders they want to be able to influence the leaders"
## [2645] "and participate to some extent in making even the difficult decisions at"
## [2646] "least to that degree they need autonomy paragraph some of the symptoms"
## [2647] "listed are similar to those shown by caged animals to explain how"
## [2648] "these symptoms arise from deprivation with respect to the power process"
## [2649] "common sense understanding of human nature tells one that lack of goals"
## [2650] "whose attainment requires effort leads to boredom and that boredom long"
## [2651] "continued often leads eventually to depression failure to attain goals"
## [2652] "leads to frustration and lowering of self esteem frustration leads to"
## [2653] "anger anger to aggression often in the form of spouse or child abuse"
## [2654] "it has been shown that long continued frustration commonly leads to"
## [2655] "depression and that depression tends to cause guilt sleep disorders"
## [2656] "eating disorders and bad feelings about oneself those who are tending"
## [2657] "toward depression seek pleasure as an antidote hence insatiable hedonism"
## [2658] "and excessive sex with perversions as a means of getting new kicks"
## [2659] "boredom too tends to cause excessive pleasure seeking since lacking"
## [2660] "other goals people often use pleasure as a goal see accompanying diagram"
## [2661] "the foregoing is a simplification reality is more complex and of course"
## [2662] "deprivation with respect to the power process is not the only cause of"
## [2663] "the symptoms described by the way when we mention depression we do not"
## [2664] "necessarily mean depression that is severe enough to be treated by a"
## [2665] "psychiatrist often only mild forms of depression are involved and when"
## [2666] "we speak of goals we do not necessarily mean long term thought out goals"
## [2667] "for many or most people through much of human history the goals of a"
## [2668] "hand to mouth existence merely providing oneself and one s family with"
## [2669] "food from day to day have been quite sufficient paragraph a partial"
## [2670] "exception may be made for a few passive inward looking groups such"
## [2671] "as the amish which have little effect on the wider society apart from"
## [2672] "these some genuine small scale communities do exist in america today for"
## [2673] "instance youth gangs and cults everyone regards them as dangerous and"
## [2674] "so they are because the members of these groups are loyal primarily to"
## [2675] "one another rather than to the system hence the system cannot control"
## [2676] "them or take the gypsies the gypsies commonly get away with theft and"
## [2677] "fraud because their loyalties are such that they can always get other"
## [2678] "gypsies to give testimony that proves their innocence obviously the"
## [2679] "system would be in serious trouble if too many people belonged to such"
## [2680] "groups some of the early century chinese thinkers who were concerned"
## [2681] "with modernizing china recognized the necessity breaking down small"
## [2682] "scale social groups such as the family according to sun yat sen the"
## [2683] "chinese people needed a new surge of patriotism which would lead to a"
## [2684] "transfer of loyalty from the family to the state according to li huang"
## [2685] "traditional attachments particularly to the family had to be abandoned"
## [2686] "if nationalism were to develop in china chester c tan chinese political"
## [2687] "thought in the twentieth century page page paragraph yes we know that"
## [2688] "century america had its problems and serious ones but for the sake of"
## [2689] "brevity we have to express ourselves in simplified terms paragraph we"
## [2690] "leave aside the underclass we are speaking of the mainstream paragraph"
## [2691] "some social scientists educators mental health professionals and the"
## [2692] "like are doing their best to push the social drives into group by trying"
## [2693] "to see to it that everyone has a satisfactory social life paragraphs"
## [2694] "is the drive for endless material acquisition really an artificial"
## [2695] "creation of the advertising and marketing industry certainly there is"
## [2696] "no innate human drive for material acquisition there have been many"
## [2697] "cultures in which people have desired little material wealth beyond"
## [2698] "what was necessary to satisfy their basic physical needs australian"
## [2699] "aborigines traditional mexican peasant culture some african cultures"
## [2700] "on the other hand there have also been many pre industrial cultures"
## [2701] "in which material acquisition has played an important role so we can"
## [2702] "t claim that today s acquisition oriented culture is exclusively a"
## [2703] "creation of the advertising and marketing industry but it is clear"
## [2704] "that the advertising and marketing industry has had an important part"
## [2705] "in creating that culture the big corporations that spend millions on"
## [2706] "advertising wouldn t be spending that kind of money without solid proof"
## [2707] "that they were getting it back in increased sales one member of fc met"
## [2708] "a sales manager a couple of years ago who was frank enough to tell him"
## [2709] "our job is to make people buy things they don t want and don t need"
## [2710] "he then described how an untrained novice could present people with"
## [2711] "the facts about a product and make no sales at all while a trained and"
## [2712] "experienced professional salesman would make lots of sales to the same"
## [2713] "people this shows that people are manipulated into buying things they"
## [2714] "don t really want paragraph the problem of purposelessness seems to"
## [2715] "have become less serious during the last years or so because people now"
## [2716] "feel less secure physically and economically than they did earlier and"
## [2717] "the need for security provides them with a goal but purposelessness has"
## [2718] "been replaced by frustration over the difficulty of attaining security"
## [2719] "we emphasize the problem of purposelessness because the liberals and"
## [2720] "leftists would wish to solve our social problems by having society"
## [2721] "guarantee everyone s security but if that could be done it would only"
## [2722] "bring back the problem of purposelessness the real issue is not whether"
## [2723] "society provides well or poorly for people s security the trouble is"
## [2724] "that people are dependent on the system for their security rather than"
## [2725] "having it in their own hands this by the way is part of the reason why"
## [2726] "some people get worked up about the right to bear arms possession of"
## [2727] "a gun puts that aspect of their security in their own hands paragraph"
## [2728] "conservatives efforts to decrease the amount of government regulation"
## [2729] "are of little benefit to the average man for one thing only a fraction"
## [2730] "of the regulations can be eliminated because most regulations are"
## [2731] "necessary for another thing most of the deregulation affects business"
## [2732] "rather than the average individual so that its main effect is to take"
## [2733] "power from the government and give it to private corporations what this"
## [2734] "means for the average man is that government interference in his life"
## [2735] "is replaced by interference from big corporations which may be permitted"
## [2736] "for example to dump more chemicals that get into his water supply and"
## [2737] "give him cancer the conservatives are just taking the average man for a"
## [2738] "sucker exploiting his resentment of big government to promote the power"
## [2739] "of big business paragraph when someone approves of the purpose for which"
## [2740] "propaganda is being used in a given case he generally calls it education"
## [2741] "or applies to it some similar euphemism but propaganda is propaganda"
## [2742] "regardless of the purpose for which it is used paragraph we are not"
## [2743] "expressing approval or disapproval of the panama invasion we only use"
## [2744] "it to illustrate a point paragraph when the american colonies were"
## [2745] "under british rule there were fewer and less effective legal guarantees"
## [2746] "of freedom than there were after the american constitution went into"
## [2747] "effect yet there was more personal freedom in pre industrial america"
## [2748] "both before and after the war of independence than there was after the"
## [2749] "industrial revolution took hold in this country we quote from violence"
## [2750] "in america historical and comparative perspectives edited by hugh davis"
## [2751] "graham and ted robert gurr chapter by roger lane pages the progressive"
## [2752] "heightening of standards of propriety and with it the increasing"
## [2753] "reliance on official law enforcement in century america were common"
## [2754] "to the whole society the change in social behavior is so long term and"
## [2755] "so widespread as to suggest a connection with the most fundamental of"
## [2756] "contemporary social processes that of industrial urbanization itself"
## [2757] "massachusetts in had a population of some percent rural overwhelmingly"
## [2758] "preindustrial and native born it s citizens were used to considerable"
## [2759] "personal freedom whether teamsters farmers or artisans they were all"
## [2760] "accustomed to setting their own schedules and the nature of their work"
## [2761] "made them physically independent of each other individual problems sins"
## [2762] "or even crimes were not generally cause for wider social concern but"
## [2763] "the impact of the twin movements to the city and to the factory both"
## [2764] "just gathering force in had a progressive effect on personal behavior"
## [2765] "throughout the century and into the the factory demanded regularity"
## [2766] "of behavior a life governed by obedience to the rhythms of clock and"
## [2767] "calendar the demands of foreman and supervisor in the city or town the"
## [2768] "needs of living in closely packed neighborhoods inhibited many actions"
## [2769] "previously unobjectionable both blue and white collar employees in"
## [2770] "larger establishments were mutually dependent on their fellows as one"
## [2771] "man s work fit into anther s so one man s business was no longer his own"
## [2772] "the results of the new organization of life and work were apparent by"
## [2773] "when some percent of the inhabitants of massachusetts were classified"
## [2774] "as urbanites much violent or irregular behavior which had been tolerable"
## [2775] "in a casual independent society was no longer acceptable in the more"
## [2776] "formalized cooperative atmosphere of the later period the move to"
## [2777] "the cities had in short produced a more tractable more socialized"
## [2778] "more civilized generation than its predecessors paragraph apologists"
## [2779] "for the system are fond of citing cases in which elections have been"
## [2780] "decided by one or two votes but such cases are rare paragraph today in"
## [2781] "technologically advanced lands men live very similar lives in spite of"
## [2782] "geographical religious and political differences the daily lives of a"
## [2783] "christian bank clerk in chicago a buddhist bank clerk in tokyo and a"
## [2784] "communist bank clerk in moscow are far more alike than the life of any"
## [2785] "one of them is like that of any single man who lived a thousand years"
## [2786] "ago these similarities are the result of a common technology l sprague"
## [2787] "de camp the ancient engineers ballantine edition page the lives of"
## [2788] "the three bank clerks are not identical ideology does have some effect"
## [2789] "but all technological societies in order to survive must evolve along"
## [2790] "approximately the same trajectory paragraph just think an irresponsible"
## [2791] "genetic engineer might create a lot of terrorists paragraph for a"
## [2792] "further example of undesirable consequences of medical progress suppose"
## [2793] "a reliable cure for cancer is discovered even if the treatment is too"
## [2794] "expensive to be available to any but the elite it will greatly reduce"
## [2795] "their incentive to stop the escape of carcinogens into the environment"
## [2796] "paragraph since many people may find paradoxical the notion that a large"
## [2797] "number of good things can add up to a bad thing we illustrate with an"
## [2798] "analogy suppose mr a is playing chess with mr b mr c a grand master is"
## [2799] "looking over mr a s shoulder mr a of course wants to win his game so if"
## [2800] "mr c points out a good move for him to make he is doing mr a a favor but"
## [2801] "suppose now that mr c tells mr a how to make all of his moves in each"
## [2802] "particular instance he does mr a a favor by showing him his best move"
## [2803] "but by making all of his moves for him he spoils his game since there"
## [2804] "is not point in mr a s playing the game at all if someone else makes all"
## [2805] "his moves the situation of modern man is analogous to that of mr a the"
## [2806] "system makes an individual s life easier for him in innumerable ways but"
## [2807] "in doing so it deprives him of control over his own fate paragraph here"
## [2808] "we are considering only the conflict of values within the mainstream for"
## [2809] "the sake of simplicity we leave out of the picture outsider values like"
## [2810] "the idea that wild nature is more important than human economic welfare"
## [2811] "paragraph self interest is not necessarily material self interest it"
## [2812] "can consist in fulfillment of some psychological need for example by"
## [2813] "promoting one s own ideology or religion paragraph a qualification it"
## [2814] "is in the interest of the system to permit a certain prescribed degree"
## [2815] "of freedom in some areas for example economic freedom with suitable"
## [2816] "limitations and restraints has proved effective in promoting economic"
## [2817] "growth but only planned circumscribed limited freedom is in the interest"
## [2818] "of the system the individual must always be kept on a leash even if"
## [2819] "the leash is sometimes long see paragraphs paragraph we don t mean to"
## [2820] "suggest that the efficiency or the potential for survival of a society"
## [2821] "has always been inversely proportional to the amount of pressure or"
## [2822] "discomfort to which the society subjects people that certainly is not"
## [2823] "the case there is good reason to believe that many primitive societies"
## [2824] "subjected people to less pressure than european society did but european"
## [2825] "society proved far more efficient than any primitive society and always"
## [2826] "won out in conflicts with such societies because of the advantages"
## [2827] "conferred by technology paragraph if you think that more effective"
## [2828] "law enforcement is unequivocally good because it suppresses crime then"
## [2829] "remember that crime as defined by the system is not necessarily what"
## [2830] "you would call crime today smoking marijuana is a crime and in some"
## [2831] "places in the us so is possession of an unregistered handgun tomorrow"
## [2832] "possession of any firearm registered or not may be made a crime and"
## [2833] "the same thing may happen with disapproved methods of child rearing"
## [2834] "such as spanking in some countries expression of dissident political"
## [2835] "opinions is a crime and there is no certainty that this will never"
## [2836] "happen in the us since no constitution or political system lasts forever"
## [2837] "if a society needs a large powerful law enforcement establishment"
## [2838] "then there is something gravely wrong with that society it must be"
## [2839] "subjecting people to severe pressures if so many refuse to follow the"
## [2840] "rules or follow them only because forced many societies in the past"
## [2841] "have gotten by with little or no formal law enforcement paragraph to"
## [2842] "be sure past societies have had means of influencing human behavior"
## [2843] "but these have been primitive and of low effectiveness compared with"
## [2844] "the technological means that are now being developed paragraph however"
## [2845] "some psychologists have publicly expressed opinions indicating their"
## [2846] "contempt for human freedom and the mathematician claude shannon was"
## [2847] "quoted in omni august as saying i visualize a time when we will be"
## [2848] "to robots what dogs are to humans and i m rooting for the machines"
## [2849] "paragraph this is no science fiction after writing paragraph we came"
## [2850] "across an article in scientific american according to which scientists"
## [2851] "are actively developing techniques for identifying possible future"
## [2852] "criminals and for treating them by a combination of biological and"
## [2853] "psychological means some scientists advocate compulsory application of"
## [2854] "the treatment which may be available in the near future see seeking the"
## [2855] "criminal element by w wayt gibbs scientific american march maybe you"
## [2856] "think this is ok because the treatment would be applied to those who"
## [2857] "might become violent criminals but of course it won t stop there next a"
## [2858] "treatment will be applied to those who might become drunk drivers they"
## [2859] "endanger human life too then perhaps to peel who spank their children"
## [2860] "then to environmentalists who sabotage logging equipment eventually"
## [2861] "to anyone whose behavior is inconvenient for the system paragraph a"
## [2862] "further advantage of nature as a counter ideal to technology is that"
## [2863] "in many people nature inspires the kind of reverence that is associated"
## [2864] "with religion so that nature could perhaps be idealized on a religious"
## [2865] "basis it is true that in many societies religion has served as a support"
## [2866] "and justification for the established order but it is also true that"
## [2867] "religion has often provided a basis for rebellion thus it may be useful"
## [2868] "to introduce a religious element into the rebellion against technology"
## [2869] "the more so because western society today has no strong religious"
## [2870] "foundation religion nowadays either is used as cheap and transparent"
## [2871] "support for narrow short sighted selfishness some conservatives use"
## [2872] "it this way or even is cynically exploited to make easy money by many"
## [2873] "evangelists or has degenerated into crude irrationalism fundamentalist"
## [2874] "protestant sects cults or is simply stagnant catholicism main line"
## [2875] "protestantism the nearest thing to a strong widespread dynamic religion"
## [2876] "that the west has seen in recent times has been the quasi religion"
## [2877] "of leftism but leftism today is fragmented and has no clear unified"
## [2878] "inspiring goal thus there is a religious vacuum in our society that"
## [2879] "could perhaps be filled by a religion focused on nature in opposition"
## [2880] "to technology but it would be a mistake to try to concoct artificially"
## [2881] "a religion to fill this role such an invented religion would probably"
## [2882] "be a failure take the gaia religion for example do its adherents really"
## [2883] "believe in it or are they just play acting if they are just play acting"
## [2884] "their religion will be a flop in the end it is probably best not to try"
## [2885] "to introduce religion into the conflict of nature vs technology unless"
## [2886] "you really believe in that religion yourself and find that it arouses"
## [2887] "a deep strong genuine response in many other people paragraph assuming"
## [2888] "that such a final push occurs conceivably the industrial system might"
## [2889] "be eliminated in a somewhat gradual or piecemeal fashion see paragraphs"
## [2890] "and note paragraph it is even conceivable remotely that the revolution"
## [2891] "might consist only of a massive change of attitudes toward technology"
## [2892] "resulting in a relatively gradual and painless disintegration of the"
## [2893] "industrial system but if this happens we ll be very lucky it s far more"
## [2894] "probably that the transition to a nontechnological society will be very"
## [2895] "difficult and full of conflicts and disasters paragraph the economic"
## [2896] "and technological structure of a society are far more important than"
## [2897] "its political structure in determining the way the average man lives see"
## [2898] "paragraphs and notes paragraph this statement refers to our particular"
## [2899] "brand of anarchism a wide variety of social attitudes have been called"
## [2900] "anarchist and it may be that many who consider themselves anarchists"
## [2901] "would not accept our statement of paragraph it should be noted by the"
## [2902] "way that there is a nonviolent anarchist movement whose members probably"
## [2903] "would not accept fc as anarchist and certainly would not approve of fc s"
## [2904] "violent methods paragraph many leftists are motivated also by hostility"
## [2905] "but the hostility probably results in part from a frustrated need for"
## [2906] "power paragraph it is important to understand that we mean someone who"
## [2907] "sympathizes with these movements as they exist today in our society one"
## [2908] "who believes that women homosexuals etc should have equal rights is not"
## [2909] "necessary a leftist the feminist gay rights etc movements that exist"
## [2910] "in our society have the particular ideological tone that characterizes"
## [2911] "leftism and if one believes for example that women should have equal"
## [2912] "rights it does not necessarily follow that one must sympathize with"
## [2913] "the feminist movement as it exists today if copyright problems make"
## [2914] "it impossible for this long quotation to be printed then please change"
## [2915] "note to read as follows paragraph when the american colonies were"
## [2916] "under british rule there were fewer and less effective legal guarantees"
## [2917] "of freedom than there were after the american constitution went into"
## [2918] "effect yet there was more personal freedom in pre industrial america"
## [2919] "both before and after the war of independence than there was after the"
## [2920] "industrial revolution took hold in this country in violence in america"
## [2921] "historical and comparative perspectives edited by hugh davis graham"
## [2922] "and ted robert gurr chapter by roger lane it is explained how in pre"
## [2923] "industrial america the average person had greater independence and"
## [2924] "autonomy than he does today and how the process of industrialization"
## [2925] "necessarily led to the restriction of personal freedom"Strip stopwords
We probably want to get rid of function words, determiners, conjunctions – words that really are not informative about the content of the narrative. In text mining, these are called stopwords. The text mining package has a “stock” list of stopwords. You can view the stock list (see next) or you can modify the list and generate your own stopwords. Of note, the stopwords are all lowercase – if you apply them make sure you have completed that case conversion
stopwords() #lists the 100+ stock stopwords in the text mining package## [1] "i" "me" "my" "myself" "we"
## [6] "our" "ours" "ourselves" "you" "your"
## [11] "yours" "yourself" "yourselves" "he" "him"
## [16] "his" "himself" "she" "her" "hers"
## [21] "herself" "it" "its" "itself" "they"
## [26] "them" "their" "theirs" "themselves" "what"
## [31] "which" "who" "whom" "this" "that"
## [36] "these" "those" "am" "is" "are"
## [41] "was" "were" "be" "been" "being"
## [46] "have" "has" "had" "having" "do"
## [51] "does" "did" "doing" "would" "should"
## [56] "could" "ought" "i'm" "you're" "he's"
## [61] "she's" "it's" "we're" "they're" "i've"
## [66] "you've" "we've" "they've" "i'd" "you'd"
## [71] "he'd" "she'd" "we'd" "they'd" "i'll"
## [76] "you'll" "he'll" "she'll" "we'll" "they'll"
## [81] "isn't" "aren't" "wasn't" "weren't" "hasn't"
## [86] "haven't" "hadn't" "doesn't" "don't" "didn't"
## [91] "won't" "wouldn't" "shan't" "shouldn't" "can't"
## [96] "cannot" "couldn't" "mustn't" "let's" "that's"
## [101] "who's" "what's" "here's" "there's" "when's"
## [106] "where's" "why's" "how's" "a" "an"
## [111] "the" "and" "but" "if" "or"
## [116] "because" "as" "until" "while" "of"
## [121] "at" "by" "for" "with" "about"
## [126] "against" "between" "into" "through" "during"
## [131] "before" "after" "above" "below" "to"
## [136] "from" "up" "down" "in" "out"
## [141] "on" "off" "over" "under" "again"
## [146] "further" "then" "once" "here" "there"
## [151] "when" "where" "why" "how" "all"
## [156] "any" "both" "each" "few" "more"
## [161] "most" "other" "some" "such" "no"
## [166] "nor" "not" "only" "own" "same"
## [171] "so" "than" "too" "very"# mystopwords <- c('dummy', 'idiot', 'moron') -- If you want to create your own
# stopword vectorLet’s remove stopwords from the Unabomber Manifesto. here’s the structure of the command we will use:
removeWords(dat, wordstoremove)
una2 <- removeWords(una2, stopwords("SMART")) #Uses the 600 word SMART stopwords list
una2 %>% stri_wrap() %>% print()## [1] "industrial society future introduction industrial revolution"
## [2] "consequences disaster human race greatly increased life expectancy live"
## [3] "advanced countries destabilized society made life unfulfilling subjected"
## [4] "human beings indignities led widespread psychological suffering world"
## [5] "physical suffering inflicted severe damage natural world continued"
## [6] "development technology worsen situation subject human beings greater"
## [7] "indignities inflict greater damage natural world lead greater social"
## [8] "disruption psychological suffering lead increased physical suffering"
## [9] "advanced countries industrial technological system survive break"
## [10] "survives eventually achieve low level physical psychological suffering"
## [11] "passing long painful period adjustment cost permanently reducing human"
## [12] "beings living organisms engineered products mere cogs social machine"
## [13] "system survives consequences inevitable reforming modifying system"
## [14] "prevent depriving people dignity autonomy system breaks consequences"
## [15] "painful bigger system grows disastrous results breakdown break break"
## [16] "sooner advocate revolution industrial system revolution make violence"
## [17] "sudden gradual process spanning decades predict outline general measures"
## [18] "hate industrial system order prepare revolution form society political"
## [19] "revolution object overthrow governments economic technological basis"
## [20] "present society article give attention negative developments grown"
## [21] "industrial technological system developments mention briefly ignore"
## [22] "altogether regard developments unimportant practical reasons confine"
## [23] "discussion areas received insufficient public attention developed"
## [24] "environmental wilderness movements written environmental degradation"
## [25] "destruction wild nature highly important psychology modern leftism agree"
## [26] "live deeply troubled society widespread manifestations craziness world"
## [27] "leftism discussion psychology leftism serve introduction discussion"
## [28] "problems modern society general leftism half century leftism practically"
## [29] "identified socialism today movement fragmented clear properly called"
## [30] "leftist speak leftists article mind socialists collectivists politically"
## [31] "correct types feminists gay disability activists animal rights activists"
## [32] "movements leftist discussing leftism movement ideology psychological"
## [33] "type collection related types leftism emerge discussion leftist"
## [34] "psychology paragraphs conception leftism remain good deal clear doesn"
## [35] "remedy rough approximate psychological tendencies main driving force"
## [36] "modern leftism means claim telling truth leftist psychology discussion"
## [37] "meant apply modern leftism leave open question extent discussion applied"
## [38] "leftists early centuries psychological tendencies underlie modern"
## [39] "leftism call feelings inferiority oversocialization feelings inferiority"
## [40] "characteristic modern leftism oversocialization characteristic segment"
## [41] "modern leftism segment highly influential feelings inferiority feelings"
## [42] "inferiority inferiority feelings strict sense spectrum related traits"
## [43] "low esteem feelings powerlessness depressive tendencies defeatism guilt"
## [44] "hatred argue modern leftists tend feelings possibly repressed feelings"
## [45] "decisive determining direction modern leftism interprets derogatory"
## [46] "groups identifies conclude inferiority feelings low esteem tendency"
## [47] "pronounced minority rights activists belong minority groups rights"
## [48] "defend hypersensitive words designate minorities minorities terms"
## [49] "negro oriental handicapped chick african asian disabled person woman"
## [50] "originally derogatory connotation broad chick feminine equivalents guy"
## [51] "dude fellow negative connotations attached terms activists animal rights"
## [52] "activists reject word pet insist replacement animal companion leftish"
## [53] "anthropologists great lengths avoid primitive peoples conceivably"
## [54] "interpreted negative replace world primitive nonliterate paranoid"
## [55] "suggest primitive culture inferior imply primitive cultures inferior"
## [56] "point hypersensitivity leftish anthropologists sensitive politically"
## [57] "incorrect terminology average black ghetto dweller asian immigrant"
## [58] "abused woman disabled person minority activists belong oppressed group"
## [59] "privileged strata society political correctness stronghold university"
## [60] "professors secure employment comfortable salaries majority heterosexual"
## [61] "white males middle upper middle class families leftists intense"
## [62] "identification problems groups image weak women defeated american"
## [63] "indians repellent homosexuals inferior leftists feel groups inferior"
## [64] "admit feelings precisely groups inferior identify problems suggest women"
## [65] "indians inferior making point leftist psychology feminists desperately"
## [66] "anxious prove women strong capable men nagged fear women strong capable"
## [67] "men leftists tend hate image strong good successful hate america hate"
## [68] "western civilization hate white males hate rationality reasons leftists"
## [69] "give hating west correspond real motives hate west warlike imperialistic"
## [70] "sexist ethnocentric faults socialist countries primitive cultures"
## [71] "leftist finds excuses grudgingly admits exist enthusiastically points"
## [72] "greatly exaggerates faults western civilization clear faults leftist"
## [73] "real motive hating america west hates america west strong successful"
## [74] "words confidence reliance initiative enterprise optimism play role"
## [75] "liberal leftist vocabulary leftist anti individualistic pro collectivist"
## [76] "society solve problems satisfy care sort person sense confidence ability"
## [77] "solve problems satisfy leftist antagonistic concept competition deep"
## [78] "inside feels loser art forms appeal modern leftish intellectuals tend"
## [79] "focus sordidness defeat despair orgiastic tone throwing rational control"
## [80] "hope accomplishing rational calculation left immerse oneself sensations"
## [81] "moment modern leftish philosophers tend dismiss reason science objective"
## [82] "reality insist culturally relative true questions foundations scientific"
## [83] "knowledge concept objective reality defined obvious modern leftish"
## [84] "philosophers simply cool headed logicians systematically analyzing"
## [85] "foundations knowledge deeply involved emotionally attack truth"
## [86] "reality attack concepts psychological thing attack outlet hostility"
## [87] "extent successful satisfies drive power importantly leftist hates"
## [88] "science rationality classify beliefs true successful superior beliefs"
## [89] "false failed inferior leftist feelings inferiority run deep tolerate"
## [90] "classification things successful superior things failed inferior"
## [91] "underlies rejection leftists concept mental illness utility iq tests"
## [92] "leftists antagonistic genetic explanations human abilities behavior"
## [93] "explanations tend make persons superior inferior leftists prefer"
## [94] "give society credit blame individual ability lack person inferior"
## [95] "fault society brought properly leftist typically kind person feelings"
## [96] "inferiority make braggart egotist bully promoter ruthless competitor"
## [97] "kind person wholly lost faith deficit sense power worth conceive"
## [98] "capacity strong efforts make strong produce unpleasant behavior leftist"
## [99] "feelings inferiority ingrained conceive individually strong valuable"
## [100] "collectivism leftist feel strong member large organization mass movement"
## [101] "identifies notice masochistic tendency leftist tactics leftists protest"
## [102] "lying front vehicles intentionally provoke police racists abuse tactics"
## [103] "effective leftists means end prefer masochistic tactics hatred leftist"
## [104] "trait leftists claim activism motivated compassion moral principles"
## [105] "moral principle play role leftist oversocialized type compassion moral"
## [106] "principle main motives leftist activism hostility prominent component"
## [107] "leftist behavior drive power leftist behavior rationally calculated"
## [108] "benefit people leftists claim believes affirmative action good black"
## [109] "people make sense demand affirmative action hostile dogmatic terms"
## [110] "productive diplomatic conciliatory approach make verbal symbolic"
## [111] "concessions white people affirmative action discriminates leftist"
## [112] "activists approach satisfy emotional helping black people real goal"
## [113] "race problems serve excuse express hostility frustrated power harm black"
## [114] "people activists hostile attitude white majority intensify race hatred"
## [115] "society social problems leftists invent problems order provide excuse"
## [116] "making fuss emphasize foregoing pretend accurate description considered"
## [117] "leftist rough indication general tendency leftism oversocialization"
## [118] "psychologists term socialization designate process children trained"
## [119] "act society demands person socialized believes obeys moral code society"
## [120] "fits functioning part society senseless leftists oversocialized leftist"
## [121] "perceived rebel position defended leftists rebels moral code society"
## [122] "demanding feel act completely moral supposed hate hates time admits"
## [123] "people highly socialized attempt feel act morally imposes severe burden"
## [124] "order avoid feelings guilt continually deceive motives find moral"
## [125] "explanations feelings actions reality moral origin term oversocialized"
## [126] "describe people oversocialization lead low esteem sense powerlessness"
## [127] "defeatism guilt important means society socializes children making"
## [128] "feel ashamed behavior speech contrary society expectations overdone"
## [129] "child susceptible feelings ends feeling ashamed thought behavior"
## [130] "oversocialized person restricted society expectations lightly socialized"
## [131] "person majority people engage significant amount naughty behavior lie"
## [132] "commit petty thefts break traffic laws goof work hate spiteful things"
## [133] "underhanded trick ahead guy oversocialized person things generates"
## [134] "sense shame hatred oversocialized person experience guilt thoughts"
## [135] "feelings contrary accepted morality unclean thoughts socialization"
## [136] "matter morality socialized conform norms behavior fall heading"
## [137] "morality oversocialized person psychological leash spends life running"
## [138] "rails society laid oversocialized people results sense constraint"
## [139] "powerlessness severe hardship suggest oversocialization cruelties"
## [140] "human beings inflict argue important influential segment modern left"
## [141] "oversocialized oversocialization great importance determining direction"
## [142] "modern leftism leftists oversocialized type tend intellectuals members"
## [143] "upper middle class notice university intellectuals constitute highly"
## [144] "socialized segment society left wing segment leftist oversocialized"
## [145] "type psychological leash assert autonomy rebelling strong rebel basic"
## [146] "values society generally speaking goals today leftists conflict accepted"
## [147] "morality contrary left takes accepted moral principle adopts accuses"
## [148] "mainstream society violating principle examples racial equality equality"
## [149] "sexes helping poor people peace opposed war nonviolence generally"
## [150] "freedom expression kindness animals fundamentally duty individual"
## [151] "serve society duty society care individual deeply rooted values"
## [152] "society middle upper classes long time values explicitly implicitly"
## [153] "expressed presupposed material presented mainstream communications media"
## [154] "educational system leftists oversocialized type rebel principles justify"
## [155] "hostility society claiming degree truth society living principles"
## [156] "illustration oversocialized leftist shows real attachment conventional"
## [157] "attitudes society pretending rebellion leftists push affirmative action"
## [158] "moving black people high prestige jobs improved education black schools"
## [159] "money schools life black underclass regard social disgrace integrate"
## [160] "black man system make business executive lawyer scientist upper middle"
## [161] "class white people leftists reply thing make black man copy white man"
## [162] "preserve african american culture preservation african american culture"
## [163] "consist consist eating black style food listening black style music"
## [164] "wearing black style clothing black style church mosque words express"
## [165] "superficial matters essential respects leftists oversocialized type"
## [166] "make black man conform white middle class ideals make study technical"
## [167] "subjects executive scientist spend life climbing status ladder prove"
## [168] "black people good white make black fathers responsible black gangs"
## [169] "nonviolent values industrial technological system system couldn care"
## [170] "kind music man listens kind clothes wears religion believes long"
## [171] "studies school holds respectable job climbs status ladder responsible"
## [172] "parent nonviolent effect deny oversocialized leftist integrate black"
## [173] "man system make adopt values claim leftists oversocialized type rebel"
## [174] "fundamental values society oversocialized leftists rebel modern society"
## [175] "important principles engaging physical violence account violence form"
## [176] "liberation words committing violence break psychological restraints"
## [177] "trained oversocialized restraints confining break free justify"
## [178] "rebellion terms mainstream values engage violence claim fighting"
## [179] "racism realize objections raised foregoing thumbnail sketch leftist"
## [180] "psychology real situation complex complete description volumes data"
## [181] "claim roughly important tendencies psychology modern leftism problems"
## [182] "leftist indicative problems society low esteem depressive tendencies"
## [183] "defeatism restricted left noticeable left widespread society today"
## [184] "society socialize greater extent previous society told experts eat"
## [185] "exercise make love raise kids power process human beings based biology"
## [186] "call power process closely related power widely recognized thing power"
## [187] "process elements clear cut call goal effort attainment goal goals"
## [188] "attainment requires effort succeed attaining goals fourth element"
## [189] "difficult define call autonomy discuss paragraphs hypothetical case"
## [190] "man wishing man power develop psychological problems lot fun acutely"
## [191] "bored demoralized eventually clinically depressed history shows"
## [192] "leisured aristocracies tend decadent true fighting aristocracies"
## [193] "struggle maintain power leisured secure aristocracies exert bored"
## [194] "hedonistic demoralized power shows power goals exercise power goals"
## [195] "obtain physical necessities life food water clothing shelter made"
## [196] "climate leisured aristocrat obtains things effort boredom demoralization"
## [197] "nonattainment important goals results death goals physical necessities"
## [198] "frustration nonattainment goals compatible survival consistent failure"
## [199] "attain goals life results defeatism low esteem depression order avoid"
## [200] "psychological problems human goals attainment requires effort reasonable"
## [201] "rate success attaining goals surrogate activities leisured aristocrat"
## [202] "bored demoralized emperor hirohito sinking decadent hedonism devoted"
## [203] "marine biology field distinguished people exert satisfy physical"
## [204] "set artificial goals cases pursue goals energy emotional involvement"
## [205] "put search physical necessities aristocrats roman empire literary"
## [206] "pretensions european aristocrats centuries ago invested tremendous"
## [207] "time energy hunting didn meat aristocracies competed status elaborate"
## [208] "displays wealth aristocrats hirohito turned science term surrogate"
## [209] "activity designate activity directed artificial goal people set order"
## [210] "goal work sake fulfillment pursuing goal rule thumb identification"
## [211] "surrogate activities person devotes time energy pursuit goal devote time"
## [212] "energy satisfying biological effort required physical mental faculties"
## [213] "varied interesting feel deprived attain goal answer person pursuit goal"
## [214] "surrogate activity hirohito studies marine biology constituted surrogate"
## [215] "activity pretty hirohito spend time working interesting scientific"
## [216] "tasks order obtain necessities life felt deprived didn anatomy life"
## [217] "cycles marine animals hand pursuit sex love surrogate activity people"
## [218] "existence satisfactory feel deprived passed lives relationship member"
## [219] "opposite sex pursuit excessive amount sex surrogate activity modern"
## [220] "industrial society minimal effort satisfy physical training program"
## [221] "acquire petty technical skill work time exert modest effort needed"
## [222] "hold job requirements moderate amount intelligence simple obedience"
## [223] "society takes care cradle grave underclass physical necessities granted"
## [224] "speaking mainstream society surprising modern society full surrogate"
## [225] "activities include scientific work athletic achievement humanitarian"
## [226] "work artistic literary creation climbing corporate ladder acquisition"
## [227] "money material goods point cease give additional physical satisfaction"
## [228] "social activism addresses issues important activist personally"
## [229] "case white activists work rights nonwhite minorities pure surrogate"
## [230] "activities people motivated part goal pursue scientific work motivated"
## [231] "part drive prestige artistic creation express feelings militant social"
## [232] "activism hostility people pursue activities large part surrogate"
## [233] "activities majority scientists agree fulfillment work important money"
## [234] "prestige earn people surrogate activities satisfying pursuit real"
## [235] "goals goals people attain power process fulfilled indication fact"
## [236] "cases people deeply involved surrogate activities satisfied rest"
## [237] "money maker constantly strives wealth scientist sooner solves problem"
## [238] "moves long distance runner drives run farther faster people pursue"
## [239] "surrogate activities fulfillment activities mundane business satisfying"
## [240] "biological society effort needed satisfy biological reduced triviality"
## [241] "importantly society people satisfy biological autonomously functioning"
## [242] "parts immense social machine contrast people generally great deal"
## [243] "autonomy pursuing surrogate activities autonomy autonomy part power"
## [244] "process individual people greater lesser degree autonomy working goals"
## [245] "efforts undertaken initiative direction control people exert initiative"
## [246] "direction control single individuals act member small group half dozen"
## [247] "people discuss goal make successful joint effort attain goal power"
## [248] "process served work rigid orders handed leave room autonomous decision"
## [249] "initiative power process served true decisions made collective basis"
## [250] "group making collective decision large role individual insignificant"
## [251] "true individuals autonomy drive power weak satisfy identifying powerful"
## [252] "organization belong unthinking animal types satisfied purely physical"
## [253] "sense power good combat soldier sense power developing fighting skills"
## [254] "content blind obedience superiors people power process goal making"
## [255] "autonomous effort attaining goal esteem confidence sense power acquired"
## [256] "adequate opportunity power process consequences depending individual"
## [257] "power process disrupted boredom demoralization low esteem inferiority"
## [258] "feelings defeatism depression anxiety guilt frustration hostility"
## [259] "spouse child abuse insatiable hedonism abnormal sexual behavior sleep"
## [260] "disorders eating disorders sources social problems foregoing symptoms"
## [261] "occur society modern industrial society present massive scale aren"
## [262] "mention world today crazy sort thing normal human societies good reason"
## [263] "primitive man suffered stress frustration satisfied life modern man"
## [264] "true sweetness light primitive societies abuse women common australian"
## [265] "aborigines transexuality fairly common american indian tribes generally"
## [266] "speaking kinds problems listed preceding paragraph common primitive"
## [267] "peoples modern society attribute social psychological problems modern"
## [268] "society fact society requires people live conditions radically human"
## [269] "race evolved behave ways conflict patterns behavior human race developed"
## [270] "living earlier conditions clear written lack opportunity properly"
## [271] "experience power process important abnormal conditions modern society"
## [272] "subjects people dealing disruption power process source social problems"
## [273] "discuss sources abnormal conditions present modern industrial society"
## [274] "excessive density population isolation man nature excessive rapidity"
## [275] "social change breakdown natural small scale communities extended"
## [276] "family village tribe crowding increases stress aggression degree"
## [277] "crowding exists today isolation man nature consequences technological"
## [278] "progress pre industrial societies predominantly rural industrial"
## [279] "revolution vastly increased size cities proportion population lives"
## [280] "modern agricultural technology made earth support denser population"
## [281] "technology exacerbates effects crowding puts increased disruptive"
## [282] "powers people hands variety noise making devices power mowers radios"
## [283] "motorcycles devices unrestricted people peace quiet frustrated noise"
## [284] "restricted people devices frustrated regulations machines invented"
## [285] "conflict frustration generated primitive societies natural world"
## [286] "slowly provided stable framework sense security modern world human"
## [287] "society dominates nature modern society rapidly owing technological"
## [288] "change stable framework conservatives fools whine decay traditional"
## [289] "values enthusiastically support technological progress economic"
## [290] "growth apparently occurs make rapid drastic technology economy society"
## [291] "causing rapid aspects society rapid inevitably break traditional"
## [292] "values breakdown traditional values extent implies breakdown bonds"
## [293] "hold traditional small scale social groups disintegration small scale"
## [294] "social groups promoted fact modern conditions require tempt individuals"
## [295] "move locations separating communities technological society weaken"
## [296] "family ties local communities function efficiently modern society"
## [297] "individual loyalty system secondarily small scale community internal"
## [298] "loyalties small scale communities stronger loyalty system communities"
## [299] "pursue advantage expense system suppose public official corporation"
## [300] "executive appoints cousin friend religionist position appointing"
## [301] "person qualified job permitted personal loyalty supersede loyalty"
## [302] "system nepotism discrimination terrible sins modern society industrial"
## [303] "societies poor job subordinating personal local loyalties loyalty"
## [304] "system inefficient latin america advanced industrial society tolerate"
## [305] "small scale communities emasculated tamed made tools system crowding"
## [306] "rapid change breakdown communities widely recognized sources social"
## [307] "problems account extent problems today pre industrial cities large"
## [308] "crowded inhabitants suffered psychological problems extent modern man"
## [309] "america today uncrowded rural areas find problems urban areas problems"
## [310] "tend acute rural areas crowding decisive factor growing edge american"
## [311] "frontier century mobility population broke extended families small scale"
## [312] "social groups extent broken today fact nuclear families lived choice"
## [313] "isolation neighbors miles belonged community developed problems result"
## [314] "change american frontier society rapid deep man born raised log cabin"
## [315] "reach law order fed largely wild meat time arrived age working regular"
## [316] "job living ordered community effective law enforcement deeper change"
## [317] "typically occurs life modern individual led psychological problems"
## [318] "fact century american society optimistic confident tone unlike today"
## [319] "society difference argue modern man sense largely justified change"
## [320] "imposed century frontiersman sense largely justified created change"
## [321] "choice pioneer settled piece land choosing made farm effort days entire"
## [322] "county couple hundred inhabitants isolated autonomous entity modern"
## [323] "county pioneer farmer participated member small group creation ordered"
## [324] "community question creation community improvement rate satisfied pioneer"
## [325] "power process give examples societies rapid change andor lack close"
## [326] "community ties kind massive behavioral aberration today industrial"
## [327] "society contend important social psychological problems modern society"
## [328] "fact people insufficient opportunity power process normal don modern"
## [329] "society power process disrupted civilized societies interfered power"
## [330] "process greater lesser extent modern industrial society problem"
## [331] "acute leftism recent mid late century form part symptom deprivation"
## [332] "respect power process disruption power process modern society divide"
## [333] "human drives groups drives satisfied minimal effort satisfied cost"
## [334] "effort adequately satisfied matter effort makes power process process"
## [335] "satisfying drives group drives group frustration anger eventually"
## [336] "defeatism depression modern industrial society natural human drives"
## [337] "tend pushed groups group consist increasingly artificially created"
## [338] "drives primitive societies physical necessities generally fall group"
## [339] "obtained cost effort modern society guaranty physical necessities"
## [340] "exchange minimal effort physical pushed group disagreement effort needed"
## [341] "hold job minimal lower middle level jobs effort required obedience sit"
## [342] "stand told sit stand told told seldom exert case autonomy work power"
## [343] "process served social sex love status remain group modern society"
## [344] "depending situation individual people strong drive status effort"
## [345] "required fulfill social drives insufficient satisfy adequately power"
## [346] "process artificial created fall group serve power process advertising"
## [347] "marketing techniques developed make people feel things grandparents"
## [348] "desired dreamed requires effort earn money satisfy artificial fall group"
## [349] "paragraphs modern man satisfy power process largely pursuit artificial"
## [350] "created advertising marketing industry surrogate activities people"
## [351] "majority artificial forms power process insufficient theme appears"
## [352] "repeatedly writings social critics half century sense purposelessness"
## [353] "afflicts people modern society purposelessness called names anomic"
## [354] "middle class vacuity suggest called identity crisis search sense"
## [355] "purpose commitment suitable surrogate activity existentialism large"
## [356] "part response purposelessness modern life widespread modern society"
## [357] "search fulfillment majority people activity main goal fulfillment"
## [358] "surrogate activity bring completely satisfactory fulfillment words fully"
## [359] "satisfy power process paragraph fully satisfied activities external"
## [360] "goal physical necessities sex love status revenge goals pursued earning"
## [361] "money climbing status ladder functioning part system people position"
## [362] "pursue goals autonomously workers employee pointed paragraph spend"
## [363] "days told told people business limited autonomy chronic complaint"
## [364] "small business persons entrepreneurs hands tied excessive government"
## [365] "regulation regulations doubtless unnecessary part government regulations"
## [366] "essential inevitable parts extremely complex society large portion small"
## [367] "business today operates franchise system reported wall street journal"
## [368] "years ago franchise granting companies require applicants franchises"
## [369] "personality test designed exclude creativity initiative persons"
## [370] "sufficiently docile obediently franchise system excludes small business"
## [371] "people autonomy today people live virtue system virtue channels laid"
## [372] "system opportunities tend system opportunities exploited accord rules"
## [373] "regulations techniques prescribed experts chance success power process"
## [374] "disrupted society deficiency real goals deficiency autonomy pursuit"
## [375] "goals disrupted human drives fall group drives adequately satisfy"
## [376] "matter effort makes drives security lives depend decisions made people"
## [377] "control decisions people make live world people make important decisions"
## [378] "philip heymann harvard law school quoted anthony lewis york times april"
## [379] "lives depend safety standards nuclear power plant properly maintained"
## [380] "pesticide allowed food pollution air skillful incompetent doctor lose"
## [381] "job depend decisions made government economists corporation executives"
## [382] "individuals position secure threats limited extent individual search"
## [383] "security frustrated leads sense powerlessness objected primitive man"
## [384] "physically secure modern man shown shorter life expectancy modern man"
## [385] "suffers amount insecurity normal human beings psychological security"
## [386] "closely correspond physical security makes feel secure objective"
## [387] "security sense confidence ability care primitive man threatened fierce"
## [388] "animal hunger fight defense travel search food certainty success efforts"
## [389] "means helpless things threaten modern individual hand threatened things"
## [390] "helpless nuclear accidents carcinogens food environmental pollution"
## [391] "war increasing taxes invasion privacy large organizations nationwide"
## [392] "social economic phenomena disrupt life true primitive man powerless"
## [393] "things threaten disease accept risk disease stoically part nature"
## [394] "things fault fault imaginary impersonal demon threats modern individual"
## [395] "tend man made results chance imposed persons decisions individual"
## [396] "unable influence feels frustrated humiliated angry primitive man part"
## [397] "security hands individual member small group security modern man hands"
## [398] "persons organizations remote large personally influence modern man"
## [399] "drive security fall groups areas food shelter security assured cost"
## [400] "trivial effort areas attain security foregoing greatly simplifies real"
## [401] "situation rough general condition modern man differs primitive man"
## [402] "people transitory drives impulses necessarily frustrated modern life"
## [403] "fall group angry modern society permit fighting situations permit verbal"
## [404] "aggression hurry mood travel slowly generally choice move flow traffic"
## [405] "obey traffic signals work work rules laid employer ways modern man"
## [406] "strapped network rules regulations explicit implicit frustrate impulses"
## [407] "interfere power process regulations dispensed functioning industrial"
## [408] "society modern society respects extremely permissive matters irrelevant"
## [409] "functioning system generally religion long encourage behavior dangerous"
## [410] "system bed long practice safe sex long unimportant important matters"
## [411] "system increasingly regulate behavior behavior regulated explicit rules"
## [412] "government control exercised indirect coercion psychological pressure"
## [413] "manipulation organizations government system large organizations form"
## [414] "propaganda manipulate public attitudes behavior propaganda limited"
## [415] "commercials advertisements consciously intended propaganda people make"
## [416] "instance content entertainment programming powerful form propaganda"
## [417] "indirect coercion law work day follow employer orders legally prevent"
## [418] "live wild primitive people business practice wild country left room"
## [419] "economy limited number small business owners survive employee suggest"
## [420] "modern man obsession longevity maintaining physical vigor sexual"
## [421] "attractiveness advanced age symptom unfulfillment resulting deprivation"
## [422] "respect power process mid life crisis symptom lack interest children"
## [423] "fairly common modern society unheard primitive societies primitive"
## [424] "societies life succession stages purposes stage fulfilled reluctance"
## [425] "passing stage young man power process hunter hunting sport fulfillment"
## [426] "meat food young women process complex greater emphasis social power"
## [427] "won discuss phase successfully passed young man reluctance settling"
## [428] "responsibilities raising family contrast modern people indefinitely"
## [429] "postpone children busy seeking kind fulfillment suggest fulfillment"
## [430] "adequate experience power process real goals artificial goals surrogate"
## [431] "activities successfully raised children power process providing physical"
## [432] "necessities primitive man feels work prepared accept age survives long"
## [433] "death modern people hand disturbed prospect physical deterioration"
## [434] "death shown amount effort expend maintain physical condition appearance"
## [435] "health argue due unfulfillment resulting fact put physical powers"
## [436] "practical power process bodies primitive man body daily practical"
## [437] "purposes fears deterioration age modern man practical body walking car"
## [438] "house man power process satisfied life prepared accept end life response"
## [439] "arguments section society find give people opportunity power process"
## [440] "people opportunity destroyed fact society find make opportunities"
## [441] "long system opportunities leash attain autonomy leash people adjust"
## [442] "industrial technological society suffers psychological problems people"
## [443] "profess satisfied society discuss reasons people differ greatly response"
## [444] "modern society doubtless differences strength drive power individuals"
## [445] "weak drive power power process autonomy power process docile types"
## [446] "happy plantation darkies south don sneer plantation darkies south"
## [447] "credit slaves content servitude sneer people content servitude people"
## [448] "exceptional drive pursuing satisfy power process unusually strong drive"
## [449] "social status spend lives climbing status ladder bored game people"
## [450] "vary susceptibility advertising marketing techniques susceptible make"
## [451] "great deal money satisfy constant craving shiny toys marketing industry"
## [452] "dangles eyes feel hard pressed financially income large cravings"
## [453] "frustrated people low susceptibility advertising marketing techniques"
## [454] "people aren interested money material acquisition serve power process"
## [455] "people medium susceptibility advertising marketing techniques earn money"
## [456] "satisfy craving goods services cost effort putting overtime taking job"
## [457] "earning promotions material acquisition serves power process necessarily"
## [458] "follow fully satisfied insufficient autonomy power process work consist"
## [459] "orders drives frustrated security aggression guilty oversimplification"
## [460] "paragraphs assumed desire material acquisition creation advertising"
## [461] "marketing industry simple people partly satisfy power identifying"
## [462] "powerful organization mass movement individual lacking goals power"
## [463] "joins movement organization adopts goals works goals goals attained"
## [464] "individual personal efforts played insignificant part attainment goals"
## [465] "feels identification movement organization power process phenomenon"
## [466] "exploited fascists nazis communists society crudely manuel noriega"
## [467] "irritant goal punish noriega invaded panama effort punished noriega"
## [468] "attainment goal power process americans identification experienced"
## [469] "power process vicariously widespread public approval panama invasion"
## [470] "gave people sense power phenomenon armies corporations political"
## [471] "parties humanitarian organizations religious ideological movements"
## [472] "leftist movements tend attract people seeking satisfy power people"
## [473] "identification large organization mass movement fully satisfy power"
## [474] "people satisfy power process surrogate activities explained paragraphs"
## [475] "surrogate activity activity directed artificial goal individual pursues"
## [476] "sake fulfillment pursuing goal attain goal instance practical motive"
## [477] "building enormous muscles hitting ball hole acquiring complete series"
## [478] "postage stamps people society devote passion bodybuilding golf stamp"
## [479] "collecting people directed readily attach importance surrogate activity"
## [480] "simply people treat important society tells important people essentially"
## [481] "trivial activities sports bridge chess arcane scholarly pursuits clear"
## [482] "sighted things surrogate activities attach importance satisfy power"
## [483] "process remains point cases person earning living surrogate activity"
## [484] "pure surrogate activity part motive activity gain physical necessities"
## [485] "people social status luxuries advertising makes people put work"
## [486] "effort earn money status require extra effort constitutes surrogate"
## [487] "activity extra effort emotional investment accompanies potent forces"
## [488] "acting continual development perfecting system negative consequences"
## [489] "individual freedom paragraph creative scientists engineers work largely"
## [490] "surrogate activity point important deserves separate discussion give"
## [491] "moment paragraphs section explained people modern society satisfy"
## [492] "power process greater lesser extent majority people power process fully"
## [493] "satisfied place insatiable drive status firmly hooked surrogate activity"
## [494] "identify strongly movement organization satisfy power exceptional"
## [495] "personalities fully satisfied surrogate activities identification"
## [496] "organization paragraphs place control imposed system explicit"
## [497] "regulation socialization results deficiency autonomy frustration"
## [498] "due impossibility attaining goals necessity restraining impulses"
## [499] "people industrial technological society satisfied fc opposed form"
## [500] "society reasons demeaning fulfill power process surrogate activities"
## [501] "identification organization pursuit real goals motives scientists"
## [502] "science technology provide important examples surrogate activities"
## [503] "scientists claim motivated curiosity desire benefit humanity easy"
## [504] "principal motive scientists curiosity notion simply absurd scientists"
## [505] "work highly specialized problems object normal curiosity astronomer"
## [506] "mathematician entomologist curious properties isopropyltrimethylmethane"
## [507] "chemist curious thing curious chemistry surrogate activity chemist"
## [508] "curious classification species beetle question interest entomologist"
## [509] "interested entomology surrogate activity chemist entomologist exert"
## [510] "obtain physical necessities effort exercised abilities interesting"
## [511] "nonscientific pursuit wouldn give damn isopropyltrimethylmethane"
## [512] "classification beetles suppose lack funds postgraduate education led"
## [513] "chemist insurance broker chemist case interested insurance matters"
## [514] "cared isopropyltrimethylmethane case normal put satisfaction mere"
## [515] "curiosity amount time effort scientists put work curiosity explanation"
## [516] "scientists motive doesn stand benefit humanity explanation doesn work"
## [517] "scientific work conceivable relation welfare human race archaeology"
## [518] "comparative linguistics areas science present dangerous possibilities"
## [519] "scientists areas enthusiastic work develop vaccines study air pollution"
## [520] "case dr edward teller obvious emotional involvement promoting nuclear"
## [521] "power plants involvement stem desire benefit humanity didn dr teller"
## [522] "emotional humanitarian humanitarian develop bomb scientific achievements"
## [523] "open question nuclear power plants benefit humanity cheap electricity"
## [524] "outweigh accumulating waste risk accidents dr teller side question"
## [525] "emotional involvement nuclear power arose desire benefit humanity"
## [526] "personal fulfillment work put practical true scientists generally rare"
## [527] "exceptions motive curiosity desire benefit humanity power process goal"
## [528] "scientific problem solve make effort research attain goal solution"
## [529] "problem science surrogate activity scientists work fulfillment work"
## [530] "simple motives play role scientists money status scientists persons"
## [531] "type insatiable drive status paragraph provide motivation work doubt"
## [532] "majority scientists majority general population susceptible advertising"
## [533] "marketing techniques money satisfy craving goods services science pure"
## [534] "surrogate activity large part surrogate activity science technology"
## [535] "constitute power mass movement scientists gratify power identification"
## [536] "mass movement paragraph science marches blindly regard real welfare"
## [537] "human race standard obedient psychological scientists government"
## [538] "officials corporation executives provide funds research nature freedom"
## [539] "argue industrial technological society reformed prevent progressively"
## [540] "narrowing sphere human freedom freedom word interpreted ways make"
## [541] "clear kind freedom concerned freedom opportunity power process real"
## [542] "goals artificial goals surrogate activities interference manipulation"
## [543] "supervision large organization freedom means control individual"
## [544] "member small group life death issues existence food clothing shelter"
## [545] "defense threats environment freedom means power power control people"
## [546] "power control circumstances life freedom large organization power"
## [547] "matter benevolently tolerantly permissively power exercised important"
## [548] "confuse freedom mere permissiveness paragraph live free society number"
## [549] "constitutionally guaranteed rights important degree personal freedom"
## [550] "exists society determined economic technological structure society"
## [551] "laws form government indian nations england monarchies cities italian"
## [552] "renaissance controlled dictators reading societies impression allowed"
## [553] "personal freedom society part lacked efficient mechanisms enforcing"
## [554] "ruler modern organized police forces rapid long distance communications"
## [555] "surveillance cameras dossiers information lives average citizens easy"
## [556] "evade control constitutional rights freedom press don knock important"
## [557] "tool limiting concentration political power keeping political power"
## [558] "line publicly exposing misbehavior part freedom press average citizen"
## [559] "individual mass media control large organizations integrated system"
## [560] "money printed distribute internet swamped vast volume material put media"
## [561] "practical effect make impression society words impossible individuals"
## [562] "small groups fc violent submitted present writings publisher accepted"
## [563] "accepted published attracted readers fun watch entertainment put media"
## [564] "read sober essay writings readers readers forgotten read minds flooded"
## [565] "mass material media expose order message public chance making lasting"
## [566] "impression ve kill people constitutional rights point serve guarantee"
## [567] "called bourgeois conception freedom bourgeois conception free man"
## [568] "essentially element social machine set prescribed delimited freedoms"
## [569] "freedoms designed serve social machine individual bourgeois free man"
## [570] "economic freedom promotes growth progress freedom press public criticism"
## [571] "restrains misbehavior political leaders fair trial imprisonment whim"
## [572] "powerful bad system attitude simon bolivar people deserved liberty"
## [573] "promote progress progress conceived bourgeois bourgeois thinkers"
## [574] "similar view freedom mere means collective ends chester tan chinese"
## [575] "political thought twentieth century page explains philosophy kuomintang"
## [576] "leader hu han min individual granted rights member society community"
## [577] "life requires rights community hu meant society nation page tan states"
## [578] "carsum chang chang chun mai head state socialist party china freedom"
## [579] "interest state people kind freedom prescribes fc conception freedom"
## [580] "bolivar hu chang bourgeois theorists trouble theorists made development"
## [581] "application social theories surrogate activity theories designed serve"
## [582] "theorists people unlucky live society theories imposed point made"
## [583] "section assumed person freedom freedom restricted part psychological"
## [584] "controls people unconscious people ideas constitutes freedom governed"
## [585] "social convention real leftists oversocialized type people including"
## [586] "socialized oversocialized leftist pays heavy psychological price high"
## [587] "level socialization principles history history sum components erratic"
## [588] "component consists unpredictable events follow discernible pattern"
## [589] "regular component consists long term historical trends concerned long"
## [590] "term trends principle small change made affects long term historical"
## [591] "trend effect change transitory trend revert original state reform"
## [592] "movement designed clean political corruption society rarely short term"
## [593] "effect sooner reformers relax corruption creeps back level political"
## [594] "corruption society remain constant change slowly evolution society"
## [595] "political cleanup permanent accompanied widespread social small change"
## [596] "society won small change long term historical trend appears permanent"
## [597] "change acts direction trend moving trend altered pushed step ahead"
## [598] "principle tautology trend stable respect small wander random definite"
## [599] "direction words long term trend principle change made sufficiently"
## [600] "large alter permanently long term historical trend alter society words"
## [601] "society system parts interrelated permanently change important part"
## [602] "changing parts principle change made large alter permanently long"
## [603] "term trend consequences society predicted advance societies passed"
## [604] "change experienced consequences case predict empirical grounds society"
## [605] "passes change experience similar consequences fourth principle kind"
## [606] "society designed paper plan form society advance set expect function"
## [607] "designed fourth principles result complexity human societies change"
## [608] "human behavior affect economy society physical environment economy"
## [609] "affect environment vice versa economy environment affect human behavior"
## [610] "complex unpredictable ways network effects complex untangled understood"
## [611] "principle people consciously rationally choose form society societies"
## [612] "develop processes social evolution rational human control principle"
## [613] "consequence illustrate principle generally speaking attempt social"
## [614] "reform acts direction society developing accelerates change occurred"
## [615] "case transitory effect society slips back groove make lasting change"
## [616] "direction development important aspect society reform insufficient"
## [617] "revolution required revolution necessarily involve armed uprising"
## [618] "overthrow government principle revolution aspect society society"
## [619] "principle occur expected desired revolutionaries fourth principle"
## [620] "revolutionaries utopians set kind society works planned american"
## [621] "revolution provide counterexample american revolution revolution"
## [622] "sense word war independence reaching political reform founding fathers"
## [623] "change direction development american society aspire freed development"
## [624] "american society retarding effect british rule political reform"
## [625] "change basic trend pushed american political culture natural direction"
## [626] "development british society american society offshoot moving long time"
## [627] "direction representative democracy prior war independence americans"
## [628] "practicing significant degree representative democracy colonial"
## [629] "assemblies political system established constitution modeled british"
## [630] "system colonial assemblies major alteration doubt founding fathers"
## [631] "important step step road english speaking world traveling proof britain"
## [632] "colonies populated predominantly people british descent ended systems"
## [633] "representative democracy essentially similar united states founding"
## [634] "fathers lost nerve declined sign declaration independence life today"
## [635] "significantly closer ties britain parliament prime minister congress"
## [636] "president big deal american revolution counterexample principles good"
## [637] "illustration common sense applying principles expressed imprecise"
## [638] "language latitude interpretation exceptions found present principles"
## [639] "inviolable laws rules thumb guides thinking provide partial antidote"
## [640] "naive ideas future society principles borne constantly mind reaches"
## [641] "conclusion conflicts carefully reexamine thinking retain conclusion"
## [642] "good solid reasons industrial technological society reformed foregoing"
## [643] "principles show hopelessly difficult reform industrial system"
## [644] "prevent progressively narrowing sphere freedom consistent tendency"
## [645] "back industrial revolution technology strengthen system high cost"
## [646] "individual freedom local autonomy change designed protect freedom"
## [647] "technology contrary fundamental trend development society change"
## [648] "transitory swamped tide history large permanent alter nature society"
## [649] "principles society altered predicted advance principle great risk"
## [650] "large make lasting difference favor freedom initiated realized gravely"
## [651] "disrupt system attempts reform timid effective large make lasting"
## [652] "difference initiated retracted disruptive effects apparent permanent"
## [653] "favor freedom brought persons prepared accept radical dangerous"
## [654] "unpredictable alteration entire system words revolutionaries reformers"
## [655] "people anxious rescue freedom sacrificing supposed benefits technology"
## [656] "suggest naive schemes form society reconcile freedom technology fact"
## [657] "people make suggestions seldom propose practical means form society set"
## [658] "place fourth principle form society established collapse give results"
## [659] "expected general grounds highly improbable changing society found"
## [660] "reconcile freedom modern technology sections give specific reasons"
## [661] "concluding freedom technological progress incompatible restriction"
## [662] "freedom unavoidable industrial society explained paragraphs modern"
## [663] "man strapped network rules regulations fate depends actions persons"
## [664] "remote decisions influence accidental result arbitrariness arrogant"
## [665] "bureaucrats inevitable technologically advanced society system"
## [666] "regulate human behavior closely order function work people told"
## [667] "production thrown chaos bureaucracies run rigid rules substantial"
## [668] "personal discretion lower level bureaucrats disrupt system lead charges"
## [669] "unfairness due differences individual bureaucrats exercised discretion"
## [670] "true restrictions freedom eliminated generally speaking regulation"
## [671] "lives large organizations functioning industrial technological society"
## [672] "result sense powerlessness part average person formal regulations"
## [673] "tend increasingly replaced psychological tools make system requires"
## [674] "propaganda educational techniques mental health programs system"
## [675] "force people behave ways increasingly remote natural pattern human"
## [676] "behavior system scientists mathematicians engineers function heavy"
## [677] "pressure put children excel fields isn natural adolescent human spend"
## [678] "bulk time sitting desk absorbed study normal adolescent spend time"
## [679] "active contact real world primitive peoples things children trained"
## [680] "tend reasonable harmony natural human impulses american indians boys"
## [681] "trained active outdoor pursuits sort thing boys society children"
## [682] "pushed studying technical subjects grudgingly constant pressure system"
## [683] "exerts modify human behavior gradual increase number people adjust"
## [684] "society requirements welfare leeches youth gang members cultists anti"
## [685] "government rebels radical environmentalist saboteurs dropouts resisters"
## [686] "kinds technologically advanced society individual fate depend decisions"
## [687] "personally influence great extent technological society broken small"
## [688] "autonomous communities production depends cooperation large numbers"
## [689] "people machines society highly organized decisions made affect large"
## [690] "numbers people decision affects million people affected individuals"
## [691] "average millionth share making decision practice decisions made public"
## [692] "officials corporation executives technical specialists public votes"
## [693] "decision number voters ordinarily large vote individual significant"
## [694] "individuals unable influence measurably major decisions affect lives"
## [695] "conceivable remedy technologically advanced society system solve problem"
## [696] "propaganda make people decisions made solution completely successful"
## [697] "making people feel demeaning conservatives advocate local autonomy"
## [698] "local communities autonomy autonomy local communities enmeshed dependent"
## [699] "large scale systems public utilities computer networks highway systems"
## [700] "mass communications media modern health care system operating autonomy"
## [701] "fact technology applied location affects people locations pesticide"
## [702] "chemical creek contaminate water supply hundreds miles downstream"
## [703] "greenhouse effect affects world system exist satisfy human human"
## [704] "behavior modified fit system political social ideology pretend guide"
## [705] "technological system fault technology system guided ideology technical"
## [706] "necessity system satisfy human generally speaking extend advantage"
## [707] "system system paramount human system people food system couldn function"
## [708] "starved attends people psychological conveniently couldn function people"
## [709] "depressed rebellious system good solid practical reasons exert constant"
## [710] "pressure people mold behavior system waste accumulating government"
## [711] "media educational system environmentalists inundates mass propaganda"
## [712] "recycling technical personnel chorus voices exhorts kids study science"
## [713] "stops inhumane force adolescents spend bulk time studying subjects"
## [714] "hate skilled workers put job technical advances undergo retraining"
## [715] "asks humiliating pushed simply granted bow technical necessity good"
## [716] "reason human put technical necessity economic problems unemployment"
## [717] "shortages worse concept mental health society defined largely extent"
## [718] "individual behaves accord system showing signs stress efforts make room"
## [719] "sense purpose autonomy system joke company employees assemble section"
## [720] "catalogue assemble catalogue supposed give sense purpose achievement"
## [721] "companies give employees autonomy work practical reasons limited extent"
## [722] "case employees autonomy ultimate goals autonomous efforts directed"
## [723] "goals select personally employer goals survival growth company company"
## [724] "business permitted employees act similarly enterprise socialist system"
## [725] "workers direct efforts goals enterprise enterprise serve purpose part"
## [726] "system purely technical reasons individuals small groups autonomy"
## [727] "industrial society small business owner commonly limited autonomy"
## [728] "necessity government regulation restricted fact fit economic system"
## [729] "conform requirements instance develops technology small business person"
## [730] "technology order remain competitive bad parts technology separated good"
## [731] "parts reason industrial society reformed favor freedom modern technology"
## [732] "unified system parts dependent rid bad parts technology retain good"
## [733] "parts modern medicine progress medical science depends progress"
## [734] "chemistry physics biology computer science fields advanced medical"
## [735] "treatments require expensive high tech equipment made technologically"
## [736] "progressive economically rich society progress medicine technological"
## [737] "system medical progress maintained rest technological system bring"
## [738] "evils suppose cure diabetes discovered people genetic tendency diabetes"
## [739] "survive reproduce natural selection genes diabetes cease genes spread"
## [740] "population occurring extent diabetes curable controlled insulin thing"
## [741] "happen diseases susceptibility affected genetic degradation population"
## [742] "solution sort eugenics program extensive genetic engineering human"
## [743] "beings man future longer creation nature chance god depending religious"
## [744] "philosophical opinions manufactured product big government interferes"
## [745] "life wait till government starts regulating genetic constitution"
## [746] "children regulation inevitably follow introduction genetic engineering"
## [747] "human beings consequences unregulated genetic engineering disastrous"
## [748] "usual response concerns talk medical ethics code ethics serve protect"
## [749] "freedom face medical progress make matters worse code ethics applicable"
## [750] "genetic engineering effect means regulating genetic constitution human"
## [751] "beings upper middle class decide applications genetic engineering"
## [752] "ethical effect imposing values genetic constitution population large"
## [753] "code ethics chosen completely democratic basis majority imposing values"
## [754] "minorities idea constituted ethical genetic engineering code ethics"
## [755] "protect freedom prohibited genetic engineering human beings code applied"
## [756] "technological society code reduced genetic engineering minor role stand"
## [757] "long temptation presented immense power biotechnology irresistible"
## [758] "majority people applications unequivocally good eliminating physical"
## [759] "mental diseases giving people abilities today world inevitably genetic"
## [760] "engineering extensively ways consistent industrial technological"
## [761] "system technology powerful social force aspiration freedom make"
## [762] "lasting compromise technology freedom technology powerful social"
## [763] "force continually encroaches freedom repeated compromises imagine case"
## [764] "neighbors outset owns amount land powerful powerful demands piece land"
## [765] "weak refuses powerful compromise give half asked weak choice give time"
## [766] "powerful neighbor demands piece land compromise forcing long series"
## [767] "compromises weaker man powerful eventually land conflict technology"
## [768] "freedom explain technology powerful social force aspiration freedom"
## [769] "technological advance appears threaten freedom turns threaten motorized"
## [770] "transport walking man pleased pace observing traffic regulations"
## [771] "independent technological support systems motor vehicles introduced"
## [772] "appeared increase man freedom freedom walking man automobile didn choose"
## [773] "buy automobile travel faster farther walking man introduction motorized"
## [774] "transport changed society restrict greatly man freedom locomotion"
## [775] "automobiles numerous regulate extensively car densely populated areas"
## [776] "likes pace movement governed flow traffic traffic laws tied obligations"
## [777] "license requirements driver test renewing registration insurance"
## [778] "maintenance required safety monthly payments purchase price motorized"
## [779] "transport longer optional introduction motorized transport arrangement"
## [780] "cities changed majority people longer live walking distance place"
## [781] "employment shopping areas recreational opportunities depend automobile"
## [782] "transportation public transportation case control movement driving car"
## [783] "walker freedom greatly restricted city continually stop wait traffic"
## [784] "lights designed serve auto traffic country motor traffic makes dangerous"
## [785] "unpleasant walk highway note important point illustrated case motorized"
## [786] "transport item technology introduced option individual accept chooses"
## [787] "necessarily remain optional cases technology society people eventually"
## [788] "find forced technological progress continually narrows sphere freedom"
## [789] "technical advance considered appears desirable electricity indoor"
## [790] "plumbing rapid long distance communications argue things innumerable"
## [791] "technical advances made modern society absurd resist introduction"
## [792] "telephone offered advantages disadvantages explained paragraphs"
## [793] "technical advances created world average man fate longer hands hands"
## [794] "neighbors friends politicians corporation executives remote anonymous"
## [795] "technicians bureaucrats individual power influence process continue"
## [796] "future genetic engineering people resist introduction genetic technique"
## [797] "eliminates hereditary disease apparent harm prevents suffering large"
## [798] "number genetic improvements make human engineered product free creation"
## [799] "chance god depending religious beliefs reason technology powerful social"
## [800] "force context society technological progress marches direction reversed"
## [801] "technical innovation introduced people dependent replaced advanced"
## [802] "innovation people dependent individuals item technology system dependent"
## [803] "imagine happen system today computers eliminated system move direction"
## [804] "greater technologization technology repeatedly forces freedom step back"
## [805] "technology step back short overthrow technological system technology"
## [806] "advances great rapidity threatens freedom points time crowding rules"
## [807] "regulations increasing dependence individuals large organizations"
## [808] "propaganda psychological techniques genetic engineering invasion"
## [809] "privacy surveillance devices computers hold back threats freedom"
## [810] "require long difficult social struggle protect freedom overwhelmed"
## [811] "sheer number attacks rapidity develop apathetic longer resist fight"
## [812] "threats separately futile success hoped fighting technological system"
## [813] "revolution reform technicians term broad sense describe perform"
## [814] "specialized task requires training tend involved work surrogate"
## [815] "activity conflict arises technical work freedom decide favor technical"
## [816] "work obvious case scientists appears educators humanitarian groups"
## [817] "conservation organizations hesitate propaganda psychological techniques"
## [818] "achieve laudable ends corporations government agencies find hesitate"
## [819] "collect information individuals regard privacy law enforcement agencies"
## [820] "frequently inconvenienced constitutional rights suspects completely"
## [821] "innocent persons legally illegally restrict circumvent rights educators"
## [822] "government officials law officers freedom privacy constitutional rights"
## [823] "conflict work feel work important people generally work persistently"
## [824] "striving reward attempting avoid punishment negative outcome scientists"
## [825] "technicians motivated rewards work oppose technological invasions"
## [826] "freedom working avoid negative outcome work persistently discouraging"
## [827] "task reformers achieved signal victory set solid barrier erosion"
## [828] "freedom technical progress tend relax turn attention agreeable pursuits"
## [829] "scientists remain busy laboratories technology progresses find ways"
## [830] "spite barriers exert control individuals make dependent system social"
## [831] "arrangements laws institutions customs ethical codes provide permanent"
## [832] "protection technology history shows social arrangements transitory"
## [833] "change break eventually technological advances permanent context"
## [834] "civilization suppose arrive social arrangements prevent genetic"
## [835] "engineering applied human beings prevent applied threaten freedom"
## [836] "dignity technology remain waiting sooner social arrangement break"
## [837] "sooner pace change society genetic engineering begin invade sphere"
## [838] "freedom invasion irreversible short breakdown technological civilization"
## [839] "illusions achieving permanent social arrangements dispelled happening"
## [840] "environmental legislation years ago secure legal barriers preventing"
## [841] "worst forms environmental degradation change political wind barriers"
## [842] "begin crumble foregoing reasons technology powerful social force"
## [843] "aspiration freedom statement requires important qualification appears"
## [844] "decades industrial technological system undergoing severe stresses due"
## [845] "economic environmental problems due problems human behavior alienation"
## [846] "rebellion hostility variety social psychological difficulties hope"
## [847] "stresses system pass break weaken sufficiently revolution revolution"
## [848] "occurs successful moment aspiration freedom proved powerful technology"
## [849] "paragraph analogy weak neighbor left destitute strong neighbor takes"
## [850] "land forcing series compromises suppose strong neighbor sick unable"
## [851] "defend weak neighbor force strong give land back kill lets strong man"
## [852] "survive forces give land back fool strong man land alternative weaker"
## [853] "man kill strong chance industrial system sick destroy compromise"
## [854] "recover sickness eventually wipe freedom simpler social problems proved"
## [855] "intractable imagines reform system protect freedom technology clumsily"
## [856] "part unsuccessfully society dealt social problems simple straightforward"
## [857] "things system failed stop environmental degradation political corruption"
## [858] "drug trafficking domestic abuse environmental problems conflict values"
## [859] "straightforward economic expedience versus saving natural resources"
## [860] "grandchildren subject lot blather obfuscation people power clear"
## [861] "consistent line action piling environmental problems grandchildren"
## [862] "live attempts resolve environmental issue consist struggles compromises"
## [863] "factions ascendant moment moment line struggle shifting currents"
## [864] "public opinion rational process lead timely successful solution problem"
## [865] "major social problems solved rarely solved rational comprehensive"
## [866] "plan work process competing groups pursuing short term interest arrive"
## [867] "luck stable modus vivendi fact principles formulated paragraphs make"
## [868] "doubtful rational long term social planning successful clear human"
## [869] "race limited capacity solving straightforward social problems solve"
## [870] "difficult subtle problem reconciling freedom technology technology"
## [871] "presents clear cut material advantages freedom abstraction means"
## [872] "things people loss easily obscured propaganda fancy talk note important"
## [873] "difference conceivable environmental problems day settled rational"
## [874] "comprehensive plan long term interest system solve problems interest"
## [875] "system preserve freedom small group autonomy contrary interest system"
## [876] "bring human behavior control greatest extent practical considerations"
## [877] "eventually force system rational prudent approach environmental problems"
## [878] "equally practical considerations force system regulate human behavior"
## [879] "closely preferably indirect means disguise encroachment freedom isn"
## [880] "opinion eminent social scientists james wilson stressed importance"
## [881] "socializing people effectively revolution easier reform hope convinced"
## [882] "reader system reformed reconcile freedom technology dispense industrial"
## [883] "technological system altogether implies revolution necessarily armed"
## [884] "uprising radical fundamental change nature society people tend assume"
## [885] "revolution involves greater change reform difficult bring reform"
## [886] "circumstances revolution easier reform reason revolutionary movement"
## [887] "inspire intensity commitment reform movement inspire reform movement"
## [888] "offers solve social problem revolutionary movement offers solve"
## [889] "problems stroke create world kind ideal people great risks make great"
## [890] "sacrifices reasons easier overthrow technological system put effective"
## [891] "permanent restraints development application segment technology genetic"
## [892] "engineering people devote single minded passion imposing maintaining"
## [893] "restraints genetic engineering suitable conditions large numbers people"
## [894] "devote passionately revolution industrial technological system noted"
## [895] "paragraph reformers seeking limit aspects technology working avoid"
## [896] "negative outcome revolutionaries work gain powerful reward fulfillment"
## [897] "revolutionary vision work harder persistently reformers reform"
## [898] "restrained fear painful consequences revolutionary fever hold society"
## [899] "people undergo unlimited hardships sake revolution shown french russian"
## [900] "revolutions cases minority population committed revolution minority"
## [901] "sufficiently large active dominant force society revolution paragraphs"
## [902] "control human behavior beginning civilization organized societies"
## [903] "put pressures human beings sake functioning social organism kinds"
## [904] "pressures vary greatly society pressures physical poor diet excessive"
## [905] "labor environmental pollution psychological noise crowding forcing"
## [906] "human behavior mold society requires past human nature approximately"
## [907] "constant rate varied bounds societies push people limits limit human"
## [908] "endurance passed things start wrong rebellion crime corruption evasion"
## [909] "work depression mental problems elevated death rate declining birth"
## [910] "rate society breaks functioning inefficient quickly gradually conquest"
## [911] "attrition evolution replaced efficient form society human nature past"
## [912] "put limits development societies people pushed farther today changing"
## [913] "modern technology developing ways modifying human beings imagine society"
## [914] "subjects people conditions make terribly unhappy drugs unhappiness"
## [915] "science fiction happening extent society rate clinical depression"
## [916] "greatly increasing recent decades due disruption power process explained"
## [917] "paragraphs wrong increasing rate depression result conditions exist"
## [918] "today society removing conditions make people depressed modern society"
## [919] "antidepressant drugs effect antidepressants means modifying individual"
## [920] "internal state enable tolerate social conditions find intolerable"
## [921] "depression purely genetic origin referring cases environment plays"
## [922] "predominant role drugs affect mind methods controlling human behavior"
## [923] "modern society developing methods start techniques surveillance"
## [924] "hidden video cameras stores places computers collect process vast"
## [925] "amounts information individuals information obtained greatly increases"
## [926] "effectiveness physical coercion law enforcement methods propaganda mass"
## [927] "communication media provide effective vehicles efficient techniques"
## [928] "developed winning elections selling products influencing public opinion"
## [929] "entertainment industry serves important psychological tool system"
## [930] "possibly dishing large amounts sex violence entertainment modern man"
## [931] "essential means escape absorbed television videos forget stress anxiety"
## [932] "frustration dissatisfaction primitive peoples don work content sit hours"
## [933] "time peace world modern people constantly occupied entertained bored"
## [934] "fidgety uneasy irritable techniques strike deeper foregoing education"
## [935] "longer simple affair paddling kid doesn lessons patting head scientific"
## [936] "technique controlling child development sylvan learning centers great"
## [937] "success motivating children study psychological techniques success"
## [938] "conventional schools parenting techniques taught parents designed make"
## [939] "children accept fundamental values system behave ways system finds"
## [940] "desirable mental health programs intervention techniques psychotherapy"
## [941] "ostensibly designed benefit individuals practice serve methods inducing"
## [942] "individuals behave system requires contradiction individual attitudes"
## [943] "behavior bring conflict system force powerful conquer escape suffer"
## [944] "stress frustration defeat path easier thinks behaves system requires"
## [945] "sense system acting benefit individual brainwashes conformity child"
## [946] "abuse gross obvious forms disapproved cultures tormenting child trivial"
## [947] "reason reason appalls psychologists interpret concept abuse broadly"
## [948] "spanking part rational consistent system discipline form abuse question"
## [949] "ultimately decided spanking produce behavior makes person fit existing"
## [950] "system society practice word abuse interpreted include method child"
## [951] "rearing produces behavior inconvenient system prevention obvious"
## [952] "senseless cruelty programs preventing child abuse directed control"
## [953] "human behavior behalf system research continue increase effectiveness"
## [954] "psychological techniques controlling human behavior psychological"
## [955] "techniques sufficient adjust human beings kind society technology"
## [956] "creating biological methods mentioned drugs connection neurology provide"
## [957] "avenues modifying human mind genetic engineering human beings beginning"
## [958] "occur form gene therapy reason assume methods eventually modify aspects"
## [959] "body affect mental functioning mentioned paragraph industrial society"
## [960] "entering period severe stress due part problems human behavior part"
## [961] "economic environmental problems considerable proportion system economic"
## [962] "environmental problems result human beings behave alienation low esteem"
## [963] "depression hostility rebellion children won study youth gangs illegal"
## [964] "drug rape child abuse crimes unsafe sex teen pregnancy population growth"
## [965] "political corruption race hatred ethnic rivalry bitter ideological"
## [966] "conflict pro choice pro life political extremism terrorism sabotage"
## [967] "anti government groups hate groups threaten survival system system"
## [968] "forced practical means controlling human behavior social disruption"
## [969] "today result mere chance result conditions life system imposes people"
## [970] "argued important conditions disruption power process systems succeeds"
## [971] "imposing sufficient control human behavior assure survival watershed"
## [972] "human history passed limits human endurance imposed limits development"
## [973] "societies explained paragraphs industrial technological society pass"
## [974] "limits modifying human beings psychological methods biological methods"
## [975] "future social systems adjusted suit human beings human adjusted"
## [976] "suit system generally speaking technological control human behavior"
## [977] "introduced totalitarian intention conscious desire restrict human"
## [978] "freedom step assertion control human mind rational response problem"
## [979] "faces society curing alcoholism reducing crime rate inducing young"
## [980] "people study science engineering cases humanitarian justification"
## [981] "psychiatrist prescribes anti depressant depressed patient individual"
## [982] "favor inhumane withhold drug parents send children sylvan learning"
## [983] "centers manipulated enthusiastic studies concern children welfare"
## [984] "parents didn specialized training job kid didn brainwashed computer"
## [985] "nerd change society child unemployable doesn skills send sylvan control"
## [986] "human behavior introduced calculated decision authorities process"
## [987] "social evolution rapid evolution process impossible resist advance"
## [988] "considered beneficial evil involved making advance beneficial evil"
## [989] "involved making advance result making paragraph propaganda good purposes"
## [990] "discouraging child abuse race hatred sex education effect sex education"
## [991] "extent successful shaping sexual attitudes family put hands state"
## [992] "represented public school system suppose biological trait discovered"
## [993] "increases likelihood child grow criminal suppose sort gene therapy"
## [994] "remove trait parents children possess trait undergo therapy inhumane"
## [995] "child miserable life grew criminal primitive societies low crime"
## [996] "rate comparison society high tech methods child rearing harsh systems"
## [997] "punishment reason suppose modern men primitive men innate predatory"
## [998] "tendencies high crime rate society due pressures modern conditions put"
## [999] "people adjust treatment designed remove potential criminal tendencies"
## [1000] "part engineering people suit requirements system society regard sickness"
## [1001] "mode thought behavior inconvenient system plausible individual doesn"
## [1002] "fit system pain individual problems system manipulation individual"
## [1003] "adjust system cure sickness good paragraph pointed item technology"
## [1004] "initially optional necessarily remain optional technology change society"
## [1005] "difficult impossible individual function technology applies technology"
## [1006] "human behavior world children put program make enthusiastic studying"
## [1007] "parent forced put kid program kid grow comparatively speaking ignoramus"
## [1008] "unemployable suppose biological treatment discovered undesirable side"
## [1009] "effects greatly reduce psychological stress people suffer society large"
## [1010] "numbers people choose undergo treatment general level stress society"
## [1011] "reduced system increase stress producing pressures fact happened"
## [1012] "society important psychological tools enabling people reduce temporarily"
## [1013] "escape stress mass entertainment paragraph mass entertainment"
## [1014] "optional law requires watch television listen radio read magazines"
## [1015] "mass entertainment means escape stress reduction dependent complains"
## [1016] "trashiness television watches kicked tv habit rare person today form"
## [1017] "mass entertainment recently human history people nicely entertainment"
## [1018] "local community created entertainment industry system putting stress"
## [1019] "producing pressure assuming industrial society survives technology"
## [1020] "eventually acquire approaching complete control human behavior"
## [1021] "established rational doubt human thought behavior largely biological"
## [1022] "basis experimenters demonstrated feelings hunger pleasure anger fear"
## [1023] "turned electrical stimulation parts brain memories destroyed damaging"
## [1024] "parts brain brought surface electrical stimulation hallucinations"
## [1025] "induced moods changed drugs immaterial human soul powerful biological"
## [1026] "mechanisms human behavior case researchers easily manipulate human"
## [1027] "feelings behavior drugs electrical currents impractical people"
## [1028] "electrodes inserted heads controlled authorities fact human thoughts"
## [1029] "feelings open biological intervention shows problem controlling human"
## [1030] "behavior technical problem problem neurons hormones complex molecules"
## [1031] "kind problem accessible scientific attack outstanding record society"
## [1032] "solving technical problems overwhelmingly probable great advances"
## [1033] "made control human behavior public resistance prevent introduction"
## [1034] "technological control human behavior attempt made introduce control"
## [1035] "technological control introduced long sequence small advances rational"
## [1036] "effective public resistance paragraphs sounds science fiction point"
## [1037] "yesterday science fiction today fact industrial revolution radically"
## [1038] "altered man environment life expected technology increasingly applied"
## [1039] "human body mind man altered radically environment life human race"
## [1040] "crossroads ahead story thing develop laboratory series psychological"
## [1041] "biological techniques manipulating human behavior integrate techniques"
## [1042] "functioning social system problem difficult techniques educational"
## [1043] "psychology doubtless work lab schools developed necessarily easy apply"
## [1044] "effectively educational system schools teachers busy taking knives guns"
## [1045] "kids subject latest techniques making computer nerds spite technical"
## [1046] "advances relating human behavior system date impressively successful"
## [1047] "controlling human beings people behavior fairly control system type"
## [1048] "called bourgeois growing numbers people rebels system welfare leaches"
## [1049] "youth gangs cultists satanists nazis radical environmentalists"
## [1050] "militiamen system engaged desperate struggle overcome problems threaten"
## [1051] "survival problems human behavior important system succeeds acquiring"
## [1052] "sufficient control human behavior quickly survive break issue resolved"
## [1053] "decades years suppose system survives crisis decades time solved"
## [1054] "brought control principal problems confront socializing human beings"
## [1055] "making people sufficiently docile heir behavior longer threatens system"
## [1056] "accomplished obstacle development technology advance logical conclusion"
## [1057] "complete control earth including human beings important organisms system"
## [1058] "unitary monolithic organization fragmented consist number organizations"
## [1059] "coexisting relationship includes elements cooperation competition"
## [1060] "today government corporations large organizations cooperate compete"
## [1061] "human freedom vanished individuals small groups impotent vis vis large"
## [1062] "organizations armed supertechnology arsenal advanced psychological"
## [1063] "biological tools manipulating human beings instruments surveillance"
## [1064] "physical coercion small number people real power limited freedom"
## [1065] "behavior regulated today politicians corporation executives retain"
## [1066] "positions power long behavior remains fairly narrow limits don imagine"
## [1067] "systems stop developing techniques controlling human beings nature"
## [1068] "crisis decades increasing control longer system survival contrary hard"
## [1069] "times system increase control people nature rapidly longer hampered"
## [1070] "difficulties kind experiencing survival principal motive extending"
## [1071] "control explained paragraphs technicians scientists carry work largely"
## [1072] "surrogate activity satisfy power solving technical problems continue"
## [1073] "unabated enthusiasm interesting challenging problems solve understanding"
## [1074] "human body mind intervening development good humanity suppose hand"
## [1075] "stresses coming decades prove system system breaks period chaos time"
## [1076] "troubles history recorded epochs past impossible predict emerge time"
## [1077] "troubles rate human race chance greatest danger industrial society"
## [1078] "begin reconstitute years breakdown people power hungry types anxious"
## [1079] "factories running tasks confront hate servitude industrial system"
## [1080] "reducing human race work heighten social stresses system increase"
## [1081] "likelihood break weakened sufficiently revolution develop propagate"
## [1082] "ideology opposes technology industrial society system sufficiently"
## [1083] "weakened ideology assure industrial society breaks remnants smashed"
## [1084] "repair system reconstituted factories destroyed technical books burned"
## [1085] "human suffering industrial system break purely result revolutionary"
## [1086] "action vulnerable revolutionary attack internal problems development"
## [1087] "lead difficulties system breaks spontaneously process part spontaneous"
## [1088] "helped revolutionaries breakdown sudden people die world population"
## [1089] "overblown feed longer advanced technology breakdown gradual reduction"
## [1090] "population occur lowering birth rate elevation death rate process de"
## [1091] "industrialization chaotic involve suffering naive technology phased"
## [1092] "smoothly managed orderly technophiles fight stubbornly step cruel"
## [1093] "work breakdown system place revolutionaries break system trouble good"
## [1094] "chance eventually breaking bigger system grows disastrous consequences"
## [1095] "breakdown revolutionaries hastening onset breakdown reducing extent"
## [1096] "disaster place balance struggle death loss freedom dignity freedom"
## [1097] "dignity important long life avoidance physical pain die time die"
## [1098] "fighting survival live long empty purposeless life place survival"
## [1099] "system lead suffering breakdown system system caused continuing"
## [1100] "immense suffering world ancient cultures hundreds years gave people"
## [1101] "satisfactory relationship environment shattered contact industrial"
## [1102] "society result catalogue economic environmental social psychological"
## [1103] "problems effects intrusion industrial society world traditional"
## [1104] "controls population thrown balance population explosion implies"
## [1105] "psychological suffering widespread supposedly fortunate countries"
## [1106] "west paragraphs happen result ozone depletion greenhouse effect"
## [1107] "environmental problems foreseen nuclear proliferation shown technology"
## [1108] "hands dictators irresponsible world nations speculate iraq north korea"
## [1109] "genetic engineering technophiles science fix conquer famine eliminate"
## [1110] "psychological suffering make healthy happy yeah years ago industrial"
## [1111] "revolution supposed eliminate poverty make happy actual result"
## [1112] "technophiles hopelessly naive deceiving understanding social problems"
## [1113] "unaware choose ignore fact large seemingly beneficial introduced society"
## [1114] "lead long sequence impossible predict paragraph result disruption"
## [1115] "society probable attempts end poverty disease engineer docile happy"
## [1116] "personalities technophiles create social systems terribly troubled"
## [1117] "present scientists boast end famine creating genetically engineered"
## [1118] "food plants human population expanding indefinitely crowding leads"
## [1119] "increased stress aggression predictable problems arise emphasize past"
## [1120] "experience shown technical progress lead problems predicted advance"
## [1121] "paragraph fact industrial revolution technology creating problems"
## [1122] "society rapidly solving long difficult period trial error technophiles"
## [1123] "work bugs brave world meantime great suffering clear survival industrial"
## [1124] "society involve suffering breakdown society technology human race fix"
## [1125] "easy escape future suppose industrial society survive decades bugs"
## [1126] "eventually worked system functions smoothly kind system possibilities"
## [1127] "postulate computer scientists succeed developing intelligent machines"
## [1128] "things human beings case work vast highly organized systems machines"
## [1129] "human effort cases occur machines permitted make decisions human"
## [1130] "oversight human control machines retained machines permitted make"
## [1131] "decisions make conjectures results impossible guess machines behave"
## [1132] "point fate human race mercy machines argued human race foolish hand"
## [1133] "power machines suggesting human race voluntarily turn power machines"
## [1134] "machines willfully seize power suggest human race easily permit"
## [1135] "drift position dependence machines practical choice accept machines"
## [1136] "decisions society problems face complex machines intelligent people"
## [1137] "machines make decisions simply machine made decisions bring results man"
## [1138] "made eventually stage reached decisions system running complex human"
## [1139] "beings incapable making intelligently stage machines effective control"
## [1140] "people won turn machines dependent turning amount suicide hand human"
## [1141] "control machines retained case average man control private machines car"
## [1142] "personal computer control large systems machines hands tiny elite today"
## [1143] "differences due improved techniques elite greater control masses human"
## [1144] "work longer masses superfluous useless burden system elite ruthless"
## [1145] "simply decide exterminate mass humanity humane propaganda psychological"
## [1146] "biological techniques reduce birth rate mass humanity extinct leaving"
## [1147] "world elite elite consists soft hearted liberals decide play role"
## [1148] "good shepherds rest human race physical satisfied children raised"
## [1149] "psychologically hygienic conditions wholesome hobby busy dissatisfied"
## [1150] "undergoes treatment cure problem life purposeless people biologically"
## [1151] "psychologically engineered remove power process make sublimate drive"
## [1152] "power harmless hobby engineered human beings happy society free reduced"
## [1153] "status domestic animals suppose computer scientists succeed developing"
## [1154] "artificial intelligence human work remains machines care simpler tasks"
## [1155] "increasing surplus human workers lower levels ability happening people"
## [1156] "find difficult impossible work intellectual psychological reasons"
## [1157] "acquire level training make present system employed increasing demands"
## [1158] "training ability reliable conforming docile cells giant organism tasks"
## [1159] "increasingly specialized work sense touch real world concentrated tiny"
## [1160] "slice reality system means psychological biological engineer people"
## [1161] "docile abilities system requires sublimate drive power specialized"
## [1162] "task statement people society docile require qualification society find"
## [1163] "competitiveness provided ways found directing competitiveness channels"
## [1164] "serve system imagine future society endless competition positions"
## [1165] "prestige power people reach top real power end paragraph repellent"
## [1166] "society person satisfy power pushing large numbers people depriving"
## [1167] "opportunity power envision scenarios incorporate aspects possibilities"
## [1168] "discussed instance machines work real practical importance human beings"
## [1169] "busy unimportant work suggested great development service industries"
## [1170] "provide work human beings people spent time shining shoes driving"
## [1171] "taxicabs making handicrafts waiting tables contemptible human race end"
## [1172] "doubt people find fulfilling lives pointless busy work seek dangerous"
## [1173] "outlets drugs crime cults hate groups biologically psychologically"
## [1174] "engineered adapt life needless scenarios outlined exhaust possibilities"
## [1175] "kinds outcomes envision plausible scenarios palatable ve overwhelmingly"
## [1176] "probable industrial technological system survives years time developed"
## [1177] "general characteristics individuals bourgeois type integrated system"
## [1178] "make run power dependent large organizations socialized physical mental"
## [1179] "qualities significant extent possibly great extent engineered results"
## [1180] "chance god left wild nature reduced remnants preserved scientific"
## [1181] "study supervision management scientists longer wild long run centuries"
## [1182] "human race important organisms exist today start modifying organisms"
## [1183] "genetic engineering reason stop point modifications continue man"
## [1184] "organisms utterly transformed case technology creating human beings"
## [1185] "physical social environment radically spectrum environments natural"
## [1186] "selection adapted human race physically psychologically man adjusted"
## [1187] "environment artificially engineered adapted long painful process natural"
## [1188] "selection dump stinking system consequences strategy technophiles"
## [1189] "taking utterly reckless ride unknown people understand technological"
## [1190] "progress passive attitude inevitable fc don inevitable stopped give"
## [1191] "indications stopping stated paragraph main tasks present promote social"
## [1192] "stress instability industrial society develop propagate ideology opposes"
## [1193] "technology industrial system system sufficiently stressed unstable"
## [1194] "revolution technology pattern similar french russian revolutions french"
## [1195] "society russian society decades prior respective revolutions showed"
## [1196] "increasing signs stress weakness ideologies developed offered world"
## [1197] "view russian case revolutionaries actively working undermine order"
## [1198] "system put sufficient additional stress financial crisis france military"
## [1199] "defeat russia swept revolution propose lines objected french russian"
## [1200] "revolutions failures revolutions goals destroy form society set form"
## [1201] "society envisioned revolutionaries french russian revolutionaries failed"
## [1202] "fortunately create kind society dreamed successful destroying society"
## [1203] "illusions feasibility creating ideal form society goal destroy existing"
## [1204] "form society ideology order gain enthusiastic support positive ideal"
## [1205] "negative positive ideal propose nature wild nature aspects functioning"
## [1206] "earth living things independent human management free human interference"
## [1207] "control wild nature include human nature aspects functioning human"
## [1208] "individual subject regulation organized society products chance free"
## [1209] "god depending religious philosophical opinions nature makes perfect"
## [1210] "counter ideal technology reasons nature power system opposite technology"
## [1211] "seeks expand indefinitely power system people agree nature beautiful"
## [1212] "tremendous popular appeal radical environmentalists hold ideology"
## [1213] "exalts nature opposes technology sake nature set chimerical utopia"
## [1214] "kind social order nature takes care spontaneous creation existed long"
## [1215] "human society countless centuries kinds human societies coexisted"
## [1216] "nature excessive amount damage industrial revolution effect human"
## [1217] "society nature devastating relieve pressure nature create special kind"
## [1218] "social system rid industrial society granted solve problems industrial"
## [1219] "society tremendous damage nature long time scars heal pre industrial"
## [1220] "societies significant damage nature rid industrial society accomplish"
## [1221] "great deal relieve worst pressure nature scars begin heal remove"
## [1222] "capacity organized society increasing control nature including human"
## [1223] "nature kind society exist demise industrial system people live close"
## [1224] "nature absence advanced technology people live feed peasants herdsmen"
## [1225] "fishermen hunters generally speaking local autonomy tend increase lack"
## [1226] "advanced technology rapid communications limit capacity governments"
## [1227] "large organizations control local communities negative consequences"
## [1228] "eliminating industrial society eat cake gain thing sacrifice people"
## [1229] "hate psychological conflict reason avoid thinking difficult social"
## [1230] "issues issues presented simple black white terms good bad revolutionary"
## [1231] "ideology developed levels sophisticated level ideology address people"
## [1232] "intelligent thoughtful rational object create core people opposed"
## [1233] "industrial system rational thought basis full appreciation problems"
## [1234] "ambiguities involved price paid rid system important attract people"
## [1235] "type capable people instrumental influencing people addressed rational"
## [1236] "level facts intentionally distorted intemperate language avoided"
## [1237] "appeal made emotions making appeal care avoid misrepresenting truth"
## [1238] "destroy intellectual respectability ideology level ideology propagated"
## [1239] "simplified form enable unthinking majority conflict technology nature"
## [1240] "unambiguous terms level ideology expressed language cheap intemperate"
## [1241] "irrational alienates people thoughtful rational type cheap intemperate"
## [1242] "propaganda achieves impressive short term gains advantageous long run"
## [1243] "loyalty small number intelligently committed people arouse passions"
## [1244] "unthinking fickle mob change attitude propaganda gimmick propaganda"
## [1245] "rabble rousing type system nearing point collapse final struggle"
## [1246] "rival ideologies determine dominant world view prior final struggle"
## [1247] "revolutionaries expect majority people side history made active"
## [1248] "determined minorities majority seldom clear consistent idea time final"
## [1249] "push revolution task revolutionaries win shallow support majority"
## [1250] "build small core deeply committed people majority make aware existence"
## [1251] "ideology remind frequently desirable majority support extent weakening"
## [1252] "core committed people kind social conflict helps destabilize system"
## [1253] "careful kind conflict encourages line conflict drawn mass people"
## [1254] "power holding elite industrial society politicians scientists upper"
## [1255] "level business executives government officials drawn revolutionaries"
## [1256] "mass people bad strategy revolutionaries condemn americans habits"
## [1257] "consumption average american portrayed victim advertising marketing"
## [1258] "industry suckered buying lot junk doesn poor compensation lost freedom"
## [1259] "approach consistent facts matter attitude blame advertising industry"
## [1260] "manipulating public blame public allowing manipulated matter strategy"
## [1261] "generally avoid blaming public encouraging social conflict power"
## [1262] "holding elite wields technology general public technology exerts"
## [1263] "power thing conflicts tend distract attention important conflicts"
## [1264] "power elite ordinary people technology nature thing conflicts tend"
## [1265] "encourage technologization side conflict technological power gain"
## [1266] "advantages adversary rivalries nations appears ethnic conflicts"
## [1267] "nations america black leaders anxious gain power african americans"
## [1268] "placing back individuals technological power elite black government"
## [1269] "officials scientists corporation executives helping absorb african"
## [1270] "american subculture technological system generally speaking encourage"
## [1271] "social conflicts fitted framework conflicts power elite ordinary"
## [1272] "people technology nature discourage ethnic conflict militant advocacy"
## [1273] "minority rights paragraphs revolutionaries emphasize minorities suffer"
## [1274] "disadvantage disadvantage peripheral significance real enemy industrial"
## [1275] "technological system struggle system ethnic distinctions importance"
## [1276] "kind revolution mind necessarily involve armed uprising government"
## [1277] "involve physical violence political revolution focus technology"
## [1278] "economics politics revolutionaries avoid assuming political power legal"
## [1279] "illegal means industrial system stressed danger point proved failure"
## [1280] "eyes people suppose green party win control united states congress"
## [1281] "election order avoid betraying watering ideology vigorous measures"
## [1282] "turn economic growth economic shrinkage average man results disastrous"
## [1283] "massive unemployment shortages commodities grosser ill effects"
## [1284] "avoided superhumanly skillful management people begin giving luxuries"
## [1285] "addicted dissatisfaction grow green party voted office revolutionaries"
## [1286] "suffered severe setback reason revolutionaries acquire political power"
## [1287] "system mess hardships resulting failures industrial system policies"
## [1288] "revolutionaries revolution technology revolution outsiders revolution"
## [1289] "revolution international worldwide carried nation nation basis suggested"
## [1290] "united states cut back technological progress economic growth people"
## [1291] "hysterical start screaming fall technology japanese ahead holy robots"
## [1292] "world fly orbit japanese sell cars nationalism great promoter technology"
## [1293] "argued democratic nations world fall technology nasty dictatorial"
## [1294] "nations china vietnam north korea continue progress eventually dictators"
## [1295] "dominate world industrial system attacked nations simultaneously extent"
## [1296] "true assurance industrial system destroyed approximately time world"
## [1297] "conceivable attempt overthrow system lead domination system dictators"
## [1298] "risk worth taking difference democratic industrial system controlled"
## [1299] "dictators small compared difference industrial system industrial argued"
## [1300] "industrial system controlled dictators preferable dictator controlled"
## [1301] "systems proved inefficient break cuba revolutionaries favoring measures"
## [1302] "tend bind world economy unified free trade agreements nafta gatt"
## [1303] "harmful environment short run long run advantageous foster economic"
## [1304] "interdependence nations easier destroy industrial system worldwide"
## [1305] "basis world economy unified breakdown major nation lead breakdown"
## [1306] "industrialized nations people line modern man power control nature"
## [1307] "argue passive attitude part human race people expressing unclearly"
## [1308] "fail distinguish power large organizations power individuals small"
## [1309] "groups mistake argue powerlessness passivity people power modern man"
## [1310] "collective entity industrial system immense power nature fc regard"
## [1311] "evil modern individuals small groups individuals power primitive man"
## [1312] "generally speaking vast power modern man nature exercised individuals"
## [1313] "small groups large organizations extent average modern individual wield"
## [1314] "power technology permitted narrow limits supervision control system"
## [1315] "license license rules regulations individual technological powers system"
## [1316] "chooses provide personal power nature slight primitive individuals small"
## [1317] "groups considerable power nature power nature primitive man needed food"
## [1318] "knew find prepare edible roots track game homemade weapons knew protect"
## [1319] "heat cold rain dangerous animals primitive man damage nature collective"
## [1320] "power primitive society negligible compared collective power industrial"
## [1321] "society arguing powerlessness passivity argue power industrial"
## [1322] "system broken greatly increase power freedom individuals small groups"
## [1323] "industrial system wrecked destruction system revolutionaries goal"
## [1324] "goals distract attention energy main goal importantly revolutionaries"
## [1325] "permit goal destruction technology tempted technology tool reaching"
## [1326] "goal give temptation fall back technological trap modern technology"
## [1327] "unified tightly organized system order retain technology finds oneself"
## [1328] "obliged retain technology ends sacrificing token amounts technology"
## [1329] "suppose revolutionaries social justice goal human nature social justice"
## [1330] "spontaneously enforced order enforce revolutionaries retain central"
## [1331] "organization control rapid long distance transportation communication"
## [1332] "technology needed support transportation communication systems feed"
## [1333] "clothe poor people agricultural manufacturing technology attempt"
## [1334] "insure social justice force retain parts technological system social"
## [1335] "justice allowed interfere effort rid technological system hopeless"
## [1336] "revolutionaries attack system modern technology communications media"
## [1337] "spread message modern technology purpose attack technological system"
## [1338] "imagine alcoholic sitting barrel wine front suppose starts wine isn"
## [1339] "bad moderation small amounts wine good won harm drink happen forget"
## [1340] "human race technology alcoholic barrel wine revolutionaries children"
## [1341] "strong scientific evidence social attitudes significant extent"
## [1342] "inherited suggests social attitude direct outcome person genetic"
## [1343] "constitution appears personality traits partly inherited personality"
## [1344] "traits tend context society make person hold social attitude objections"
## [1345] "findings raised objections feeble ideologically motivated event denies"
## [1346] "children tend average hold social attitudes similar parents point"
## [1347] "view doesn matter attitudes passed genetically childhood training"
## [1348] "case passed trouble people inclined rebel industrial system concerned"
## [1349] "population problems apt children handing world sort people support"
## [1350] "accept industrial system insure strength generation revolutionaries"
## [1351] "present generation reproduce abundantly worsening population problem"
## [1352] "slightly important problem rid industrial system industrial system"
## [1353] "world population necessarily decrease paragraph industrial system"
## [1354] "survives continue developing techniques food production enable world"
## [1355] "population increasing indefinitely regard revolutionary strategy"
## [1356] "points absolutely insist single overriding goal elimination modern"
## [1357] "technology goal allowed compete rest revolutionaries empirical approach"
## [1358] "experience recommendations made foregoing paragraphs give good results"
## [1359] "recommendations discarded kinds technology argument raised proposed"
## [1360] "revolution bound fail claimed history technology progressed regressed"
## [1361] "technological regression impossible claim false distinguish kinds"
## [1362] "technology call small scale technology organization dependent technology"
## [1363] "small scale technology technology small scale communities assistance"
## [1364] "organization dependent technology technology depends large scale social"
## [1365] "organization aware significant cases regression small scale technology"
## [1366] "organization dependent technology regress social organization depends"
## [1367] "breaks roman empire fell romans small scale technology survived clever"
## [1368] "village craftsman build instance water wheel skilled smith make steel"
## [1369] "roman methods romans organization dependent technology regress aqueducts"
## [1370] "fell disrepair rebuilt techniques road construction lost roman system"
## [1371] "urban sanitation forgotten recent times sanitation european cities equal"
## [1372] "ancient rome reason technology progress century industrial revolution"
## [1373] "technology small scale technology technology developed industrial"
## [1374] "revolution organization dependent technology refrigerator factory made"
## [1375] "parts facilities post industrial machine shop virtually impossible"
## [1376] "handful local craftsmen build refrigerator miracle succeed building"
## [1377] "useless reliable source electric power dam stream build generator"
## [1378] "generators require large amounts copper wire imagine make wire modern"
## [1379] "machinery gas suitable refrigeration easier build icehouse preserve"
## [1380] "food drying picking invention refrigerator clear industrial system"
## [1381] "broken refrigeration technology quickly lost true organization dependent"
## [1382] "technology technology lost generation centuries rebuild centuries"
## [1383] "build time surviving technical books scattered industrial society"
## [1384] "built scratch built series stages tools make tools make tools make"
## [1385] "tools long process economic development progress social organization"
## [1386] "required absence ideology opposed technology reason interested"
## [1387] "rebuilding industrial society enthusiasm progress phenomenon peculiar"
## [1388] "modern form society existed prior century thereabouts late middle"
## [1389] "ages main civilizations equally advanced europe islamic world india"
## [1390] "east china japan korea civilizations remained stable europe dynamic"
## [1391] "europe dynamic time historians theories speculation rate clear rapid"
## [1392] "development technological form society occurs special conditions reason"
## [1393] "assume long lasting technological regression brought society eventually"
## [1394] "develop industrial technological form worrying predict control events"
## [1395] "years future problems dealt people live time danger leftism rebellion"
## [1396] "membership movement leftists persons similar psychological type"
## [1397] "unattracted rebellious activist movement goals membership initially"
## [1398] "leftist resulting influx leftish types easily turn leftist movement"
## [1399] "leftist leftist goals replace distort original goals movement avoid"
## [1400] "movement exalts nature opposes technology resolutely anti leftist stance"
## [1401] "avoid collaboration leftists leftism long run inconsistent wild nature"
## [1402] "human freedom elimination modern technology leftism collectivist seeks"
## [1403] "bind entire world nature human race unified implies management nature"
## [1404] "human life organized society requires advanced technology united world"
## [1405] "rapid transportation communication make people love sophisticated"
## [1406] "psychological techniques planned society technological base leftism"
## [1407] "driven power leftist seeks power collective basis identification mass"
## [1408] "movement organization leftism give technology technology valuable"
## [1409] "source collective power anarchist seeks power seeks individual small"
## [1410] "group basis individuals small groups control circumstances lives"
## [1411] "opposes technology makes small groups dependent large organizations"
## [1412] "leftists oppose technology oppose long outsiders technological system"
## [1413] "controlled leftists leftism dominant society technological system"
## [1414] "tool hands leftists enthusiastically promote growth repeating pattern"
## [1415] "leftism shown past bolsheviks russia outsiders vigorously opposed"
## [1416] "censorship secret police advocated determination ethnic minorities"
## [1417] "power imposed tighter censorship created ruthless secret police"
## [1418] "existed tsars oppressed ethnic minorities tsars united states couple"
## [1419] "decades ago leftists minority universities leftist professors vigorous"
## [1420] "proponents academic freedom today universities leftists dominant"
## [1421] "shown ready academic freedom political correctness happen leftists"
## [1422] "technology oppress control earlier revolutions leftists power hungry"
## [1423] "type repeatedly cooperated leftist revolutionaries leftists libertarian"
## [1424] "inclination double crossed seize power robespierre french revolution"
## [1425] "bolsheviks russian revolution communists spain castro followers cuba"
## [1426] "past history leftism utterly foolish leftist revolutionaries today"
## [1427] "collaborate leftists thinkers pointed leftism kind religion leftism"
## [1428] "religion strict sense leftist doctrine postulate existence supernatural"
## [1429] "leftist leftism plays psychological role religion plays people leftist"
## [1430] "leftism plays vital role psychological economy beliefs easily modified"
## [1431] "logic facts deep conviction leftism morally capital duty impose"
## [1432] "leftist morality people referring leftists leftists describe system"
## [1433] "beliefs leftism term leftism don words designate spectrum related"
## [1434] "creeds includes feminist gay rights political correctness movements"
## [1435] "movements strong affinity left paragraphs leftism totalitarian force"
## [1436] "leftism position power invade private corner force thought leftist"
## [1437] "mold part quasi religious character leftism contrary leftist beliefs"
## [1438] "represents sin importantly leftism totalitarian force leftists drive"
## [1439] "power leftist seeks satisfy power identification social movement power"
## [1440] "process helping pursue attain goals movement paragraph matter movement"
## [1441] "attaining goals leftist satisfied activism surrogate activity paragraph"
## [1442] "leftist real motive attain ostensible goals leftism reality motivated"
## [1443] "sense power struggling reaching social goal leftist satisfied goals"
## [1444] "attained power process leads pursue goal leftist equal opportunities"
## [1445] "minorities attained insists statistical equality achievement minorities"
## [1446] "long harbors corner mind negative attitude minority leftist educated"
## [1447] "ethnic minorities allowed negative attitude homosexuals disabled"
## [1448] "people fat people people ugly people public informed hazards smoking"
## [1449] "warning stamped package cigarettes cigarette advertising restricted"
## [1450] "banned activists satisfied tobacco outlawed alcohol junk food activists"
## [1451] "fought gross child abuse reasonable stop spanking ban unwholesome"
## [1452] "thing satisfied complete control child rearing practices move suppose"
## [1453] "asked leftists make list things wrong society suppose instituted social"
## [1454] "change demanded safe couple years majority leftists find complain"
## [1455] "social evil correct leftist motivated distress society ills satisfy"
## [1456] "drive power imposing solutions society restrictions thoughts behavior"
## [1457] "high level socialization leftists socialized type pursue power ways"
## [1458] "people drive power morally acceptable outlet struggle impose morality"
## [1459] "leftists oversocialized type true believers sense eric hoffer book"
## [1460] "true believer true believers psychological type leftists true believing"
## [1461] "nazi instance psychologically true believing leftist capacity single"
## [1462] "minded devotion true believers ingredient revolutionary movement"
## [1463] "presents problem admit don deal aren harness energies true believer"
## [1464] "revolution technology present true believer make safe recruit revolution"
## [1465] "commitment exclusively destruction technology committed ideal technology"
## [1466] "tool pursuing ideal paragraphs readers stuff leftism lot crap john"
## [1467] "jane leftish types don totalitarian tendencies true leftists possibly"
## [1468] "numerical majority decent people sincerely tolerating values point"
## [1469] "wouldn high handed methods reach social goals remarks leftism meant"
## [1470] "apply individual leftist describe general character leftism movement"
## [1471] "general character movement necessarily determined numerical proportions"
## [1472] "kinds people involved movement people rise positions power leftist"
## [1473] "movements tend leftists power hungry type power hungry people strive"
## [1474] "hardest positions power power hungry types captured control movement"
## [1475] "leftists gentler breed inwardly disapprove actions leaders bring oppose"
## [1476] "faith movement give faith leaders true leftists guts oppose totalitarian"
## [1477] "tendencies emerge generally lose power hungry types organized ruthless"
## [1478] "machiavellian care build strong power base phenomena appeared russia"
## [1479] "countries leftists similarly breakdown communism ussr leftish types"
## [1480] "west seldom criticize country prodded admit ussr wrong things find"
## [1481] "excuses communists begin talking faults west opposed western military"
## [1482] "resistance communist aggression leftish types world vigorously protested"
## [1483] "military action vietnam ussr invaded afghanistan approved soviet actions"
## [1484] "leftist faith couldn bear put opposition communism today universities"
## [1485] "political correctness dominant leftish types privately disapprove"
## [1486] "suppression academic freedom fact individual leftists personally mild"
## [1487] "fairly tolerant people means prevents leftism form totalitarian tendency"
## [1488] "discussion leftism weakness clear word leftist doesn today leftism"
## [1489] "fragmented spectrum activist movements activist movements leftist"
## [1490] "activist movements radical environmentalism include personalities"
## [1491] "leftist type personalities leftist types collaborate leftists varieties"
## [1492] "leftists fade gradually varieties leftists hard pressed decide"
## [1493] "individual leftist extent defined conception leftism defined discussion"
## [1494] "article advise reader judgment deciding leftist helpful list criteria"
## [1495] "diagnosing leftism criteria applied cut dried manner individuals meet"
## [1496] "criteria leftists leftists meet criteria judgment leftist oriented"
## [1497] "large scale collectivism emphasizes duty individual serve society duty"
## [1498] "society care individual negative attitude individualism takes moralistic"
## [1499] "tone gun control sex education psychologically enlightened educational"
## [1500] "methods social planning affirmative action multiculturalism identify"
## [1501] "victims competition violence finds excuses leftists commit violence"
## [1502] "fond common catch phrases left racism sexism homophobia capitalism"
## [1503] "imperialism neocolonialism genocide social change social justice social"
## [1504] "responsibility diagnostic trait leftist tendency sympathize movements"
## [1505] "feminism gay rights ethnic rights disability rights animal rights"
## [1506] "political correctness strongly sympathizes movements leftist dangerous"
## [1507] "leftists power hungry characterized arrogance dogmatic approach ideology"
## [1508] "dangerous leftists oversocialized types avoid irritating displays"
## [1509] "aggressiveness refrain advertising leftism work quietly unobtrusively"
## [1510] "promote collectivist values enlightened psychological techniques"
## [1511] "socializing children dependence individual system crypto leftists"
## [1512] "call approximate bourgeois types practical action concerned differ"
## [1513] "psychology ideology motivation ordinary bourgeois bring people control"
## [1514] "system order protect life simply attitudes conventional crypto leftist"
## [1515] "bring people control system true believer collectivistic ideology"
## [1516] "crypto leftist differentiated average leftist oversocialized type fact"
## [1517] "rebellious impulse weaker securely socialized differentiated ordinary"
## [1518] "socialized bourgeois fact deep lack makes devote immerse collectivity"
## [1519] "sublimated drive power stronger average bourgeois final note article ve"
## [1520] "made imprecise statements statements sorts qualifications reservations"
## [1521] "attached statements flatly false lack sufficient information brevity"
## [1522] "made impossible formulate assertions precisely add qualifications"
## [1523] "discussion kind rely heavily intuitive judgment wrong don claim"
## [1524] "article expresses crude approximation truth confident general outlines"
## [1525] "picture painted roughly correct weak point mentioned portrayed leftism"
## [1526] "modern form phenomenon peculiar time symptom disruption power process"
## [1527] "possibly wrong oversocialized types satisfy drive power imposing"
## [1528] "morality long time decisive role played feelings inferiority low"
## [1529] "esteem powerlessness identification victims people victims peculiarity"
## [1530] "modern leftism identification victims people victims extent century"
## [1531] "leftism early christianity make symptoms low esteem evident movements"
## [1532] "movements modern leftism position assert confidently movements existed"
## [1533] "prior modern leftism significant question historians give attention"
## [1534] "notes paragraph asserting bullies ruthless competitors suffer feelings"
## [1535] "inferiority paragraph victorian period oversocialized people suffered"
## [1536] "psychological problems result repressing repress sexual feelings freud"
## [1537] "apparently based theories people type today focus socialization shifted"
## [1538] "sex aggression paragraph necessarily including specialists engineering"
## [1539] "hard sciences paragraph individuals middle upper classes resist values"
## [1540] "resistance covert resistance appears mass media limited extent main"
## [1541] "thrust propaganda society favor stated values main reason values speak"
## [1542] "official values society industrial system violence discouraged disrupts"
## [1543] "functioning system racism discouraged ethnic conflicts disrupt system"
## [1544] "discrimination wastes talents minority group members system poverty"
## [1545] "cured underclass problems system contact underclass lowers morale"
## [1546] "classes women encouraged careers talents system importantly regular"
## [1547] "jobs women integrated system tied directly families helps weaken family"
## [1548] "solidarity leaders system strengthen family family serve effective tool"
## [1549] "socializing children accord system argue paragraphs system afford family"
## [1550] "small scale social groups strong autonomous paragraph argued majority"
## [1551] "people don make decisions leaders thinking element truth people make"
## [1552] "decisions small matters making decisions difficult fundamental questions"
## [1553] "requires facing psychological conflict people hate psychological"
## [1554] "conflict tend lean making difficult decisions follow decisions imposed"
## [1555] "opportunity influence decisions majority people natural followers"
## [1556] "leaders direct personal access leaders influence leaders participate"
## [1557] "extent making difficult decisions degree autonomy paragraph symptoms"
## [1558] "listed similar shown caged animals explain symptoms arise deprivation"
## [1559] "respect power process common sense understanding human nature tells lack"
## [1560] "goals attainment requires effort leads boredom boredom long continued"
## [1561] "leads eventually depression failure attain goals leads frustration"
## [1562] "lowering esteem frustration leads anger anger aggression form spouse"
## [1563] "child abuse shown long continued frustration commonly leads depression"
## [1564] "depression guilt sleep disorders eating disorders bad feelings oneself"
## [1565] "tending depression seek pleasure antidote insatiable hedonism excessive"
## [1566] "sex perversions means kicks boredom excessive pleasure seeking lacking"
## [1567] "goals people pleasure goal accompanying diagram foregoing simplification"
## [1568] "reality complex deprivation respect power process symptoms mention"
## [1569] "depression necessarily depression severe treated psychiatrist mild"
## [1570] "forms depression involved speak goals necessarily long term thought"
## [1571] "goals people human history goals hand mouth existence providing"
## [1572] "oneself family food day day sufficient paragraph partial exception"
## [1573] "made passive groups amish effect wider society genuine small scale"
## [1574] "communities exist america today instance youth gangs cults dangerous"
## [1575] "members groups loyal primarily system system control gypsies gypsies"
## [1576] "commonly theft fraud loyalties gypsies give testimony proves innocence"
## [1577] "system trouble people belonged groups early century chinese thinkers"
## [1578] "concerned modernizing china recognized necessity breaking small"
## [1579] "scale social groups family sun yat sen chinese people needed surge"
## [1580] "patriotism lead transfer loyalty family state li huang traditional"
## [1581] "attachments family abandoned nationalism develop china chester tan"
## [1582] "chinese political thought twentieth century page page paragraph century"
## [1583] "america problems sake brevity express simplified terms paragraph leave"
## [1584] "underclass speaking mainstream paragraph social scientists educators"
## [1585] "mental health professionals push social drives group satisfactory"
## [1586] "social life paragraphs drive endless material acquisition artificial"
## [1587] "creation advertising marketing industry innate human drive material"
## [1588] "acquisition cultures people desired material wealth satisfy basic"
## [1589] "physical australian aborigines traditional mexican peasant culture"
## [1590] "african cultures hand pre industrial cultures material acquisition"
## [1591] "played important role claim today acquisition oriented culture"
## [1592] "exclusively creation advertising marketing industry clear advertising"
## [1593] "marketing industry important part creating culture big corporations"
## [1594] "spend millions advertising wouldn spending kind money solid proof back"
## [1595] "increased sales member fc met sales manager couple years ago frank"
## [1596] "job make people buy things don don untrained novice present people"
## [1597] "facts product make sales trained experienced professional salesman"
## [1598] "make lots sales people shows people manipulated buying things don"
## [1599] "paragraph problem purposelessness years people feel secure physically"
## [1600] "economically earlier security goal purposelessness replaced frustration"
## [1601] "difficulty attaining security emphasize problem purposelessness liberals"
## [1602] "leftists solve social problems society guarantee security bring back"
## [1603] "problem purposelessness real issue society poorly people security"
## [1604] "trouble people dependent system security hands part reason people"
## [1605] "worked bear arms possession gun puts aspect security hands paragraph"
## [1606] "conservatives efforts decrease amount government regulation benefit"
## [1607] "average man thing fraction regulations eliminated regulations thing"
## [1608] "deregulation affects business average individual main effect power"
## [1609] "government give private corporations means average man government"
## [1610] "interference life replaced interference big corporations permitted"
## [1611] "dump chemicals water supply give cancer conservatives taking average"
## [1612] "man sucker exploiting resentment big government promote power big"
## [1613] "business paragraph approves purpose propaganda case generally calls"
## [1614] "education applies similar euphemism propaganda propaganda purpose"
## [1615] "paragraph expressing approval disapproval panama invasion illustrate"
## [1616] "point paragraph american colonies british rule fewer effective legal"
## [1617] "guarantees freedom american constitution effect personal freedom pre"
## [1618] "industrial america war independence industrial revolution hold country"
## [1619] "quote violence america historical comparative perspectives edited"
## [1620] "hugh davis graham ted robert gurr chapter roger lane pages progressive"
## [1621] "heightening standards propriety increasing reliance official law"
## [1622] "enforcement century america common society change social behavior long"
## [1623] "term widespread suggest connection fundamental contemporary social"
## [1624] "processes industrial urbanization massachusetts population percent"
## [1625] "rural overwhelmingly preindustrial native born citizens considerable"
## [1626] "personal freedom teamsters farmers artisans accustomed setting schedules"
## [1627] "nature work made physically independent individual problems sins crimes"
## [1628] "generally wider social concern impact twin movements city factory"
## [1629] "gathering force progressive effect personal behavior century factory"
## [1630] "demanded regularity behavior life governed obedience rhythms clock"
## [1631] "calendar demands foreman supervisor city town living closely packed"
## [1632] "neighborhoods inhibited actions previously unobjectionable blue white"
## [1633] "collar employees larger establishments mutually dependent fellows"
## [1634] "man work fit anther man business longer results organization life"
## [1635] "work apparent percent inhabitants massachusetts classified urbanites"
## [1636] "violent irregular behavior tolerable casual independent society"
## [1637] "longer acceptable formalized cooperative atmosphere period move cities"
## [1638] "short produced tractable socialized civilized generation predecessors"
## [1639] "paragraph apologists system fond citing cases elections decided votes"
## [1640] "cases rare paragraph today technologically advanced lands men live"
## [1641] "similar lives spite geographical religious political differences daily"
## [1642] "lives christian bank clerk chicago buddhist bank clerk tokyo communist"
## [1643] "bank clerk moscow alike life single man lived thousand years ago"
## [1644] "similarities result common technology sprague de camp ancient engineers"
## [1645] "ballantine edition page lives bank clerks identical ideology effect"
## [1646] "technological societies order survive evolve approximately trajectory"
## [1647] "paragraph irresponsible genetic engineer create lot terrorists paragraph"
## [1648] "undesirable consequences medical progress suppose reliable cure cancer"
## [1649] "discovered treatment expensive elite greatly reduce incentive stop"
## [1650] "escape carcinogens environment paragraph people find paradoxical notion"
## [1651] "large number good things add bad thing illustrate analogy suppose mr"
## [1652] "playing chess mr mr grand master mr shoulder mr win game mr points"
## [1653] "good move make mr favor suppose mr tells mr make moves instance mr"
## [1654] "favor showing move making moves spoils game point mr playing game makes"
## [1655] "moves situation modern man analogous mr system makes individual life"
## [1656] "easier innumerable ways deprives control fate paragraph conflict values"
## [1657] "mainstream sake simplicity leave picture outsider values idea wild"
## [1658] "nature important human economic welfare paragraph interest necessarily"
## [1659] "material interest consist fulfillment psychological promoting ideology"
## [1660] "religion paragraph qualification interest system permit prescribed"
## [1661] "degree freedom areas economic freedom suitable limitations restraints"
## [1662] "proved effective promoting economic growth planned circumscribed"
## [1663] "limited freedom interest system individual leash leash long paragraphs"
## [1664] "paragraph don suggest efficiency potential survival society inversely"
## [1665] "proportional amount pressure discomfort society subjects people case"
## [1666] "good reason primitive societies subjected people pressure european"
## [1667] "society european society proved efficient primitive society won"
## [1668] "conflicts societies advantages conferred technology paragraph effective"
## [1669] "law enforcement unequivocally good suppresses crime remember crime"
## [1670] "defined system necessarily call crime today smoking marijuana crime"
## [1671] "places possession unregistered handgun tomorrow possession firearm"
## [1672] "registered made crime thing happen disapproved methods child rearing"
## [1673] "spanking countries expression dissident political opinions crime"
## [1674] "certainty happen constitution political system lasts forever society"
## [1675] "large powerful law enforcement establishment gravely wrong society"
## [1676] "subjecting people severe pressures refuse follow rules follow forced"
## [1677] "societies past formal law enforcement paragraph past societies means"
## [1678] "influencing human behavior primitive low effectiveness compared"
## [1679] "technological means developed paragraph psychologists publicly expressed"
## [1680] "opinions indicating contempt human freedom mathematician claude shannon"
## [1681] "quoted omni august visualize time robots dogs humans rooting machines"
## [1682] "paragraph science fiction writing paragraph article scientific american"
## [1683] "scientists actively developing techniques identifying future criminals"
## [1684] "treating combination biological psychological means scientists advocate"
## [1685] "compulsory application treatment future seeking criminal element wayt"
## [1686] "gibbs scientific american march treatment applied violent criminals"
## [1687] "won stop treatment applied drunk drivers endanger human life peel"
## [1688] "spank children environmentalists sabotage logging equipment eventually"
## [1689] "behavior inconvenient system paragraph advantage nature counter ideal"
## [1690] "technology people nature inspires kind reverence religion nature"
## [1691] "idealized religious basis true societies religion served support"
## [1692] "justification established order true religion provided basis rebellion"
## [1693] "introduce religious element rebellion technology western society"
## [1694] "today strong religious foundation religion nowadays cheap transparent"
## [1695] "support narrow short sighted selfishness conservatives cynically"
## [1696] "exploited make easy money evangelists degenerated crude irrationalism"
## [1697] "fundamentalist protestant sects cults simply stagnant catholicism main"
## [1698] "line protestantism nearest thing strong widespread dynamic religion"
## [1699] "west recent times quasi religion leftism leftism today fragmented clear"
## [1700] "unified inspiring goal religious vacuum society filled religion focused"
## [1701] "nature opposition technology mistake concoct artificially religion fill"
## [1702] "role invented religion failure gaia religion adherents play acting play"
## [1703] "acting religion flop end introduce religion conflict nature technology"
## [1704] "religion find arouses deep strong genuine response people paragraph"
## [1705] "assuming final push occurs conceivably industrial system eliminated"
## [1706] "gradual piecemeal fashion paragraphs note paragraph conceivable remotely"
## [1707] "revolution consist massive change attitudes technology resulting"
## [1708] "gradual painless disintegration industrial system ll lucky transition"
## [1709] "nontechnological society difficult full conflicts disasters paragraph"
## [1710] "economic technological structure society important political structure"
## [1711] "determining average man lives paragraphs notes paragraph statement"
## [1712] "refers brand anarchism wide variety social attitudes called anarchist"
## [1713] "anarchists accept statement paragraph noted nonviolent anarchist"
## [1714] "movement members accept fc anarchist approve fc violent methods"
## [1715] "paragraph leftists motivated hostility hostility results part frustrated"
## [1716] "power paragraph important understand sympathizes movements exist today"
## [1717] "society believes women homosexuals equal rights leftist feminist gay"
## [1718] "rights movements exist society ideological tone characterizes leftism"
## [1719] "believes women equal rights necessarily follow sympathize feminist"
## [1720] "movement exists today copyright problems make impossible long quotation"
## [1721] "printed change note read paragraph american colonies british rule fewer"
## [1722] "effective legal guarantees freedom american constitution effect personal"
## [1723] "freedom pre industrial america war independence industrial revolution"
## [1724] "hold country violence america historical comparative perspectives edited"
## [1725] "hugh davis graham ted robert gurr chapter roger lane explained pre"
## [1726] "industrial america average person greater independence autonomy today"
## [1727] "process industrialization necessarily led restriction personal freedom"Strip singletons
Use a regular expression to get rid of any individual letter fragments.
una2 <- gsub("\\b[a-z]\\b{1}", " ", una2) #This means find any letter that starts a word that is one letter long and replace it with a space in the vector una6.
una2 %>% stri_wrap() %>% print()## [1] "industrial society future introduction industrial revolution"
## [2] "consequences disaster human race greatly increased life expectancy live"
## [3] "advanced countries destabilized society made life unfulfilling subjected"
## [4] "human beings indignities led widespread psychological suffering world"
## [5] "physical suffering inflicted severe damage natural world continued"
## [6] "development technology worsen situation subject human beings greater"
## [7] "indignities inflict greater damage natural world lead greater social"
## [8] "disruption psychological suffering lead increased physical suffering"
## [9] "advanced countries industrial technological system survive break"
## [10] "survives eventually achieve low level physical psychological suffering"
## [11] "passing long painful period adjustment cost permanently reducing human"
## [12] "beings living organisms engineered products mere cogs social machine"
## [13] "system survives consequences inevitable reforming modifying system"
## [14] "prevent depriving people dignity autonomy system breaks consequences"
## [15] "painful bigger system grows disastrous results breakdown break break"
## [16] "sooner advocate revolution industrial system revolution make violence"
## [17] "sudden gradual process spanning decades predict outline general measures"
## [18] "hate industrial system order prepare revolution form society political"
## [19] "revolution object overthrow governments economic technological basis"
## [20] "present society article give attention negative developments grown"
## [21] "industrial technological system developments mention briefly ignore"
## [22] "altogether regard developments unimportant practical reasons confine"
## [23] "discussion areas received insufficient public attention developed"
## [24] "environmental wilderness movements written environmental degradation"
## [25] "destruction wild nature highly important psychology modern leftism agree"
## [26] "live deeply troubled society widespread manifestations craziness world"
## [27] "leftism discussion psychology leftism serve introduction discussion"
## [28] "problems modern society general leftism half century leftism practically"
## [29] "identified socialism today movement fragmented clear properly called"
## [30] "leftist speak leftists article mind socialists collectivists politically"
## [31] "correct types feminists gay disability activists animal rights activists"
## [32] "movements leftist discussing leftism movement ideology psychological"
## [33] "type collection related types leftism emerge discussion leftist"
## [34] "psychology paragraphs conception leftism remain good deal clear doesn"
## [35] "remedy rough approximate psychological tendencies main driving force"
## [36] "modern leftism means claim telling truth leftist psychology discussion"
## [37] "meant apply modern leftism leave open question extent discussion applied"
## [38] "leftists early centuries psychological tendencies underlie modern"
## [39] "leftism call feelings inferiority oversocialization feelings inferiority"
## [40] "characteristic modern leftism oversocialization characteristic segment"
## [41] "modern leftism segment highly influential feelings inferiority feelings"
## [42] "inferiority inferiority feelings strict sense spectrum related traits"
## [43] "low esteem feelings powerlessness depressive tendencies defeatism guilt"
## [44] "hatred argue modern leftists tend feelings possibly repressed feelings"
## [45] "decisive determining direction modern leftism interprets derogatory"
## [46] "groups identifies conclude inferiority feelings low esteem tendency"
## [47] "pronounced minority rights activists belong minority groups rights"
## [48] "defend hypersensitive words designate minorities minorities terms"
## [49] "negro oriental handicapped chick african asian disabled person woman"
## [50] "originally derogatory connotation broad chick feminine equivalents guy"
## [51] "dude fellow negative connotations attached terms activists animal rights"
## [52] "activists reject word pet insist replacement animal companion leftish"
## [53] "anthropologists great lengths avoid primitive peoples conceivably"
## [54] "interpreted negative replace world primitive nonliterate paranoid"
## [55] "suggest primitive culture inferior imply primitive cultures inferior"
## [56] "point hypersensitivity leftish anthropologists sensitive politically"
## [57] "incorrect terminology average black ghetto dweller asian immigrant"
## [58] "abused woman disabled person minority activists belong oppressed group"
## [59] "privileged strata society political correctness stronghold university"
## [60] "professors secure employment comfortable salaries majority heterosexual"
## [61] "white males middle upper middle class families leftists intense"
## [62] "identification problems groups image weak women defeated american"
## [63] "indians repellent homosexuals inferior leftists feel groups inferior"
## [64] "admit feelings precisely groups inferior identify problems suggest women"
## [65] "indians inferior making point leftist psychology feminists desperately"
## [66] "anxious prove women strong capable men nagged fear women strong capable"
## [67] "men leftists tend hate image strong good successful hate america hate"
## [68] "western civilization hate white males hate rationality reasons leftists"
## [69] "give hating west correspond real motives hate west warlike imperialistic"
## [70] "sexist ethnocentric faults socialist countries primitive cultures"
## [71] "leftist finds excuses grudgingly admits exist enthusiastically points"
## [72] "greatly exaggerates faults western civilization clear faults leftist"
## [73] "real motive hating america west hates america west strong successful"
## [74] "words confidence reliance initiative enterprise optimism play role"
## [75] "liberal leftist vocabulary leftist anti individualistic pro collectivist"
## [76] "society solve problems satisfy care sort person sense confidence ability"
## [77] "solve problems satisfy leftist antagonistic concept competition deep"
## [78] "inside feels loser art forms appeal modern leftish intellectuals tend"
## [79] "focus sordidness defeat despair orgiastic tone throwing rational control"
## [80] "hope accomplishing rational calculation left immerse oneself sensations"
## [81] "moment modern leftish philosophers tend dismiss reason science objective"
## [82] "reality insist culturally relative true questions foundations scientific"
## [83] "knowledge concept objective reality defined obvious modern leftish"
## [84] "philosophers simply cool headed logicians systematically analyzing"
## [85] "foundations knowledge deeply involved emotionally attack truth"
## [86] "reality attack concepts psychological thing attack outlet hostility"
## [87] "extent successful satisfies drive power importantly leftist hates"
## [88] "science rationality classify beliefs true successful superior beliefs"
## [89] "false failed inferior leftist feelings inferiority run deep tolerate"
## [90] "classification things successful superior things failed inferior"
## [91] "underlies rejection leftists concept mental illness utility iq tests"
## [92] "leftists antagonistic genetic explanations human abilities behavior"
## [93] "explanations tend make persons superior inferior leftists prefer"
## [94] "give society credit blame individual ability lack person inferior"
## [95] "fault society brought properly leftist typically kind person feelings"
## [96] "inferiority make braggart egotist bully promoter ruthless competitor"
## [97] "kind person wholly lost faith deficit sense power worth conceive"
## [98] "capacity strong efforts make strong produce unpleasant behavior leftist"
## [99] "feelings inferiority ingrained conceive individually strong valuable"
## [100] "collectivism leftist feel strong member large organization mass movement"
## [101] "identifies notice masochistic tendency leftist tactics leftists protest"
## [102] "lying front vehicles intentionally provoke police racists abuse tactics"
## [103] "effective leftists means end prefer masochistic tactics hatred leftist"
## [104] "trait leftists claim activism motivated compassion moral principles"
## [105] "moral principle play role leftist oversocialized type compassion moral"
## [106] "principle main motives leftist activism hostility prominent component"
## [107] "leftist behavior drive power leftist behavior rationally calculated"
## [108] "benefit people leftists claim believes affirmative action good black"
## [109] "people make sense demand affirmative action hostile dogmatic terms"
## [110] "productive diplomatic conciliatory approach make verbal symbolic"
## [111] "concessions white people affirmative action discriminates leftist"
## [112] "activists approach satisfy emotional helping black people real goal"
## [113] "race problems serve excuse express hostility frustrated power harm black"
## [114] "people activists hostile attitude white majority intensify race hatred"
## [115] "society social problems leftists invent problems order provide excuse"
## [116] "making fuss emphasize foregoing pretend accurate description considered"
## [117] "leftist rough indication general tendency leftism oversocialization"
## [118] "psychologists term socialization designate process children trained"
## [119] "act society demands person socialized believes obeys moral code society"
## [120] "fits functioning part society senseless leftists oversocialized leftist"
## [121] "perceived rebel position defended leftists rebels moral code society"
## [122] "demanding feel act completely moral supposed hate hates time admits"
## [123] "people highly socialized attempt feel act morally imposes severe burden"
## [124] "order avoid feelings guilt continually deceive motives find moral"
## [125] "explanations feelings actions reality moral origin term oversocialized"
## [126] "describe people oversocialization lead low esteem sense powerlessness"
## [127] "defeatism guilt important means society socializes children making"
## [128] "feel ashamed behavior speech contrary society expectations overdone"
## [129] "child susceptible feelings ends feeling ashamed thought behavior"
## [130] "oversocialized person restricted society expectations lightly socialized"
## [131] "person majority people engage significant amount naughty behavior lie"
## [132] "commit petty thefts break traffic laws goof work hate spiteful things"
## [133] "underhanded trick ahead guy oversocialized person things generates"
## [134] "sense shame hatred oversocialized person experience guilt thoughts"
## [135] "feelings contrary accepted morality unclean thoughts socialization"
## [136] "matter morality socialized conform norms behavior fall heading"
## [137] "morality oversocialized person psychological leash spends life running"
## [138] "rails society laid oversocialized people results sense constraint"
## [139] "powerlessness severe hardship suggest oversocialization cruelties"
## [140] "human beings inflict argue important influential segment modern left"
## [141] "oversocialized oversocialization great importance determining direction"
## [142] "modern leftism leftists oversocialized type tend intellectuals members"
## [143] "upper middle class notice university intellectuals constitute highly"
## [144] "socialized segment society left wing segment leftist oversocialized"
## [145] "type psychological leash assert autonomy rebelling strong rebel basic"
## [146] "values society generally speaking goals today leftists conflict accepted"
## [147] "morality contrary left takes accepted moral principle adopts accuses"
## [148] "mainstream society violating principle examples racial equality equality"
## [149] "sexes helping poor people peace opposed war nonviolence generally"
## [150] "freedom expression kindness animals fundamentally duty individual"
## [151] "serve society duty society care individual deeply rooted values"
## [152] "society middle upper classes long time values explicitly implicitly"
## [153] "expressed presupposed material presented mainstream communications media"
## [154] "educational system leftists oversocialized type rebel principles justify"
## [155] "hostility society claiming degree truth society living principles"
## [156] "illustration oversocialized leftist shows real attachment conventional"
## [157] "attitudes society pretending rebellion leftists push affirmative action"
## [158] "moving black people high prestige jobs improved education black schools"
## [159] "money schools life black underclass regard social disgrace integrate"
## [160] "black man system make business executive lawyer scientist upper middle"
## [161] "class white people leftists reply thing make black man copy white man"
## [162] "preserve african american culture preservation african american culture"
## [163] "consist consist eating black style food listening black style music"
## [164] "wearing black style clothing black style church mosque words express"
## [165] "superficial matters essential respects leftists oversocialized type"
## [166] "make black man conform white middle class ideals make study technical"
## [167] "subjects executive scientist spend life climbing status ladder prove"
## [168] "black people good white make black fathers responsible black gangs"
## [169] "nonviolent values industrial technological system system couldn care"
## [170] "kind music man listens kind clothes wears religion believes long"
## [171] "studies school holds respectable job climbs status ladder responsible"
## [172] "parent nonviolent effect deny oversocialized leftist integrate black"
## [173] "man system make adopt values claim leftists oversocialized type rebel"
## [174] "fundamental values society oversocialized leftists rebel modern society"
## [175] "important principles engaging physical violence account violence form"
## [176] "liberation words committing violence break psychological restraints"
## [177] "trained oversocialized restraints confining break free justify"
## [178] "rebellion terms mainstream values engage violence claim fighting"
## [179] "racism realize objections raised foregoing thumbnail sketch leftist"
## [180] "psychology real situation complex complete description volumes data"
## [181] "claim roughly important tendencies psychology modern leftism problems"
## [182] "leftist indicative problems society low esteem depressive tendencies"
## [183] "defeatism restricted left noticeable left widespread society today"
## [184] "society socialize greater extent previous society told experts eat"
## [185] "exercise make love raise kids power process human beings based biology"
## [186] "call power process closely related power widely recognized thing power"
## [187] "process elements clear cut call goal effort attainment goal goals"
## [188] "attainment requires effort succeed attaining goals fourth element"
## [189] "difficult define call autonomy discuss paragraphs hypothetical case"
## [190] "man wishing man power develop psychological problems lot fun acutely"
## [191] "bored demoralized eventually clinically depressed history shows"
## [192] "leisured aristocracies tend decadent true fighting aristocracies"
## [193] "struggle maintain power leisured secure aristocracies exert bored"
## [194] "hedonistic demoralized power shows power goals exercise power goals"
## [195] "obtain physical necessities life food water clothing shelter made"
## [196] "climate leisured aristocrat obtains things effort boredom demoralization"
## [197] "nonattainment important goals results death goals physical necessities"
## [198] "frustration nonattainment goals compatible survival consistent failure"
## [199] "attain goals life results defeatism low esteem depression order avoid"
## [200] "psychological problems human goals attainment requires effort reasonable"
## [201] "rate success attaining goals surrogate activities leisured aristocrat"
## [202] "bored demoralized emperor hirohito sinking decadent hedonism devoted"
## [203] "marine biology field distinguished people exert satisfy physical"
## [204] "set artificial goals cases pursue goals energy emotional involvement"
## [205] "put search physical necessities aristocrats roman empire literary"
## [206] "pretensions european aristocrats centuries ago invested tremendous"
## [207] "time energy hunting didn meat aristocracies competed status elaborate"
## [208] "displays wealth aristocrats hirohito turned science term surrogate"
## [209] "activity designate activity directed artificial goal people set order"
## [210] "goal work sake fulfillment pursuing goal rule thumb identification"
## [211] "surrogate activities person devotes time energy pursuit goal devote time"
## [212] "energy satisfying biological effort required physical mental faculties"
## [213] "varied interesting feel deprived attain goal answer person pursuit goal"
## [214] "surrogate activity hirohito studies marine biology constituted surrogate"
## [215] "activity pretty hirohito spend time working interesting scientific"
## [216] "tasks order obtain necessities life felt deprived didn anatomy life"
## [217] "cycles marine animals hand pursuit sex love surrogate activity people"
## [218] "existence satisfactory feel deprived passed lives relationship member"
## [219] "opposite sex pursuit excessive amount sex surrogate activity modern"
## [220] "industrial society minimal effort satisfy physical training program"
## [221] "acquire petty technical skill work time exert modest effort needed"
## [222] "hold job requirements moderate amount intelligence simple obedience"
## [223] "society takes care cradle grave underclass physical necessities granted"
## [224] "speaking mainstream society surprising modern society full surrogate"
## [225] "activities include scientific work athletic achievement humanitarian"
## [226] "work artistic literary creation climbing corporate ladder acquisition"
## [227] "money material goods point cease give additional physical satisfaction"
## [228] "social activism addresses issues important activist personally"
## [229] "case white activists work rights nonwhite minorities pure surrogate"
## [230] "activities people motivated part goal pursue scientific work motivated"
## [231] "part drive prestige artistic creation express feelings militant social"
## [232] "activism hostility people pursue activities large part surrogate"
## [233] "activities majority scientists agree fulfillment work important money"
## [234] "prestige earn people surrogate activities satisfying pursuit real"
## [235] "goals goals people attain power process fulfilled indication fact"
## [236] "cases people deeply involved surrogate activities satisfied rest"
## [237] "money maker constantly strives wealth scientist sooner solves problem"
## [238] "moves long distance runner drives run farther faster people pursue"
## [239] "surrogate activities fulfillment activities mundane business satisfying"
## [240] "biological society effort needed satisfy biological reduced triviality"
## [241] "importantly society people satisfy biological autonomously functioning"
## [242] "parts immense social machine contrast people generally great deal"
## [243] "autonomy pursuing surrogate activities autonomy autonomy part power"
## [244] "process individual people greater lesser degree autonomy working goals"
## [245] "efforts undertaken initiative direction control people exert initiative"
## [246] "direction control single individuals act member small group half dozen"
## [247] "people discuss goal make successful joint effort attain goal power"
## [248] "process served work rigid orders handed leave room autonomous decision"
## [249] "initiative power process served true decisions made collective basis"
## [250] "group making collective decision large role individual insignificant"
## [251] "true individuals autonomy drive power weak satisfy identifying powerful"
## [252] "organization belong unthinking animal types satisfied purely physical"
## [253] "sense power good combat soldier sense power developing fighting skills"
## [254] "content blind obedience superiors people power process goal making"
## [255] "autonomous effort attaining goal esteem confidence sense power acquired"
## [256] "adequate opportunity power process consequences depending individual"
## [257] "power process disrupted boredom demoralization low esteem inferiority"
## [258] "feelings defeatism depression anxiety guilt frustration hostility"
## [259] "spouse child abuse insatiable hedonism abnormal sexual behavior sleep"
## [260] "disorders eating disorders sources social problems foregoing symptoms"
## [261] "occur society modern industrial society present massive scale aren"
## [262] "mention world today crazy sort thing normal human societies good reason"
## [263] "primitive man suffered stress frustration satisfied life modern man"
## [264] "true sweetness light primitive societies abuse women common australian"
## [265] "aborigines transexuality fairly common american indian tribes generally"
## [266] "speaking kinds problems listed preceding paragraph common primitive"
## [267] "peoples modern society attribute social psychological problems modern"
## [268] "society fact society requires people live conditions radically human"
## [269] "race evolved behave ways conflict patterns behavior human race developed"
## [270] "living earlier conditions clear written lack opportunity properly"
## [271] "experience power process important abnormal conditions modern society"
## [272] "subjects people dealing disruption power process source social problems"
## [273] "discuss sources abnormal conditions present modern industrial society"
## [274] "excessive density population isolation man nature excessive rapidity"
## [275] "social change breakdown natural small scale communities extended"
## [276] "family village tribe crowding increases stress aggression degree"
## [277] "crowding exists today isolation man nature consequences technological"
## [278] "progress pre industrial societies predominantly rural industrial"
## [279] "revolution vastly increased size cities proportion population lives"
## [280] "modern agricultural technology made earth support denser population"
## [281] "technology exacerbates effects crowding puts increased disruptive"
## [282] "powers people hands variety noise making devices power mowers radios"
## [283] "motorcycles devices unrestricted people peace quiet frustrated noise"
## [284] "restricted people devices frustrated regulations machines invented"
## [285] "conflict frustration generated primitive societies natural world"
## [286] "slowly provided stable framework sense security modern world human"
## [287] "society dominates nature modern society rapidly owing technological"
## [288] "change stable framework conservatives fools whine decay traditional"
## [289] "values enthusiastically support technological progress economic"
## [290] "growth apparently occurs make rapid drastic technology economy society"
## [291] "causing rapid aspects society rapid inevitably break traditional"
## [292] "values breakdown traditional values extent implies breakdown bonds"
## [293] "hold traditional small scale social groups disintegration small scale"
## [294] "social groups promoted fact modern conditions require tempt individuals"
## [295] "move locations separating communities technological society weaken"
## [296] "family ties local communities function efficiently modern society"
## [297] "individual loyalty system secondarily small scale community internal"
## [298] "loyalties small scale communities stronger loyalty system communities"
## [299] "pursue advantage expense system suppose public official corporation"
## [300] "executive appoints cousin friend religionist position appointing"
## [301] "person qualified job permitted personal loyalty supersede loyalty"
## [302] "system nepotism discrimination terrible sins modern society industrial"
## [303] "societies poor job subordinating personal local loyalties loyalty"
## [304] "system inefficient latin america advanced industrial society tolerate"
## [305] "small scale communities emasculated tamed made tools system crowding"
## [306] "rapid change breakdown communities widely recognized sources social"
## [307] "problems account extent problems today pre industrial cities large"
## [308] "crowded inhabitants suffered psychological problems extent modern man"
## [309] "america today uncrowded rural areas find problems urban areas problems"
## [310] "tend acute rural areas crowding decisive factor growing edge american"
## [311] "frontier century mobility population broke extended families small scale"
## [312] "social groups extent broken today fact nuclear families lived choice"
## [313] "isolation neighbors miles belonged community developed problems result"
## [314] "change american frontier society rapid deep man born raised log cabin"
## [315] "reach law order fed largely wild meat time arrived age working regular"
## [316] "job living ordered community effective law enforcement deeper change"
## [317] "typically occurs life modern individual led psychological problems"
## [318] "fact century american society optimistic confident tone unlike today"
## [319] "society difference argue modern man sense largely justified change"
## [320] "imposed century frontiersman sense largely justified created change"
## [321] "choice pioneer settled piece land choosing made farm effort days entire"
## [322] "county couple hundred inhabitants isolated autonomous entity modern"
## [323] "county pioneer farmer participated member small group creation ordered"
## [324] "community question creation community improvement rate satisfied pioneer"
## [325] "power process give examples societies rapid change andor lack close"
## [326] "community ties kind massive behavioral aberration today industrial"
## [327] "society contend important social psychological problems modern society"
## [328] "fact people insufficient opportunity power process normal don modern"
## [329] "society power process disrupted civilized societies interfered power"
## [330] "process greater lesser extent modern industrial society problem"
## [331] "acute leftism recent mid late century form part symptom deprivation"
## [332] "respect power process disruption power process modern society divide"
## [333] "human drives groups drives satisfied minimal effort satisfied cost"
## [334] "effort adequately satisfied matter effort makes power process process"
## [335] "satisfying drives group drives group frustration anger eventually"
## [336] "defeatism depression modern industrial society natural human drives"
## [337] "tend pushed groups group consist increasingly artificially created"
## [338] "drives primitive societies physical necessities generally fall group"
## [339] "obtained cost effort modern society guaranty physical necessities"
## [340] "exchange minimal effort physical pushed group disagreement effort needed"
## [341] "hold job minimal lower middle level jobs effort required obedience sit"
## [342] "stand told sit stand told told seldom exert case autonomy work power"
## [343] "process served social sex love status remain group modern society"
## [344] "depending situation individual people strong drive status effort"
## [345] "required fulfill social drives insufficient satisfy adequately power"
## [346] "process artificial created fall group serve power process advertising"
## [347] "marketing techniques developed make people feel things grandparents"
## [348] "desired dreamed requires effort earn money satisfy artificial fall group"
## [349] "paragraphs modern man satisfy power process largely pursuit artificial"
## [350] "created advertising marketing industry surrogate activities people"
## [351] "majority artificial forms power process insufficient theme appears"
## [352] "repeatedly writings social critics half century sense purposelessness"
## [353] "afflicts people modern society purposelessness called names anomic"
## [354] "middle class vacuity suggest called identity crisis search sense"
## [355] "purpose commitment suitable surrogate activity existentialism large"
## [356] "part response purposelessness modern life widespread modern society"
## [357] "search fulfillment majority people activity main goal fulfillment"
## [358] "surrogate activity bring completely satisfactory fulfillment words fully"
## [359] "satisfy power process paragraph fully satisfied activities external"
## [360] "goal physical necessities sex love status revenge goals pursued earning"
## [361] "money climbing status ladder functioning part system people position"
## [362] "pursue goals autonomously workers employee pointed paragraph spend"
## [363] "days told told people business limited autonomy chronic complaint"
## [364] "small business persons entrepreneurs hands tied excessive government"
## [365] "regulation regulations doubtless unnecessary part government regulations"
## [366] "essential inevitable parts extremely complex society large portion small"
## [367] "business today operates franchise system reported wall street journal"
## [368] "years ago franchise granting companies require applicants franchises"
## [369] "personality test designed exclude creativity initiative persons"
## [370] "sufficiently docile obediently franchise system excludes small business"
## [371] "people autonomy today people live virtue system virtue channels laid"
## [372] "system opportunities tend system opportunities exploited accord rules"
## [373] "regulations techniques prescribed experts chance success power process"
## [374] "disrupted society deficiency real goals deficiency autonomy pursuit"
## [375] "goals disrupted human drives fall group drives adequately satisfy"
## [376] "matter effort makes drives security lives depend decisions made people"
## [377] "control decisions people make live world people make important decisions"
## [378] "philip heymann harvard law school quoted anthony lewis york times april"
## [379] "lives depend safety standards nuclear power plant properly maintained"
## [380] "pesticide allowed food pollution air skillful incompetent doctor lose"
## [381] "job depend decisions made government economists corporation executives"
## [382] "individuals position secure threats limited extent individual search"
## [383] "security frustrated leads sense powerlessness objected primitive man"
## [384] "physically secure modern man shown shorter life expectancy modern man"
## [385] "suffers amount insecurity normal human beings psychological security"
## [386] "closely correspond physical security makes feel secure objective"
## [387] "security sense confidence ability care primitive man threatened fierce"
## [388] "animal hunger fight defense travel search food certainty success efforts"
## [389] "means helpless things threaten modern individual hand threatened things"
## [390] "helpless nuclear accidents carcinogens food environmental pollution"
## [391] "war increasing taxes invasion privacy large organizations nationwide"
## [392] "social economic phenomena disrupt life true primitive man powerless"
## [393] "things threaten disease accept risk disease stoically part nature"
## [394] "things fault fault imaginary impersonal demon threats modern individual"
## [395] "tend man made results chance imposed persons decisions individual"
## [396] "unable influence feels frustrated humiliated angry primitive man part"
## [397] "security hands individual member small group security modern man hands"
## [398] "persons organizations remote large personally influence modern man"
## [399] "drive security fall groups areas food shelter security assured cost"
## [400] "trivial effort areas attain security foregoing greatly simplifies real"
## [401] "situation rough general condition modern man differs primitive man"
## [402] "people transitory drives impulses necessarily frustrated modern life"
## [403] "fall group angry modern society permit fighting situations permit verbal"
## [404] "aggression hurry mood travel slowly generally choice move flow traffic"
## [405] "obey traffic signals work work rules laid employer ways modern man"
## [406] "strapped network rules regulations explicit implicit frustrate impulses"
## [407] "interfere power process regulations dispensed functioning industrial"
## [408] "society modern society respects extremely permissive matters irrelevant"
## [409] "functioning system generally religion long encourage behavior dangerous"
## [410] "system bed long practice safe sex long unimportant important matters"
## [411] "system increasingly regulate behavior behavior regulated explicit rules"
## [412] "government control exercised indirect coercion psychological pressure"
## [413] "manipulation organizations government system large organizations form"
## [414] "propaganda manipulate public attitudes behavior propaganda limited"
## [415] "commercials advertisements consciously intended propaganda people make"
## [416] "instance content entertainment programming powerful form propaganda"
## [417] "indirect coercion law work day follow employer orders legally prevent"
## [418] "live wild primitive people business practice wild country left room"
## [419] "economy limited number small business owners survive employee suggest"
## [420] "modern man obsession longevity maintaining physical vigor sexual"
## [421] "attractiveness advanced age symptom unfulfillment resulting deprivation"
## [422] "respect power process mid life crisis symptom lack interest children"
## [423] "fairly common modern society unheard primitive societies primitive"
## [424] "societies life succession stages purposes stage fulfilled reluctance"
## [425] "passing stage young man power process hunter hunting sport fulfillment"
## [426] "meat food young women process complex greater emphasis social power"
## [427] "won discuss phase successfully passed young man reluctance settling"
## [428] "responsibilities raising family contrast modern people indefinitely"
## [429] "postpone children busy seeking kind fulfillment suggest fulfillment"
## [430] "adequate experience power process real goals artificial goals surrogate"
## [431] "activities successfully raised children power process providing physical"
## [432] "necessities primitive man feels work prepared accept age survives long"
## [433] "death modern people hand disturbed prospect physical deterioration"
## [434] "death shown amount effort expend maintain physical condition appearance"
## [435] "health argue due unfulfillment resulting fact put physical powers"
## [436] "practical power process bodies primitive man body daily practical"
## [437] "purposes fears deterioration age modern man practical body walking car"
## [438] "house man power process satisfied life prepared accept end life response"
## [439] "arguments section society find give people opportunity power process"
## [440] "people opportunity destroyed fact society find make opportunities"
## [441] "long system opportunities leash attain autonomy leash people adjust"
## [442] "industrial technological society suffers psychological problems people"
## [443] "profess satisfied society discuss reasons people differ greatly response"
## [444] "modern society doubtless differences strength drive power individuals"
## [445] "weak drive power power process autonomy power process docile types"
## [446] "happy plantation darkies south don sneer plantation darkies south"
## [447] "credit slaves content servitude sneer people content servitude people"
## [448] "exceptional drive pursuing satisfy power process unusually strong drive"
## [449] "social status spend lives climbing status ladder bored game people"
## [450] "vary susceptibility advertising marketing techniques susceptible make"
## [451] "great deal money satisfy constant craving shiny toys marketing industry"
## [452] "dangles eyes feel hard pressed financially income large cravings"
## [453] "frustrated people low susceptibility advertising marketing techniques"
## [454] "people aren interested money material acquisition serve power process"
## [455] "people medium susceptibility advertising marketing techniques earn money"
## [456] "satisfy craving goods services cost effort putting overtime taking job"
## [457] "earning promotions material acquisition serves power process necessarily"
## [458] "follow fully satisfied insufficient autonomy power process work consist"
## [459] "orders drives frustrated security aggression guilty oversimplification"
## [460] "paragraphs assumed desire material acquisition creation advertising"
## [461] "marketing industry simple people partly satisfy power identifying"
## [462] "powerful organization mass movement individual lacking goals power"
## [463] "joins movement organization adopts goals works goals goals attained"
## [464] "individual personal efforts played insignificant part attainment goals"
## [465] "feels identification movement organization power process phenomenon"
## [466] "exploited fascists nazis communists society crudely manuel noriega"
## [467] "irritant goal punish noriega invaded panama effort punished noriega"
## [468] "attainment goal power process americans identification experienced"
## [469] "power process vicariously widespread public approval panama invasion"
## [470] "gave people sense power phenomenon armies corporations political"
## [471] "parties humanitarian organizations religious ideological movements"
## [472] "leftist movements tend attract people seeking satisfy power people"
## [473] "identification large organization mass movement fully satisfy power"
## [474] "people satisfy power process surrogate activities explained paragraphs"
## [475] "surrogate activity activity directed artificial goal individual pursues"
## [476] "sake fulfillment pursuing goal attain goal instance practical motive"
## [477] "building enormous muscles hitting ball hole acquiring complete series"
## [478] "postage stamps people society devote passion bodybuilding golf stamp"
## [479] "collecting people directed readily attach importance surrogate activity"
## [480] "simply people treat important society tells important people essentially"
## [481] "trivial activities sports bridge chess arcane scholarly pursuits clear"
## [482] "sighted things surrogate activities attach importance satisfy power"
## [483] "process remains point cases person earning living surrogate activity"
## [484] "pure surrogate activity part motive activity gain physical necessities"
## [485] "people social status luxuries advertising makes people put work"
## [486] "effort earn money status require extra effort constitutes surrogate"
## [487] "activity extra effort emotional investment accompanies potent forces"
## [488] "acting continual development perfecting system negative consequences"
## [489] "individual freedom paragraph creative scientists engineers work largely"
## [490] "surrogate activity point important deserves separate discussion give"
## [491] "moment paragraphs section explained people modern society satisfy"
## [492] "power process greater lesser extent majority people power process fully"
## [493] "satisfied place insatiable drive status firmly hooked surrogate activity"
## [494] "identify strongly movement organization satisfy power exceptional"
## [495] "personalities fully satisfied surrogate activities identification"
## [496] "organization paragraphs place control imposed system explicit"
## [497] "regulation socialization results deficiency autonomy frustration"
## [498] "due impossibility attaining goals necessity restraining impulses"
## [499] "people industrial technological society satisfied fc opposed form"
## [500] "society reasons demeaning fulfill power process surrogate activities"
## [501] "identification organization pursuit real goals motives scientists"
## [502] "science technology provide important examples surrogate activities"
## [503] "scientists claim motivated curiosity desire benefit humanity easy"
## [504] "principal motive scientists curiosity notion simply absurd scientists"
## [505] "work highly specialized problems object normal curiosity astronomer"
## [506] "mathematician entomologist curious properties isopropyltrimethylmethane"
## [507] "chemist curious thing curious chemistry surrogate activity chemist"
## [508] "curious classification species beetle question interest entomologist"
## [509] "interested entomology surrogate activity chemist entomologist exert"
## [510] "obtain physical necessities effort exercised abilities interesting"
## [511] "nonscientific pursuit wouldn give damn isopropyltrimethylmethane"
## [512] "classification beetles suppose lack funds postgraduate education led"
## [513] "chemist insurance broker chemist case interested insurance matters"
## [514] "cared isopropyltrimethylmethane case normal put satisfaction mere"
## [515] "curiosity amount time effort scientists put work curiosity explanation"
## [516] "scientists motive doesn stand benefit humanity explanation doesn work"
## [517] "scientific work conceivable relation welfare human race archaeology"
## [518] "comparative linguistics areas science present dangerous possibilities"
## [519] "scientists areas enthusiastic work develop vaccines study air pollution"
## [520] "case dr edward teller obvious emotional involvement promoting nuclear"
## [521] "power plants involvement stem desire benefit humanity didn dr teller"
## [522] "emotional humanitarian humanitarian develop bomb scientific achievements"
## [523] "open question nuclear power plants benefit humanity cheap electricity"
## [524] "outweigh accumulating waste risk accidents dr teller side question"
## [525] "emotional involvement nuclear power arose desire benefit humanity"
## [526] "personal fulfillment work put practical true scientists generally rare"
## [527] "exceptions motive curiosity desire benefit humanity power process goal"
## [528] "scientific problem solve make effort research attain goal solution"
## [529] "problem science surrogate activity scientists work fulfillment work"
## [530] "simple motives play role scientists money status scientists persons"
## [531] "type insatiable drive status paragraph provide motivation work doubt"
## [532] "majority scientists majority general population susceptible advertising"
## [533] "marketing techniques money satisfy craving goods services science pure"
## [534] "surrogate activity large part surrogate activity science technology"
## [535] "constitute power mass movement scientists gratify power identification"
## [536] "mass movement paragraph science marches blindly regard real welfare"
## [537] "human race standard obedient psychological scientists government"
## [538] "officials corporation executives provide funds research nature freedom"
## [539] "argue industrial technological society reformed prevent progressively"
## [540] "narrowing sphere human freedom freedom word interpreted ways make"
## [541] "clear kind freedom concerned freedom opportunity power process real"
## [542] "goals artificial goals surrogate activities interference manipulation"
## [543] "supervision large organization freedom means control individual"
## [544] "member small group life death issues existence food clothing shelter"
## [545] "defense threats environment freedom means power power control people"
## [546] "power control circumstances life freedom large organization power"
## [547] "matter benevolently tolerantly permissively power exercised important"
## [548] "confuse freedom mere permissiveness paragraph live free society number"
## [549] "constitutionally guaranteed rights important degree personal freedom"
## [550] "exists society determined economic technological structure society"
## [551] "laws form government indian nations england monarchies cities italian"
## [552] "renaissance controlled dictators reading societies impression allowed"
## [553] "personal freedom society part lacked efficient mechanisms enforcing"
## [554] "ruler modern organized police forces rapid long distance communications"
## [555] "surveillance cameras dossiers information lives average citizens easy"
## [556] "evade control constitutional rights freedom press don knock important"
## [557] "tool limiting concentration political power keeping political power"
## [558] "line publicly exposing misbehavior part freedom press average citizen"
## [559] "individual mass media control large organizations integrated system"
## [560] "money printed distribute internet swamped vast volume material put media"
## [561] "practical effect make impression society words impossible individuals"
## [562] "small groups fc violent submitted present writings publisher accepted"
## [563] "accepted published attracted readers fun watch entertainment put media"
## [564] "read sober essay writings readers readers forgotten read minds flooded"
## [565] "mass material media expose order message public chance making lasting"
## [566] "impression ve kill people constitutional rights point serve guarantee"
## [567] "called bourgeois conception freedom bourgeois conception free man"
## [568] "essentially element social machine set prescribed delimited freedoms"
## [569] "freedoms designed serve social machine individual bourgeois free man"
## [570] "economic freedom promotes growth progress freedom press public criticism"
## [571] "restrains misbehavior political leaders fair trial imprisonment whim"
## [572] "powerful bad system attitude simon bolivar people deserved liberty"
## [573] "promote progress progress conceived bourgeois bourgeois thinkers"
## [574] "similar view freedom mere means collective ends chester tan chinese"
## [575] "political thought twentieth century page explains philosophy kuomintang"
## [576] "leader hu han min individual granted rights member society community"
## [577] "life requires rights community hu meant society nation page tan states"
## [578] "carsum chang chang chun mai head state socialist party china freedom"
## [579] "interest state people kind freedom prescribes fc conception freedom"
## [580] "bolivar hu chang bourgeois theorists trouble theorists made development"
## [581] "application social theories surrogate activity theories designed serve"
## [582] "theorists people unlucky live society theories imposed point made"
## [583] "section assumed person freedom freedom restricted part psychological"
## [584] "controls people unconscious people ideas constitutes freedom governed"
## [585] "social convention real leftists oversocialized type people including"
## [586] "socialized oversocialized leftist pays heavy psychological price high"
## [587] "level socialization principles history history sum components erratic"
## [588] "component consists unpredictable events follow discernible pattern"
## [589] "regular component consists long term historical trends concerned long"
## [590] "term trends principle small change made affects long term historical"
## [591] "trend effect change transitory trend revert original state reform"
## [592] "movement designed clean political corruption society rarely short term"
## [593] "effect sooner reformers relax corruption creeps back level political"
## [594] "corruption society remain constant change slowly evolution society"
## [595] "political cleanup permanent accompanied widespread social small change"
## [596] "society won small change long term historical trend appears permanent"
## [597] "change acts direction trend moving trend altered pushed step ahead"
## [598] "principle tautology trend stable respect small wander random definite"
## [599] "direction words long term trend principle change made sufficiently"
## [600] "large alter permanently long term historical trend alter society words"
## [601] "society system parts interrelated permanently change important part"
## [602] "changing parts principle change made large alter permanently long"
## [603] "term trend consequences society predicted advance societies passed"
## [604] "change experienced consequences case predict empirical grounds society"
## [605] "passes change experience similar consequences fourth principle kind"
## [606] "society designed paper plan form society advance set expect function"
## [607] "designed fourth principles result complexity human societies change"
## [608] "human behavior affect economy society physical environment economy"
## [609] "affect environment vice versa economy environment affect human behavior"
## [610] "complex unpredictable ways network effects complex untangled understood"
## [611] "principle people consciously rationally choose form society societies"
## [612] "develop processes social evolution rational human control principle"
## [613] "consequence illustrate principle generally speaking attempt social"
## [614] "reform acts direction society developing accelerates change occurred"
## [615] "case transitory effect society slips back groove make lasting change"
## [616] "direction development important aspect society reform insufficient"
## [617] "revolution required revolution necessarily involve armed uprising"
## [618] "overthrow government principle revolution aspect society society"
## [619] "principle occur expected desired revolutionaries fourth principle"
## [620] "revolutionaries utopians set kind society works planned american"
## [621] "revolution provide counterexample american revolution revolution"
## [622] "sense word war independence reaching political reform founding fathers"
## [623] "change direction development american society aspire freed development"
## [624] "american society retarding effect british rule political reform"
## [625] "change basic trend pushed american political culture natural direction"
## [626] "development british society american society offshoot moving long time"
## [627] "direction representative democracy prior war independence americans"
## [628] "practicing significant degree representative democracy colonial"
## [629] "assemblies political system established constitution modeled british"
## [630] "system colonial assemblies major alteration doubt founding fathers"
## [631] "important step step road english speaking world traveling proof britain"
## [632] "colonies populated predominantly people british descent ended systems"
## [633] "representative democracy essentially similar united states founding"
## [634] "fathers lost nerve declined sign declaration independence life today"
## [635] "significantly closer ties britain parliament prime minister congress"
## [636] "president big deal american revolution counterexample principles good"
## [637] "illustration common sense applying principles expressed imprecise"
## [638] "language latitude interpretation exceptions found present principles"
## [639] "inviolable laws rules thumb guides thinking provide partial antidote"
## [640] "naive ideas future society principles borne constantly mind reaches"
## [641] "conclusion conflicts carefully reexamine thinking retain conclusion"
## [642] "good solid reasons industrial technological society reformed foregoing"
## [643] "principles show hopelessly difficult reform industrial system"
## [644] "prevent progressively narrowing sphere freedom consistent tendency"
## [645] "back industrial revolution technology strengthen system high cost"
## [646] "individual freedom local autonomy change designed protect freedom"
## [647] "technology contrary fundamental trend development society change"
## [648] "transitory swamped tide history large permanent alter nature society"
## [649] "principles society altered predicted advance principle great risk"
## [650] "large make lasting difference favor freedom initiated realized gravely"
## [651] "disrupt system attempts reform timid effective large make lasting"
## [652] "difference initiated retracted disruptive effects apparent permanent"
## [653] "favor freedom brought persons prepared accept radical dangerous"
## [654] "unpredictable alteration entire system words revolutionaries reformers"
## [655] "people anxious rescue freedom sacrificing supposed benefits technology"
## [656] "suggest naive schemes form society reconcile freedom technology fact"
## [657] "people make suggestions seldom propose practical means form society set"
## [658] "place fourth principle form society established collapse give results"
## [659] "expected general grounds highly improbable changing society found"
## [660] "reconcile freedom modern technology sections give specific reasons"
## [661] "concluding freedom technological progress incompatible restriction"
## [662] "freedom unavoidable industrial society explained paragraphs modern"
## [663] "man strapped network rules regulations fate depends actions persons"
## [664] "remote decisions influence accidental result arbitrariness arrogant"
## [665] "bureaucrats inevitable technologically advanced society system"
## [666] "regulate human behavior closely order function work people told"
## [667] "production thrown chaos bureaucracies run rigid rules substantial"
## [668] "personal discretion lower level bureaucrats disrupt system lead charges"
## [669] "unfairness due differences individual bureaucrats exercised discretion"
## [670] "true restrictions freedom eliminated generally speaking regulation"
## [671] "lives large organizations functioning industrial technological society"
## [672] "result sense powerlessness part average person formal regulations"
## [673] "tend increasingly replaced psychological tools make system requires"
## [674] "propaganda educational techniques mental health programs system"
## [675] "force people behave ways increasingly remote natural pattern human"
## [676] "behavior system scientists mathematicians engineers function heavy"
## [677] "pressure put children excel fields isn natural adolescent human spend"
## [678] "bulk time sitting desk absorbed study normal adolescent spend time"
## [679] "active contact real world primitive peoples things children trained"
## [680] "tend reasonable harmony natural human impulses american indians boys"
## [681] "trained active outdoor pursuits sort thing boys society children"
## [682] "pushed studying technical subjects grudgingly constant pressure system"
## [683] "exerts modify human behavior gradual increase number people adjust"
## [684] "society requirements welfare leeches youth gang members cultists anti"
## [685] "government rebels radical environmentalist saboteurs dropouts resisters"
## [686] "kinds technologically advanced society individual fate depend decisions"
## [687] "personally influence great extent technological society broken small"
## [688] "autonomous communities production depends cooperation large numbers"
## [689] "people machines society highly organized decisions made affect large"
## [690] "numbers people decision affects million people affected individuals"
## [691] "average millionth share making decision practice decisions made public"
## [692] "officials corporation executives technical specialists public votes"
## [693] "decision number voters ordinarily large vote individual significant"
## [694] "individuals unable influence measurably major decisions affect lives"
## [695] "conceivable remedy technologically advanced society system solve problem"
## [696] "propaganda make people decisions made solution completely successful"
## [697] "making people feel demeaning conservatives advocate local autonomy"
## [698] "local communities autonomy autonomy local communities enmeshed dependent"
## [699] "large scale systems public utilities computer networks highway systems"
## [700] "mass communications media modern health care system operating autonomy"
## [701] "fact technology applied location affects people locations pesticide"
## [702] "chemical creek contaminate water supply hundreds miles downstream"
## [703] "greenhouse effect affects world system exist satisfy human human"
## [704] "behavior modified fit system political social ideology pretend guide"
## [705] "technological system fault technology system guided ideology technical"
## [706] "necessity system satisfy human generally speaking extend advantage"
## [707] "system system paramount human system people food system couldn function"
## [708] "starved attends people psychological conveniently couldn function people"
## [709] "depressed rebellious system good solid practical reasons exert constant"
## [710] "pressure people mold behavior system waste accumulating government"
## [711] "media educational system environmentalists inundates mass propaganda"
## [712] "recycling technical personnel chorus voices exhorts kids study science"
## [713] "stops inhumane force adolescents spend bulk time studying subjects"
## [714] "hate skilled workers put job technical advances undergo retraining"
## [715] "asks humiliating pushed simply granted bow technical necessity good"
## [716] "reason human put technical necessity economic problems unemployment"
## [717] "shortages worse concept mental health society defined largely extent"
## [718] "individual behaves accord system showing signs stress efforts make room"
## [719] "sense purpose autonomy system joke company employees assemble section"
## [720] "catalogue assemble catalogue supposed give sense purpose achievement"
## [721] "companies give employees autonomy work practical reasons limited extent"
## [722] "case employees autonomy ultimate goals autonomous efforts directed"
## [723] "goals select personally employer goals survival growth company company"
## [724] "business permitted employees act similarly enterprise socialist system"
## [725] "workers direct efforts goals enterprise enterprise serve purpose part"
## [726] "system purely technical reasons individuals small groups autonomy"
## [727] "industrial society small business owner commonly limited autonomy"
## [728] "necessity government regulation restricted fact fit economic system"
## [729] "conform requirements instance develops technology small business person"
## [730] "technology order remain competitive bad parts technology separated good"
## [731] "parts reason industrial society reformed favor freedom modern technology"
## [732] "unified system parts dependent rid bad parts technology retain good"
## [733] "parts modern medicine progress medical science depends progress"
## [734] "chemistry physics biology computer science fields advanced medical"
## [735] "treatments require expensive high tech equipment made technologically"
## [736] "progressive economically rich society progress medicine technological"
## [737] "system medical progress maintained rest technological system bring"
## [738] "evils suppose cure diabetes discovered people genetic tendency diabetes"
## [739] "survive reproduce natural selection genes diabetes cease genes spread"
## [740] "population occurring extent diabetes curable controlled insulin thing"
## [741] "happen diseases susceptibility affected genetic degradation population"
## [742] "solution sort eugenics program extensive genetic engineering human"
## [743] "beings man future longer creation nature chance god depending religious"
## [744] "philosophical opinions manufactured product big government interferes"
## [745] "life wait till government starts regulating genetic constitution"
## [746] "children regulation inevitably follow introduction genetic engineering"
## [747] "human beings consequences unregulated genetic engineering disastrous"
## [748] "usual response concerns talk medical ethics code ethics serve protect"
## [749] "freedom face medical progress make matters worse code ethics applicable"
## [750] "genetic engineering effect means regulating genetic constitution human"
## [751] "beings upper middle class decide applications genetic engineering"
## [752] "ethical effect imposing values genetic constitution population large"
## [753] "code ethics chosen completely democratic basis majority imposing values"
## [754] "minorities idea constituted ethical genetic engineering code ethics"
## [755] "protect freedom prohibited genetic engineering human beings code applied"
## [756] "technological society code reduced genetic engineering minor role stand"
## [757] "long temptation presented immense power biotechnology irresistible"
## [758] "majority people applications unequivocally good eliminating physical"
## [759] "mental diseases giving people abilities today world inevitably genetic"
## [760] "engineering extensively ways consistent industrial technological"
## [761] "system technology powerful social force aspiration freedom make"
## [762] "lasting compromise technology freedom technology powerful social"
## [763] "force continually encroaches freedom repeated compromises imagine case"
## [764] "neighbors outset owns amount land powerful powerful demands piece land"
## [765] "weak refuses powerful compromise give half asked weak choice give time"
## [766] "powerful neighbor demands piece land compromise forcing long series"
## [767] "compromises weaker man powerful eventually land conflict technology"
## [768] "freedom explain technology powerful social force aspiration freedom"
## [769] "technological advance appears threaten freedom turns threaten motorized"
## [770] "transport walking man pleased pace observing traffic regulations"
## [771] "independent technological support systems motor vehicles introduced"
## [772] "appeared increase man freedom freedom walking man automobile didn choose"
## [773] "buy automobile travel faster farther walking man introduction motorized"
## [774] "transport changed society restrict greatly man freedom locomotion"
## [775] "automobiles numerous regulate extensively car densely populated areas"
## [776] "likes pace movement governed flow traffic traffic laws tied obligations"
## [777] "license requirements driver test renewing registration insurance"
## [778] "maintenance required safety monthly payments purchase price motorized"
## [779] "transport longer optional introduction motorized transport arrangement"
## [780] "cities changed majority people longer live walking distance place"
## [781] "employment shopping areas recreational opportunities depend automobile"
## [782] "transportation public transportation case control movement driving car"
## [783] "walker freedom greatly restricted city continually stop wait traffic"
## [784] "lights designed serve auto traffic country motor traffic makes dangerous"
## [785] "unpleasant walk highway note important point illustrated case motorized"
## [786] "transport item technology introduced option individual accept chooses"
## [787] "necessarily remain optional cases technology society people eventually"
## [788] "find forced technological progress continually narrows sphere freedom"
## [789] "technical advance considered appears desirable electricity indoor"
## [790] "plumbing rapid long distance communications argue things innumerable"
## [791] "technical advances made modern society absurd resist introduction"
## [792] "telephone offered advantages disadvantages explained paragraphs"
## [793] "technical advances created world average man fate longer hands hands"
## [794] "neighbors friends politicians corporation executives remote anonymous"
## [795] "technicians bureaucrats individual power influence process continue"
## [796] "future genetic engineering people resist introduction genetic technique"
## [797] "eliminates hereditary disease apparent harm prevents suffering large"
## [798] "number genetic improvements make human engineered product free creation"
## [799] "chance god depending religious beliefs reason technology powerful social"
## [800] "force context society technological progress marches direction reversed"
## [801] "technical innovation introduced people dependent replaced advanced"
## [802] "innovation people dependent individuals item technology system dependent"
## [803] "imagine happen system today computers eliminated system move direction"
## [804] "greater technologization technology repeatedly forces freedom step back"
## [805] "technology step back short overthrow technological system technology"
## [806] "advances great rapidity threatens freedom points time crowding rules"
## [807] "regulations increasing dependence individuals large organizations"
## [808] "propaganda psychological techniques genetic engineering invasion"
## [809] "privacy surveillance devices computers hold back threats freedom"
## [810] "require long difficult social struggle protect freedom overwhelmed"
## [811] "sheer number attacks rapidity develop apathetic longer resist fight"
## [812] "threats separately futile success hoped fighting technological system"
## [813] "revolution reform technicians term broad sense describe perform"
## [814] "specialized task requires training tend involved work surrogate"
## [815] "activity conflict arises technical work freedom decide favor technical"
## [816] "work obvious case scientists appears educators humanitarian groups"
## [817] "conservation organizations hesitate propaganda psychological techniques"
## [818] "achieve laudable ends corporations government agencies find hesitate"
## [819] "collect information individuals regard privacy law enforcement agencies"
## [820] "frequently inconvenienced constitutional rights suspects completely"
## [821] "innocent persons legally illegally restrict circumvent rights educators"
## [822] "government officials law officers freedom privacy constitutional rights"
## [823] "conflict work feel work important people generally work persistently"
## [824] "striving reward attempting avoid punishment negative outcome scientists"
## [825] "technicians motivated rewards work oppose technological invasions"
## [826] "freedom working avoid negative outcome work persistently discouraging"
## [827] "task reformers achieved signal victory set solid barrier erosion"
## [828] "freedom technical progress tend relax turn attention agreeable pursuits"
## [829] "scientists remain busy laboratories technology progresses find ways"
## [830] "spite barriers exert control individuals make dependent system social"
## [831] "arrangements laws institutions customs ethical codes provide permanent"
## [832] "protection technology history shows social arrangements transitory"
## [833] "change break eventually technological advances permanent context"
## [834] "civilization suppose arrive social arrangements prevent genetic"
## [835] "engineering applied human beings prevent applied threaten freedom"
## [836] "dignity technology remain waiting sooner social arrangement break"
## [837] "sooner pace change society genetic engineering begin invade sphere"
## [838] "freedom invasion irreversible short breakdown technological civilization"
## [839] "illusions achieving permanent social arrangements dispelled happening"
## [840] "environmental legislation years ago secure legal barriers preventing"
## [841] "worst forms environmental degradation change political wind barriers"
## [842] "begin crumble foregoing reasons technology powerful social force"
## [843] "aspiration freedom statement requires important qualification appears"
## [844] "decades industrial technological system undergoing severe stresses due"
## [845] "economic environmental problems due problems human behavior alienation"
## [846] "rebellion hostility variety social psychological difficulties hope"
## [847] "stresses system pass break weaken sufficiently revolution revolution"
## [848] "occurs successful moment aspiration freedom proved powerful technology"
## [849] "paragraph analogy weak neighbor left destitute strong neighbor takes"
## [850] "land forcing series compromises suppose strong neighbor sick unable"
## [851] "defend weak neighbor force strong give land back kill lets strong man"
## [852] "survive forces give land back fool strong man land alternative weaker"
## [853] "man kill strong chance industrial system sick destroy compromise"
## [854] "recover sickness eventually wipe freedom simpler social problems proved"
## [855] "intractable imagines reform system protect freedom technology clumsily"
## [856] "part unsuccessfully society dealt social problems simple straightforward"
## [857] "things system failed stop environmental degradation political corruption"
## [858] "drug trafficking domestic abuse environmental problems conflict values"
## [859] "straightforward economic expedience versus saving natural resources"
## [860] "grandchildren subject lot blather obfuscation people power clear"
## [861] "consistent line action piling environmental problems grandchildren"
## [862] "live attempts resolve environmental issue consist struggles compromises"
## [863] "factions ascendant moment moment line struggle shifting currents"
## [864] "public opinion rational process lead timely successful solution problem"
## [865] "major social problems solved rarely solved rational comprehensive"
## [866] "plan work process competing groups pursuing short term interest arrive"
## [867] "luck stable modus vivendi fact principles formulated paragraphs make"
## [868] "doubtful rational long term social planning successful clear human"
## [869] "race limited capacity solving straightforward social problems solve"
## [870] "difficult subtle problem reconciling freedom technology technology"
## [871] "presents clear cut material advantages freedom abstraction means"
## [872] "things people loss easily obscured propaganda fancy talk note important"
## [873] "difference conceivable environmental problems day settled rational"
## [874] "comprehensive plan long term interest system solve problems interest"
## [875] "system preserve freedom small group autonomy contrary interest system"
## [876] "bring human behavior control greatest extent practical considerations"
## [877] "eventually force system rational prudent approach environmental problems"
## [878] "equally practical considerations force system regulate human behavior"
## [879] "closely preferably indirect means disguise encroachment freedom isn"
## [880] "opinion eminent social scientists james wilson stressed importance"
## [881] "socializing people effectively revolution easier reform hope convinced"
## [882] "reader system reformed reconcile freedom technology dispense industrial"
## [883] "technological system altogether implies revolution necessarily armed"
## [884] "uprising radical fundamental change nature society people tend assume"
## [885] "revolution involves greater change reform difficult bring reform"
## [886] "circumstances revolution easier reform reason revolutionary movement"
## [887] "inspire intensity commitment reform movement inspire reform movement"
## [888] "offers solve social problem revolutionary movement offers solve"
## [889] "problems stroke create world kind ideal people great risks make great"
## [890] "sacrifices reasons easier overthrow technological system put effective"
## [891] "permanent restraints development application segment technology genetic"
## [892] "engineering people devote single minded passion imposing maintaining"
## [893] "restraints genetic engineering suitable conditions large numbers people"
## [894] "devote passionately revolution industrial technological system noted"
## [895] "paragraph reformers seeking limit aspects technology working avoid"
## [896] "negative outcome revolutionaries work gain powerful reward fulfillment"
## [897] "revolutionary vision work harder persistently reformers reform"
## [898] "restrained fear painful consequences revolutionary fever hold society"
## [899] "people undergo unlimited hardships sake revolution shown french russian"
## [900] "revolutions cases minority population committed revolution minority"
## [901] "sufficiently large active dominant force society revolution paragraphs"
## [902] "control human behavior beginning civilization organized societies"
## [903] "put pressures human beings sake functioning social organism kinds"
## [904] "pressures vary greatly society pressures physical poor diet excessive"
## [905] "labor environmental pollution psychological noise crowding forcing"
## [906] "human behavior mold society requires past human nature approximately"
## [907] "constant rate varied bounds societies push people limits limit human"
## [908] "endurance passed things start wrong rebellion crime corruption evasion"
## [909] "work depression mental problems elevated death rate declining birth"
## [910] "rate society breaks functioning inefficient quickly gradually conquest"
## [911] "attrition evolution replaced efficient form society human nature past"
## [912] "put limits development societies people pushed farther today changing"
## [913] "modern technology developing ways modifying human beings imagine society"
## [914] "subjects people conditions make terribly unhappy drugs unhappiness"
## [915] "science fiction happening extent society rate clinical depression"
## [916] "greatly increasing recent decades due disruption power process explained"
## [917] "paragraphs wrong increasing rate depression result conditions exist"
## [918] "today society removing conditions make people depressed modern society"
## [919] "antidepressant drugs effect antidepressants means modifying individual"
## [920] "internal state enable tolerate social conditions find intolerable"
## [921] "depression purely genetic origin referring cases environment plays"
## [922] "predominant role drugs affect mind methods controlling human behavior"
## [923] "modern society developing methods start techniques surveillance"
## [924] "hidden video cameras stores places computers collect process vast"
## [925] "amounts information individuals information obtained greatly increases"
## [926] "effectiveness physical coercion law enforcement methods propaganda mass"
## [927] "communication media provide effective vehicles efficient techniques"
## [928] "developed winning elections selling products influencing public opinion"
## [929] "entertainment industry serves important psychological tool system"
## [930] "possibly dishing large amounts sex violence entertainment modern man"
## [931] "essential means escape absorbed television videos forget stress anxiety"
## [932] "frustration dissatisfaction primitive peoples don work content sit hours"
## [933] "time peace world modern people constantly occupied entertained bored"
## [934] "fidgety uneasy irritable techniques strike deeper foregoing education"
## [935] "longer simple affair paddling kid doesn lessons patting head scientific"
## [936] "technique controlling child development sylvan learning centers great"
## [937] "success motivating children study psychological techniques success"
## [938] "conventional schools parenting techniques taught parents designed make"
## [939] "children accept fundamental values system behave ways system finds"
## [940] "desirable mental health programs intervention techniques psychotherapy"
## [941] "ostensibly designed benefit individuals practice serve methods inducing"
## [942] "individuals behave system requires contradiction individual attitudes"
## [943] "behavior bring conflict system force powerful conquer escape suffer"
## [944] "stress frustration defeat path easier thinks behaves system requires"
## [945] "sense system acting benefit individual brainwashes conformity child"
## [946] "abuse gross obvious forms disapproved cultures tormenting child trivial"
## [947] "reason reason appalls psychologists interpret concept abuse broadly"
## [948] "spanking part rational consistent system discipline form abuse question"
## [949] "ultimately decided spanking produce behavior makes person fit existing"
## [950] "system society practice word abuse interpreted include method child"
## [951] "rearing produces behavior inconvenient system prevention obvious"
## [952] "senseless cruelty programs preventing child abuse directed control"
## [953] "human behavior behalf system research continue increase effectiveness"
## [954] "psychological techniques controlling human behavior psychological"
## [955] "techniques sufficient adjust human beings kind society technology"
## [956] "creating biological methods mentioned drugs connection neurology provide"
## [957] "avenues modifying human mind genetic engineering human beings beginning"
## [958] "occur form gene therapy reason assume methods eventually modify aspects"
## [959] "body affect mental functioning mentioned paragraph industrial society"
## [960] "entering period severe stress due part problems human behavior part"
## [961] "economic environmental problems considerable proportion system economic"
## [962] "environmental problems result human beings behave alienation low esteem"
## [963] "depression hostility rebellion children won study youth gangs illegal"
## [964] "drug rape child abuse crimes unsafe sex teen pregnancy population growth"
## [965] "political corruption race hatred ethnic rivalry bitter ideological"
## [966] "conflict pro choice pro life political extremism terrorism sabotage"
## [967] "anti government groups hate groups threaten survival system system"
## [968] "forced practical means controlling human behavior social disruption"
## [969] "today result mere chance result conditions life system imposes people"
## [970] "argued important conditions disruption power process systems succeeds"
## [971] "imposing sufficient control human behavior assure survival watershed"
## [972] "human history passed limits human endurance imposed limits development"
## [973] "societies explained paragraphs industrial technological society pass"
## [974] "limits modifying human beings psychological methods biological methods"
## [975] "future social systems adjusted suit human beings human adjusted"
## [976] "suit system generally speaking technological control human behavior"
## [977] "introduced totalitarian intention conscious desire restrict human"
## [978] "freedom step assertion control human mind rational response problem"
## [979] "faces society curing alcoholism reducing crime rate inducing young"
## [980] "people study science engineering cases humanitarian justification"
## [981] "psychiatrist prescribes anti depressant depressed patient individual"
## [982] "favor inhumane withhold drug parents send children sylvan learning"
## [983] "centers manipulated enthusiastic studies concern children welfare"
## [984] "parents didn specialized training job kid didn brainwashed computer"
## [985] "nerd change society child unemployable doesn skills send sylvan control"
## [986] "human behavior introduced calculated decision authorities process"
## [987] "social evolution rapid evolution process impossible resist advance"
## [988] "considered beneficial evil involved making advance beneficial evil"
## [989] "involved making advance result making paragraph propaganda good purposes"
## [990] "discouraging child abuse race hatred sex education effect sex education"
## [991] "extent successful shaping sexual attitudes family put hands state"
## [992] "represented public school system suppose biological trait discovered"
## [993] "increases likelihood child grow criminal suppose sort gene therapy"
## [994] "remove trait parents children possess trait undergo therapy inhumane"
## [995] "child miserable life grew criminal primitive societies low crime"
## [996] "rate comparison society high tech methods child rearing harsh systems"
## [997] "punishment reason suppose modern men primitive men innate predatory"
## [998] "tendencies high crime rate society due pressures modern conditions put"
## [999] "people adjust treatment designed remove potential criminal tendencies"
## [1000] "part engineering people suit requirements system society regard sickness"
## [1001] "mode thought behavior inconvenient system plausible individual doesn"
## [1002] "fit system pain individual problems system manipulation individual"
## [1003] "adjust system cure sickness good paragraph pointed item technology"
## [1004] "initially optional necessarily remain optional technology change society"
## [1005] "difficult impossible individual function technology applies technology"
## [1006] "human behavior world children put program make enthusiastic studying"
## [1007] "parent forced put kid program kid grow comparatively speaking ignoramus"
## [1008] "unemployable suppose biological treatment discovered undesirable side"
## [1009] "effects greatly reduce psychological stress people suffer society large"
## [1010] "numbers people choose undergo treatment general level stress society"
## [1011] "reduced system increase stress producing pressures fact happened"
## [1012] "society important psychological tools enabling people reduce temporarily"
## [1013] "escape stress mass entertainment paragraph mass entertainment"
## [1014] "optional law requires watch television listen radio read magazines"
## [1015] "mass entertainment means escape stress reduction dependent complains"
## [1016] "trashiness television watches kicked tv habit rare person today form"
## [1017] "mass entertainment recently human history people nicely entertainment"
## [1018] "local community created entertainment industry system putting stress"
## [1019] "producing pressure assuming industrial society survives technology"
## [1020] "eventually acquire approaching complete control human behavior"
## [1021] "established rational doubt human thought behavior largely biological"
## [1022] "basis experimenters demonstrated feelings hunger pleasure anger fear"
## [1023] "turned electrical stimulation parts brain memories destroyed damaging"
## [1024] "parts brain brought surface electrical stimulation hallucinations"
## [1025] "induced moods changed drugs immaterial human soul powerful biological"
## [1026] "mechanisms human behavior case researchers easily manipulate human"
## [1027] "feelings behavior drugs electrical currents impractical people"
## [1028] "electrodes inserted heads controlled authorities fact human thoughts"
## [1029] "feelings open biological intervention shows problem controlling human"
## [1030] "behavior technical problem problem neurons hormones complex molecules"
## [1031] "kind problem accessible scientific attack outstanding record society"
## [1032] "solving technical problems overwhelmingly probable great advances"
## [1033] "made control human behavior public resistance prevent introduction"
## [1034] "technological control human behavior attempt made introduce control"
## [1035] "technological control introduced long sequence small advances rational"
## [1036] "effective public resistance paragraphs sounds science fiction point"
## [1037] "yesterday science fiction today fact industrial revolution radically"
## [1038] "altered man environment life expected technology increasingly applied"
## [1039] "human body mind man altered radically environment life human race"
## [1040] "crossroads ahead story thing develop laboratory series psychological"
## [1041] "biological techniques manipulating human behavior integrate techniques"
## [1042] "functioning social system problem difficult techniques educational"
## [1043] "psychology doubtless work lab schools developed necessarily easy apply"
## [1044] "effectively educational system schools teachers busy taking knives guns"
## [1045] "kids subject latest techniques making computer nerds spite technical"
## [1046] "advances relating human behavior system date impressively successful"
## [1047] "controlling human beings people behavior fairly control system type"
## [1048] "called bourgeois growing numbers people rebels system welfare leaches"
## [1049] "youth gangs cultists satanists nazis radical environmentalists"
## [1050] "militiamen system engaged desperate struggle overcome problems threaten"
## [1051] "survival problems human behavior important system succeeds acquiring"
## [1052] "sufficient control human behavior quickly survive break issue resolved"
## [1053] "decades years suppose system survives crisis decades time solved"
## [1054] "brought control principal problems confront socializing human beings"
## [1055] "making people sufficiently docile heir behavior longer threatens system"
## [1056] "accomplished obstacle development technology advance logical conclusion"
## [1057] "complete control earth including human beings important organisms system"
## [1058] "unitary monolithic organization fragmented consist number organizations"
## [1059] "coexisting relationship includes elements cooperation competition"
## [1060] "today government corporations large organizations cooperate compete"
## [1061] "human freedom vanished individuals small groups impotent vis vis large"
## [1062] "organizations armed supertechnology arsenal advanced psychological"
## [1063] "biological tools manipulating human beings instruments surveillance"
## [1064] "physical coercion small number people real power limited freedom"
## [1065] "behavior regulated today politicians corporation executives retain"
## [1066] "positions power long behavior remains fairly narrow limits don imagine"
## [1067] "systems stop developing techniques controlling human beings nature"
## [1068] "crisis decades increasing control longer system survival contrary hard"
## [1069] "times system increase control people nature rapidly longer hampered"
## [1070] "difficulties kind experiencing survival principal motive extending"
## [1071] "control explained paragraphs technicians scientists carry work largely"
## [1072] "surrogate activity satisfy power solving technical problems continue"
## [1073] "unabated enthusiasm interesting challenging problems solve understanding"
## [1074] "human body mind intervening development good humanity suppose hand"
## [1075] "stresses coming decades prove system system breaks period chaos time"
## [1076] "troubles history recorded epochs past impossible predict emerge time"
## [1077] "troubles rate human race chance greatest danger industrial society"
## [1078] "begin reconstitute years breakdown people power hungry types anxious"
## [1079] "factories running tasks confront hate servitude industrial system"
## [1080] "reducing human race work heighten social stresses system increase"
## [1081] "likelihood break weakened sufficiently revolution develop propagate"
## [1082] "ideology opposes technology industrial society system sufficiently"
## [1083] "weakened ideology assure industrial society breaks remnants smashed"
## [1084] "repair system reconstituted factories destroyed technical books burned"
## [1085] "human suffering industrial system break purely result revolutionary"
## [1086] "action vulnerable revolutionary attack internal problems development"
## [1087] "lead difficulties system breaks spontaneously process part spontaneous"
## [1088] "helped revolutionaries breakdown sudden people die world population"
## [1089] "overblown feed longer advanced technology breakdown gradual reduction"
## [1090] "population occur lowering birth rate elevation death rate process de"
## [1091] "industrialization chaotic involve suffering naive technology phased"
## [1092] "smoothly managed orderly technophiles fight stubbornly step cruel"
## [1093] "work breakdown system place revolutionaries break system trouble good"
## [1094] "chance eventually breaking bigger system grows disastrous consequences"
## [1095] "breakdown revolutionaries hastening onset breakdown reducing extent"
## [1096] "disaster place balance struggle death loss freedom dignity freedom"
## [1097] "dignity important long life avoidance physical pain die time die"
## [1098] "fighting survival live long empty purposeless life place survival"
## [1099] "system lead suffering breakdown system system caused continuing"
## [1100] "immense suffering world ancient cultures hundreds years gave people"
## [1101] "satisfactory relationship environment shattered contact industrial"
## [1102] "society result catalogue economic environmental social psychological"
## [1103] "problems effects intrusion industrial society world traditional"
## [1104] "controls population thrown balance population explosion implies"
## [1105] "psychological suffering widespread supposedly fortunate countries"
## [1106] "west paragraphs happen result ozone depletion greenhouse effect"
## [1107] "environmental problems foreseen nuclear proliferation shown technology"
## [1108] "hands dictators irresponsible world nations speculate iraq north korea"
## [1109] "genetic engineering technophiles science fix conquer famine eliminate"
## [1110] "psychological suffering make healthy happy yeah years ago industrial"
## [1111] "revolution supposed eliminate poverty make happy actual result"
## [1112] "technophiles hopelessly naive deceiving understanding social problems"
## [1113] "unaware choose ignore fact large seemingly beneficial introduced society"
## [1114] "lead long sequence impossible predict paragraph result disruption"
## [1115] "society probable attempts end poverty disease engineer docile happy"
## [1116] "personalities technophiles create social systems terribly troubled"
## [1117] "present scientists boast end famine creating genetically engineered"
## [1118] "food plants human population expanding indefinitely crowding leads"
## [1119] "increased stress aggression predictable problems arise emphasize past"
## [1120] "experience shown technical progress lead problems predicted advance"
## [1121] "paragraph fact industrial revolution technology creating problems"
## [1122] "society rapidly solving long difficult period trial error technophiles"
## [1123] "work bugs brave world meantime great suffering clear survival industrial"
## [1124] "society involve suffering breakdown society technology human race fix"
## [1125] "easy escape future suppose industrial society survive decades bugs"
## [1126] "eventually worked system functions smoothly kind system possibilities"
## [1127] "postulate computer scientists succeed developing intelligent machines"
## [1128] "things human beings case work vast highly organized systems machines"
## [1129] "human effort cases occur machines permitted make decisions human"
## [1130] "oversight human control machines retained machines permitted make"
## [1131] "decisions make conjectures results impossible guess machines behave"
## [1132] "point fate human race mercy machines argued human race foolish hand"
## [1133] "power machines suggesting human race voluntarily turn power machines"
## [1134] "machines willfully seize power suggest human race easily permit"
## [1135] "drift position dependence machines practical choice accept machines"
## [1136] "decisions society problems face complex machines intelligent people"
## [1137] "machines make decisions simply machine made decisions bring results man"
## [1138] "made eventually stage reached decisions system running complex human"
## [1139] "beings incapable making intelligently stage machines effective control"
## [1140] "people won turn machines dependent turning amount suicide hand human"
## [1141] "control machines retained case average man control private machines car"
## [1142] "personal computer control large systems machines hands tiny elite today"
## [1143] "differences due improved techniques elite greater control masses human"
## [1144] "work longer masses superfluous useless burden system elite ruthless"
## [1145] "simply decide exterminate mass humanity humane propaganda psychological"
## [1146] "biological techniques reduce birth rate mass humanity extinct leaving"
## [1147] "world elite elite consists soft hearted liberals decide play role"
## [1148] "good shepherds rest human race physical satisfied children raised"
## [1149] "psychologically hygienic conditions wholesome hobby busy dissatisfied"
## [1150] "undergoes treatment cure problem life purposeless people biologically"
## [1151] "psychologically engineered remove power process make sublimate drive"
## [1152] "power harmless hobby engineered human beings happy society free reduced"
## [1153] "status domestic animals suppose computer scientists succeed developing"
## [1154] "artificial intelligence human work remains machines care simpler tasks"
## [1155] "increasing surplus human workers lower levels ability happening people"
## [1156] "find difficult impossible work intellectual psychological reasons"
## [1157] "acquire level training make present system employed increasing demands"
## [1158] "training ability reliable conforming docile cells giant organism tasks"
## [1159] "increasingly specialized work sense touch real world concentrated tiny"
## [1160] "slice reality system means psychological biological engineer people"
## [1161] "docile abilities system requires sublimate drive power specialized"
## [1162] "task statement people society docile require qualification society find"
## [1163] "competitiveness provided ways found directing competitiveness channels"
## [1164] "serve system imagine future society endless competition positions"
## [1165] "prestige power people reach top real power end paragraph repellent"
## [1166] "society person satisfy power pushing large numbers people depriving"
## [1167] "opportunity power envision scenarios incorporate aspects possibilities"
## [1168] "discussed instance machines work real practical importance human beings"
## [1169] "busy unimportant work suggested great development service industries"
## [1170] "provide work human beings people spent time shining shoes driving"
## [1171] "taxicabs making handicrafts waiting tables contemptible human race end"
## [1172] "doubt people find fulfilling lives pointless busy work seek dangerous"
## [1173] "outlets drugs crime cults hate groups biologically psychologically"
## [1174] "engineered adapt life needless scenarios outlined exhaust possibilities"
## [1175] "kinds outcomes envision plausible scenarios palatable ve overwhelmingly"
## [1176] "probable industrial technological system survives years time developed"
## [1177] "general characteristics individuals bourgeois type integrated system"
## [1178] "make run power dependent large organizations socialized physical mental"
## [1179] "qualities significant extent possibly great extent engineered results"
## [1180] "chance god left wild nature reduced remnants preserved scientific"
## [1181] "study supervision management scientists longer wild long run centuries"
## [1182] "human race important organisms exist today start modifying organisms"
## [1183] "genetic engineering reason stop point modifications continue man"
## [1184] "organisms utterly transformed case technology creating human beings"
## [1185] "physical social environment radically spectrum environments natural"
## [1186] "selection adapted human race physically psychologically man adjusted"
## [1187] "environment artificially engineered adapted long painful process natural"
## [1188] "selection dump stinking system consequences strategy technophiles"
## [1189] "taking utterly reckless ride unknown people understand technological"
## [1190] "progress passive attitude inevitable fc don inevitable stopped give"
## [1191] "indications stopping stated paragraph main tasks present promote social"
## [1192] "stress instability industrial society develop propagate ideology opposes"
## [1193] "technology industrial system system sufficiently stressed unstable"
## [1194] "revolution technology pattern similar french russian revolutions french"
## [1195] "society russian society decades prior respective revolutions showed"
## [1196] "increasing signs stress weakness ideologies developed offered world"
## [1197] "view russian case revolutionaries actively working undermine order"
## [1198] "system put sufficient additional stress financial crisis france military"
## [1199] "defeat russia swept revolution propose lines objected french russian"
## [1200] "revolutions failures revolutions goals destroy form society set form"
## [1201] "society envisioned revolutionaries french russian revolutionaries failed"
## [1202] "fortunately create kind society dreamed successful destroying society"
## [1203] "illusions feasibility creating ideal form society goal destroy existing"
## [1204] "form society ideology order gain enthusiastic support positive ideal"
## [1205] "negative positive ideal propose nature wild nature aspects functioning"
## [1206] "earth living things independent human management free human interference"
## [1207] "control wild nature include human nature aspects functioning human"
## [1208] "individual subject regulation organized society products chance free"
## [1209] "god depending religious philosophical opinions nature makes perfect"
## [1210] "counter ideal technology reasons nature power system opposite technology"
## [1211] "seeks expand indefinitely power system people agree nature beautiful"
## [1212] "tremendous popular appeal radical environmentalists hold ideology"
## [1213] "exalts nature opposes technology sake nature set chimerical utopia"
## [1214] "kind social order nature takes care spontaneous creation existed long"
## [1215] "human society countless centuries kinds human societies coexisted"
## [1216] "nature excessive amount damage industrial revolution effect human"
## [1217] "society nature devastating relieve pressure nature create special kind"
## [1218] "social system rid industrial society granted solve problems industrial"
## [1219] "society tremendous damage nature long time scars heal pre industrial"
## [1220] "societies significant damage nature rid industrial society accomplish"
## [1221] "great deal relieve worst pressure nature scars begin heal remove"
## [1222] "capacity organized society increasing control nature including human"
## [1223] "nature kind society exist demise industrial system people live close"
## [1224] "nature absence advanced technology people live feed peasants herdsmen"
## [1225] "fishermen hunters generally speaking local autonomy tend increase lack"
## [1226] "advanced technology rapid communications limit capacity governments"
## [1227] "large organizations control local communities negative consequences"
## [1228] "eliminating industrial society eat cake gain thing sacrifice people"
## [1229] "hate psychological conflict reason avoid thinking difficult social"
## [1230] "issues issues presented simple black white terms good bad revolutionary"
## [1231] "ideology developed levels sophisticated level ideology address people"
## [1232] "intelligent thoughtful rational object create core people opposed"
## [1233] "industrial system rational thought basis full appreciation problems"
## [1234] "ambiguities involved price paid rid system important attract people"
## [1235] "type capable people instrumental influencing people addressed rational"
## [1236] "level facts intentionally distorted intemperate language avoided"
## [1237] "appeal made emotions making appeal care avoid misrepresenting truth"
## [1238] "destroy intellectual respectability ideology level ideology propagated"
## [1239] "simplified form enable unthinking majority conflict technology nature"
## [1240] "unambiguous terms level ideology expressed language cheap intemperate"
## [1241] "irrational alienates people thoughtful rational type cheap intemperate"
## [1242] "propaganda achieves impressive short term gains advantageous long run"
## [1243] "loyalty small number intelligently committed people arouse passions"
## [1244] "unthinking fickle mob change attitude propaganda gimmick propaganda"
## [1245] "rabble rousing type system nearing point collapse final struggle"
## [1246] "rival ideologies determine dominant world view prior final struggle"
## [1247] "revolutionaries expect majority people side history made active"
## [1248] "determined minorities majority seldom clear consistent idea time final"
## [1249] "push revolution task revolutionaries win shallow support majority"
## [1250] "build small core deeply committed people majority make aware existence"
## [1251] "ideology remind frequently desirable majority support extent weakening"
## [1252] "core committed people kind social conflict helps destabilize system"
## [1253] "careful kind conflict encourages line conflict drawn mass people"
## [1254] "power holding elite industrial society politicians scientists upper"
## [1255] "level business executives government officials drawn revolutionaries"
## [1256] "mass people bad strategy revolutionaries condemn americans habits"
## [1257] "consumption average american portrayed victim advertising marketing"
## [1258] "industry suckered buying lot junk doesn poor compensation lost freedom"
## [1259] "approach consistent facts matter attitude blame advertising industry"
## [1260] "manipulating public blame public allowing manipulated matter strategy"
## [1261] "generally avoid blaming public encouraging social conflict power"
## [1262] "holding elite wields technology general public technology exerts"
## [1263] "power thing conflicts tend distract attention important conflicts"
## [1264] "power elite ordinary people technology nature thing conflicts tend"
## [1265] "encourage technologization side conflict technological power gain"
## [1266] "advantages adversary rivalries nations appears ethnic conflicts"
## [1267] "nations america black leaders anxious gain power african americans"
## [1268] "placing back individuals technological power elite black government"
## [1269] "officials scientists corporation executives helping absorb african"
## [1270] "american subculture technological system generally speaking encourage"
## [1271] "social conflicts fitted framework conflicts power elite ordinary"
## [1272] "people technology nature discourage ethnic conflict militant advocacy"
## [1273] "minority rights paragraphs revolutionaries emphasize minorities suffer"
## [1274] "disadvantage disadvantage peripheral significance real enemy industrial"
## [1275] "technological system struggle system ethnic distinctions importance"
## [1276] "kind revolution mind necessarily involve armed uprising government"
## [1277] "involve physical violence political revolution focus technology"
## [1278] "economics politics revolutionaries avoid assuming political power legal"
## [1279] "illegal means industrial system stressed danger point proved failure"
## [1280] "eyes people suppose green party win control united states congress"
## [1281] "election order avoid betraying watering ideology vigorous measures"
## [1282] "turn economic growth economic shrinkage average man results disastrous"
## [1283] "massive unemployment shortages commodities grosser ill effects"
## [1284] "avoided superhumanly skillful management people begin giving luxuries"
## [1285] "addicted dissatisfaction grow green party voted office revolutionaries"
## [1286] "suffered severe setback reason revolutionaries acquire political power"
## [1287] "system mess hardships resulting failures industrial system policies"
## [1288] "revolutionaries revolution technology revolution outsiders revolution"
## [1289] "revolution international worldwide carried nation nation basis suggested"
## [1290] "united states cut back technological progress economic growth people"
## [1291] "hysterical start screaming fall technology japanese ahead holy robots"
## [1292] "world fly orbit japanese sell cars nationalism great promoter technology"
## [1293] "argued democratic nations world fall technology nasty dictatorial"
## [1294] "nations china vietnam north korea continue progress eventually dictators"
## [1295] "dominate world industrial system attacked nations simultaneously extent"
## [1296] "true assurance industrial system destroyed approximately time world"
## [1297] "conceivable attempt overthrow system lead domination system dictators"
## [1298] "risk worth taking difference democratic industrial system controlled"
## [1299] "dictators small compared difference industrial system industrial argued"
## [1300] "industrial system controlled dictators preferable dictator controlled"
## [1301] "systems proved inefficient break cuba revolutionaries favoring measures"
## [1302] "tend bind world economy unified free trade agreements nafta gatt"
## [1303] "harmful environment short run long run advantageous foster economic"
## [1304] "interdependence nations easier destroy industrial system worldwide"
## [1305] "basis world economy unified breakdown major nation lead breakdown"
## [1306] "industrialized nations people line modern man power control nature"
## [1307] "argue passive attitude part human race people expressing unclearly"
## [1308] "fail distinguish power large organizations power individuals small"
## [1309] "groups mistake argue powerlessness passivity people power modern man"
## [1310] "collective entity industrial system immense power nature fc regard"
## [1311] "evil modern individuals small groups individuals power primitive man"
## [1312] "generally speaking vast power modern man nature exercised individuals"
## [1313] "small groups large organizations extent average modern individual wield"
## [1314] "power technology permitted narrow limits supervision control system"
## [1315] "license license rules regulations individual technological powers system"
## [1316] "chooses provide personal power nature slight primitive individuals small"
## [1317] "groups considerable power nature power nature primitive man needed food"
## [1318] "knew find prepare edible roots track game homemade weapons knew protect"
## [1319] "heat cold rain dangerous animals primitive man damage nature collective"
## [1320] "power primitive society negligible compared collective power industrial"
## [1321] "society arguing powerlessness passivity argue power industrial"
## [1322] "system broken greatly increase power freedom individuals small groups"
## [1323] "industrial system wrecked destruction system revolutionaries goal"
## [1324] "goals distract attention energy main goal importantly revolutionaries"
## [1325] "permit goal destruction technology tempted technology tool reaching"
## [1326] "goal give temptation fall back technological trap modern technology"
## [1327] "unified tightly organized system order retain technology finds oneself"
## [1328] "obliged retain technology ends sacrificing token amounts technology"
## [1329] "suppose revolutionaries social justice goal human nature social justice"
## [1330] "spontaneously enforced order enforce revolutionaries retain central"
## [1331] "organization control rapid long distance transportation communication"
## [1332] "technology needed support transportation communication systems feed"
## [1333] "clothe poor people agricultural manufacturing technology attempt"
## [1334] "insure social justice force retain parts technological system social"
## [1335] "justice allowed interfere effort rid technological system hopeless"
## [1336] "revolutionaries attack system modern technology communications media"
## [1337] "spread message modern technology purpose attack technological system"
## [1338] "imagine alcoholic sitting barrel wine front suppose starts wine isn"
## [1339] "bad moderation small amounts wine good won harm drink happen forget"
## [1340] "human race technology alcoholic barrel wine revolutionaries children"
## [1341] "strong scientific evidence social attitudes significant extent"
## [1342] "inherited suggests social attitude direct outcome person genetic"
## [1343] "constitution appears personality traits partly inherited personality"
## [1344] "traits tend context society make person hold social attitude objections"
## [1345] "findings raised objections feeble ideologically motivated event denies"
## [1346] "children tend average hold social attitudes similar parents point"
## [1347] "view doesn matter attitudes passed genetically childhood training"
## [1348] "case passed trouble people inclined rebel industrial system concerned"
## [1349] "population problems apt children handing world sort people support"
## [1350] "accept industrial system insure strength generation revolutionaries"
## [1351] "present generation reproduce abundantly worsening population problem"
## [1352] "slightly important problem rid industrial system industrial system"
## [1353] "world population necessarily decrease paragraph industrial system"
## [1354] "survives continue developing techniques food production enable world"
## [1355] "population increasing indefinitely regard revolutionary strategy"
## [1356] "points absolutely insist single overriding goal elimination modern"
## [1357] "technology goal allowed compete rest revolutionaries empirical approach"
## [1358] "experience recommendations made foregoing paragraphs give good results"
## [1359] "recommendations discarded kinds technology argument raised proposed"
## [1360] "revolution bound fail claimed history technology progressed regressed"
## [1361] "technological regression impossible claim false distinguish kinds"
## [1362] "technology call small scale technology organization dependent technology"
## [1363] "small scale technology technology small scale communities assistance"
## [1364] "organization dependent technology technology depends large scale social"
## [1365] "organization aware significant cases regression small scale technology"
## [1366] "organization dependent technology regress social organization depends"
## [1367] "breaks roman empire fell romans small scale technology survived clever"
## [1368] "village craftsman build instance water wheel skilled smith make steel"
## [1369] "roman methods romans organization dependent technology regress aqueducts"
## [1370] "fell disrepair rebuilt techniques road construction lost roman system"
## [1371] "urban sanitation forgotten recent times sanitation european cities equal"
## [1372] "ancient rome reason technology progress century industrial revolution"
## [1373] "technology small scale technology technology developed industrial"
## [1374] "revolution organization dependent technology refrigerator factory made"
## [1375] "parts facilities post industrial machine shop virtually impossible"
## [1376] "handful local craftsmen build refrigerator miracle succeed building"
## [1377] "useless reliable source electric power dam stream build generator"
## [1378] "generators require large amounts copper wire imagine make wire modern"
## [1379] "machinery gas suitable refrigeration easier build icehouse preserve"
## [1380] "food drying picking invention refrigerator clear industrial system"
## [1381] "broken refrigeration technology quickly lost true organization dependent"
## [1382] "technology technology lost generation centuries rebuild centuries"
## [1383] "build time surviving technical books scattered industrial society"
## [1384] "built scratch built series stages tools make tools make tools make"
## [1385] "tools long process economic development progress social organization"
## [1386] "required absence ideology opposed technology reason interested"
## [1387] "rebuilding industrial society enthusiasm progress phenomenon peculiar"
## [1388] "modern form society existed prior century thereabouts late middle"
## [1389] "ages main civilizations equally advanced europe islamic world india"
## [1390] "east china japan korea civilizations remained stable europe dynamic"
## [1391] "europe dynamic time historians theories speculation rate clear rapid"
## [1392] "development technological form society occurs special conditions reason"
## [1393] "assume long lasting technological regression brought society eventually"
## [1394] "develop industrial technological form worrying predict control events"
## [1395] "years future problems dealt people live time danger leftism rebellion"
## [1396] "membership movement leftists persons similar psychological type"
## [1397] "unattracted rebellious activist movement goals membership initially"
## [1398] "leftist resulting influx leftish types easily turn leftist movement"
## [1399] "leftist leftist goals replace distort original goals movement avoid"
## [1400] "movement exalts nature opposes technology resolutely anti leftist stance"
## [1401] "avoid collaboration leftists leftism long run inconsistent wild nature"
## [1402] "human freedom elimination modern technology leftism collectivist seeks"
## [1403] "bind entire world nature human race unified implies management nature"
## [1404] "human life organized society requires advanced technology united world"
## [1405] "rapid transportation communication make people love sophisticated"
## [1406] "psychological techniques planned society technological base leftism"
## [1407] "driven power leftist seeks power collective basis identification mass"
## [1408] "movement organization leftism give technology technology valuable"
## [1409] "source collective power anarchist seeks power seeks individual small"
## [1410] "group basis individuals small groups control circumstances lives"
## [1411] "opposes technology makes small groups dependent large organizations"
## [1412] "leftists oppose technology oppose long outsiders technological system"
## [1413] "controlled leftists leftism dominant society technological system"
## [1414] "tool hands leftists enthusiastically promote growth repeating pattern"
## [1415] "leftism shown past bolsheviks russia outsiders vigorously opposed"
## [1416] "censorship secret police advocated determination ethnic minorities"
## [1417] "power imposed tighter censorship created ruthless secret police"
## [1418] "existed tsars oppressed ethnic minorities tsars united states couple"
## [1419] "decades ago leftists minority universities leftist professors vigorous"
## [1420] "proponents academic freedom today universities leftists dominant"
## [1421] "shown ready academic freedom political correctness happen leftists"
## [1422] "technology oppress control earlier revolutions leftists power hungry"
## [1423] "type repeatedly cooperated leftist revolutionaries leftists libertarian"
## [1424] "inclination double crossed seize power robespierre french revolution"
## [1425] "bolsheviks russian revolution communists spain castro followers cuba"
## [1426] "past history leftism utterly foolish leftist revolutionaries today"
## [1427] "collaborate leftists thinkers pointed leftism kind religion leftism"
## [1428] "religion strict sense leftist doctrine postulate existence supernatural"
## [1429] "leftist leftism plays psychological role religion plays people leftist"
## [1430] "leftism plays vital role psychological economy beliefs easily modified"
## [1431] "logic facts deep conviction leftism morally capital duty impose"
## [1432] "leftist morality people referring leftists leftists describe system"
## [1433] "beliefs leftism term leftism don words designate spectrum related"
## [1434] "creeds includes feminist gay rights political correctness movements"
## [1435] "movements strong affinity left paragraphs leftism totalitarian force"
## [1436] "leftism position power invade private corner force thought leftist"
## [1437] "mold part quasi religious character leftism contrary leftist beliefs"
## [1438] "represents sin importantly leftism totalitarian force leftists drive"
## [1439] "power leftist seeks satisfy power identification social movement power"
## [1440] "process helping pursue attain goals movement paragraph matter movement"
## [1441] "attaining goals leftist satisfied activism surrogate activity paragraph"
## [1442] "leftist real motive attain ostensible goals leftism reality motivated"
## [1443] "sense power struggling reaching social goal leftist satisfied goals"
## [1444] "attained power process leads pursue goal leftist equal opportunities"
## [1445] "minorities attained insists statistical equality achievement minorities"
## [1446] "long harbors corner mind negative attitude minority leftist educated"
## [1447] "ethnic minorities allowed negative attitude homosexuals disabled"
## [1448] "people fat people people ugly people public informed hazards smoking"
## [1449] "warning stamped package cigarettes cigarette advertising restricted"
## [1450] "banned activists satisfied tobacco outlawed alcohol junk food activists"
## [1451] "fought gross child abuse reasonable stop spanking ban unwholesome"
## [1452] "thing satisfied complete control child rearing practices move suppose"
## [1453] "asked leftists make list things wrong society suppose instituted social"
## [1454] "change demanded safe couple years majority leftists find complain"
## [1455] "social evil correct leftist motivated distress society ills satisfy"
## [1456] "drive power imposing solutions society restrictions thoughts behavior"
## [1457] "high level socialization leftists socialized type pursue power ways"
## [1458] "people drive power morally acceptable outlet struggle impose morality"
## [1459] "leftists oversocialized type true believers sense eric hoffer book"
## [1460] "true believer true believers psychological type leftists true believing"
## [1461] "nazi instance psychologically true believing leftist capacity single"
## [1462] "minded devotion true believers ingredient revolutionary movement"
## [1463] "presents problem admit don deal aren harness energies true believer"
## [1464] "revolution technology present true believer make safe recruit revolution"
## [1465] "commitment exclusively destruction technology committed ideal technology"
## [1466] "tool pursuing ideal paragraphs readers stuff leftism lot crap john"
## [1467] "jane leftish types don totalitarian tendencies true leftists possibly"
## [1468] "numerical majority decent people sincerely tolerating values point"
## [1469] "wouldn high handed methods reach social goals remarks leftism meant"
## [1470] "apply individual leftist describe general character leftism movement"
## [1471] "general character movement necessarily determined numerical proportions"
## [1472] "kinds people involved movement people rise positions power leftist"
## [1473] "movements tend leftists power hungry type power hungry people strive"
## [1474] "hardest positions power power hungry types captured control movement"
## [1475] "leftists gentler breed inwardly disapprove actions leaders bring oppose"
## [1476] "faith movement give faith leaders true leftists guts oppose totalitarian"
## [1477] "tendencies emerge generally lose power hungry types organized ruthless"
## [1478] "machiavellian care build strong power base phenomena appeared russia"
## [1479] "countries leftists similarly breakdown communism ussr leftish types"
## [1480] "west seldom criticize country prodded admit ussr wrong things find"
## [1481] "excuses communists begin talking faults west opposed western military"
## [1482] "resistance communist aggression leftish types world vigorously protested"
## [1483] "military action vietnam ussr invaded afghanistan approved soviet actions"
## [1484] "leftist faith couldn bear put opposition communism today universities"
## [1485] "political correctness dominant leftish types privately disapprove"
## [1486] "suppression academic freedom fact individual leftists personally mild"
## [1487] "fairly tolerant people means prevents leftism form totalitarian tendency"
## [1488] "discussion leftism weakness clear word leftist doesn today leftism"
## [1489] "fragmented spectrum activist movements activist movements leftist"
## [1490] "activist movements radical environmentalism include personalities"
## [1491] "leftist type personalities leftist types collaborate leftists varieties"
## [1492] "leftists fade gradually varieties leftists hard pressed decide"
## [1493] "individual leftist extent defined conception leftism defined discussion"
## [1494] "article advise reader judgment deciding leftist helpful list criteria"
## [1495] "diagnosing leftism criteria applied cut dried manner individuals meet"
## [1496] "criteria leftists leftists meet criteria judgment leftist oriented"
## [1497] "large scale collectivism emphasizes duty individual serve society duty"
## [1498] "society care individual negative attitude individualism takes moralistic"
## [1499] "tone gun control sex education psychologically enlightened educational"
## [1500] "methods social planning affirmative action multiculturalism identify"
## [1501] "victims competition violence finds excuses leftists commit violence"
## [1502] "fond common catch phrases left racism sexism homophobia capitalism"
## [1503] "imperialism neocolonialism genocide social change social justice social"
## [1504] "responsibility diagnostic trait leftist tendency sympathize movements"
## [1505] "feminism gay rights ethnic rights disability rights animal rights"
## [1506] "political correctness strongly sympathizes movements leftist dangerous"
## [1507] "leftists power hungry characterized arrogance dogmatic approach ideology"
## [1508] "dangerous leftists oversocialized types avoid irritating displays"
## [1509] "aggressiveness refrain advertising leftism work quietly unobtrusively"
## [1510] "promote collectivist values enlightened psychological techniques"
## [1511] "socializing children dependence individual system crypto leftists"
## [1512] "call approximate bourgeois types practical action concerned differ"
## [1513] "psychology ideology motivation ordinary bourgeois bring people control"
## [1514] "system order protect life simply attitudes conventional crypto leftist"
## [1515] "bring people control system true believer collectivistic ideology"
## [1516] "crypto leftist differentiated average leftist oversocialized type fact"
## [1517] "rebellious impulse weaker securely socialized differentiated ordinary"
## [1518] "socialized bourgeois fact deep lack makes devote immerse collectivity"
## [1519] "sublimated drive power stronger average bourgeois final note article ve"
## [1520] "made imprecise statements statements sorts qualifications reservations"
## [1521] "attached statements flatly false lack sufficient information brevity"
## [1522] "made impossible formulate assertions precisely add qualifications"
## [1523] "discussion kind rely heavily intuitive judgment wrong don claim"
## [1524] "article expresses crude approximation truth confident general outlines"
## [1525] "picture painted roughly correct weak point mentioned portrayed leftism"
## [1526] "modern form phenomenon peculiar time symptom disruption power process"
## [1527] "possibly wrong oversocialized types satisfy drive power imposing"
## [1528] "morality long time decisive role played feelings inferiority low"
## [1529] "esteem powerlessness identification victims people victims peculiarity"
## [1530] "modern leftism identification victims people victims extent century"
## [1531] "leftism early christianity make symptoms low esteem evident movements"
## [1532] "movements modern leftism position assert confidently movements existed"
## [1533] "prior modern leftism significant question historians give attention"
## [1534] "notes paragraph asserting bullies ruthless competitors suffer feelings"
## [1535] "inferiority paragraph victorian period oversocialized people suffered"
## [1536] "psychological problems result repressing repress sexual feelings freud"
## [1537] "apparently based theories people type today focus socialization shifted"
## [1538] "sex aggression paragraph necessarily including specialists engineering"
## [1539] "hard sciences paragraph individuals middle upper classes resist values"
## [1540] "resistance covert resistance appears mass media limited extent main"
## [1541] "thrust propaganda society favor stated values main reason values speak"
## [1542] "official values society industrial system violence discouraged disrupts"
## [1543] "functioning system racism discouraged ethnic conflicts disrupt system"
## [1544] "discrimination wastes talents minority group members system poverty"
## [1545] "cured underclass problems system contact underclass lowers morale"
## [1546] "classes women encouraged careers talents system importantly regular"
## [1547] "jobs women integrated system tied directly families helps weaken family"
## [1548] "solidarity leaders system strengthen family family serve effective tool"
## [1549] "socializing children accord system argue paragraphs system afford family"
## [1550] "small scale social groups strong autonomous paragraph argued majority"
## [1551] "people don make decisions leaders thinking element truth people make"
## [1552] "decisions small matters making decisions difficult fundamental questions"
## [1553] "requires facing psychological conflict people hate psychological"
## [1554] "conflict tend lean making difficult decisions follow decisions imposed"
## [1555] "opportunity influence decisions majority people natural followers"
## [1556] "leaders direct personal access leaders influence leaders participate"
## [1557] "extent making difficult decisions degree autonomy paragraph symptoms"
## [1558] "listed similar shown caged animals explain symptoms arise deprivation"
## [1559] "respect power process common sense understanding human nature tells lack"
## [1560] "goals attainment requires effort leads boredom boredom long continued"
## [1561] "leads eventually depression failure attain goals leads frustration"
## [1562] "lowering esteem frustration leads anger anger aggression form spouse"
## [1563] "child abuse shown long continued frustration commonly leads depression"
## [1564] "depression guilt sleep disorders eating disorders bad feelings oneself"
## [1565] "tending depression seek pleasure antidote insatiable hedonism excessive"
## [1566] "sex perversions means kicks boredom excessive pleasure seeking lacking"
## [1567] "goals people pleasure goal accompanying diagram foregoing simplification"
## [1568] "reality complex deprivation respect power process symptoms mention"
## [1569] "depression necessarily depression severe treated psychiatrist mild"
## [1570] "forms depression involved speak goals necessarily long term thought"
## [1571] "goals people human history goals hand mouth existence providing"
## [1572] "oneself family food day day sufficient paragraph partial exception"
## [1573] "made passive groups amish effect wider society genuine small scale"
## [1574] "communities exist america today instance youth gangs cults dangerous"
## [1575] "members groups loyal primarily system system control gypsies gypsies"
## [1576] "commonly theft fraud loyalties gypsies give testimony proves innocence"
## [1577] "system trouble people belonged groups early century chinese thinkers"
## [1578] "concerned modernizing china recognized necessity breaking small"
## [1579] "scale social groups family sun yat sen chinese people needed surge"
## [1580] "patriotism lead transfer loyalty family state li huang traditional"
## [1581] "attachments family abandoned nationalism develop china chester tan"
## [1582] "chinese political thought twentieth century page page paragraph century"
## [1583] "america problems sake brevity express simplified terms paragraph leave"
## [1584] "underclass speaking mainstream paragraph social scientists educators"
## [1585] "mental health professionals push social drives group satisfactory"
## [1586] "social life paragraphs drive endless material acquisition artificial"
## [1587] "creation advertising marketing industry innate human drive material"
## [1588] "acquisition cultures people desired material wealth satisfy basic"
## [1589] "physical australian aborigines traditional mexican peasant culture"
## [1590] "african cultures hand pre industrial cultures material acquisition"
## [1591] "played important role claim today acquisition oriented culture"
## [1592] "exclusively creation advertising marketing industry clear advertising"
## [1593] "marketing industry important part creating culture big corporations"
## [1594] "spend millions advertising wouldn spending kind money solid proof back"
## [1595] "increased sales member fc met sales manager couple years ago frank"
## [1596] "job make people buy things don don untrained novice present people"
## [1597] "facts product make sales trained experienced professional salesman"
## [1598] "make lots sales people shows people manipulated buying things don"
## [1599] "paragraph problem purposelessness years people feel secure physically"
## [1600] "economically earlier security goal purposelessness replaced frustration"
## [1601] "difficulty attaining security emphasize problem purposelessness liberals"
## [1602] "leftists solve social problems society guarantee security bring back"
## [1603] "problem purposelessness real issue society poorly people security"
## [1604] "trouble people dependent system security hands part reason people"
## [1605] "worked bear arms possession gun puts aspect security hands paragraph"
## [1606] "conservatives efforts decrease amount government regulation benefit"
## [1607] "average man thing fraction regulations eliminated regulations thing"
## [1608] "deregulation affects business average individual main effect power"
## [1609] "government give private corporations means average man government"
## [1610] "interference life replaced interference big corporations permitted"
## [1611] "dump chemicals water supply give cancer conservatives taking average"
## [1612] "man sucker exploiting resentment big government promote power big"
## [1613] "business paragraph approves purpose propaganda case generally calls"
## [1614] "education applies similar euphemism propaganda propaganda purpose"
## [1615] "paragraph expressing approval disapproval panama invasion illustrate"
## [1616] "point paragraph american colonies british rule fewer effective legal"
## [1617] "guarantees freedom american constitution effect personal freedom pre"
## [1618] "industrial america war independence industrial revolution hold country"
## [1619] "quote violence america historical comparative perspectives edited"
## [1620] "hugh davis graham ted robert gurr chapter roger lane pages progressive"
## [1621] "heightening standards propriety increasing reliance official law"
## [1622] "enforcement century america common society change social behavior long"
## [1623] "term widespread suggest connection fundamental contemporary social"
## [1624] "processes industrial urbanization massachusetts population percent"
## [1625] "rural overwhelmingly preindustrial native born citizens considerable"
## [1626] "personal freedom teamsters farmers artisans accustomed setting schedules"
## [1627] "nature work made physically independent individual problems sins crimes"
## [1628] "generally wider social concern impact twin movements city factory"
## [1629] "gathering force progressive effect personal behavior century factory"
## [1630] "demanded regularity behavior life governed obedience rhythms clock"
## [1631] "calendar demands foreman supervisor city town living closely packed"
## [1632] "neighborhoods inhibited actions previously unobjectionable blue white"
## [1633] "collar employees larger establishments mutually dependent fellows"
## [1634] "man work fit anther man business longer results organization life"
## [1635] "work apparent percent inhabitants massachusetts classified urbanites"
## [1636] "violent irregular behavior tolerable casual independent society"
## [1637] "longer acceptable formalized cooperative atmosphere period move cities"
## [1638] "short produced tractable socialized civilized generation predecessors"
## [1639] "paragraph apologists system fond citing cases elections decided votes"
## [1640] "cases rare paragraph today technologically advanced lands men live"
## [1641] "similar lives spite geographical religious political differences daily"
## [1642] "lives christian bank clerk chicago buddhist bank clerk tokyo communist"
## [1643] "bank clerk moscow alike life single man lived thousand years ago"
## [1644] "similarities result common technology sprague de camp ancient engineers"
## [1645] "ballantine edition page lives bank clerks identical ideology effect"
## [1646] "technological societies order survive evolve approximately trajectory"
## [1647] "paragraph irresponsible genetic engineer create lot terrorists paragraph"
## [1648] "undesirable consequences medical progress suppose reliable cure cancer"
## [1649] "discovered treatment expensive elite greatly reduce incentive stop"
## [1650] "escape carcinogens environment paragraph people find paradoxical notion"
## [1651] "large number good things add bad thing illustrate analogy suppose mr"
## [1652] "playing chess mr mr grand master mr shoulder mr win game mr points"
## [1653] "good move make mr favor suppose mr tells mr make moves instance mr"
## [1654] "favor showing move making moves spoils game point mr playing game makes"
## [1655] "moves situation modern man analogous mr system makes individual life"
## [1656] "easier innumerable ways deprives control fate paragraph conflict values"
## [1657] "mainstream sake simplicity leave picture outsider values idea wild"
## [1658] "nature important human economic welfare paragraph interest necessarily"
## [1659] "material interest consist fulfillment psychological promoting ideology"
## [1660] "religion paragraph qualification interest system permit prescribed"
## [1661] "degree freedom areas economic freedom suitable limitations restraints"
## [1662] "proved effective promoting economic growth planned circumscribed"
## [1663] "limited freedom interest system individual leash leash long paragraphs"
## [1664] "paragraph don suggest efficiency potential survival society inversely"
## [1665] "proportional amount pressure discomfort society subjects people case"
## [1666] "good reason primitive societies subjected people pressure european"
## [1667] "society european society proved efficient primitive society won"
## [1668] "conflicts societies advantages conferred technology paragraph effective"
## [1669] "law enforcement unequivocally good suppresses crime remember crime"
## [1670] "defined system necessarily call crime today smoking marijuana crime"
## [1671] "places possession unregistered handgun tomorrow possession firearm"
## [1672] "registered made crime thing happen disapproved methods child rearing"
## [1673] "spanking countries expression dissident political opinions crime"
## [1674] "certainty happen constitution political system lasts forever society"
## [1675] "large powerful law enforcement establishment gravely wrong society"
## [1676] "subjecting people severe pressures refuse follow rules follow forced"
## [1677] "societies past formal law enforcement paragraph past societies means"
## [1678] "influencing human behavior primitive low effectiveness compared"
## [1679] "technological means developed paragraph psychologists publicly expressed"
## [1680] "opinions indicating contempt human freedom mathematician claude shannon"
## [1681] "quoted omni august visualize time robots dogs humans rooting machines"
## [1682] "paragraph science fiction writing paragraph article scientific american"
## [1683] "scientists actively developing techniques identifying future criminals"
## [1684] "treating combination biological psychological means scientists advocate"
## [1685] "compulsory application treatment future seeking criminal element wayt"
## [1686] "gibbs scientific american march treatment applied violent criminals"
## [1687] "won stop treatment applied drunk drivers endanger human life peel"
## [1688] "spank children environmentalists sabotage logging equipment eventually"
## [1689] "behavior inconvenient system paragraph advantage nature counter ideal"
## [1690] "technology people nature inspires kind reverence religion nature"
## [1691] "idealized religious basis true societies religion served support"
## [1692] "justification established order true religion provided basis rebellion"
## [1693] "introduce religious element rebellion technology western society"
## [1694] "today strong religious foundation religion nowadays cheap transparent"
## [1695] "support narrow short sighted selfishness conservatives cynically"
## [1696] "exploited make easy money evangelists degenerated crude irrationalism"
## [1697] "fundamentalist protestant sects cults simply stagnant catholicism main"
## [1698] "line protestantism nearest thing strong widespread dynamic religion"
## [1699] "west recent times quasi religion leftism leftism today fragmented clear"
## [1700] "unified inspiring goal religious vacuum society filled religion focused"
## [1701] "nature opposition technology mistake concoct artificially religion fill"
## [1702] "role invented religion failure gaia religion adherents play acting play"
## [1703] "acting religion flop end introduce religion conflict nature technology"
## [1704] "religion find arouses deep strong genuine response people paragraph"
## [1705] "assuming final push occurs conceivably industrial system eliminated"
## [1706] "gradual piecemeal fashion paragraphs note paragraph conceivable remotely"
## [1707] "revolution consist massive change attitudes technology resulting"
## [1708] "gradual painless disintegration industrial system ll lucky transition"
## [1709] "nontechnological society difficult full conflicts disasters paragraph"
## [1710] "economic technological structure society important political structure"
## [1711] "determining average man lives paragraphs notes paragraph statement"
## [1712] "refers brand anarchism wide variety social attitudes called anarchist"
## [1713] "anarchists accept statement paragraph noted nonviolent anarchist"
## [1714] "movement members accept fc anarchist approve fc violent methods"
## [1715] "paragraph leftists motivated hostility hostility results part frustrated"
## [1716] "power paragraph important understand sympathizes movements exist today"
## [1717] "society believes women homosexuals equal rights leftist feminist gay"
## [1718] "rights movements exist society ideological tone characterizes leftism"
## [1719] "believes women equal rights necessarily follow sympathize feminist"
## [1720] "movement exists today copyright problems make impossible long quotation"
## [1721] "printed change note read paragraph american colonies british rule fewer"
## [1722] "effective legal guarantees freedom american constitution effect personal"
## [1723] "freedom pre industrial america war independence industrial revolution"
## [1724] "hold country violence america historical comparative perspectives edited"
## [1725] "hugh davis graham ted robert gurr chapter roger lane explained pre"
## [1726] "industrial america average person greater independence autonomy today"
## [1727] "process industrialization necessarily led restriction personal freedom"Strip whitespace
The final step – removing errant spaces and empty strings
una2 <- stripWhitespace(una2)
una2 <- stri_remove_empty(una2)
una2 %>% stri_wrap() %>% print()## [1] "industrial society future introduction industrial revolution"
## [2] "consequences disaster human race greatly increased life expectancy live"
## [3] "advanced countries destabilized society made life unfulfilling subjected"
## [4] "human beings indignities led widespread psychological suffering world"
## [5] "physical suffering inflicted severe damage natural world continued"
## [6] "development technology worsen situation subject human beings greater"
## [7] "indignities inflict greater damage natural world lead greater social"
## [8] "disruption psychological suffering lead increased physical suffering"
## [9] "advanced countries industrial technological system survive break"
## [10] "survives eventually achieve low level physical psychological suffering"
## [11] "passing long painful period adjustment cost permanently reducing human"
## [12] "beings living organisms engineered products mere cogs social machine"
## [13] "system survives consequences inevitable reforming modifying system"
## [14] "prevent depriving people dignity autonomy system breaks consequences"
## [15] "painful bigger system grows disastrous results breakdown break break"
## [16] "sooner advocate revolution industrial system revolution make violence"
## [17] "sudden gradual process spanning decades predict outline general measures"
## [18] "hate industrial system order prepare revolution form society political"
## [19] "revolution object overthrow governments economic technological basis"
## [20] "present society article give attention negative developments grown"
## [21] "industrial technological system developments mention briefly ignore"
## [22] "altogether regard developments unimportant practical reasons confine"
## [23] "discussion areas received insufficient public attention developed"
## [24] "environmental wilderness movements written environmental degradation"
## [25] "destruction wild nature highly important psychology modern leftism agree"
## [26] "live deeply troubled society widespread manifestations craziness world"
## [27] "leftism discussion psychology leftism serve introduction discussion"
## [28] "problems modern society general leftism half century leftism practically"
## [29] "identified socialism today movement fragmented clear properly called"
## [30] "leftist speak leftists article mind socialists collectivists politically"
## [31] "correct types feminists gay disability activists animal rights activists"
## [32] "movements leftist discussing leftism movement ideology psychological"
## [33] "type collection related types leftism emerge discussion leftist"
## [34] "psychology paragraphs conception leftism remain good deal clear doesn"
## [35] "remedy rough approximate psychological tendencies main driving force"
## [36] "modern leftism means claim telling truth leftist psychology discussion"
## [37] "meant apply modern leftism leave open question extent discussion applied"
## [38] "leftists early centuries psychological tendencies underlie modern"
## [39] "leftism call feelings inferiority oversocialization feelings inferiority"
## [40] "characteristic modern leftism oversocialization characteristic segment"
## [41] "modern leftism segment highly influential feelings inferiority feelings"
## [42] "inferiority inferiority feelings strict sense spectrum related traits"
## [43] "low esteem feelings powerlessness depressive tendencies defeatism guilt"
## [44] "hatred argue modern leftists tend feelings possibly repressed feelings"
## [45] "decisive determining direction modern leftism interprets derogatory"
## [46] "groups identifies conclude inferiority feelings low esteem tendency"
## [47] "pronounced minority rights activists belong minority groups rights"
## [48] "defend hypersensitive words designate minorities minorities terms"
## [49] "negro oriental handicapped chick african asian disabled person woman"
## [50] "originally derogatory connotation broad chick feminine equivalents guy"
## [51] "dude fellow negative connotations attached terms activists animal rights"
## [52] "activists reject word pet insist replacement animal companion leftish"
## [53] "anthropologists great lengths avoid primitive peoples conceivably"
## [54] "interpreted negative replace world primitive nonliterate paranoid"
## [55] "suggest primitive culture inferior imply primitive cultures inferior"
## [56] "point hypersensitivity leftish anthropologists sensitive politically"
## [57] "incorrect terminology average black ghetto dweller asian immigrant"
## [58] "abused woman disabled person minority activists belong oppressed group"
## [59] "privileged strata society political correctness stronghold university"
## [60] "professors secure employment comfortable salaries majority heterosexual"
## [61] "white males middle upper middle class families leftists intense"
## [62] "identification problems groups image weak women defeated american"
## [63] "indians repellent homosexuals inferior leftists feel groups inferior"
## [64] "admit feelings precisely groups inferior identify problems suggest women"
## [65] "indians inferior making point leftist psychology feminists desperately"
## [66] "anxious prove women strong capable men nagged fear women strong capable"
## [67] "men leftists tend hate image strong good successful hate america hate"
## [68] "western civilization hate white males hate rationality reasons leftists"
## [69] "give hating west correspond real motives hate west warlike imperialistic"
## [70] "sexist ethnocentric faults socialist countries primitive cultures"
## [71] "leftist finds excuses grudgingly admits exist enthusiastically points"
## [72] "greatly exaggerates faults western civilization clear faults leftist"
## [73] "real motive hating america west hates america west strong successful"
## [74] "words confidence reliance initiative enterprise optimism play role"
## [75] "liberal leftist vocabulary leftist anti individualistic pro collectivist"
## [76] "society solve problems satisfy care sort person sense confidence ability"
## [77] "solve problems satisfy leftist antagonistic concept competition deep"
## [78] "inside feels loser art forms appeal modern leftish intellectuals tend"
## [79] "focus sordidness defeat despair orgiastic tone throwing rational control"
## [80] "hope accomplishing rational calculation left immerse oneself sensations"
## [81] "moment modern leftish philosophers tend dismiss reason science objective"
## [82] "reality insist culturally relative true questions foundations scientific"
## [83] "knowledge concept objective reality defined obvious modern leftish"
## [84] "philosophers simply cool headed logicians systematically analyzing"
## [85] "foundations knowledge deeply involved emotionally attack truth"
## [86] "reality attack concepts psychological thing attack outlet hostility"
## [87] "extent successful satisfies drive power importantly leftist hates"
## [88] "science rationality classify beliefs true successful superior beliefs"
## [89] "false failed inferior leftist feelings inferiority run deep tolerate"
## [90] "classification things successful superior things failed inferior"
## [91] "underlies rejection leftists concept mental illness utility iq tests"
## [92] "leftists antagonistic genetic explanations human abilities behavior"
## [93] "explanations tend make persons superior inferior leftists prefer"
## [94] "give society credit blame individual ability lack person inferior"
## [95] "fault society brought properly leftist typically kind person feelings"
## [96] "inferiority make braggart egotist bully promoter ruthless competitor"
## [97] "kind person wholly lost faith deficit sense power worth conceive"
## [98] "capacity strong efforts make strong produce unpleasant behavior leftist"
## [99] "feelings inferiority ingrained conceive individually strong valuable"
## [100] "collectivism leftist feel strong member large organization mass movement"
## [101] "identifies notice masochistic tendency leftist tactics leftists protest"
## [102] "lying front vehicles intentionally provoke police racists abuse tactics"
## [103] "effective leftists means end prefer masochistic tactics hatred leftist"
## [104] "trait leftists claim activism motivated compassion moral principles"
## [105] "moral principle play role leftist oversocialized type compassion moral"
## [106] "principle main motives leftist activism hostility prominent component"
## [107] "leftist behavior drive power leftist behavior rationally calculated"
## [108] "benefit people leftists claim believes affirmative action good black"
## [109] "people make sense demand affirmative action hostile dogmatic terms"
## [110] "productive diplomatic conciliatory approach make verbal symbolic"
## [111] "concessions white people affirmative action discriminates leftist"
## [112] "activists approach satisfy emotional helping black people real goal"
## [113] "race problems serve excuse express hostility frustrated power harm black"
## [114] "people activists hostile attitude white majority intensify race hatred"
## [115] "society social problems leftists invent problems order provide excuse"
## [116] "making fuss emphasize foregoing pretend accurate description considered"
## [117] "leftist rough indication general tendency leftism oversocialization"
## [118] "psychologists term socialization designate process children trained"
## [119] "act society demands person socialized believes obeys moral code society"
## [120] "fits functioning part society senseless leftists oversocialized leftist"
## [121] "perceived rebel position defended leftists rebels moral code society"
## [122] "demanding feel act completely moral supposed hate hates time admits"
## [123] "people highly socialized attempt feel act morally imposes severe burden"
## [124] "order avoid feelings guilt continually deceive motives find moral"
## [125] "explanations feelings actions reality moral origin term oversocialized"
## [126] "describe people oversocialization lead low esteem sense powerlessness"
## [127] "defeatism guilt important means society socializes children making"
## [128] "feel ashamed behavior speech contrary society expectations overdone"
## [129] "child susceptible feelings ends feeling ashamed thought behavior"
## [130] "oversocialized person restricted society expectations lightly socialized"
## [131] "person majority people engage significant amount naughty behavior lie"
## [132] "commit petty thefts break traffic laws goof work hate spiteful things"
## [133] "underhanded trick ahead guy oversocialized person things generates"
## [134] "sense shame hatred oversocialized person experience guilt thoughts"
## [135] "feelings contrary accepted morality unclean thoughts socialization"
## [136] "matter morality socialized conform norms behavior fall heading"
## [137] "morality oversocialized person psychological leash spends life running"
## [138] "rails society laid oversocialized people results sense constraint"
## [139] "powerlessness severe hardship suggest oversocialization cruelties"
## [140] "human beings inflict argue important influential segment modern left"
## [141] "oversocialized oversocialization great importance determining direction"
## [142] "modern leftism leftists oversocialized type tend intellectuals members"
## [143] "upper middle class notice university intellectuals constitute highly"
## [144] "socialized segment society left wing segment leftist oversocialized"
## [145] "type psychological leash assert autonomy rebelling strong rebel basic"
## [146] "values society generally speaking goals today leftists conflict accepted"
## [147] "morality contrary left takes accepted moral principle adopts accuses"
## [148] "mainstream society violating principle examples racial equality equality"
## [149] "sexes helping poor people peace opposed war nonviolence generally"
## [150] "freedom expression kindness animals fundamentally duty individual"
## [151] "serve society duty society care individual deeply rooted values"
## [152] "society middle upper classes long time values explicitly implicitly"
## [153] "expressed presupposed material presented mainstream communications media"
## [154] "educational system leftists oversocialized type rebel principles justify"
## [155] "hostility society claiming degree truth society living principles"
## [156] "illustration oversocialized leftist shows real attachment conventional"
## [157] "attitudes society pretending rebellion leftists push affirmative action"
## [158] "moving black people high prestige jobs improved education black schools"
## [159] "money schools life black underclass regard social disgrace integrate"
## [160] "black man system make business executive lawyer scientist upper middle"
## [161] "class white people leftists reply thing make black man copy white man"
## [162] "preserve african american culture preservation african american culture"
## [163] "consist consist eating black style food listening black style music"
## [164] "wearing black style clothing black style church mosque words express"
## [165] "superficial matters essential respects leftists oversocialized type"
## [166] "make black man conform white middle class ideals make study technical"
## [167] "subjects executive scientist spend life climbing status ladder prove"
## [168] "black people good white make black fathers responsible black gangs"
## [169] "nonviolent values industrial technological system system couldn care"
## [170] "kind music man listens kind clothes wears religion believes long"
## [171] "studies school holds respectable job climbs status ladder responsible"
## [172] "parent nonviolent effect deny oversocialized leftist integrate black"
## [173] "man system make adopt values claim leftists oversocialized type rebel"
## [174] "fundamental values society oversocialized leftists rebel modern society"
## [175] "important principles engaging physical violence account violence form"
## [176] "liberation words committing violence break psychological restraints"
## [177] "trained oversocialized restraints confining break free justify"
## [178] "rebellion terms mainstream values engage violence claim fighting"
## [179] "racism realize objections raised foregoing thumbnail sketch leftist"
## [180] "psychology real situation complex complete description volumes data"
## [181] "claim roughly important tendencies psychology modern leftism problems"
## [182] "leftist indicative problems society low esteem depressive tendencies"
## [183] "defeatism restricted left noticeable left widespread society today"
## [184] "society socialize greater extent previous society told experts eat"
## [185] "exercise make love raise kids power process human beings based biology"
## [186] "call power process closely related power widely recognized thing power"
## [187] "process elements clear cut call goal effort attainment goal goals"
## [188] "attainment requires effort succeed attaining goals fourth element"
## [189] "difficult define call autonomy discuss paragraphs hypothetical case"
## [190] "man wishing man power develop psychological problems lot fun acutely"
## [191] "bored demoralized eventually clinically depressed history shows"
## [192] "leisured aristocracies tend decadent true fighting aristocracies"
## [193] "struggle maintain power leisured secure aristocracies exert bored"
## [194] "hedonistic demoralized power shows power goals exercise power goals"
## [195] "obtain physical necessities life food water clothing shelter made"
## [196] "climate leisured aristocrat obtains things effort boredom demoralization"
## [197] "nonattainment important goals results death goals physical necessities"
## [198] "frustration nonattainment goals compatible survival consistent failure"
## [199] "attain goals life results defeatism low esteem depression order avoid"
## [200] "psychological problems human goals attainment requires effort reasonable"
## [201] "rate success attaining goals surrogate activities leisured aristocrat"
## [202] "bored demoralized emperor hirohito sinking decadent hedonism devoted"
## [203] "marine biology field distinguished people exert satisfy physical"
## [204] "set artificial goals cases pursue goals energy emotional involvement"
## [205] "put search physical necessities aristocrats roman empire literary"
## [206] "pretensions european aristocrats centuries ago invested tremendous"
## [207] "time energy hunting didn meat aristocracies competed status elaborate"
## [208] "displays wealth aristocrats hirohito turned science term surrogate"
## [209] "activity designate activity directed artificial goal people set order"
## [210] "goal work sake fulfillment pursuing goal rule thumb identification"
## [211] "surrogate activities person devotes time energy pursuit goal devote time"
## [212] "energy satisfying biological effort required physical mental faculties"
## [213] "varied interesting feel deprived attain goal answer person pursuit goal"
## [214] "surrogate activity hirohito studies marine biology constituted surrogate"
## [215] "activity pretty hirohito spend time working interesting scientific"
## [216] "tasks order obtain necessities life felt deprived didn anatomy life"
## [217] "cycles marine animals hand pursuit sex love surrogate activity people"
## [218] "existence satisfactory feel deprived passed lives relationship member"
## [219] "opposite sex pursuit excessive amount sex surrogate activity modern"
## [220] "industrial society minimal effort satisfy physical training program"
## [221] "acquire petty technical skill work time exert modest effort needed"
## [222] "hold job requirements moderate amount intelligence simple obedience"
## [223] "society takes care cradle grave underclass physical necessities granted"
## [224] "speaking mainstream society surprising modern society full surrogate"
## [225] "activities include scientific work athletic achievement humanitarian"
## [226] "work artistic literary creation climbing corporate ladder acquisition"
## [227] "money material goods point cease give additional physical satisfaction"
## [228] "social activism addresses issues important activist personally"
## [229] "case white activists work rights nonwhite minorities pure surrogate"
## [230] "activities people motivated part goal pursue scientific work motivated"
## [231] "part drive prestige artistic creation express feelings militant social"
## [232] "activism hostility people pursue activities large part surrogate"
## [233] "activities majority scientists agree fulfillment work important money"
## [234] "prestige earn people surrogate activities satisfying pursuit real"
## [235] "goals goals people attain power process fulfilled indication fact"
## [236] "cases people deeply involved surrogate activities satisfied rest"
## [237] "money maker constantly strives wealth scientist sooner solves problem"
## [238] "moves long distance runner drives run farther faster people pursue"
## [239] "surrogate activities fulfillment activities mundane business satisfying"
## [240] "biological society effort needed satisfy biological reduced triviality"
## [241] "importantly society people satisfy biological autonomously functioning"
## [242] "parts immense social machine contrast people generally great deal"
## [243] "autonomy pursuing surrogate activities autonomy autonomy part power"
## [244] "process individual people greater lesser degree autonomy working goals"
## [245] "efforts undertaken initiative direction control people exert initiative"
## [246] "direction control single individuals act member small group half dozen"
## [247] "people discuss goal make successful joint effort attain goal power"
## [248] "process served work rigid orders handed leave room autonomous decision"
## [249] "initiative power process served true decisions made collective basis"
## [250] "group making collective decision large role individual insignificant"
## [251] "true individuals autonomy drive power weak satisfy identifying powerful"
## [252] "organization belong unthinking animal types satisfied purely physical"
## [253] "sense power good combat soldier sense power developing fighting skills"
## [254] "content blind obedience superiors people power process goal making"
## [255] "autonomous effort attaining goal esteem confidence sense power acquired"
## [256] "adequate opportunity power process consequences depending individual"
## [257] "power process disrupted boredom demoralization low esteem inferiority"
## [258] "feelings defeatism depression anxiety guilt frustration hostility"
## [259] "spouse child abuse insatiable hedonism abnormal sexual behavior sleep"
## [260] "disorders eating disorders sources social problems foregoing symptoms"
## [261] "occur society modern industrial society present massive scale aren"
## [262] "mention world today crazy sort thing normal human societies good reason"
## [263] "primitive man suffered stress frustration satisfied life modern man"
## [264] "true sweetness light primitive societies abuse women common australian"
## [265] "aborigines transexuality fairly common american indian tribes generally"
## [266] "speaking kinds problems listed preceding paragraph common primitive"
## [267] "peoples modern society attribute social psychological problems modern"
## [268] "society fact society requires people live conditions radically human"
## [269] "race evolved behave ways conflict patterns behavior human race developed"
## [270] "living earlier conditions clear written lack opportunity properly"
## [271] "experience power process important abnormal conditions modern society"
## [272] "subjects people dealing disruption power process source social problems"
## [273] "discuss sources abnormal conditions present modern industrial society"
## [274] "excessive density population isolation man nature excessive rapidity"
## [275] "social change breakdown natural small scale communities extended"
## [276] "family village tribe crowding increases stress aggression degree"
## [277] "crowding exists today isolation man nature consequences technological"
## [278] "progress pre industrial societies predominantly rural industrial"
## [279] "revolution vastly increased size cities proportion population lives"
## [280] "modern agricultural technology made earth support denser population"
## [281] "technology exacerbates effects crowding puts increased disruptive"
## [282] "powers people hands variety noise making devices power mowers radios"
## [283] "motorcycles devices unrestricted people peace quiet frustrated noise"
## [284] "restricted people devices frustrated regulations machines invented"
## [285] "conflict frustration generated primitive societies natural world"
## [286] "slowly provided stable framework sense security modern world human"
## [287] "society dominates nature modern society rapidly owing technological"
## [288] "change stable framework conservatives fools whine decay traditional"
## [289] "values enthusiastically support technological progress economic"
## [290] "growth apparently occurs make rapid drastic technology economy society"
## [291] "causing rapid aspects society rapid inevitably break traditional"
## [292] "values breakdown traditional values extent implies breakdown bonds"
## [293] "hold traditional small scale social groups disintegration small scale"
## [294] "social groups promoted fact modern conditions require tempt individuals"
## [295] "move locations separating communities technological society weaken"
## [296] "family ties local communities function efficiently modern society"
## [297] "individual loyalty system secondarily small scale community internal"
## [298] "loyalties small scale communities stronger loyalty system communities"
## [299] "pursue advantage expense system suppose public official corporation"
## [300] "executive appoints cousin friend religionist position appointing"
## [301] "person qualified job permitted personal loyalty supersede loyalty"
## [302] "system nepotism discrimination terrible sins modern society industrial"
## [303] "societies poor job subordinating personal local loyalties loyalty"
## [304] "system inefficient latin america advanced industrial society tolerate"
## [305] "small scale communities emasculated tamed made tools system crowding"
## [306] "rapid change breakdown communities widely recognized sources social"
## [307] "problems account extent problems today pre industrial cities large"
## [308] "crowded inhabitants suffered psychological problems extent modern man"
## [309] "america today uncrowded rural areas find problems urban areas problems"
## [310] "tend acute rural areas crowding decisive factor growing edge american"
## [311] "frontier century mobility population broke extended families small scale"
## [312] "social groups extent broken today fact nuclear families lived choice"
## [313] "isolation neighbors miles belonged community developed problems result"
## [314] "change american frontier society rapid deep man born raised log cabin"
## [315] "reach law order fed largely wild meat time arrived age working regular"
## [316] "job living ordered community effective law enforcement deeper change"
## [317] "typically occurs life modern individual led psychological problems"
## [318] "fact century american society optimistic confident tone unlike today"
## [319] "society difference argue modern man sense largely justified change"
## [320] "imposed century frontiersman sense largely justified created change"
## [321] "choice pioneer settled piece land choosing made farm effort days entire"
## [322] "county couple hundred inhabitants isolated autonomous entity modern"
## [323] "county pioneer farmer participated member small group creation ordered"
## [324] "community question creation community improvement rate satisfied pioneer"
## [325] "power process give examples societies rapid change andor lack close"
## [326] "community ties kind massive behavioral aberration today industrial"
## [327] "society contend important social psychological problems modern society"
## [328] "fact people insufficient opportunity power process normal don modern"
## [329] "society power process disrupted civilized societies interfered power"
## [330] "process greater lesser extent modern industrial society problem"
## [331] "acute leftism recent mid late century form part symptom deprivation"
## [332] "respect power process disruption power process modern society divide"
## [333] "human drives groups drives satisfied minimal effort satisfied cost"
## [334] "effort adequately satisfied matter effort makes power process process"
## [335] "satisfying drives group drives group frustration anger eventually"
## [336] "defeatism depression modern industrial society natural human drives"
## [337] "tend pushed groups group consist increasingly artificially created"
## [338] "drives primitive societies physical necessities generally fall group"
## [339] "obtained cost effort modern society guaranty physical necessities"
## [340] "exchange minimal effort physical pushed group disagreement effort needed"
## [341] "hold job minimal lower middle level jobs effort required obedience sit"
## [342] "stand told sit stand told told seldom exert case autonomy work power"
## [343] "process served social sex love status remain group modern society"
## [344] "depending situation individual people strong drive status effort"
## [345] "required fulfill social drives insufficient satisfy adequately power"
## [346] "process artificial created fall group serve power process advertising"
## [347] "marketing techniques developed make people feel things grandparents"
## [348] "desired dreamed requires effort earn money satisfy artificial fall group"
## [349] "paragraphs modern man satisfy power process largely pursuit artificial"
## [350] "created advertising marketing industry surrogate activities people"
## [351] "majority artificial forms power process insufficient theme appears"
## [352] "repeatedly writings social critics half century sense purposelessness"
## [353] "afflicts people modern society purposelessness called names anomic"
## [354] "middle class vacuity suggest called identity crisis search sense"
## [355] "purpose commitment suitable surrogate activity existentialism large"
## [356] "part response purposelessness modern life widespread modern society"
## [357] "search fulfillment majority people activity main goal fulfillment"
## [358] "surrogate activity bring completely satisfactory fulfillment words fully"
## [359] "satisfy power process paragraph fully satisfied activities external"
## [360] "goal physical necessities sex love status revenge goals pursued earning"
## [361] "money climbing status ladder functioning part system people position"
## [362] "pursue goals autonomously workers employee pointed paragraph spend"
## [363] "days told told people business limited autonomy chronic complaint"
## [364] "small business persons entrepreneurs hands tied excessive government"
## [365] "regulation regulations doubtless unnecessary part government regulations"
## [366] "essential inevitable parts extremely complex society large portion small"
## [367] "business today operates franchise system reported wall street journal"
## [368] "years ago franchise granting companies require applicants franchises"
## [369] "personality test designed exclude creativity initiative persons"
## [370] "sufficiently docile obediently franchise system excludes small business"
## [371] "people autonomy today people live virtue system virtue channels laid"
## [372] "system opportunities tend system opportunities exploited accord rules"
## [373] "regulations techniques prescribed experts chance success power process"
## [374] "disrupted society deficiency real goals deficiency autonomy pursuit"
## [375] "goals disrupted human drives fall group drives adequately satisfy"
## [376] "matter effort makes drives security lives depend decisions made people"
## [377] "control decisions people make live world people make important decisions"
## [378] "philip heymann harvard law school quoted anthony lewis york times april"
## [379] "lives depend safety standards nuclear power plant properly maintained"
## [380] "pesticide allowed food pollution air skillful incompetent doctor lose"
## [381] "job depend decisions made government economists corporation executives"
## [382] "individuals position secure threats limited extent individual search"
## [383] "security frustrated leads sense powerlessness objected primitive man"
## [384] "physically secure modern man shown shorter life expectancy modern man"
## [385] "suffers amount insecurity normal human beings psychological security"
## [386] "closely correspond physical security makes feel secure objective"
## [387] "security sense confidence ability care primitive man threatened fierce"
## [388] "animal hunger fight defense travel search food certainty success efforts"
## [389] "means helpless things threaten modern individual hand threatened things"
## [390] "helpless nuclear accidents carcinogens food environmental pollution"
## [391] "war increasing taxes invasion privacy large organizations nationwide"
## [392] "social economic phenomena disrupt life true primitive man powerless"
## [393] "things threaten disease accept risk disease stoically part nature"
## [394] "things fault fault imaginary impersonal demon threats modern individual"
## [395] "tend man made results chance imposed persons decisions individual"
## [396] "unable influence feels frustrated humiliated angry primitive man part"
## [397] "security hands individual member small group security modern man hands"
## [398] "persons organizations remote large personally influence modern man"
## [399] "drive security fall groups areas food shelter security assured cost"
## [400] "trivial effort areas attain security foregoing greatly simplifies real"
## [401] "situation rough general condition modern man differs primitive man"
## [402] "people transitory drives impulses necessarily frustrated modern life"
## [403] "fall group angry modern society permit fighting situations permit verbal"
## [404] "aggression hurry mood travel slowly generally choice move flow traffic"
## [405] "obey traffic signals work work rules laid employer ways modern man"
## [406] "strapped network rules regulations explicit implicit frustrate impulses"
## [407] "interfere power process regulations dispensed functioning industrial"
## [408] "society modern society respects extremely permissive matters irrelevant"
## [409] "functioning system generally religion long encourage behavior dangerous"
## [410] "system bed long practice safe sex long unimportant important matters"
## [411] "system increasingly regulate behavior behavior regulated explicit rules"
## [412] "government control exercised indirect coercion psychological pressure"
## [413] "manipulation organizations government system large organizations form"
## [414] "propaganda manipulate public attitudes behavior propaganda limited"
## [415] "commercials advertisements consciously intended propaganda people make"
## [416] "instance content entertainment programming powerful form propaganda"
## [417] "indirect coercion law work day follow employer orders legally prevent"
## [418] "live wild primitive people business practice wild country left room"
## [419] "economy limited number small business owners survive employee suggest"
## [420] "modern man obsession longevity maintaining physical vigor sexual"
## [421] "attractiveness advanced age symptom unfulfillment resulting deprivation"
## [422] "respect power process mid life crisis symptom lack interest children"
## [423] "fairly common modern society unheard primitive societies primitive"
## [424] "societies life succession stages purposes stage fulfilled reluctance"
## [425] "passing stage young man power process hunter hunting sport fulfillment"
## [426] "meat food young women process complex greater emphasis social power"
## [427] "won discuss phase successfully passed young man reluctance settling"
## [428] "responsibilities raising family contrast modern people indefinitely"
## [429] "postpone children busy seeking kind fulfillment suggest fulfillment"
## [430] "adequate experience power process real goals artificial goals surrogate"
## [431] "activities successfully raised children power process providing physical"
## [432] "necessities primitive man feels work prepared accept age survives long"
## [433] "death modern people hand disturbed prospect physical deterioration"
## [434] "death shown amount effort expend maintain physical condition appearance"
## [435] "health argue due unfulfillment resulting fact put physical powers"
## [436] "practical power process bodies primitive man body daily practical"
## [437] "purposes fears deterioration age modern man practical body walking car"
## [438] "house man power process satisfied life prepared accept end life response"
## [439] "arguments section society find give people opportunity power process"
## [440] "people opportunity destroyed fact society find make opportunities"
## [441] "long system opportunities leash attain autonomy leash people adjust"
## [442] "industrial technological society suffers psychological problems people"
## [443] "profess satisfied society discuss reasons people differ greatly response"
## [444] "modern society doubtless differences strength drive power individuals"
## [445] "weak drive power power process autonomy power process docile types"
## [446] "happy plantation darkies south don sneer plantation darkies south"
## [447] "credit slaves content servitude sneer people content servitude people"
## [448] "exceptional drive pursuing satisfy power process unusually strong drive"
## [449] "social status spend lives climbing status ladder bored game people"
## [450] "vary susceptibility advertising marketing techniques susceptible make"
## [451] "great deal money satisfy constant craving shiny toys marketing industry"
## [452] "dangles eyes feel hard pressed financially income large cravings"
## [453] "frustrated people low susceptibility advertising marketing techniques"
## [454] "people aren interested money material acquisition serve power process"
## [455] "people medium susceptibility advertising marketing techniques earn money"
## [456] "satisfy craving goods services cost effort putting overtime taking job"
## [457] "earning promotions material acquisition serves power process necessarily"
## [458] "follow fully satisfied insufficient autonomy power process work consist"
## [459] "orders drives frustrated security aggression guilty oversimplification"
## [460] "paragraphs assumed desire material acquisition creation advertising"
## [461] "marketing industry simple people partly satisfy power identifying"
## [462] "powerful organization mass movement individual lacking goals power"
## [463] "joins movement organization adopts goals works goals goals attained"
## [464] "individual personal efforts played insignificant part attainment goals"
## [465] "feels identification movement organization power process phenomenon"
## [466] "exploited fascists nazis communists society crudely manuel noriega"
## [467] "irritant goal punish noriega invaded panama effort punished noriega"
## [468] "attainment goal power process americans identification experienced"
## [469] "power process vicariously widespread public approval panama invasion"
## [470] "gave people sense power phenomenon armies corporations political"
## [471] "parties humanitarian organizations religious ideological movements"
## [472] "leftist movements tend attract people seeking satisfy power people"
## [473] "identification large organization mass movement fully satisfy power"
## [474] "people satisfy power process surrogate activities explained paragraphs"
## [475] "surrogate activity activity directed artificial goal individual pursues"
## [476] "sake fulfillment pursuing goal attain goal instance practical motive"
## [477] "building enormous muscles hitting ball hole acquiring complete series"
## [478] "postage stamps people society devote passion bodybuilding golf stamp"
## [479] "collecting people directed readily attach importance surrogate activity"
## [480] "simply people treat important society tells important people essentially"
## [481] "trivial activities sports bridge chess arcane scholarly pursuits clear"
## [482] "sighted things surrogate activities attach importance satisfy power"
## [483] "process remains point cases person earning living surrogate activity"
## [484] "pure surrogate activity part motive activity gain physical necessities"
## [485] "people social status luxuries advertising makes people put work"
## [486] "effort earn money status require extra effort constitutes surrogate"
## [487] "activity extra effort emotional investment accompanies potent forces"
## [488] "acting continual development perfecting system negative consequences"
## [489] "individual freedom paragraph creative scientists engineers work largely"
## [490] "surrogate activity point important deserves separate discussion give"
## [491] "moment paragraphs section explained people modern society satisfy"
## [492] "power process greater lesser extent majority people power process fully"
## [493] "satisfied place insatiable drive status firmly hooked surrogate activity"
## [494] "identify strongly movement organization satisfy power exceptional"
## [495] "personalities fully satisfied surrogate activities identification"
## [496] "organization paragraphs place control imposed system explicit"
## [497] "regulation socialization results deficiency autonomy frustration"
## [498] "due impossibility attaining goals necessity restraining impulses"
## [499] "people industrial technological society satisfied fc opposed form"
## [500] "society reasons demeaning fulfill power process surrogate activities"
## [501] "identification organization pursuit real goals motives scientists"
## [502] "science technology provide important examples surrogate activities"
## [503] "scientists claim motivated curiosity desire benefit humanity easy"
## [504] "principal motive scientists curiosity notion simply absurd scientists"
## [505] "work highly specialized problems object normal curiosity astronomer"
## [506] "mathematician entomologist curious properties isopropyltrimethylmethane"
## [507] "chemist curious thing curious chemistry surrogate activity chemist"
## [508] "curious classification species beetle question interest entomologist"
## [509] "interested entomology surrogate activity chemist entomologist exert"
## [510] "obtain physical necessities effort exercised abilities interesting"
## [511] "nonscientific pursuit wouldn give damn isopropyltrimethylmethane"
## [512] "classification beetles suppose lack funds postgraduate education led"
## [513] "chemist insurance broker chemist case interested insurance matters"
## [514] "cared isopropyltrimethylmethane case normal put satisfaction mere"
## [515] "curiosity amount time effort scientists put work curiosity explanation"
## [516] "scientists motive doesn stand benefit humanity explanation doesn work"
## [517] "scientific work conceivable relation welfare human race archaeology"
## [518] "comparative linguistics areas science present dangerous possibilities"
## [519] "scientists areas enthusiastic work develop vaccines study air pollution"
## [520] "case dr edward teller obvious emotional involvement promoting nuclear"
## [521] "power plants involvement stem desire benefit humanity didn dr teller"
## [522] "emotional humanitarian humanitarian develop bomb scientific achievements"
## [523] "open question nuclear power plants benefit humanity cheap electricity"
## [524] "outweigh accumulating waste risk accidents dr teller side question"
## [525] "emotional involvement nuclear power arose desire benefit humanity"
## [526] "personal fulfillment work put practical true scientists generally rare"
## [527] "exceptions motive curiosity desire benefit humanity power process goal"
## [528] "scientific problem solve make effort research attain goal solution"
## [529] "problem science surrogate activity scientists work fulfillment work"
## [530] "simple motives play role scientists money status scientists persons"
## [531] "type insatiable drive status paragraph provide motivation work doubt"
## [532] "majority scientists majority general population susceptible advertising"
## [533] "marketing techniques money satisfy craving goods services science pure"
## [534] "surrogate activity large part surrogate activity science technology"
## [535] "constitute power mass movement scientists gratify power identification"
## [536] "mass movement paragraph science marches blindly regard real welfare"
## [537] "human race standard obedient psychological scientists government"
## [538] "officials corporation executives provide funds research nature freedom"
## [539] "argue industrial technological society reformed prevent progressively"
## [540] "narrowing sphere human freedom freedom word interpreted ways make"
## [541] "clear kind freedom concerned freedom opportunity power process real"
## [542] "goals artificial goals surrogate activities interference manipulation"
## [543] "supervision large organization freedom means control individual"
## [544] "member small group life death issues existence food clothing shelter"
## [545] "defense threats environment freedom means power power control people"
## [546] "power control circumstances life freedom large organization power"
## [547] "matter benevolently tolerantly permissively power exercised important"
## [548] "confuse freedom mere permissiveness paragraph live free society number"
## [549] "constitutionally guaranteed rights important degree personal freedom"
## [550] "exists society determined economic technological structure society"
## [551] "laws form government indian nations england monarchies cities italian"
## [552] "renaissance controlled dictators reading societies impression allowed"
## [553] "personal freedom society part lacked efficient mechanisms enforcing"
## [554] "ruler modern organized police forces rapid long distance communications"
## [555] "surveillance cameras dossiers information lives average citizens easy"
## [556] "evade control constitutional rights freedom press don knock important"
## [557] "tool limiting concentration political power keeping political power"
## [558] "line publicly exposing misbehavior part freedom press average citizen"
## [559] "individual mass media control large organizations integrated system"
## [560] "money printed distribute internet swamped vast volume material put media"
## [561] "practical effect make impression society words impossible individuals"
## [562] "small groups fc violent submitted present writings publisher accepted"
## [563] "accepted published attracted readers fun watch entertainment put media"
## [564] "read sober essay writings readers readers forgotten read minds flooded"
## [565] "mass material media expose order message public chance making lasting"
## [566] "impression ve kill people constitutional rights point serve guarantee"
## [567] "called bourgeois conception freedom bourgeois conception free man"
## [568] "essentially element social machine set prescribed delimited freedoms"
## [569] "freedoms designed serve social machine individual bourgeois free man"
## [570] "economic freedom promotes growth progress freedom press public criticism"
## [571] "restrains misbehavior political leaders fair trial imprisonment whim"
## [572] "powerful bad system attitude simon bolivar people deserved liberty"
## [573] "promote progress progress conceived bourgeois bourgeois thinkers"
## [574] "similar view freedom mere means collective ends chester tan chinese"
## [575] "political thought twentieth century page explains philosophy kuomintang"
## [576] "leader hu han min individual granted rights member society community"
## [577] "life requires rights community hu meant society nation page tan states"
## [578] "carsum chang chang chun mai head state socialist party china freedom"
## [579] "interest state people kind freedom prescribes fc conception freedom"
## [580] "bolivar hu chang bourgeois theorists trouble theorists made development"
## [581] "application social theories surrogate activity theories designed serve"
## [582] "theorists people unlucky live society theories imposed point made"
## [583] "section assumed person freedom freedom restricted part psychological"
## [584] "controls people unconscious people ideas constitutes freedom governed"
## [585] "social convention real leftists oversocialized type people including"
## [586] "socialized oversocialized leftist pays heavy psychological price high"
## [587] "level socialization principles history history sum components erratic"
## [588] "component consists unpredictable events follow discernible pattern"
## [589] "regular component consists long term historical trends concerned long"
## [590] "term trends principle small change made affects long term historical"
## [591] "trend effect change transitory trend revert original state reform"
## [592] "movement designed clean political corruption society rarely short term"
## [593] "effect sooner reformers relax corruption creeps back level political"
## [594] "corruption society remain constant change slowly evolution society"
## [595] "political cleanup permanent accompanied widespread social small change"
## [596] "society won small change long term historical trend appears permanent"
## [597] "change acts direction trend moving trend altered pushed step ahead"
## [598] "principle tautology trend stable respect small wander random definite"
## [599] "direction words long term trend principle change made sufficiently"
## [600] "large alter permanently long term historical trend alter society words"
## [601] "society system parts interrelated permanently change important part"
## [602] "changing parts principle change made large alter permanently long"
## [603] "term trend consequences society predicted advance societies passed"
## [604] "change experienced consequences case predict empirical grounds society"
## [605] "passes change experience similar consequences fourth principle kind"
## [606] "society designed paper plan form society advance set expect function"
## [607] "designed fourth principles result complexity human societies change"
## [608] "human behavior affect economy society physical environment economy"
## [609] "affect environment vice versa economy environment affect human behavior"
## [610] "complex unpredictable ways network effects complex untangled understood"
## [611] "principle people consciously rationally choose form society societies"
## [612] "develop processes social evolution rational human control principle"
## [613] "consequence illustrate principle generally speaking attempt social"
## [614] "reform acts direction society developing accelerates change occurred"
## [615] "case transitory effect society slips back groove make lasting change"
## [616] "direction development important aspect society reform insufficient"
## [617] "revolution required revolution necessarily involve armed uprising"
## [618] "overthrow government principle revolution aspect society society"
## [619] "principle occur expected desired revolutionaries fourth principle"
## [620] "revolutionaries utopians set kind society works planned american"
## [621] "revolution provide counterexample american revolution revolution"
## [622] "sense word war independence reaching political reform founding fathers"
## [623] "change direction development american society aspire freed development"
## [624] "american society retarding effect british rule political reform"
## [625] "change basic trend pushed american political culture natural direction"
## [626] "development british society american society offshoot moving long time"
## [627] "direction representative democracy prior war independence americans"
## [628] "practicing significant degree representative democracy colonial"
## [629] "assemblies political system established constitution modeled british"
## [630] "system colonial assemblies major alteration doubt founding fathers"
## [631] "important step step road english speaking world traveling proof britain"
## [632] "colonies populated predominantly people british descent ended systems"
## [633] "representative democracy essentially similar united states founding"
## [634] "fathers lost nerve declined sign declaration independence life today"
## [635] "significantly closer ties britain parliament prime minister congress"
## [636] "president big deal american revolution counterexample principles good"
## [637] "illustration common sense applying principles expressed imprecise"
## [638] "language latitude interpretation exceptions found present principles"
## [639] "inviolable laws rules thumb guides thinking provide partial antidote"
## [640] "naive ideas future society principles borne constantly mind reaches"
## [641] "conclusion conflicts carefully reexamine thinking retain conclusion"
## [642] "good solid reasons industrial technological society reformed foregoing"
## [643] "principles show hopelessly difficult reform industrial system"
## [644] "prevent progressively narrowing sphere freedom consistent tendency"
## [645] "back industrial revolution technology strengthen system high cost"
## [646] "individual freedom local autonomy change designed protect freedom"
## [647] "technology contrary fundamental trend development society change"
## [648] "transitory swamped tide history large permanent alter nature society"
## [649] "principles society altered predicted advance principle great risk"
## [650] "large make lasting difference favor freedom initiated realized gravely"
## [651] "disrupt system attempts reform timid effective large make lasting"
## [652] "difference initiated retracted disruptive effects apparent permanent"
## [653] "favor freedom brought persons prepared accept radical dangerous"
## [654] "unpredictable alteration entire system words revolutionaries reformers"
## [655] "people anxious rescue freedom sacrificing supposed benefits technology"
## [656] "suggest naive schemes form society reconcile freedom technology fact"
## [657] "people make suggestions seldom propose practical means form society set"
## [658] "place fourth principle form society established collapse give results"
## [659] "expected general grounds highly improbable changing society found"
## [660] "reconcile freedom modern technology sections give specific reasons"
## [661] "concluding freedom technological progress incompatible restriction"
## [662] "freedom unavoidable industrial society explained paragraphs modern"
## [663] "man strapped network rules regulations fate depends actions persons"
## [664] "remote decisions influence accidental result arbitrariness arrogant"
## [665] "bureaucrats inevitable technologically advanced society system"
## [666] "regulate human behavior closely order function work people told"
## [667] "production thrown chaos bureaucracies run rigid rules substantial"
## [668] "personal discretion lower level bureaucrats disrupt system lead charges"
## [669] "unfairness due differences individual bureaucrats exercised discretion"
## [670] "true restrictions freedom eliminated generally speaking regulation"
## [671] "lives large organizations functioning industrial technological society"
## [672] "result sense powerlessness part average person formal regulations"
## [673] "tend increasingly replaced psychological tools make system requires"
## [674] "propaganda educational techniques mental health programs system"
## [675] "force people behave ways increasingly remote natural pattern human"
## [676] "behavior system scientists mathematicians engineers function heavy"
## [677] "pressure put children excel fields isn natural adolescent human spend"
## [678] "bulk time sitting desk absorbed study normal adolescent spend time"
## [679] "active contact real world primitive peoples things children trained"
## [680] "tend reasonable harmony natural human impulses american indians boys"
## [681] "trained active outdoor pursuits sort thing boys society children"
## [682] "pushed studying technical subjects grudgingly constant pressure system"
## [683] "exerts modify human behavior gradual increase number people adjust"
## [684] "society requirements welfare leeches youth gang members cultists anti"
## [685] "government rebels radical environmentalist saboteurs dropouts resisters"
## [686] "kinds technologically advanced society individual fate depend decisions"
## [687] "personally influence great extent technological society broken small"
## [688] "autonomous communities production depends cooperation large numbers"
## [689] "people machines society highly organized decisions made affect large"
## [690] "numbers people decision affects million people affected individuals"
## [691] "average millionth share making decision practice decisions made public"
## [692] "officials corporation executives technical specialists public votes"
## [693] "decision number voters ordinarily large vote individual significant"
## [694] "individuals unable influence measurably major decisions affect lives"
## [695] "conceivable remedy technologically advanced society system solve problem"
## [696] "propaganda make people decisions made solution completely successful"
## [697] "making people feel demeaning conservatives advocate local autonomy"
## [698] "local communities autonomy autonomy local communities enmeshed dependent"
## [699] "large scale systems public utilities computer networks highway systems"
## [700] "mass communications media modern health care system operating autonomy"
## [701] "fact technology applied location affects people locations pesticide"
## [702] "chemical creek contaminate water supply hundreds miles downstream"
## [703] "greenhouse effect affects world system exist satisfy human human"
## [704] "behavior modified fit system political social ideology pretend guide"
## [705] "technological system fault technology system guided ideology technical"
## [706] "necessity system satisfy human generally speaking extend advantage"
## [707] "system system paramount human system people food system couldn function"
## [708] "starved attends people psychological conveniently couldn function people"
## [709] "depressed rebellious system good solid practical reasons exert constant"
## [710] "pressure people mold behavior system waste accumulating government"
## [711] "media educational system environmentalists inundates mass propaganda"
## [712] "recycling technical personnel chorus voices exhorts kids study science"
## [713] "stops inhumane force adolescents spend bulk time studying subjects"
## [714] "hate skilled workers put job technical advances undergo retraining"
## [715] "asks humiliating pushed simply granted bow technical necessity good"
## [716] "reason human put technical necessity economic problems unemployment"
## [717] "shortages worse concept mental health society defined largely extent"
## [718] "individual behaves accord system showing signs stress efforts make room"
## [719] "sense purpose autonomy system joke company employees assemble section"
## [720] "catalogue assemble catalogue supposed give sense purpose achievement"
## [721] "companies give employees autonomy work practical reasons limited extent"
## [722] "case employees autonomy ultimate goals autonomous efforts directed"
## [723] "goals select personally employer goals survival growth company company"
## [724] "business permitted employees act similarly enterprise socialist system"
## [725] "workers direct efforts goals enterprise enterprise serve purpose part"
## [726] "system purely technical reasons individuals small groups autonomy"
## [727] "industrial society small business owner commonly limited autonomy"
## [728] "necessity government regulation restricted fact fit economic system"
## [729] "conform requirements instance develops technology small business person"
## [730] "technology order remain competitive bad parts technology separated good"
## [731] "parts reason industrial society reformed favor freedom modern technology"
## [732] "unified system parts dependent rid bad parts technology retain good"
## [733] "parts modern medicine progress medical science depends progress"
## [734] "chemistry physics biology computer science fields advanced medical"
## [735] "treatments require expensive high tech equipment made technologically"
## [736] "progressive economically rich society progress medicine technological"
## [737] "system medical progress maintained rest technological system bring"
## [738] "evils suppose cure diabetes discovered people genetic tendency diabetes"
## [739] "survive reproduce natural selection genes diabetes cease genes spread"
## [740] "population occurring extent diabetes curable controlled insulin thing"
## [741] "happen diseases susceptibility affected genetic degradation population"
## [742] "solution sort eugenics program extensive genetic engineering human"
## [743] "beings man future longer creation nature chance god depending religious"
## [744] "philosophical opinions manufactured product big government interferes"
## [745] "life wait till government starts regulating genetic constitution"
## [746] "children regulation inevitably follow introduction genetic engineering"
## [747] "human beings consequences unregulated genetic engineering disastrous"
## [748] "usual response concerns talk medical ethics code ethics serve protect"
## [749] "freedom face medical progress make matters worse code ethics applicable"
## [750] "genetic engineering effect means regulating genetic constitution human"
## [751] "beings upper middle class decide applications genetic engineering"
## [752] "ethical effect imposing values genetic constitution population large"
## [753] "code ethics chosen completely democratic basis majority imposing values"
## [754] "minorities idea constituted ethical genetic engineering code ethics"
## [755] "protect freedom prohibited genetic engineering human beings code applied"
## [756] "technological society code reduced genetic engineering minor role stand"
## [757] "long temptation presented immense power biotechnology irresistible"
## [758] "majority people applications unequivocally good eliminating physical"
## [759] "mental diseases giving people abilities today world inevitably genetic"
## [760] "engineering extensively ways consistent industrial technological"
## [761] "system technology powerful social force aspiration freedom make"
## [762] "lasting compromise technology freedom technology powerful social"
## [763] "force continually encroaches freedom repeated compromises imagine case"
## [764] "neighbors outset owns amount land powerful powerful demands piece land"
## [765] "weak refuses powerful compromise give half asked weak choice give time"
## [766] "powerful neighbor demands piece land compromise forcing long series"
## [767] "compromises weaker man powerful eventually land conflict technology"
## [768] "freedom explain technology powerful social force aspiration freedom"
## [769] "technological advance appears threaten freedom turns threaten motorized"
## [770] "transport walking man pleased pace observing traffic regulations"
## [771] "independent technological support systems motor vehicles introduced"
## [772] "appeared increase man freedom freedom walking man automobile didn choose"
## [773] "buy automobile travel faster farther walking man introduction motorized"
## [774] "transport changed society restrict greatly man freedom locomotion"
## [775] "automobiles numerous regulate extensively car densely populated areas"
## [776] "likes pace movement governed flow traffic traffic laws tied obligations"
## [777] "license requirements driver test renewing registration insurance"
## [778] "maintenance required safety monthly payments purchase price motorized"
## [779] "transport longer optional introduction motorized transport arrangement"
## [780] "cities changed majority people longer live walking distance place"
## [781] "employment shopping areas recreational opportunities depend automobile"
## [782] "transportation public transportation case control movement driving car"
## [783] "walker freedom greatly restricted city continually stop wait traffic"
## [784] "lights designed serve auto traffic country motor traffic makes dangerous"
## [785] "unpleasant walk highway note important point illustrated case motorized"
## [786] "transport item technology introduced option individual accept chooses"
## [787] "necessarily remain optional cases technology society people eventually"
## [788] "find forced technological progress continually narrows sphere freedom"
## [789] "technical advance considered appears desirable electricity indoor"
## [790] "plumbing rapid long distance communications argue things innumerable"
## [791] "technical advances made modern society absurd resist introduction"
## [792] "telephone offered advantages disadvantages explained paragraphs"
## [793] "technical advances created world average man fate longer hands hands"
## [794] "neighbors friends politicians corporation executives remote anonymous"
## [795] "technicians bureaucrats individual power influence process continue"
## [796] "future genetic engineering people resist introduction genetic technique"
## [797] "eliminates hereditary disease apparent harm prevents suffering large"
## [798] "number genetic improvements make human engineered product free creation"
## [799] "chance god depending religious beliefs reason technology powerful social"
## [800] "force context society technological progress marches direction reversed"
## [801] "technical innovation introduced people dependent replaced advanced"
## [802] "innovation people dependent individuals item technology system dependent"
## [803] "imagine happen system today computers eliminated system move direction"
## [804] "greater technologization technology repeatedly forces freedom step back"
## [805] "technology step back short overthrow technological system technology"
## [806] "advances great rapidity threatens freedom points time crowding rules"
## [807] "regulations increasing dependence individuals large organizations"
## [808] "propaganda psychological techniques genetic engineering invasion"
## [809] "privacy surveillance devices computers hold back threats freedom"
## [810] "require long difficult social struggle protect freedom overwhelmed"
## [811] "sheer number attacks rapidity develop apathetic longer resist fight"
## [812] "threats separately futile success hoped fighting technological system"
## [813] "revolution reform technicians term broad sense describe perform"
## [814] "specialized task requires training tend involved work surrogate"
## [815] "activity conflict arises technical work freedom decide favor technical"
## [816] "work obvious case scientists appears educators humanitarian groups"
## [817] "conservation organizations hesitate propaganda psychological techniques"
## [818] "achieve laudable ends corporations government agencies find hesitate"
## [819] "collect information individuals regard privacy law enforcement agencies"
## [820] "frequently inconvenienced constitutional rights suspects completely"
## [821] "innocent persons legally illegally restrict circumvent rights educators"
## [822] "government officials law officers freedom privacy constitutional rights"
## [823] "conflict work feel work important people generally work persistently"
## [824] "striving reward attempting avoid punishment negative outcome scientists"
## [825] "technicians motivated rewards work oppose technological invasions"
## [826] "freedom working avoid negative outcome work persistently discouraging"
## [827] "task reformers achieved signal victory set solid barrier erosion"
## [828] "freedom technical progress tend relax turn attention agreeable pursuits"
## [829] "scientists remain busy laboratories technology progresses find ways"
## [830] "spite barriers exert control individuals make dependent system social"
## [831] "arrangements laws institutions customs ethical codes provide permanent"
## [832] "protection technology history shows social arrangements transitory"
## [833] "change break eventually technological advances permanent context"
## [834] "civilization suppose arrive social arrangements prevent genetic"
## [835] "engineering applied human beings prevent applied threaten freedom"
## [836] "dignity technology remain waiting sooner social arrangement break"
## [837] "sooner pace change society genetic engineering begin invade sphere"
## [838] "freedom invasion irreversible short breakdown technological civilization"
## [839] "illusions achieving permanent social arrangements dispelled happening"
## [840] "environmental legislation years ago secure legal barriers preventing"
## [841] "worst forms environmental degradation change political wind barriers"
## [842] "begin crumble foregoing reasons technology powerful social force"
## [843] "aspiration freedom statement requires important qualification appears"
## [844] "decades industrial technological system undergoing severe stresses due"
## [845] "economic environmental problems due problems human behavior alienation"
## [846] "rebellion hostility variety social psychological difficulties hope"
## [847] "stresses system pass break weaken sufficiently revolution revolution"
## [848] "occurs successful moment aspiration freedom proved powerful technology"
## [849] "paragraph analogy weak neighbor left destitute strong neighbor takes"
## [850] "land forcing series compromises suppose strong neighbor sick unable"
## [851] "defend weak neighbor force strong give land back kill lets strong man"
## [852] "survive forces give land back fool strong man land alternative weaker"
## [853] "man kill strong chance industrial system sick destroy compromise"
## [854] "recover sickness eventually wipe freedom simpler social problems proved"
## [855] "intractable imagines reform system protect freedom technology clumsily"
## [856] "part unsuccessfully society dealt social problems simple straightforward"
## [857] "things system failed stop environmental degradation political corruption"
## [858] "drug trafficking domestic abuse environmental problems conflict values"
## [859] "straightforward economic expedience versus saving natural resources"
## [860] "grandchildren subject lot blather obfuscation people power clear"
## [861] "consistent line action piling environmental problems grandchildren"
## [862] "live attempts resolve environmental issue consist struggles compromises"
## [863] "factions ascendant moment moment line struggle shifting currents"
## [864] "public opinion rational process lead timely successful solution problem"
## [865] "major social problems solved rarely solved rational comprehensive"
## [866] "plan work process competing groups pursuing short term interest arrive"
## [867] "luck stable modus vivendi fact principles formulated paragraphs make"
## [868] "doubtful rational long term social planning successful clear human"
## [869] "race limited capacity solving straightforward social problems solve"
## [870] "difficult subtle problem reconciling freedom technology technology"
## [871] "presents clear cut material advantages freedom abstraction means"
## [872] "things people loss easily obscured propaganda fancy talk note important"
## [873] "difference conceivable environmental problems day settled rational"
## [874] "comprehensive plan long term interest system solve problems interest"
## [875] "system preserve freedom small group autonomy contrary interest system"
## [876] "bring human behavior control greatest extent practical considerations"
## [877] "eventually force system rational prudent approach environmental problems"
## [878] "equally practical considerations force system regulate human behavior"
## [879] "closely preferably indirect means disguise encroachment freedom isn"
## [880] "opinion eminent social scientists james wilson stressed importance"
## [881] "socializing people effectively revolution easier reform hope convinced"
## [882] "reader system reformed reconcile freedom technology dispense industrial"
## [883] "technological system altogether implies revolution necessarily armed"
## [884] "uprising radical fundamental change nature society people tend assume"
## [885] "revolution involves greater change reform difficult bring reform"
## [886] "circumstances revolution easier reform reason revolutionary movement"
## [887] "inspire intensity commitment reform movement inspire reform movement"
## [888] "offers solve social problem revolutionary movement offers solve"
## [889] "problems stroke create world kind ideal people great risks make great"
## [890] "sacrifices reasons easier overthrow technological system put effective"
## [891] "permanent restraints development application segment technology genetic"
## [892] "engineering people devote single minded passion imposing maintaining"
## [893] "restraints genetic engineering suitable conditions large numbers people"
## [894] "devote passionately revolution industrial technological system noted"
## [895] "paragraph reformers seeking limit aspects technology working avoid"
## [896] "negative outcome revolutionaries work gain powerful reward fulfillment"
## [897] "revolutionary vision work harder persistently reformers reform"
## [898] "restrained fear painful consequences revolutionary fever hold society"
## [899] "people undergo unlimited hardships sake revolution shown french russian"
## [900] "revolutions cases minority population committed revolution minority"
## [901] "sufficiently large active dominant force society revolution paragraphs"
## [902] "control human behavior beginning civilization organized societies"
## [903] "put pressures human beings sake functioning social organism kinds"
## [904] "pressures vary greatly society pressures physical poor diet excessive"
## [905] "labor environmental pollution psychological noise crowding forcing"
## [906] "human behavior mold society requires past human nature approximately"
## [907] "constant rate varied bounds societies push people limits limit human"
## [908] "endurance passed things start wrong rebellion crime corruption evasion"
## [909] "work depression mental problems elevated death rate declining birth"
## [910] "rate society breaks functioning inefficient quickly gradually conquest"
## [911] "attrition evolution replaced efficient form society human nature past"
## [912] "put limits development societies people pushed farther today changing"
## [913] "modern technology developing ways modifying human beings imagine society"
## [914] "subjects people conditions make terribly unhappy drugs unhappiness"
## [915] "science fiction happening extent society rate clinical depression"
## [916] "greatly increasing recent decades due disruption power process explained"
## [917] "paragraphs wrong increasing rate depression result conditions exist"
## [918] "today society removing conditions make people depressed modern society"
## [919] "antidepressant drugs effect antidepressants means modifying individual"
## [920] "internal state enable tolerate social conditions find intolerable"
## [921] "depression purely genetic origin referring cases environment plays"
## [922] "predominant role drugs affect mind methods controlling human behavior"
## [923] "modern society developing methods start techniques surveillance"
## [924] "hidden video cameras stores places computers collect process vast"
## [925] "amounts information individuals information obtained greatly increases"
## [926] "effectiveness physical coercion law enforcement methods propaganda mass"
## [927] "communication media provide effective vehicles efficient techniques"
## [928] "developed winning elections selling products influencing public opinion"
## [929] "entertainment industry serves important psychological tool system"
## [930] "possibly dishing large amounts sex violence entertainment modern man"
## [931] "essential means escape absorbed television videos forget stress anxiety"
## [932] "frustration dissatisfaction primitive peoples don work content sit hours"
## [933] "time peace world modern people constantly occupied entertained bored"
## [934] "fidgety uneasy irritable techniques strike deeper foregoing education"
## [935] "longer simple affair paddling kid doesn lessons patting head scientific"
## [936] "technique controlling child development sylvan learning centers great"
## [937] "success motivating children study psychological techniques success"
## [938] "conventional schools parenting techniques taught parents designed make"
## [939] "children accept fundamental values system behave ways system finds"
## [940] "desirable mental health programs intervention techniques psychotherapy"
## [941] "ostensibly designed benefit individuals practice serve methods inducing"
## [942] "individuals behave system requires contradiction individual attitudes"
## [943] "behavior bring conflict system force powerful conquer escape suffer"
## [944] "stress frustration defeat path easier thinks behaves system requires"
## [945] "sense system acting benefit individual brainwashes conformity child"
## [946] "abuse gross obvious forms disapproved cultures tormenting child trivial"
## [947] "reason reason appalls psychologists interpret concept abuse broadly"
## [948] "spanking part rational consistent system discipline form abuse question"
## [949] "ultimately decided spanking produce behavior makes person fit existing"
## [950] "system society practice word abuse interpreted include method child"
## [951] "rearing produces behavior inconvenient system prevention obvious"
## [952] "senseless cruelty programs preventing child abuse directed control"
## [953] "human behavior behalf system research continue increase effectiveness"
## [954] "psychological techniques controlling human behavior psychological"
## [955] "techniques sufficient adjust human beings kind society technology"
## [956] "creating biological methods mentioned drugs connection neurology provide"
## [957] "avenues modifying human mind genetic engineering human beings beginning"
## [958] "occur form gene therapy reason assume methods eventually modify aspects"
## [959] "body affect mental functioning mentioned paragraph industrial society"
## [960] "entering period severe stress due part problems human behavior part"
## [961] "economic environmental problems considerable proportion system economic"
## [962] "environmental problems result human beings behave alienation low esteem"
## [963] "depression hostility rebellion children won study youth gangs illegal"
## [964] "drug rape child abuse crimes unsafe sex teen pregnancy population growth"
## [965] "political corruption race hatred ethnic rivalry bitter ideological"
## [966] "conflict pro choice pro life political extremism terrorism sabotage"
## [967] "anti government groups hate groups threaten survival system system"
## [968] "forced practical means controlling human behavior social disruption"
## [969] "today result mere chance result conditions life system imposes people"
## [970] "argued important conditions disruption power process systems succeeds"
## [971] "imposing sufficient control human behavior assure survival watershed"
## [972] "human history passed limits human endurance imposed limits development"
## [973] "societies explained paragraphs industrial technological society pass"
## [974] "limits modifying human beings psychological methods biological methods"
## [975] "future social systems adjusted suit human beings human adjusted"
## [976] "suit system generally speaking technological control human behavior"
## [977] "introduced totalitarian intention conscious desire restrict human"
## [978] "freedom step assertion control human mind rational response problem"
## [979] "faces society curing alcoholism reducing crime rate inducing young"
## [980] "people study science engineering cases humanitarian justification"
## [981] "psychiatrist prescribes anti depressant depressed patient individual"
## [982] "favor inhumane withhold drug parents send children sylvan learning"
## [983] "centers manipulated enthusiastic studies concern children welfare"
## [984] "parents didn specialized training job kid didn brainwashed computer"
## [985] "nerd change society child unemployable doesn skills send sylvan control"
## [986] "human behavior introduced calculated decision authorities process"
## [987] "social evolution rapid evolution process impossible resist advance"
## [988] "considered beneficial evil involved making advance beneficial evil"
## [989] "involved making advance result making paragraph propaganda good purposes"
## [990] "discouraging child abuse race hatred sex education effect sex education"
## [991] "extent successful shaping sexual attitudes family put hands state"
## [992] "represented public school system suppose biological trait discovered"
## [993] "increases likelihood child grow criminal suppose sort gene therapy"
## [994] "remove trait parents children possess trait undergo therapy inhumane"
## [995] "child miserable life grew criminal primitive societies low crime"
## [996] "rate comparison society high tech methods child rearing harsh systems"
## [997] "punishment reason suppose modern men primitive men innate predatory"
## [998] "tendencies high crime rate society due pressures modern conditions put"
## [999] "people adjust treatment designed remove potential criminal tendencies"
## [1000] "part engineering people suit requirements system society regard sickness"
## [1001] "mode thought behavior inconvenient system plausible individual doesn"
## [1002] "fit system pain individual problems system manipulation individual"
## [1003] "adjust system cure sickness good paragraph pointed item technology"
## [1004] "initially optional necessarily remain optional technology change society"
## [1005] "difficult impossible individual function technology applies technology"
## [1006] "human behavior world children put program make enthusiastic studying"
## [1007] "parent forced put kid program kid grow comparatively speaking ignoramus"
## [1008] "unemployable suppose biological treatment discovered undesirable side"
## [1009] "effects greatly reduce psychological stress people suffer society large"
## [1010] "numbers people choose undergo treatment general level stress society"
## [1011] "reduced system increase stress producing pressures fact happened"
## [1012] "society important psychological tools enabling people reduce temporarily"
## [1013] "escape stress mass entertainment paragraph mass entertainment"
## [1014] "optional law requires watch television listen radio read magazines"
## [1015] "mass entertainment means escape stress reduction dependent complains"
## [1016] "trashiness television watches kicked tv habit rare person today form"
## [1017] "mass entertainment recently human history people nicely entertainment"
## [1018] "local community created entertainment industry system putting stress"
## [1019] "producing pressure assuming industrial society survives technology"
## [1020] "eventually acquire approaching complete control human behavior"
## [1021] "established rational doubt human thought behavior largely biological"
## [1022] "basis experimenters demonstrated feelings hunger pleasure anger fear"
## [1023] "turned electrical stimulation parts brain memories destroyed damaging"
## [1024] "parts brain brought surface electrical stimulation hallucinations"
## [1025] "induced moods changed drugs immaterial human soul powerful biological"
## [1026] "mechanisms human behavior case researchers easily manipulate human"
## [1027] "feelings behavior drugs electrical currents impractical people"
## [1028] "electrodes inserted heads controlled authorities fact human thoughts"
## [1029] "feelings open biological intervention shows problem controlling human"
## [1030] "behavior technical problem problem neurons hormones complex molecules"
## [1031] "kind problem accessible scientific attack outstanding record society"
## [1032] "solving technical problems overwhelmingly probable great advances"
## [1033] "made control human behavior public resistance prevent introduction"
## [1034] "technological control human behavior attempt made introduce control"
## [1035] "technological control introduced long sequence small advances rational"
## [1036] "effective public resistance paragraphs sounds science fiction point"
## [1037] "yesterday science fiction today fact industrial revolution radically"
## [1038] "altered man environment life expected technology increasingly applied"
## [1039] "human body mind man altered radically environment life human race"
## [1040] "crossroads ahead story thing develop laboratory series psychological"
## [1041] "biological techniques manipulating human behavior integrate techniques"
## [1042] "functioning social system problem difficult techniques educational"
## [1043] "psychology doubtless work lab schools developed necessarily easy apply"
## [1044] "effectively educational system schools teachers busy taking knives guns"
## [1045] "kids subject latest techniques making computer nerds spite technical"
## [1046] "advances relating human behavior system date impressively successful"
## [1047] "controlling human beings people behavior fairly control system type"
## [1048] "called bourgeois growing numbers people rebels system welfare leaches"
## [1049] "youth gangs cultists satanists nazis radical environmentalists"
## [1050] "militiamen system engaged desperate struggle overcome problems threaten"
## [1051] "survival problems human behavior important system succeeds acquiring"
## [1052] "sufficient control human behavior quickly survive break issue resolved"
## [1053] "decades years suppose system survives crisis decades time solved"
## [1054] "brought control principal problems confront socializing human beings"
## [1055] "making people sufficiently docile heir behavior longer threatens system"
## [1056] "accomplished obstacle development technology advance logical conclusion"
## [1057] "complete control earth including human beings important organisms system"
## [1058] "unitary monolithic organization fragmented consist number organizations"
## [1059] "coexisting relationship includes elements cooperation competition"
## [1060] "today government corporations large organizations cooperate compete"
## [1061] "human freedom vanished individuals small groups impotent vis vis large"
## [1062] "organizations armed supertechnology arsenal advanced psychological"
## [1063] "biological tools manipulating human beings instruments surveillance"
## [1064] "physical coercion small number people real power limited freedom"
## [1065] "behavior regulated today politicians corporation executives retain"
## [1066] "positions power long behavior remains fairly narrow limits don imagine"
## [1067] "systems stop developing techniques controlling human beings nature"
## [1068] "crisis decades increasing control longer system survival contrary hard"
## [1069] "times system increase control people nature rapidly longer hampered"
## [1070] "difficulties kind experiencing survival principal motive extending"
## [1071] "control explained paragraphs technicians scientists carry work largely"
## [1072] "surrogate activity satisfy power solving technical problems continue"
## [1073] "unabated enthusiasm interesting challenging problems solve understanding"
## [1074] "human body mind intervening development good humanity suppose hand"
## [1075] "stresses coming decades prove system system breaks period chaos time"
## [1076] "troubles history recorded epochs past impossible predict emerge time"
## [1077] "troubles rate human race chance greatest danger industrial society"
## [1078] "begin reconstitute years breakdown people power hungry types anxious"
## [1079] "factories running tasks confront hate servitude industrial system"
## [1080] "reducing human race work heighten social stresses system increase"
## [1081] "likelihood break weakened sufficiently revolution develop propagate"
## [1082] "ideology opposes technology industrial society system sufficiently"
## [1083] "weakened ideology assure industrial society breaks remnants smashed"
## [1084] "repair system reconstituted factories destroyed technical books burned"
## [1085] "human suffering industrial system break purely result revolutionary"
## [1086] "action vulnerable revolutionary attack internal problems development"
## [1087] "lead difficulties system breaks spontaneously process part spontaneous"
## [1088] "helped revolutionaries breakdown sudden people die world population"
## [1089] "overblown feed longer advanced technology breakdown gradual reduction"
## [1090] "population occur lowering birth rate elevation death rate process de"
## [1091] "industrialization chaotic involve suffering naive technology phased"
## [1092] "smoothly managed orderly technophiles fight stubbornly step cruel"
## [1093] "work breakdown system place revolutionaries break system trouble good"
## [1094] "chance eventually breaking bigger system grows disastrous consequences"
## [1095] "breakdown revolutionaries hastening onset breakdown reducing extent"
## [1096] "disaster place balance struggle death loss freedom dignity freedom"
## [1097] "dignity important long life avoidance physical pain die time die"
## [1098] "fighting survival live long empty purposeless life place survival"
## [1099] "system lead suffering breakdown system system caused continuing"
## [1100] "immense suffering world ancient cultures hundreds years gave people"
## [1101] "satisfactory relationship environment shattered contact industrial"
## [1102] "society result catalogue economic environmental social psychological"
## [1103] "problems effects intrusion industrial society world traditional"
## [1104] "controls population thrown balance population explosion implies"
## [1105] "psychological suffering widespread supposedly fortunate countries"
## [1106] "west paragraphs happen result ozone depletion greenhouse effect"
## [1107] "environmental problems foreseen nuclear proliferation shown technology"
## [1108] "hands dictators irresponsible world nations speculate iraq north korea"
## [1109] "genetic engineering technophiles science fix conquer famine eliminate"
## [1110] "psychological suffering make healthy happy yeah years ago industrial"
## [1111] "revolution supposed eliminate poverty make happy actual result"
## [1112] "technophiles hopelessly naive deceiving understanding social problems"
## [1113] "unaware choose ignore fact large seemingly beneficial introduced society"
## [1114] "lead long sequence impossible predict paragraph result disruption"
## [1115] "society probable attempts end poverty disease engineer docile happy"
## [1116] "personalities technophiles create social systems terribly troubled"
## [1117] "present scientists boast end famine creating genetically engineered"
## [1118] "food plants human population expanding indefinitely crowding leads"
## [1119] "increased stress aggression predictable problems arise emphasize past"
## [1120] "experience shown technical progress lead problems predicted advance"
## [1121] "paragraph fact industrial revolution technology creating problems"
## [1122] "society rapidly solving long difficult period trial error technophiles"
## [1123] "work bugs brave world meantime great suffering clear survival industrial"
## [1124] "society involve suffering breakdown society technology human race fix"
## [1125] "easy escape future suppose industrial society survive decades bugs"
## [1126] "eventually worked system functions smoothly kind system possibilities"
## [1127] "postulate computer scientists succeed developing intelligent machines"
## [1128] "things human beings case work vast highly organized systems machines"
## [1129] "human effort cases occur machines permitted make decisions human"
## [1130] "oversight human control machines retained machines permitted make"
## [1131] "decisions make conjectures results impossible guess machines behave"
## [1132] "point fate human race mercy machines argued human race foolish hand"
## [1133] "power machines suggesting human race voluntarily turn power machines"
## [1134] "machines willfully seize power suggest human race easily permit"
## [1135] "drift position dependence machines practical choice accept machines"
## [1136] "decisions society problems face complex machines intelligent people"
## [1137] "machines make decisions simply machine made decisions bring results man"
## [1138] "made eventually stage reached decisions system running complex human"
## [1139] "beings incapable making intelligently stage machines effective control"
## [1140] "people won turn machines dependent turning amount suicide hand human"
## [1141] "control machines retained case average man control private machines car"
## [1142] "personal computer control large systems machines hands tiny elite today"
## [1143] "differences due improved techniques elite greater control masses human"
## [1144] "work longer masses superfluous useless burden system elite ruthless"
## [1145] "simply decide exterminate mass humanity humane propaganda psychological"
## [1146] "biological techniques reduce birth rate mass humanity extinct leaving"
## [1147] "world elite elite consists soft hearted liberals decide play role"
## [1148] "good shepherds rest human race physical satisfied children raised"
## [1149] "psychologically hygienic conditions wholesome hobby busy dissatisfied"
## [1150] "undergoes treatment cure problem life purposeless people biologically"
## [1151] "psychologically engineered remove power process make sublimate drive"
## [1152] "power harmless hobby engineered human beings happy society free reduced"
## [1153] "status domestic animals suppose computer scientists succeed developing"
## [1154] "artificial intelligence human work remains machines care simpler tasks"
## [1155] "increasing surplus human workers lower levels ability happening people"
## [1156] "find difficult impossible work intellectual psychological reasons"
## [1157] "acquire level training make present system employed increasing demands"
## [1158] "training ability reliable conforming docile cells giant organism tasks"
## [1159] "increasingly specialized work sense touch real world concentrated tiny"
## [1160] "slice reality system means psychological biological engineer people"
## [1161] "docile abilities system requires sublimate drive power specialized"
## [1162] "task statement people society docile require qualification society find"
## [1163] "competitiveness provided ways found directing competitiveness channels"
## [1164] "serve system imagine future society endless competition positions"
## [1165] "prestige power people reach top real power end paragraph repellent"
## [1166] "society person satisfy power pushing large numbers people depriving"
## [1167] "opportunity power envision scenarios incorporate aspects possibilities"
## [1168] "discussed instance machines work real practical importance human beings"
## [1169] "busy unimportant work suggested great development service industries"
## [1170] "provide work human beings people spent time shining shoes driving"
## [1171] "taxicabs making handicrafts waiting tables contemptible human race end"
## [1172] "doubt people find fulfilling lives pointless busy work seek dangerous"
## [1173] "outlets drugs crime cults hate groups biologically psychologically"
## [1174] "engineered adapt life needless scenarios outlined exhaust possibilities"
## [1175] "kinds outcomes envision plausible scenarios palatable ve overwhelmingly"
## [1176] "probable industrial technological system survives years time developed"
## [1177] "general characteristics individuals bourgeois type integrated system"
## [1178] "make run power dependent large organizations socialized physical mental"
## [1179] "qualities significant extent possibly great extent engineered results"
## [1180] "chance god left wild nature reduced remnants preserved scientific"
## [1181] "study supervision management scientists longer wild long run centuries"
## [1182] "human race important organisms exist today start modifying organisms"
## [1183] "genetic engineering reason stop point modifications continue man"
## [1184] "organisms utterly transformed case technology creating human beings"
## [1185] "physical social environment radically spectrum environments natural"
## [1186] "selection adapted human race physically psychologically man adjusted"
## [1187] "environment artificially engineered adapted long painful process natural"
## [1188] "selection dump stinking system consequences strategy technophiles"
## [1189] "taking utterly reckless ride unknown people understand technological"
## [1190] "progress passive attitude inevitable fc don inevitable stopped give"
## [1191] "indications stopping stated paragraph main tasks present promote social"
## [1192] "stress instability industrial society develop propagate ideology opposes"
## [1193] "technology industrial system system sufficiently stressed unstable"
## [1194] "revolution technology pattern similar french russian revolutions french"
## [1195] "society russian society decades prior respective revolutions showed"
## [1196] "increasing signs stress weakness ideologies developed offered world"
## [1197] "view russian case revolutionaries actively working undermine order"
## [1198] "system put sufficient additional stress financial crisis france military"
## [1199] "defeat russia swept revolution propose lines objected french russian"
## [1200] "revolutions failures revolutions goals destroy form society set form"
## [1201] "society envisioned revolutionaries french russian revolutionaries failed"
## [1202] "fortunately create kind society dreamed successful destroying society"
## [1203] "illusions feasibility creating ideal form society goal destroy existing"
## [1204] "form society ideology order gain enthusiastic support positive ideal"
## [1205] "negative positive ideal propose nature wild nature aspects functioning"
## [1206] "earth living things independent human management free human interference"
## [1207] "control wild nature include human nature aspects functioning human"
## [1208] "individual subject regulation organized society products chance free"
## [1209] "god depending religious philosophical opinions nature makes perfect"
## [1210] "counter ideal technology reasons nature power system opposite technology"
## [1211] "seeks expand indefinitely power system people agree nature beautiful"
## [1212] "tremendous popular appeal radical environmentalists hold ideology"
## [1213] "exalts nature opposes technology sake nature set chimerical utopia"
## [1214] "kind social order nature takes care spontaneous creation existed long"
## [1215] "human society countless centuries kinds human societies coexisted"
## [1216] "nature excessive amount damage industrial revolution effect human"
## [1217] "society nature devastating relieve pressure nature create special kind"
## [1218] "social system rid industrial society granted solve problems industrial"
## [1219] "society tremendous damage nature long time scars heal pre industrial"
## [1220] "societies significant damage nature rid industrial society accomplish"
## [1221] "great deal relieve worst pressure nature scars begin heal remove"
## [1222] "capacity organized society increasing control nature including human"
## [1223] "nature kind society exist demise industrial system people live close"
## [1224] "nature absence advanced technology people live feed peasants herdsmen"
## [1225] "fishermen hunters generally speaking local autonomy tend increase lack"
## [1226] "advanced technology rapid communications limit capacity governments"
## [1227] "large organizations control local communities negative consequences"
## [1228] "eliminating industrial society eat cake gain thing sacrifice people"
## [1229] "hate psychological conflict reason avoid thinking difficult social"
## [1230] "issues issues presented simple black white terms good bad revolutionary"
## [1231] "ideology developed levels sophisticated level ideology address people"
## [1232] "intelligent thoughtful rational object create core people opposed"
## [1233] "industrial system rational thought basis full appreciation problems"
## [1234] "ambiguities involved price paid rid system important attract people"
## [1235] "type capable people instrumental influencing people addressed rational"
## [1236] "level facts intentionally distorted intemperate language avoided"
## [1237] "appeal made emotions making appeal care avoid misrepresenting truth"
## [1238] "destroy intellectual respectability ideology level ideology propagated"
## [1239] "simplified form enable unthinking majority conflict technology nature"
## [1240] "unambiguous terms level ideology expressed language cheap intemperate"
## [1241] "irrational alienates people thoughtful rational type cheap intemperate"
## [1242] "propaganda achieves impressive short term gains advantageous long run"
## [1243] "loyalty small number intelligently committed people arouse passions"
## [1244] "unthinking fickle mob change attitude propaganda gimmick propaganda"
## [1245] "rabble rousing type system nearing point collapse final struggle"
## [1246] "rival ideologies determine dominant world view prior final struggle"
## [1247] "revolutionaries expect majority people side history made active"
## [1248] "determined minorities majority seldom clear consistent idea time final"
## [1249] "push revolution task revolutionaries win shallow support majority"
## [1250] "build small core deeply committed people majority make aware existence"
## [1251] "ideology remind frequently desirable majority support extent weakening"
## [1252] "core committed people kind social conflict helps destabilize system"
## [1253] "careful kind conflict encourages line conflict drawn mass people"
## [1254] "power holding elite industrial society politicians scientists upper"
## [1255] "level business executives government officials drawn revolutionaries"
## [1256] "mass people bad strategy revolutionaries condemn americans habits"
## [1257] "consumption average american portrayed victim advertising marketing"
## [1258] "industry suckered buying lot junk doesn poor compensation lost freedom"
## [1259] "approach consistent facts matter attitude blame advertising industry"
## [1260] "manipulating public blame public allowing manipulated matter strategy"
## [1261] "generally avoid blaming public encouraging social conflict power"
## [1262] "holding elite wields technology general public technology exerts"
## [1263] "power thing conflicts tend distract attention important conflicts"
## [1264] "power elite ordinary people technology nature thing conflicts tend"
## [1265] "encourage technologization side conflict technological power gain"
## [1266] "advantages adversary rivalries nations appears ethnic conflicts"
## [1267] "nations america black leaders anxious gain power african americans"
## [1268] "placing back individuals technological power elite black government"
## [1269] "officials scientists corporation executives helping absorb african"
## [1270] "american subculture technological system generally speaking encourage"
## [1271] "social conflicts fitted framework conflicts power elite ordinary"
## [1272] "people technology nature discourage ethnic conflict militant advocacy"
## [1273] "minority rights paragraphs revolutionaries emphasize minorities suffer"
## [1274] "disadvantage disadvantage peripheral significance real enemy industrial"
## [1275] "technological system struggle system ethnic distinctions importance"
## [1276] "kind revolution mind necessarily involve armed uprising government"
## [1277] "involve physical violence political revolution focus technology"
## [1278] "economics politics revolutionaries avoid assuming political power legal"
## [1279] "illegal means industrial system stressed danger point proved failure"
## [1280] "eyes people suppose green party win control united states congress"
## [1281] "election order avoid betraying watering ideology vigorous measures"
## [1282] "turn economic growth economic shrinkage average man results disastrous"
## [1283] "massive unemployment shortages commodities grosser ill effects"
## [1284] "avoided superhumanly skillful management people begin giving luxuries"
## [1285] "addicted dissatisfaction grow green party voted office revolutionaries"
## [1286] "suffered severe setback reason revolutionaries acquire political power"
## [1287] "system mess hardships resulting failures industrial system policies"
## [1288] "revolutionaries revolution technology revolution outsiders revolution"
## [1289] "revolution international worldwide carried nation nation basis suggested"
## [1290] "united states cut back technological progress economic growth people"
## [1291] "hysterical start screaming fall technology japanese ahead holy robots"
## [1292] "world fly orbit japanese sell cars nationalism great promoter technology"
## [1293] "argued democratic nations world fall technology nasty dictatorial"
## [1294] "nations china vietnam north korea continue progress eventually dictators"
## [1295] "dominate world industrial system attacked nations simultaneously extent"
## [1296] "true assurance industrial system destroyed approximately time world"
## [1297] "conceivable attempt overthrow system lead domination system dictators"
## [1298] "risk worth taking difference democratic industrial system controlled"
## [1299] "dictators small compared difference industrial system industrial argued"
## [1300] "industrial system controlled dictators preferable dictator controlled"
## [1301] "systems proved inefficient break cuba revolutionaries favoring measures"
## [1302] "tend bind world economy unified free trade agreements nafta gatt"
## [1303] "harmful environment short run long run advantageous foster economic"
## [1304] "interdependence nations easier destroy industrial system worldwide"
## [1305] "basis world economy unified breakdown major nation lead breakdown"
## [1306] "industrialized nations people line modern man power control nature"
## [1307] "argue passive attitude part human race people expressing unclearly"
## [1308] "fail distinguish power large organizations power individuals small"
## [1309] "groups mistake argue powerlessness passivity people power modern man"
## [1310] "collective entity industrial system immense power nature fc regard"
## [1311] "evil modern individuals small groups individuals power primitive man"
## [1312] "generally speaking vast power modern man nature exercised individuals"
## [1313] "small groups large organizations extent average modern individual wield"
## [1314] "power technology permitted narrow limits supervision control system"
## [1315] "license license rules regulations individual technological powers system"
## [1316] "chooses provide personal power nature slight primitive individuals small"
## [1317] "groups considerable power nature power nature primitive man needed food"
## [1318] "knew find prepare edible roots track game homemade weapons knew protect"
## [1319] "heat cold rain dangerous animals primitive man damage nature collective"
## [1320] "power primitive society negligible compared collective power industrial"
## [1321] "society arguing powerlessness passivity argue power industrial"
## [1322] "system broken greatly increase power freedom individuals small groups"
## [1323] "industrial system wrecked destruction system revolutionaries goal"
## [1324] "goals distract attention energy main goal importantly revolutionaries"
## [1325] "permit goal destruction technology tempted technology tool reaching"
## [1326] "goal give temptation fall back technological trap modern technology"
## [1327] "unified tightly organized system order retain technology finds oneself"
## [1328] "obliged retain technology ends sacrificing token amounts technology"
## [1329] "suppose revolutionaries social justice goal human nature social justice"
## [1330] "spontaneously enforced order enforce revolutionaries retain central"
## [1331] "organization control rapid long distance transportation communication"
## [1332] "technology needed support transportation communication systems feed"
## [1333] "clothe poor people agricultural manufacturing technology attempt"
## [1334] "insure social justice force retain parts technological system social"
## [1335] "justice allowed interfere effort rid technological system hopeless"
## [1336] "revolutionaries attack system modern technology communications media"
## [1337] "spread message modern technology purpose attack technological system"
## [1338] "imagine alcoholic sitting barrel wine front suppose starts wine isn"
## [1339] "bad moderation small amounts wine good won harm drink happen forget"
## [1340] "human race technology alcoholic barrel wine revolutionaries children"
## [1341] "strong scientific evidence social attitudes significant extent"
## [1342] "inherited suggests social attitude direct outcome person genetic"
## [1343] "constitution appears personality traits partly inherited personality"
## [1344] "traits tend context society make person hold social attitude objections"
## [1345] "findings raised objections feeble ideologically motivated event denies"
## [1346] "children tend average hold social attitudes similar parents point"
## [1347] "view doesn matter attitudes passed genetically childhood training"
## [1348] "case passed trouble people inclined rebel industrial system concerned"
## [1349] "population problems apt children handing world sort people support"
## [1350] "accept industrial system insure strength generation revolutionaries"
## [1351] "present generation reproduce abundantly worsening population problem"
## [1352] "slightly important problem rid industrial system industrial system"
## [1353] "world population necessarily decrease paragraph industrial system"
## [1354] "survives continue developing techniques food production enable world"
## [1355] "population increasing indefinitely regard revolutionary strategy"
## [1356] "points absolutely insist single overriding goal elimination modern"
## [1357] "technology goal allowed compete rest revolutionaries empirical approach"
## [1358] "experience recommendations made foregoing paragraphs give good results"
## [1359] "recommendations discarded kinds technology argument raised proposed"
## [1360] "revolution bound fail claimed history technology progressed regressed"
## [1361] "technological regression impossible claim false distinguish kinds"
## [1362] "technology call small scale technology organization dependent technology"
## [1363] "small scale technology technology small scale communities assistance"
## [1364] "organization dependent technology technology depends large scale social"
## [1365] "organization aware significant cases regression small scale technology"
## [1366] "organization dependent technology regress social organization depends"
## [1367] "breaks roman empire fell romans small scale technology survived clever"
## [1368] "village craftsman build instance water wheel skilled smith make steel"
## [1369] "roman methods romans organization dependent technology regress aqueducts"
## [1370] "fell disrepair rebuilt techniques road construction lost roman system"
## [1371] "urban sanitation forgotten recent times sanitation european cities equal"
## [1372] "ancient rome reason technology progress century industrial revolution"
## [1373] "technology small scale technology technology developed industrial"
## [1374] "revolution organization dependent technology refrigerator factory made"
## [1375] "parts facilities post industrial machine shop virtually impossible"
## [1376] "handful local craftsmen build refrigerator miracle succeed building"
## [1377] "useless reliable source electric power dam stream build generator"
## [1378] "generators require large amounts copper wire imagine make wire modern"
## [1379] "machinery gas suitable refrigeration easier build icehouse preserve"
## [1380] "food drying picking invention refrigerator clear industrial system"
## [1381] "broken refrigeration technology quickly lost true organization dependent"
## [1382] "technology technology lost generation centuries rebuild centuries"
## [1383] "build time surviving technical books scattered industrial society"
## [1384] "built scratch built series stages tools make tools make tools make"
## [1385] "tools long process economic development progress social organization"
## [1386] "required absence ideology opposed technology reason interested"
## [1387] "rebuilding industrial society enthusiasm progress phenomenon peculiar"
## [1388] "modern form society existed prior century thereabouts late middle"
## [1389] "ages main civilizations equally advanced europe islamic world india"
## [1390] "east china japan korea civilizations remained stable europe dynamic"
## [1391] "europe dynamic time historians theories speculation rate clear rapid"
## [1392] "development technological form society occurs special conditions reason"
## [1393] "assume long lasting technological regression brought society eventually"
## [1394] "develop industrial technological form worrying predict control events"
## [1395] "years future problems dealt people live time danger leftism rebellion"
## [1396] "membership movement leftists persons similar psychological type"
## [1397] "unattracted rebellious activist movement goals membership initially"
## [1398] "leftist resulting influx leftish types easily turn leftist movement"
## [1399] "leftist leftist goals replace distort original goals movement avoid"
## [1400] "movement exalts nature opposes technology resolutely anti leftist stance"
## [1401] "avoid collaboration leftists leftism long run inconsistent wild nature"
## [1402] "human freedom elimination modern technology leftism collectivist seeks"
## [1403] "bind entire world nature human race unified implies management nature"
## [1404] "human life organized society requires advanced technology united world"
## [1405] "rapid transportation communication make people love sophisticated"
## [1406] "psychological techniques planned society technological base leftism"
## [1407] "driven power leftist seeks power collective basis identification mass"
## [1408] "movement organization leftism give technology technology valuable"
## [1409] "source collective power anarchist seeks power seeks individual small"
## [1410] "group basis individuals small groups control circumstances lives"
## [1411] "opposes technology makes small groups dependent large organizations"
## [1412] "leftists oppose technology oppose long outsiders technological system"
## [1413] "controlled leftists leftism dominant society technological system"
## [1414] "tool hands leftists enthusiastically promote growth repeating pattern"
## [1415] "leftism shown past bolsheviks russia outsiders vigorously opposed"
## [1416] "censorship secret police advocated determination ethnic minorities"
## [1417] "power imposed tighter censorship created ruthless secret police"
## [1418] "existed tsars oppressed ethnic minorities tsars united states couple"
## [1419] "decades ago leftists minority universities leftist professors vigorous"
## [1420] "proponents academic freedom today universities leftists dominant"
## [1421] "shown ready academic freedom political correctness happen leftists"
## [1422] "technology oppress control earlier revolutions leftists power hungry"
## [1423] "type repeatedly cooperated leftist revolutionaries leftists libertarian"
## [1424] "inclination double crossed seize power robespierre french revolution"
## [1425] "bolsheviks russian revolution communists spain castro followers cuba"
## [1426] "past history leftism utterly foolish leftist revolutionaries today"
## [1427] "collaborate leftists thinkers pointed leftism kind religion leftism"
## [1428] "religion strict sense leftist doctrine postulate existence supernatural"
## [1429] "leftist leftism plays psychological role religion plays people leftist"
## [1430] "leftism plays vital role psychological economy beliefs easily modified"
## [1431] "logic facts deep conviction leftism morally capital duty impose"
## [1432] "leftist morality people referring leftists leftists describe system"
## [1433] "beliefs leftism term leftism don words designate spectrum related"
## [1434] "creeds includes feminist gay rights political correctness movements"
## [1435] "movements strong affinity left paragraphs leftism totalitarian force"
## [1436] "leftism position power invade private corner force thought leftist"
## [1437] "mold part quasi religious character leftism contrary leftist beliefs"
## [1438] "represents sin importantly leftism totalitarian force leftists drive"
## [1439] "power leftist seeks satisfy power identification social movement power"
## [1440] "process helping pursue attain goals movement paragraph matter movement"
## [1441] "attaining goals leftist satisfied activism surrogate activity paragraph"
## [1442] "leftist real motive attain ostensible goals leftism reality motivated"
## [1443] "sense power struggling reaching social goal leftist satisfied goals"
## [1444] "attained power process leads pursue goal leftist equal opportunities"
## [1445] "minorities attained insists statistical equality achievement minorities"
## [1446] "long harbors corner mind negative attitude minority leftist educated"
## [1447] "ethnic minorities allowed negative attitude homosexuals disabled"
## [1448] "people fat people people ugly people public informed hazards smoking"
## [1449] "warning stamped package cigarettes cigarette advertising restricted"
## [1450] "banned activists satisfied tobacco outlawed alcohol junk food activists"
## [1451] "fought gross child abuse reasonable stop spanking ban unwholesome"
## [1452] "thing satisfied complete control child rearing practices move suppose"
## [1453] "asked leftists make list things wrong society suppose instituted social"
## [1454] "change demanded safe couple years majority leftists find complain"
## [1455] "social evil correct leftist motivated distress society ills satisfy"
## [1456] "drive power imposing solutions society restrictions thoughts behavior"
## [1457] "high level socialization leftists socialized type pursue power ways"
## [1458] "people drive power morally acceptable outlet struggle impose morality"
## [1459] "leftists oversocialized type true believers sense eric hoffer book"
## [1460] "true believer true believers psychological type leftists true believing"
## [1461] "nazi instance psychologically true believing leftist capacity single"
## [1462] "minded devotion true believers ingredient revolutionary movement"
## [1463] "presents problem admit don deal aren harness energies true believer"
## [1464] "revolution technology present true believer make safe recruit revolution"
## [1465] "commitment exclusively destruction technology committed ideal technology"
## [1466] "tool pursuing ideal paragraphs readers stuff leftism lot crap john"
## [1467] "jane leftish types don totalitarian tendencies true leftists possibly"
## [1468] "numerical majority decent people sincerely tolerating values point"
## [1469] "wouldn high handed methods reach social goals remarks leftism meant"
## [1470] "apply individual leftist describe general character leftism movement"
## [1471] "general character movement necessarily determined numerical proportions"
## [1472] "kinds people involved movement people rise positions power leftist"
## [1473] "movements tend leftists power hungry type power hungry people strive"
## [1474] "hardest positions power power hungry types captured control movement"
## [1475] "leftists gentler breed inwardly disapprove actions leaders bring oppose"
## [1476] "faith movement give faith leaders true leftists guts oppose totalitarian"
## [1477] "tendencies emerge generally lose power hungry types organized ruthless"
## [1478] "machiavellian care build strong power base phenomena appeared russia"
## [1479] "countries leftists similarly breakdown communism ussr leftish types"
## [1480] "west seldom criticize country prodded admit ussr wrong things find"
## [1481] "excuses communists begin talking faults west opposed western military"
## [1482] "resistance communist aggression leftish types world vigorously protested"
## [1483] "military action vietnam ussr invaded afghanistan approved soviet actions"
## [1484] "leftist faith couldn bear put opposition communism today universities"
## [1485] "political correctness dominant leftish types privately disapprove"
## [1486] "suppression academic freedom fact individual leftists personally mild"
## [1487] "fairly tolerant people means prevents leftism form totalitarian tendency"
## [1488] "discussion leftism weakness clear word leftist doesn today leftism"
## [1489] "fragmented spectrum activist movements activist movements leftist"
## [1490] "activist movements radical environmentalism include personalities"
## [1491] "leftist type personalities leftist types collaborate leftists varieties"
## [1492] "leftists fade gradually varieties leftists hard pressed decide"
## [1493] "individual leftist extent defined conception leftism defined discussion"
## [1494] "article advise reader judgment deciding leftist helpful list criteria"
## [1495] "diagnosing leftism criteria applied cut dried manner individuals meet"
## [1496] "criteria leftists leftists meet criteria judgment leftist oriented"
## [1497] "large scale collectivism emphasizes duty individual serve society duty"
## [1498] "society care individual negative attitude individualism takes moralistic"
## [1499] "tone gun control sex education psychologically enlightened educational"
## [1500] "methods social planning affirmative action multiculturalism identify"
## [1501] "victims competition violence finds excuses leftists commit violence"
## [1502] "fond common catch phrases left racism sexism homophobia capitalism"
## [1503] "imperialism neocolonialism genocide social change social justice social"
## [1504] "responsibility diagnostic trait leftist tendency sympathize movements"
## [1505] "feminism gay rights ethnic rights disability rights animal rights"
## [1506] "political correctness strongly sympathizes movements leftist dangerous"
## [1507] "leftists power hungry characterized arrogance dogmatic approach ideology"
## [1508] "dangerous leftists oversocialized types avoid irritating displays"
## [1509] "aggressiveness refrain advertising leftism work quietly unobtrusively"
## [1510] "promote collectivist values enlightened psychological techniques"
## [1511] "socializing children dependence individual system crypto leftists"
## [1512] "call approximate bourgeois types practical action concerned differ"
## [1513] "psychology ideology motivation ordinary bourgeois bring people control"
## [1514] "system order protect life simply attitudes conventional crypto leftist"
## [1515] "bring people control system true believer collectivistic ideology"
## [1516] "crypto leftist differentiated average leftist oversocialized type fact"
## [1517] "rebellious impulse weaker securely socialized differentiated ordinary"
## [1518] "socialized bourgeois fact deep lack makes devote immerse collectivity"
## [1519] "sublimated drive power stronger average bourgeois final note article ve"
## [1520] "made imprecise statements statements sorts qualifications reservations"
## [1521] "attached statements flatly false lack sufficient information brevity"
## [1522] "made impossible formulate assertions precisely add qualifications"
## [1523] "discussion kind rely heavily intuitive judgment wrong don claim"
## [1524] "article expresses crude approximation truth confident general outlines"
## [1525] "picture painted roughly correct weak point mentioned portrayed leftism"
## [1526] "modern form phenomenon peculiar time symptom disruption power process"
## [1527] "possibly wrong oversocialized types satisfy drive power imposing"
## [1528] "morality long time decisive role played feelings inferiority low"
## [1529] "esteem powerlessness identification victims people victims peculiarity"
## [1530] "modern leftism identification victims people victims extent century"
## [1531] "leftism early christianity make symptoms low esteem evident movements"
## [1532] "movements modern leftism position assert confidently movements existed"
## [1533] "prior modern leftism significant question historians give attention"
## [1534] "notes paragraph asserting bullies ruthless competitors suffer feelings"
## [1535] "inferiority paragraph victorian period oversocialized people suffered"
## [1536] "psychological problems result repressing repress sexual feelings freud"
## [1537] "apparently based theories people type today focus socialization shifted"
## [1538] "sex aggression paragraph necessarily including specialists engineering"
## [1539] "hard sciences paragraph individuals middle upper classes resist values"
## [1540] "resistance covert resistance appears mass media limited extent main"
## [1541] "thrust propaganda society favor stated values main reason values speak"
## [1542] "official values society industrial system violence discouraged disrupts"
## [1543] "functioning system racism discouraged ethnic conflicts disrupt system"
## [1544] "discrimination wastes talents minority group members system poverty"
## [1545] "cured underclass problems system contact underclass lowers morale"
## [1546] "classes women encouraged careers talents system importantly regular"
## [1547] "jobs women integrated system tied directly families helps weaken family"
## [1548] "solidarity leaders system strengthen family family serve effective tool"
## [1549] "socializing children accord system argue paragraphs system afford family"
## [1550] "small scale social groups strong autonomous paragraph argued majority"
## [1551] "people don make decisions leaders thinking element truth people make"
## [1552] "decisions small matters making decisions difficult fundamental questions"
## [1553] "requires facing psychological conflict people hate psychological"
## [1554] "conflict tend lean making difficult decisions follow decisions imposed"
## [1555] "opportunity influence decisions majority people natural followers"
## [1556] "leaders direct personal access leaders influence leaders participate"
## [1557] "extent making difficult decisions degree autonomy paragraph symptoms"
## [1558] "listed similar shown caged animals explain symptoms arise deprivation"
## [1559] "respect power process common sense understanding human nature tells lack"
## [1560] "goals attainment requires effort leads boredom boredom long continued"
## [1561] "leads eventually depression failure attain goals leads frustration"
## [1562] "lowering esteem frustration leads anger anger aggression form spouse"
## [1563] "child abuse shown long continued frustration commonly leads depression"
## [1564] "depression guilt sleep disorders eating disorders bad feelings oneself"
## [1565] "tending depression seek pleasure antidote insatiable hedonism excessive"
## [1566] "sex perversions means kicks boredom excessive pleasure seeking lacking"
## [1567] "goals people pleasure goal accompanying diagram foregoing simplification"
## [1568] "reality complex deprivation respect power process symptoms mention"
## [1569] "depression necessarily depression severe treated psychiatrist mild"
## [1570] "forms depression involved speak goals necessarily long term thought"
## [1571] "goals people human history goals hand mouth existence providing"
## [1572] "oneself family food day day sufficient paragraph partial exception"
## [1573] "made passive groups amish effect wider society genuine small scale"
## [1574] "communities exist america today instance youth gangs cults dangerous"
## [1575] "members groups loyal primarily system system control gypsies gypsies"
## [1576] "commonly theft fraud loyalties gypsies give testimony proves innocence"
## [1577] "system trouble people belonged groups early century chinese thinkers"
## [1578] "concerned modernizing china recognized necessity breaking small"
## [1579] "scale social groups family sun yat sen chinese people needed surge"
## [1580] "patriotism lead transfer loyalty family state li huang traditional"
## [1581] "attachments family abandoned nationalism develop china chester tan"
## [1582] "chinese political thought twentieth century page page paragraph century"
## [1583] "america problems sake brevity express simplified terms paragraph leave"
## [1584] "underclass speaking mainstream paragraph social scientists educators"
## [1585] "mental health professionals push social drives group satisfactory"
## [1586] "social life paragraphs drive endless material acquisition artificial"
## [1587] "creation advertising marketing industry innate human drive material"
## [1588] "acquisition cultures people desired material wealth satisfy basic"
## [1589] "physical australian aborigines traditional mexican peasant culture"
## [1590] "african cultures hand pre industrial cultures material acquisition"
## [1591] "played important role claim today acquisition oriented culture"
## [1592] "exclusively creation advertising marketing industry clear advertising"
## [1593] "marketing industry important part creating culture big corporations"
## [1594] "spend millions advertising wouldn spending kind money solid proof back"
## [1595] "increased sales member fc met sales manager couple years ago frank"
## [1596] "job make people buy things don don untrained novice present people"
## [1597] "facts product make sales trained experienced professional salesman"
## [1598] "make lots sales people shows people manipulated buying things don"
## [1599] "paragraph problem purposelessness years people feel secure physically"
## [1600] "economically earlier security goal purposelessness replaced frustration"
## [1601] "difficulty attaining security emphasize problem purposelessness liberals"
## [1602] "leftists solve social problems society guarantee security bring back"
## [1603] "problem purposelessness real issue society poorly people security"
## [1604] "trouble people dependent system security hands part reason people"
## [1605] "worked bear arms possession gun puts aspect security hands paragraph"
## [1606] "conservatives efforts decrease amount government regulation benefit"
## [1607] "average man thing fraction regulations eliminated regulations thing"
## [1608] "deregulation affects business average individual main effect power"
## [1609] "government give private corporations means average man government"
## [1610] "interference life replaced interference big corporations permitted"
## [1611] "dump chemicals water supply give cancer conservatives taking average"
## [1612] "man sucker exploiting resentment big government promote power big"
## [1613] "business paragraph approves purpose propaganda case generally calls"
## [1614] "education applies similar euphemism propaganda propaganda purpose"
## [1615] "paragraph expressing approval disapproval panama invasion illustrate"
## [1616] "point paragraph american colonies british rule fewer effective legal"
## [1617] "guarantees freedom american constitution effect personal freedom pre"
## [1618] "industrial america war independence industrial revolution hold country"
## [1619] "quote violence america historical comparative perspectives edited"
## [1620] "hugh davis graham ted robert gurr chapter roger lane pages progressive"
## [1621] "heightening standards propriety increasing reliance official law"
## [1622] "enforcement century america common society change social behavior long"
## [1623] "term widespread suggest connection fundamental contemporary social"
## [1624] "processes industrial urbanization massachusetts population percent"
## [1625] "rural overwhelmingly preindustrial native born citizens considerable"
## [1626] "personal freedom teamsters farmers artisans accustomed setting schedules"
## [1627] "nature work made physically independent individual problems sins crimes"
## [1628] "generally wider social concern impact twin movements city factory"
## [1629] "gathering force progressive effect personal behavior century factory"
## [1630] "demanded regularity behavior life governed obedience rhythms clock"
## [1631] "calendar demands foreman supervisor city town living closely packed"
## [1632] "neighborhoods inhibited actions previously unobjectionable blue white"
## [1633] "collar employees larger establishments mutually dependent fellows"
## [1634] "man work fit anther man business longer results organization life"
## [1635] "work apparent percent inhabitants massachusetts classified urbanites"
## [1636] "violent irregular behavior tolerable casual independent society"
## [1637] "longer acceptable formalized cooperative atmosphere period move cities"
## [1638] "short produced tractable socialized civilized generation predecessors"
## [1639] "paragraph apologists system fond citing cases elections decided votes"
## [1640] "cases rare paragraph today technologically advanced lands men live"
## [1641] "similar lives spite geographical religious political differences daily"
## [1642] "lives christian bank clerk chicago buddhist bank clerk tokyo communist"
## [1643] "bank clerk moscow alike life single man lived thousand years ago"
## [1644] "similarities result common technology sprague de camp ancient engineers"
## [1645] "ballantine edition page lives bank clerks identical ideology effect"
## [1646] "technological societies order survive evolve approximately trajectory"
## [1647] "paragraph irresponsible genetic engineer create lot terrorists paragraph"
## [1648] "undesirable consequences medical progress suppose reliable cure cancer"
## [1649] "discovered treatment expensive elite greatly reduce incentive stop"
## [1650] "escape carcinogens environment paragraph people find paradoxical notion"
## [1651] "large number good things add bad thing illustrate analogy suppose mr"
## [1652] "playing chess mr mr grand master mr shoulder mr win game mr points"
## [1653] "good move make mr favor suppose mr tells mr make moves instance mr"
## [1654] "favor showing move making moves spoils game point mr playing game makes"
## [1655] "moves situation modern man analogous mr system makes individual life"
## [1656] "easier innumerable ways deprives control fate paragraph conflict values"
## [1657] "mainstream sake simplicity leave picture outsider values idea wild"
## [1658] "nature important human economic welfare paragraph interest necessarily"
## [1659] "material interest consist fulfillment psychological promoting ideology"
## [1660] "religion paragraph qualification interest system permit prescribed"
## [1661] "degree freedom areas economic freedom suitable limitations restraints"
## [1662] "proved effective promoting economic growth planned circumscribed"
## [1663] "limited freedom interest system individual leash leash long paragraphs"
## [1664] "paragraph don suggest efficiency potential survival society inversely"
## [1665] "proportional amount pressure discomfort society subjects people case"
## [1666] "good reason primitive societies subjected people pressure european"
## [1667] "society european society proved efficient primitive society won"
## [1668] "conflicts societies advantages conferred technology paragraph effective"
## [1669] "law enforcement unequivocally good suppresses crime remember crime"
## [1670] "defined system necessarily call crime today smoking marijuana crime"
## [1671] "places possession unregistered handgun tomorrow possession firearm"
## [1672] "registered made crime thing happen disapproved methods child rearing"
## [1673] "spanking countries expression dissident political opinions crime"
## [1674] "certainty happen constitution political system lasts forever society"
## [1675] "large powerful law enforcement establishment gravely wrong society"
## [1676] "subjecting people severe pressures refuse follow rules follow forced"
## [1677] "societies past formal law enforcement paragraph past societies means"
## [1678] "influencing human behavior primitive low effectiveness compared"
## [1679] "technological means developed paragraph psychologists publicly expressed"
## [1680] "opinions indicating contempt human freedom mathematician claude shannon"
## [1681] "quoted omni august visualize time robots dogs humans rooting machines"
## [1682] "paragraph science fiction writing paragraph article scientific american"
## [1683] "scientists actively developing techniques identifying future criminals"
## [1684] "treating combination biological psychological means scientists advocate"
## [1685] "compulsory application treatment future seeking criminal element wayt"
## [1686] "gibbs scientific american march treatment applied violent criminals"
## [1687] "won stop treatment applied drunk drivers endanger human life peel"
## [1688] "spank children environmentalists sabotage logging equipment eventually"
## [1689] "behavior inconvenient system paragraph advantage nature counter ideal"
## [1690] "technology people nature inspires kind reverence religion nature"
## [1691] "idealized religious basis true societies religion served support"
## [1692] "justification established order true religion provided basis rebellion"
## [1693] "introduce religious element rebellion technology western society"
## [1694] "today strong religious foundation religion nowadays cheap transparent"
## [1695] "support narrow short sighted selfishness conservatives cynically"
## [1696] "exploited make easy money evangelists degenerated crude irrationalism"
## [1697] "fundamentalist protestant sects cults simply stagnant catholicism main"
## [1698] "line protestantism nearest thing strong widespread dynamic religion"
## [1699] "west recent times quasi religion leftism leftism today fragmented clear"
## [1700] "unified inspiring goal religious vacuum society filled religion focused"
## [1701] "nature opposition technology mistake concoct artificially religion fill"
## [1702] "role invented religion failure gaia religion adherents play acting play"
## [1703] "acting religion flop end introduce religion conflict nature technology"
## [1704] "religion find arouses deep strong genuine response people paragraph"
## [1705] "assuming final push occurs conceivably industrial system eliminated"
## [1706] "gradual piecemeal fashion paragraphs note paragraph conceivable remotely"
## [1707] "revolution consist massive change attitudes technology resulting"
## [1708] "gradual painless disintegration industrial system ll lucky transition"
## [1709] "nontechnological society difficult full conflicts disasters paragraph"
## [1710] "economic technological structure society important political structure"
## [1711] "determining average man lives paragraphs notes paragraph statement"
## [1712] "refers brand anarchism wide variety social attitudes called anarchist"
## [1713] "anarchists accept statement paragraph noted nonviolent anarchist"
## [1714] "movement members accept fc anarchist approve fc violent methods"
## [1715] "paragraph leftists motivated hostility hostility results part frustrated"
## [1716] "power paragraph important understand sympathizes movements exist today"
## [1717] "society believes women homosexuals equal rights leftist feminist gay"
## [1718] "rights movements exist society ideological tone characterizes leftism"
## [1719] "believes women equal rights necessarily follow sympathize feminist"
## [1720] "movement exists today copyright problems make impossible long quotation"
## [1721] "printed change note read paragraph american colonies british rule fewer"
## [1722] "effective legal guarantees freedom american constitution effect personal"
## [1723] "freedom pre industrial america war independence industrial revolution"
## [1724] "hold country violence america historical comparative perspectives edited"
## [1725] "hugh davis graham ted robert gurr chapter roger lane explained pre"
## [1726] "industrial america average person greater independence autonomy today"
## [1727] "process industrialization necessarily led restriction personal freedom"Let’s check out where we are with this text file
We will write una2 to an external text file and take a look. What do you see?
writeLines(una2, con = "unabomb_somecleaned_v3.txt")Sentiment Analysis
Sentiment analysis provides an index of the emotional valence of all the items in a given corpus. We will cover a very simple/crude way of doing this here by matching each entry in the manifesto to a list of either positive or negatively valent words.
If the total number of “positive minus negative” matches is positive, then the narrative has positive sentiment
Split character vector
Each word now needs to be its own independent observation. Then unlist the list.
una2 <- str_split(una2, " ") #space is the delimiter
class(una2) #we've now split the single chr vector into a list## [1] "list"una2 <- unlist(una2)
class(una2)## [1] "character"Next we need to contrast words in the unabomber manifesto with positive and negative sentiment. We will import a corpus of positive words from here:
http://ptrckprry.com/course/ssd/data/positive-words.txt
We will import a corpus of negative words from here:
http://ptrckprry.com/course/ssd/data/negative-words.txt
pos <- readLines("positive-words.txt")
print(pos)## [1] "a+" "abound" "abounds"
## [4] "abundance" "abundant" "accessable"
## [7] "accessible" "acclaim" "acclaimed"
## [10] "acclamation" "accolade" "accolades"
## [13] "accommodative" "accomodative" "accomplish"
## [16] "accomplished" "accomplishment" "accomplishments"
## [19] "accurate" "accurately" "achievable"
## [22] "achievement" "achievements" "achievible"
## [25] "acumen" "adaptable" "adaptive"
## [28] "adequate" "adjustable" "admirable"
## [31] "admirably" "admiration" "admire"
## [34] "admirer" "admiring" "admiringly"
## [37] "adorable" "adore" "adored"
## [40] "adorer" "adoring" "adoringly"
## [43] "adroit" "adroitly" "adulate"
## [46] "adulation" "adulatory" "advanced"
## [49] "advantage" "advantageous" "advantageously"
## [52] "advantages" "adventuresome" "adventurous"
## [55] "advocate" "advocated" "advocates"
## [58] "affability" "affable" "affably"
## [61] "affectation" "affection" "affectionate"
## [64] "affinity" "affirm" "affirmation"
## [67] "affirmative" "affluence" "affluent"
## [70] "afford" "affordable" "affordably"
## [73] "afordable" "agile" "agilely"
## [76] "agility" "agreeable" "agreeableness"
## [79] "agreeably" "all-around" "alluring"
## [82] "alluringly" "altruistic" "altruistically"
## [85] "amaze" "amazed" "amazement"
## [88] "amazes" "amazing" "amazingly"
## [91] "ambitious" "ambitiously" "ameliorate"
## [94] "amenable" "amenity" "amiability"
## [97] "amiabily" "amiable" "amicability"
## [100] "amicable" "amicably" "amity"
## [103] "ample" "amply" "amuse"
## [106] "amusing" "amusingly" "angel"
## [109] "angelic" "apotheosis" "appeal"
## [112] "appealing" "applaud" "appreciable"
## [115] "appreciate" "appreciated" "appreciates"
## [118] "appreciative" "appreciatively" "appropriate"
## [121] "approval" "approve" "ardent"
## [124] "ardently" "ardor" "articulate"
## [127] "aspiration" "aspirations" "aspire"
## [130] "assurance" "assurances" "assure"
## [133] "assuredly" "assuring" "astonish"
## [136] "astonished" "astonishing" "astonishingly"
## [139] "astonishment" "astound" "astounded"
## [142] "astounding" "astoundingly" "astutely"
## [145] "attentive" "attraction" "attractive"
## [148] "attractively" "attune" "audible"
## [151] "audibly" "auspicious" "authentic"
## [154] "authoritative" "autonomous" "available"
## [157] "aver" "avid" "avidly"
## [160] "award" "awarded" "awards"
## [163] "awe" "awed" "awesome"
## [166] "awesomely" "awesomeness" "awestruck"
## [169] "awsome" "backbone" "balanced"
## [172] "bargain" "beauteous" "beautiful"
## [175] "beautifullly" "beautifully" "beautify"
## [178] "beauty" "beckon" "beckoned"
## [181] "beckoning" "beckons" "believable"
## [184] "believeable" "beloved" "benefactor"
## [187] "beneficent" "beneficial" "beneficially"
## [190] "beneficiary" "benefit" "benefits"
## [193] "benevolence" "benevolent" "benifits"
## [196] "best" "best-known" "best-performing"
## [199] "best-selling" "better" "better-known"
## [202] "better-than-expected" "beutifully" "blameless"
## [205] "bless" "blessing" "bliss"
## [208] "blissful" "blissfully" "blithe"
## [211] "blockbuster" "bloom" "blossom"
## [214] "bolster" "bonny" "bonus"
## [217] "bonuses" "boom" "booming"
## [220] "boost" "boundless" "bountiful"
## [223] "brainiest" "brainy" "brand-new"
## [226] "brave" "bravery" "bravo"
## [229] "breakthrough" "breakthroughs" "breathlessness"
## [232] "breathtaking" "breathtakingly" "breeze"
## [235] "bright" "brighten" "brighter"
## [238] "brightest" "brilliance" "brilliances"
## [241] "brilliant" "brilliantly" "brisk"
## [244] "brotherly" "bullish" "buoyant"
## [247] "cajole" "calm" "calming"
## [250] "calmness" "capability" "capable"
## [253] "capably" "captivate" "captivating"
## [256] "carefree" "cashback" "cashbacks"
## [259] "catchy" "celebrate" "celebrated"
## [262] "celebration" "celebratory" "champ"
## [265] "champion" "charisma" "charismatic"
## [268] "charitable" "charm" "charming"
## [271] "charmingly" "chaste" "cheaper"
## [274] "cheapest" "cheer" "cheerful"
## [277] "cheery" "cherish" "cherished"
## [280] "cherub" "chic" "chivalrous"
## [283] "chivalry" "civility" "civilize"
## [286] "clarity" "classic" "classy"
## [289] "clean" "cleaner" "cleanest"
## [292] "cleanliness" "cleanly" "clear"
## [295] "clear-cut" "cleared" "clearer"
## [298] "clearly" "clears" "clever"
## [301] "cleverly" "cohere" "coherence"
## [304] "coherent" "cohesive" "colorful"
## [307] "comely" "comfort" "comfortable"
## [310] "comfortably" "comforting" "comfy"
## [313] "commend" "commendable" "commendably"
## [316] "commitment" "commodious" "compact"
## [319] "compactly" "compassion" "compassionate"
## [322] "compatible" "competitive" "complement"
## [325] "complementary" "complemented" "complements"
## [328] "compliant" "compliment" "complimentary"
## [331] "comprehensive" "conciliate" "conciliatory"
## [334] "concise" "confidence" "confident"
## [337] "congenial" "congratulate" "congratulation"
## [340] "congratulations" "congratulatory" "conscientious"
## [343] "considerate" "consistent" "consistently"
## [346] "constructive" "consummate" "contentment"
## [349] "continuity" "contrasty" "contribution"
## [352] "convenience" "convenient" "conveniently"
## [355] "convience" "convienient" "convient"
## [358] "convincing" "convincingly" "cool"
## [361] "coolest" "cooperative" "cooperatively"
## [364] "cornerstone" "correct" "correctly"
## [367] "cost-effective" "cost-saving" "counter-attack"
## [370] "counter-attacks" "courage" "courageous"
## [373] "courageously" "courageousness" "courteous"
## [376] "courtly" "covenant" "cozy"
## [379] "creative" "credence" "credible"
## [382] "crisp" "crisper" "cure"
## [385] "cure-all" "cushy" "cute"
## [388] "cuteness" "danke" "danken"
## [391] "daring" "daringly" "darling"
## [394] "dashing" "dauntless" "dawn"
## [397] "dazzle" "dazzled" "dazzling"
## [400] "dead-cheap" "dead-on" "decency"
## [403] "decent" "decisive" "decisiveness"
## [406] "dedicated" "defeat" "defeated"
## [409] "defeating" "defeats" "defender"
## [412] "deference" "deft" "deginified"
## [415] "delectable" "delicacy" "delicate"
## [418] "delicious" "delight" "delighted"
## [421] "delightful" "delightfully" "delightfulness"
## [424] "dependable" "dependably" "deservedly"
## [427] "deserving" "desirable" "desiring"
## [430] "desirous" "destiny" "detachable"
## [433] "devout" "dexterous" "dexterously"
## [436] "dextrous" "dignified" "dignify"
## [439] "dignity" "diligence" "diligent"
## [442] "diligently" "diplomatic" "dirt-cheap"
## [445] "distinction" "distinctive" "distinguished"
## [448] "diversified" "divine" "divinely"
## [451] "dominate" "dominated" "dominates"
## [454] "dote" "dotingly" "doubtless"
## [457] "dreamland" "dumbfounded" "dumbfounding"
## [460] "dummy-proof" "durable" "dynamic"
## [463] "eager" "eagerly" "eagerness"
## [466] "earnest" "earnestly" "earnestness"
## [469] "ease" "eased" "eases"
## [472] "easier" "easiest" "easiness"
## [475] "easing" "easy" "easy-to-use"
## [478] "easygoing" "ebullience" "ebullient"
## [481] "ebulliently" "ecenomical" "economical"
## [484] "ecstasies" "ecstasy" "ecstatic"
## [487] "ecstatically" "edify" "educated"
## [490] "effective" "effectively" "effectiveness"
## [493] "effectual" "efficacious" "efficient"
## [496] "efficiently" "effortless" "effortlessly"
## [499] "effusion" "effusive" "effusively"
## [502] "effusiveness" "elan" "elate"
## [505] "elated" "elatedly" "elation"
## [508] "electrify" "elegance" "elegant"
## [511] "elegantly" "elevate" "elite"
## [514] "eloquence" "eloquent" "eloquently"
## [517] "embolden" "eminence" "eminent"
## [520] "empathize" "empathy" "empower"
## [523] "empowerment" "enchant" "enchanted"
## [526] "enchanting" "enchantingly" "encourage"
## [529] "encouragement" "encouraging" "encouragingly"
## [532] "endear" "endearing" "endorse"
## [535] "endorsed" "endorsement" "endorses"
## [538] "endorsing" "energetic" "energize"
## [541] "energy-efficient" "energy-saving" "engaging"
## [544] "engrossing" "enhance" "enhanced"
## [547] "enhancement" "enhances" "enjoy"
## [550] "enjoyable" "enjoyably" "enjoyed"
## [553] "enjoying" "enjoyment" "enjoys"
## [556] "enlighten" "enlightenment" "enliven"
## [559] "ennoble" "enough" "enrapt"
## [562] "enrapture" "enraptured" "enrich"
## [565] "enrichment" "enterprising" "entertain"
## [568] "entertaining" "entertains" "enthral"
## [571] "enthrall" "enthralled" "enthuse"
## [574] "enthusiasm" "enthusiast" "enthusiastic"
## [577] "enthusiastically" "entice" "enticed"
## [580] "enticing" "enticingly" "entranced"
## [583] "entrancing" "entrust" "enviable"
## [586] "enviably" "envious" "enviously"
## [589] "enviousness" "envy" "equitable"
## [592] "ergonomical" "err-free" "erudite"
## [595] "ethical" "eulogize" "euphoria"
## [598] "euphoric" "euphorically" "evaluative"
## [601] "evenly" "eventful" "everlasting"
## [604] "evocative" "exalt" "exaltation"
## [607] "exalted" "exaltedly" "exalting"
## [610] "exaltingly" "examplar" "examplary"
## [613] "excallent" "exceed" "exceeded"
## [616] "exceeding" "exceedingly" "exceeds"
## [619] "excel" "exceled" "excelent"
## [622] "excellant" "excelled" "excellence"
## [625] "excellency" "excellent" "excellently"
## [628] "excels" "exceptional" "exceptionally"
## [631] "excite" "excited" "excitedly"
## [634] "excitedness" "excitement" "excites"
## [637] "exciting" "excitingly" "exellent"
## [640] "exemplar" "exemplary" "exhilarate"
## [643] "exhilarating" "exhilaratingly" "exhilaration"
## [646] "exonerate" "expansive" "expeditiously"
## [649] "expertly" "exquisite" "exquisitely"
## [652] "extol" "extoll" "extraordinarily"
## [655] "extraordinary" "exuberance" "exuberant"
## [658] "exuberantly" "exult" "exultant"
## [661] "exultation" "exultingly" "eye-catch"
## [664] "eye-catching" "eyecatch" "eyecatching"
## [667] "fabulous" "fabulously" "facilitate"
## [670] "fair" "fairly" "fairness"
## [673] "faith" "faithful" "faithfully"
## [676] "faithfulness" "fame" "famed"
## [679] "famous" "famously" "fancier"
## [682] "fancinating" "fancy" "fanfare"
## [685] "fans" "fantastic" "fantastically"
## [688] "fascinate" "fascinating" "fascinatingly"
## [691] "fascination" "fashionable" "fashionably"
## [694] "fast" "fast-growing" "fast-paced"
## [697] "faster" "fastest" "fastest-growing"
## [700] "faultless" "fav" "fave"
## [703] "favor" "favorable" "favored"
## [706] "favorite" "favorited" "favour"
## [709] "fearless" "fearlessly" "feasible"
## [712] "feasibly" "feat" "feature-rich"
## [715] "fecilitous" "feisty" "felicitate"
## [718] "felicitous" "felicity" "fertile"
## [721] "fervent" "fervently" "fervid"
## [724] "fervidly" "fervor" "festive"
## [727] "fidelity" "fiery" "fine"
## [730] "fine-looking" "finely" "finer"
## [733] "finest" "firmer" "first-class"
## [736] "first-in-class" "first-rate" "flashy"
## [739] "flatter" "flattering" "flatteringly"
## [742] "flawless" "flawlessly" "flexibility"
## [745] "flexible" "flourish" "flourishing"
## [748] "fluent" "flutter" "fond"
## [751] "fondly" "fondness" "foolproof"
## [754] "foremost" "foresight" "formidable"
## [757] "fortitude" "fortuitous" "fortuitously"
## [760] "fortunate" "fortunately" "fortune"
## [763] "fragrant" "free" "freed"
## [766] "freedom" "freedoms" "fresh"
## [769] "fresher" "freshest" "friendliness"
## [772] "friendly" "frolic" "frugal"
## [775] "fruitful" "ftw" "fulfillment"
## [778] "fun" "futurestic" "futuristic"
## [781] "gaiety" "gaily" "gain"
## [784] "gained" "gainful" "gainfully"
## [787] "gaining" "gains" "gallant"
## [790] "gallantly" "galore" "geekier"
## [793] "geeky" "gem" "gems"
## [796] "generosity" "generous" "generously"
## [799] "genial" "genius" "gentle"
## [802] "gentlest" "genuine" "gifted"
## [805] "glad" "gladden" "gladly"
## [808] "gladness" "glamorous" "glee"
## [811] "gleeful" "gleefully" "glimmer"
## [814] "glimmering" "glisten" "glistening"
## [817] "glitter" "glitz" "glorify"
## [820] "glorious" "gloriously" "glory"
## [823] "glow" "glowing" "glowingly"
## [826] "god-given" "god-send" "godlike"
## [829] "godsend" "gold" "golden"
## [832] "good" "goodly" "goodness"
## [835] "goodwill" "goood" "gooood"
## [838] "gorgeous" "gorgeously" "grace"
## [841] "graceful" "gracefully" "gracious"
## [844] "graciously" "graciousness" "grand"
## [847] "grandeur" "grateful" "gratefully"
## [850] "gratification" "gratified" "gratifies"
## [853] "gratify" "gratifying" "gratifyingly"
## [856] "gratitude" "great" "greatest"
## [859] "greatness" "grin" "groundbreaking"
## [862] "guarantee" "guidance" "guiltless"
## [865] "gumption" "gush" "gusto"
## [868] "gutsy" "hail" "halcyon"
## [871] "hale" "hallmark" "hallmarks"
## [874] "hallowed" "handier" "handily"
## [877] "hands-down" "handsome" "handsomely"
## [880] "handy" "happier" "happily"
## [883] "happiness" "happy" "hard-working"
## [886] "hardier" "hardy" "harmless"
## [889] "harmonious" "harmoniously" "harmonize"
## [892] "harmony" "headway" "heal"
## [895] "healthful" "healthy" "hearten"
## [898] "heartening" "heartfelt" "heartily"
## [901] "heartwarming" "heaven" "heavenly"
## [904] "helped" "helpful" "helping"
## [907] "hero" "heroic" "heroically"
## [910] "heroine" "heroize" "heros"
## [913] "high-quality" "high-spirited" "hilarious"
## [916] "holy" "homage" "honest"
## [919] "honesty" "honor" "honorable"
## [922] "honored" "honoring" "hooray"
## [925] "hopeful" "hospitable" "hot"
## [928] "hotcake" "hotcakes" "hottest"
## [931] "hug" "humane" "humble"
## [934] "humility" "humor" "humorous"
## [937] "humorously" "humour" "humourous"
## [940] "ideal" "idealize" "ideally"
## [943] "idol" "idolize" "idolized"
## [946] "idyllic" "illuminate" "illuminati"
## [949] "illuminating" "illumine" "illustrious"
## [952] "ilu" "imaculate" "imaginative"
## [955] "immaculate" "immaculately" "immense"
## [958] "impartial" "impartiality" "impartially"
## [961] "impassioned" "impeccable" "impeccably"
## [964] "important" "impress" "impressed"
## [967] "impresses" "impressive" "impressively"
## [970] "impressiveness" "improve" "improved"
## [973] "improvement" "improvements" "improves"
## [976] "improving" "incredible" "incredibly"
## [979] "indebted" "individualized" "indulgence"
## [982] "indulgent" "industrious" "inestimable"
## [985] "inestimably" "inexpensive" "infallibility"
## [988] "infallible" "infallibly" "influential"
## [991] "ingenious" "ingeniously" "ingenuity"
## [994] "ingenuous" "ingenuously" "innocuous"
## [997] "innovation" "innovative" "inpressed"
## [1000] "insightful" "insightfully" "inspiration"
## [1003] "inspirational" "inspire" "inspiring"
## [1006] "instantly" "instructive" "instrumental"
## [1009] "integral" "integrated" "intelligence"
## [1012] "intelligent" "intelligible" "interesting"
## [1015] "interests" "intimacy" "intimate"
## [1018] "intricate" "intrigue" "intriguing"
## [1021] "intriguingly" "intuitive" "invaluable"
## [1024] "invaluablely" "inventive" "invigorate"
## [1027] "invigorating" "invincibility" "invincible"
## [1030] "inviolable" "inviolate" "invulnerable"
## [1033] "irreplaceable" "irreproachable" "irresistible"
## [1036] "irresistibly" "issue-free" "jaw-droping"
## [1039] "jaw-dropping" "jollify" "jolly"
## [1042] "jovial" "joy" "joyful"
## [1045] "joyfully" "joyous" "joyously"
## [1048] "jubilant" "jubilantly" "jubilate"
## [1051] "jubilation" "jubiliant" "judicious"
## [1054] "justly" "keen" "keenly"
## [1057] "keenness" "kid-friendly" "kindliness"
## [1060] "kindly" "kindness" "knowledgeable"
## [1063] "kudos" "large-capacity" "laud"
## [1066] "laudable" "laudably" "lavish"
## [1069] "lavishly" "law-abiding" "lawful"
## [1072] "lawfully" "lead" "leading"
## [1075] "leads" "lean" "led"
## [1078] "legendary" "leverage" "levity"
## [1081] "liberate" "liberation" "liberty"
## [1084] "lifesaver" "light-hearted" "lighter"
## [1087] "likable" "like" "liked"
## [1090] "likes" "liking" "lionhearted"
## [1093] "lively" "logical" "long-lasting"
## [1096] "lovable" "lovably" "love"
## [1099] "loved" "loveliness" "lovely"
## [1102] "lover" "loves" "loving"
## [1105] "low-cost" "low-price" "low-priced"
## [1108] "low-risk" "lower-priced" "loyal"
## [1111] "loyalty" "lucid" "lucidly"
## [1114] "luck" "luckier" "luckiest"
## [1117] "luckiness" "lucky" "lucrative"
## [1120] "luminous" "lush" "luster"
## [1123] "lustrous" "luxuriant" "luxuriate"
## [1126] "luxurious" "luxuriously" "luxury"
## [1129] "lyrical" "magic" "magical"
## [1132] "magnanimous" "magnanimously" "magnificence"
## [1135] "magnificent" "magnificently" "majestic"
## [1138] "majesty" "manageable" "maneuverable"
## [1141] "marvel" "marveled" "marvelled"
## [1144] "marvellous" "marvelous" "marvelously"
## [1147] "marvelousness" "marvels" "master"
## [1150] "masterful" "masterfully" "masterpiece"
## [1153] "masterpieces" "masters" "mastery"
## [1156] "matchless" "mature" "maturely"
## [1159] "maturity" "meaningful" "memorable"
## [1162] "merciful" "mercifully" "mercy"
## [1165] "merit" "meritorious" "merrily"
## [1168] "merriment" "merriness" "merry"
## [1171] "mesmerize" "mesmerized" "mesmerizes"
## [1174] "mesmerizing" "mesmerizingly" "meticulous"
## [1177] "meticulously" "mightily" "mighty"
## [1180] "mind-blowing" "miracle" "miracles"
## [1183] "miraculous" "miraculously" "miraculousness"
## [1186] "modern" "modest" "modesty"
## [1189] "momentous" "monumental" "monumentally"
## [1192] "morality" "motivated" "multi-purpose"
## [1195] "navigable" "neat" "neatest"
## [1198] "neatly" "nice" "nicely"
## [1201] "nicer" "nicest" "nifty"
## [1204] "nimble" "noble" "nobly"
## [1207] "noiseless" "non-violence" "non-violent"
## [1210] "notably" "noteworthy" "nourish"
## [1213] "nourishing" "nourishment" "novelty"
## [1216] "nurturing" "oasis" "obsession"
## [1219] "obsessions" "obtainable" "openly"
## [1222] "openness" "optimal" "optimism"
## [1225] "optimistic" "opulent" "orderly"
## [1228] "originality" "outdo" "outdone"
## [1231] "outperform" "outperformed" "outperforming"
## [1234] "outperforms" "outshine" "outshone"
## [1237] "outsmart" "outstanding" "outstandingly"
## [1240] "outstrip" "outwit" "ovation"
## [1243] "overjoyed" "overtake" "overtaken"
## [1246] "overtakes" "overtaking" "overtook"
## [1249] "overture" "pain-free" "painless"
## [1252] "painlessly" "palatial" "pamper"
## [1255] "pampered" "pamperedly" "pamperedness"
## [1258] "pampers" "panoramic" "paradise"
## [1261] "paramount" "pardon" "passion"
## [1264] "passionate" "passionately" "patience"
## [1267] "patient" "patiently" "patriot"
## [1270] "patriotic" "peace" "peaceable"
## [1273] "peaceful" "peacefully" "peacekeepers"
## [1276] "peach" "peerless" "pep"
## [1279] "pepped" "pepping" "peppy"
## [1282] "peps" "perfect" "perfection"
## [1285] "perfectly" "permissible" "perseverance"
## [1288] "persevere" "personages" "personalized"
## [1291] "phenomenal" "phenomenally" "picturesque"
## [1294] "piety" "pinnacle" "playful"
## [1297] "playfully" "pleasant" "pleasantly"
## [1300] "pleased" "pleases" "pleasing"
## [1303] "pleasingly" "pleasurable" "pleasurably"
## [1306] "pleasure" "plentiful" "pluses"
## [1309] "plush" "plusses" "poetic"
## [1312] "poeticize" "poignant" "poise"
## [1315] "poised" "polished" "polite"
## [1318] "politeness" "popular" "portable"
## [1321] "posh" "positive" "positively"
## [1324] "positives" "powerful" "powerfully"
## [1327] "praise" "praiseworthy" "praising"
## [1330] "pre-eminent" "precious" "precise"
## [1333] "precisely" "preeminent" "prefer"
## [1336] "preferable" "preferably" "prefered"
## [1339] "preferes" "preferring" "prefers"
## [1342] "premier" "prestige" "prestigious"
## [1345] "prettily" "pretty" "priceless"
## [1348] "pride" "principled" "privilege"
## [1351] "privileged" "prize" "proactive"
## [1354] "problem-free" "problem-solver" "prodigious"
## [1357] "prodigiously" "prodigy" "productive"
## [1360] "productively" "proficient" "proficiently"
## [1363] "profound" "profoundly" "profuse"
## [1366] "profusion" "progress" "progressive"
## [1369] "prolific" "prominence" "prominent"
## [1372] "promise" "promised" "promises"
## [1375] "promising" "promoter" "prompt"
## [1378] "promptly" "proper" "properly"
## [1381] "propitious" "propitiously" "pros"
## [1384] "prosper" "prosperity" "prosperous"
## [1387] "prospros" "protect" "protection"
## [1390] "protective" "proud" "proven"
## [1393] "proves" "providence" "proving"
## [1396] "prowess" "prudence" "prudent"
## [1399] "prudently" "punctual" "pure"
## [1402] "purify" "purposeful" "quaint"
## [1405] "qualified" "qualify" "quicker"
## [1408] "quiet" "quieter" "radiance"
## [1411] "radiant" "rapid" "rapport"
## [1414] "rapt" "rapture" "raptureous"
## [1417] "raptureously" "rapturous" "rapturously"
## [1420] "rational" "razor-sharp" "reachable"
## [1423] "readable" "readily" "ready"
## [1426] "reaffirm" "reaffirmation" "realistic"
## [1429] "realizable" "reasonable" "reasonably"
## [1432] "reasoned" "reassurance" "reassure"
## [1435] "receptive" "reclaim" "recomend"
## [1438] "recommend" "recommendation" "recommendations"
## [1441] "recommended" "reconcile" "reconciliation"
## [1444] "record-setting" "recover" "recovery"
## [1447] "rectification" "rectify" "rectifying"
## [1450] "redeem" "redeeming" "redemption"
## [1453] "refine" "refined" "refinement"
## [1456] "reform" "reformed" "reforming"
## [1459] "reforms" "refresh" "refreshed"
## [1462] "refreshing" "refund" "refunded"
## [1465] "regal" "regally" "regard"
## [1468] "rejoice" "rejoicing" "rejoicingly"
## [1471] "rejuvenate" "rejuvenated" "rejuvenating"
## [1474] "relaxed" "relent" "reliable"
## [1477] "reliably" "relief" "relish"
## [1480] "remarkable" "remarkably" "remedy"
## [1483] "remission" "remunerate" "renaissance"
## [1486] "renewed" "renown" "renowned"
## [1489] "replaceable" "reputable" "reputation"
## [1492] "resilient" "resolute" "resound"
## [1495] "resounding" "resourceful" "resourcefulness"
## [1498] "respect" "respectable" "respectful"
## [1501] "respectfully" "respite" "resplendent"
## [1504] "responsibly" "responsive" "restful"
## [1507] "restored" "restructure" "restructured"
## [1510] "restructuring" "retractable" "revel"
## [1513] "revelation" "revere" "reverence"
## [1516] "reverent" "reverently" "revitalize"
## [1519] "revival" "revive" "revives"
## [1522] "revolutionary" "revolutionize" "revolutionized"
## [1525] "revolutionizes" "reward" "rewarding"
## [1528] "rewardingly" "rich" "richer"
## [1531] "richly" "richness" "right"
## [1534] "righten" "righteous" "righteously"
## [1537] "righteousness" "rightful" "rightfully"
## [1540] "rightly" "rightness" "risk-free"
## [1543] "robust" "rock-star" "rock-stars"
## [1546] "rockstar" "rockstars" "romantic"
## [1549] "romantically" "romanticize" "roomier"
## [1552] "roomy" "rosy" "safe"
## [1555] "safely" "sagacity" "sagely"
## [1558] "saint" "saintliness" "saintly"
## [1561] "salutary" "salute" "sane"
## [1564] "satisfactorily" "satisfactory" "satisfied"
## [1567] "satisfies" "satisfy" "satisfying"
## [1570] "satisified" "saver" "savings"
## [1573] "savior" "savvy" "scenic"
## [1576] "seamless" "seasoned" "secure"
## [1579] "securely" "selective" "self-determination"
## [1582] "self-respect" "self-satisfaction" "self-sufficiency"
## [1585] "self-sufficient" "sensation" "sensational"
## [1588] "sensationally" "sensations" "sensible"
## [1591] "sensibly" "sensitive" "serene"
## [1594] "serenity" "sexy" "sharp"
## [1597] "sharper" "sharpest" "shimmering"
## [1600] "shimmeringly" "shine" "shiny"
## [1603] "significant" "silent" "simpler"
## [1606] "simplest" "simplified" "simplifies"
## [1609] "simplify" "simplifying" "sincere"
## [1612] "sincerely" "sincerity" "skill"
## [1615] "skilled" "skillful" "skillfully"
## [1618] "slammin" "sleek" "slick"
## [1621] "smart" "smarter" "smartest"
## [1624] "smartly" "smile" "smiles"
## [1627] "smiling" "smilingly" "smitten"
## [1630] "smooth" "smoother" "smoothes"
## [1633] "smoothest" "smoothly" "snappy"
## [1636] "snazzy" "sociable" "soft"
## [1639] "softer" "solace" "solicitous"
## [1642] "solicitously" "solid" "solidarity"
## [1645] "soothe" "soothingly" "sophisticated"
## [1648] "soulful" "soundly" "soundness"
## [1651] "spacious" "sparkle" "sparkling"
## [1654] "spectacular" "spectacularly" "speedily"
## [1657] "speedy" "spellbind" "spellbinding"
## [1660] "spellbindingly" "spellbound" "spirited"
## [1663] "spiritual" "splendid" "splendidly"
## [1666] "splendor" "spontaneous" "sporty"
## [1669] "spotless" "sprightly" "stability"
## [1672] "stabilize" "stable" "stainless"
## [1675] "standout" "state-of-the-art" "stately"
## [1678] "statuesque" "staunch" "staunchly"
## [1681] "staunchness" "steadfast" "steadfastly"
## [1684] "steadfastness" "steadiest" "steadiness"
## [1687] "steady" "stellar" "stellarly"
## [1690] "stimulate" "stimulates" "stimulating"
## [1693] "stimulative" "stirringly" "straighten"
## [1696] "straightforward" "streamlined" "striking"
## [1699] "strikingly" "striving" "strong"
## [1702] "stronger" "strongest" "stunned"
## [1705] "stunning" "stunningly" "stupendous"
## [1708] "stupendously" "sturdier" "sturdy"
## [1711] "stylish" "stylishly" "stylized"
## [1714] "suave" "suavely" "sublime"
## [1717] "subsidize" "subsidized" "subsidizes"
## [1720] "subsidizing" "substantive" "succeed"
## [1723] "succeeded" "succeeding" "succeeds"
## [1726] "succes" "success" "successes"
## [1729] "successful" "successfully" "suffice"
## [1732] "sufficed" "suffices" "sufficient"
## [1735] "sufficiently" "suitable" "sumptuous"
## [1738] "sumptuously" "sumptuousness" "super"
## [1741] "superb" "superbly" "superior"
## [1744] "superiority" "supple" "support"
## [1747] "supported" "supporter" "supporting"
## [1750] "supportive" "supports" "supremacy"
## [1753] "supreme" "supremely" "supurb"
## [1756] "supurbly" "surmount" "surpass"
## [1759] "surreal" "survival" "survivor"
## [1762] "sustainability" "sustainable" "swank"
## [1765] "swankier" "swankiest" "swanky"
## [1768] "sweeping" "sweet" "sweeten"
## [1771] "sweetheart" "sweetly" "sweetness"
## [1774] "swift" "swiftness" "talent"
## [1777] "talented" "talents" "tantalize"
## [1780] "tantalizing" "tantalizingly" "tempt"
## [1783] "tempting" "temptingly" "tenacious"
## [1786] "tenaciously" "tenacity" "tender"
## [1789] "tenderly" "terrific" "terrifically"
## [1792] "thank" "thankful" "thinner"
## [1795] "thoughtful" "thoughtfully" "thoughtfulness"
## [1798] "thrift" "thrifty" "thrill"
## [1801] "thrilled" "thrilling" "thrillingly"
## [1804] "thrills" "thrive" "thriving"
## [1807] "thumb-up" "thumbs-up" "tickle"
## [1810] "tidy" "time-honored" "timely"
## [1813] "tingle" "titillate" "titillating"
## [1816] "titillatingly" "togetherness" "tolerable"
## [1819] "toll-free" "top" "top-notch"
## [1822] "top-quality" "topnotch" "tops"
## [1825] "tough" "tougher" "toughest"
## [1828] "traction" "tranquil" "tranquility"
## [1831] "transparent" "treasure" "tremendously"
## [1834] "trendy" "triumph" "triumphal"
## [1837] "triumphant" "triumphantly" "trivially"
## [1840] "trophy" "trouble-free" "trump"
## [1843] "trumpet" "trust" "trusted"
## [1846] "trusting" "trustingly" "trustworthiness"
## [1849] "trustworthy" "trusty" "truthful"
## [1852] "truthfully" "truthfulness" "twinkly"
## [1855] "ultra-crisp" "unabashed" "unabashedly"
## [1858] "unaffected" "unassailable" "unbeatable"
## [1861] "unbiased" "unbound" "uncomplicated"
## [1864] "unconditional" "undamaged" "undaunted"
## [1867] "understandable" "undisputable" "undisputably"
## [1870] "undisputed" "unencumbered" "unequivocal"
## [1873] "unequivocally" "unfazed" "unfettered"
## [1876] "unforgettable" "unity" "unlimited"
## [1879] "unmatched" "unparalleled" "unquestionable"
## [1882] "unquestionably" "unreal" "unrestricted"
## [1885] "unrivaled" "unselfish" "unwavering"
## [1888] "upbeat" "upgradable" "upgradeable"
## [1891] "upgraded" "upheld" "uphold"
## [1894] "uplift" "uplifting" "upliftingly"
## [1897] "upliftment" "upscale" "usable"
## [1900] "useable" "useful" "user-friendly"
## [1903] "user-replaceable" "valiant" "valiantly"
## [1906] "valor" "valuable" "variety"
## [1909] "venerate" "verifiable" "veritable"
## [1912] "versatile" "versatility" "vibrant"
## [1915] "vibrantly" "victorious" "victory"
## [1918] "viewable" "vigilance" "vigilant"
## [1921] "virtue" "virtuous" "virtuously"
## [1924] "visionary" "vivacious" "vivid"
## [1927] "vouch" "vouchsafe" "warm"
## [1930] "warmer" "warmhearted" "warmly"
## [1933] "warmth" "wealthy" "welcome"
## [1936] "well" "well-backlit" "well-balanced"
## [1939] "well-behaved" "well-being" "well-bred"
## [1942] "well-connected" "well-educated" "well-established"
## [1945] "well-informed" "well-intentioned" "well-known"
## [1948] "well-made" "well-managed" "well-mannered"
## [1951] "well-positioned" "well-received" "well-regarded"
## [1954] "well-rounded" "well-run" "well-wishers"
## [1957] "wellbeing" "whoa" "wholeheartedly"
## [1960] "wholesome" "whooa" "whoooa"
## [1963] "wieldy" "willing" "willingly"
## [1966] "willingness" "win" "windfall"
## [1969] "winnable" "winner" "winners"
## [1972] "winning" "wins" "wisdom"
## [1975] "wise" "wisely" "witty"
## [1978] "won" "wonder" "wonderful"
## [1981] "wonderfully" "wonderous" "wonderously"
## [1984] "wonders" "wondrous" "woo"
## [1987] "work" "workable" "worked"
## [1990] "works" "world-famous" "worth"
## [1993] "worth-while" "worthiness" "worthwhile"
## [1996] "worthy" "wow" "wowed"
## [1999] "wowing" "wows" "yay"
## [2002] "youthful" "zeal" "zenith"
## [2005] "zest" "zippy"neg <- readLines("negative-words.txt")
print(neg)## [1] "abnormal" "abolish"
## [3] "abominable" "abominably"
## [5] "abominate" "abomination"
## [7] "abort" "aborted"
## [9] "aborts" "abrade"
## [11] "abrasive" "abrupt"
## [13] "abruptly" "abscond"
## [15] "absence" "absent-minded"
## [17] "absentee" "absurd"
## [19] "absurdity" "absurdly"
## [21] "absurdness" "abuse"
## [23] "abused" "abuses"
## [25] "abusive" "abysmal"
## [27] "abysmally" "abyss"
## [29] "accidental" "accost"
## [31] "accursed" "accusation"
## [33] "accusations" "accuse"
## [35] "accuses" "accusing"
## [37] "accusingly" "acerbate"
## [39] "acerbic" "acerbically"
## [41] "ache" "ached"
## [43] "aches" "achey"
## [45] "aching" "acrid"
## [47] "acridly" "acridness"
## [49] "acrimonious" "acrimoniously"
## [51] "acrimony" "adamant"
## [53] "adamantly" "addict"
## [55] "addicted" "addicting"
## [57] "addicts" "admonish"
## [59] "admonisher" "admonishingly"
## [61] "admonishment" "admonition"
## [63] "adulterate" "adulterated"
## [65] "adulteration" "adulterier"
## [67] "adversarial" "adversary"
## [69] "adverse" "adversity"
## [71] "afflict" "affliction"
## [73] "afflictive" "affront"
## [75] "afraid" "aggravate"
## [77] "aggravating" "aggravation"
## [79] "aggression" "aggressive"
## [81] "aggressiveness" "aggressor"
## [83] "aggrieve" "aggrieved"
## [85] "aggrivation" "aghast"
## [87] "agonies" "agonize"
## [89] "agonizing" "agonizingly"
## [91] "agony" "aground"
## [93] "ail" "ailing"
## [95] "ailment" "aimless"
## [97] "alarm" "alarmed"
## [99] "alarming" "alarmingly"
## [101] "alienate" "alienated"
## [103] "alienation" "allegation"
## [105] "allegations" "allege"
## [107] "allergic" "allergies"
## [109] "allergy" "aloof"
## [111] "altercation" "ambiguity"
## [113] "ambiguous" "ambivalence"
## [115] "ambivalent" "ambush"
## [117] "amiss" "amputate"
## [119] "anarchism" "anarchist"
## [121] "anarchistic" "anarchy"
## [123] "anemic" "anger"
## [125] "angrily" "angriness"
## [127] "angry" "anguish"
## [129] "animosity" "annihilate"
## [131] "annihilation" "annoy"
## [133] "annoyance" "annoyances"
## [135] "annoyed" "annoying"
## [137] "annoyingly" "annoys"
## [139] "anomalous" "anomaly"
## [141] "antagonism" "antagonist"
## [143] "antagonistic" "antagonize"
## [145] "anti-" "anti-american"
## [147] "anti-israeli" "anti-occupation"
## [149] "anti-proliferation" "anti-semites"
## [151] "anti-social" "anti-us"
## [153] "anti-white" "antipathy"
## [155] "antiquated" "antithetical"
## [157] "anxieties" "anxiety"
## [159] "anxious" "anxiously"
## [161] "anxiousness" "apathetic"
## [163] "apathetically" "apathy"
## [165] "apocalypse" "apocalyptic"
## [167] "apologist" "apologists"
## [169] "appal" "appall"
## [171] "appalled" "appalling"
## [173] "appallingly" "apprehension"
## [175] "apprehensions" "apprehensive"
## [177] "apprehensively" "arbitrary"
## [179] "arcane" "archaic"
## [181] "arduous" "arduously"
## [183] "argumentative" "arrogance"
## [185] "arrogant" "arrogantly"
## [187] "ashamed" "asinine"
## [189] "asininely" "asinininity"
## [191] "askance" "asperse"
## [193] "aspersion" "aspersions"
## [195] "assail" "assassin"
## [197] "assassinate" "assault"
## [199] "assult" "astray"
## [201] "asunder" "atrocious"
## [203] "atrocities" "atrocity"
## [205] "atrophy" "attack"
## [207] "attacks" "audacious"
## [209] "audaciously" "audaciousness"
## [211] "audacity" "audiciously"
## [213] "austere" "authoritarian"
## [215] "autocrat" "autocratic"
## [217] "avalanche" "avarice"
## [219] "avaricious" "avariciously"
## [221] "avenge" "averse"
## [223] "aversion" "aweful"
## [225] "awful" "awfully"
## [227] "awfulness" "awkward"
## [229] "awkwardness" "ax"
## [231] "babble" "back-logged"
## [233] "back-wood" "back-woods"
## [235] "backache" "backaches"
## [237] "backaching" "backbite"
## [239] "backbiting" "backward"
## [241] "backwardness" "backwood"
## [243] "backwoods" "bad"
## [245] "badly" "baffle"
## [247] "baffled" "bafflement"
## [249] "baffling" "bait"
## [251] "balk" "banal"
## [253] "banalize" "bane"
## [255] "banish" "banishment"
## [257] "bankrupt" "barbarian"
## [259] "barbaric" "barbarically"
## [261] "barbarity" "barbarous"
## [263] "barbarously" "barren"
## [265] "baseless" "bash"
## [267] "bashed" "bashful"
## [269] "bashing" "bastard"
## [271] "bastards" "battered"
## [273] "battering" "batty"
## [275] "bearish" "beastly"
## [277] "bedlam" "bedlamite"
## [279] "befoul" "beg"
## [281] "beggar" "beggarly"
## [283] "begging" "beguile"
## [285] "belabor" "belated"
## [287] "beleaguer" "belie"
## [289] "belittle" "belittled"
## [291] "belittling" "bellicose"
## [293] "belligerence" "belligerent"
## [295] "belligerently" "bemoan"
## [297] "bemoaning" "bemused"
## [299] "bent" "berate"
## [301] "bereave" "bereavement"
## [303] "bereft" "berserk"
## [305] "beseech" "beset"
## [307] "besiege" "besmirch"
## [309] "bestial" "betray"
## [311] "betrayal" "betrayals"
## [313] "betrayer" "betraying"
## [315] "betrays" "bewail"
## [317] "beware" "bewilder"
## [319] "bewildered" "bewildering"
## [321] "bewilderingly" "bewilderment"
## [323] "bewitch" "bias"
## [325] "biased" "biases"
## [327] "bicker" "bickering"
## [329] "bid-rigging" "bigotries"
## [331] "bigotry" "bitch"
## [333] "bitchy" "biting"
## [335] "bitingly" "bitter"
## [337] "bitterly" "bitterness"
## [339] "bizarre" "blab"
## [341] "blabber" "blackmail"
## [343] "blah" "blame"
## [345] "blameworthy" "bland"
## [347] "blandish" "blaspheme"
## [349] "blasphemous" "blasphemy"
## [351] "blasted" "blatant"
## [353] "blatantly" "blather"
## [355] "bleak" "bleakly"
## [357] "bleakness" "bleed"
## [359] "bleeding" "bleeds"
## [361] "blemish" "blind"
## [363] "blinding" "blindingly"
## [365] "blindside" "blister"
## [367] "blistering" "bloated"
## [369] "blockage" "blockhead"
## [371] "bloodshed" "bloodthirsty"
## [373] "bloody" "blotchy"
## [375] "blow" "blunder"
## [377] "blundering" "blunders"
## [379] "blunt" "blur"
## [381] "bluring" "blurred"
## [383] "blurring" "blurry"
## [385] "blurs" "blurt"
## [387] "boastful" "boggle"
## [389] "bogus" "boil"
## [391] "boiling" "boisterous"
## [393] "bomb" "bombard"
## [395] "bombardment" "bombastic"
## [397] "bondage" "bonkers"
## [399] "bore" "bored"
## [401] "boredom" "bores"
## [403] "boring" "botch"
## [405] "bother" "bothered"
## [407] "bothering" "bothers"
## [409] "bothersome" "bowdlerize"
## [411] "boycott" "braggart"
## [413] "bragger" "brainless"
## [415] "brainwash" "brash"
## [417] "brashly" "brashness"
## [419] "brat" "bravado"
## [421] "brazen" "brazenly"
## [423] "brazenness" "breach"
## [425] "break" "break-up"
## [427] "break-ups" "breakdown"
## [429] "breaking" "breaks"
## [431] "breakup" "breakups"
## [433] "bribery" "brimstone"
## [435] "bristle" "brittle"
## [437] "broke" "broken"
## [439] "broken-hearted" "brood"
## [441] "browbeat" "bruise"
## [443] "bruised" "bruises"
## [445] "bruising" "brusque"
## [447] "brutal" "brutalising"
## [449] "brutalities" "brutality"
## [451] "brutalize" "brutalizing"
## [453] "brutally" "brute"
## [455] "brutish" "bs"
## [457] "buckle" "bug"
## [459] "bugging" "buggy"
## [461] "bugs" "bulkier"
## [463] "bulkiness" "bulky"
## [465] "bulkyness" "bull****"
## [467] "bull----" "bullies"
## [469] "bullshit" "bullshyt"
## [471] "bully" "bullying"
## [473] "bullyingly" "bum"
## [475] "bump" "bumped"
## [477] "bumping" "bumpping"
## [479] "bumps" "bumpy"
## [481] "bungle" "bungler"
## [483] "bungling" "bunk"
## [485] "burden" "burdensome"
## [487] "burdensomely" "burn"
## [489] "burned" "burning"
## [491] "burns" "bust"
## [493] "busts" "busybody"
## [495] "butcher" "butchery"
## [497] "buzzing" "byzantine"
## [499] "cackle" "calamities"
## [501] "calamitous" "calamitously"
## [503] "calamity" "callous"
## [505] "calumniate" "calumniation"
## [507] "calumnies" "calumnious"
## [509] "calumniously" "calumny"
## [511] "cancer" "cancerous"
## [513] "cannibal" "cannibalize"
## [515] "capitulate" "capricious"
## [517] "capriciously" "capriciousness"
## [519] "capsize" "careless"
## [521] "carelessness" "caricature"
## [523] "carnage" "carp"
## [525] "cartoonish" "cash-strapped"
## [527] "castigate" "castrated"
## [529] "casualty" "cataclysm"
## [531] "cataclysmal" "cataclysmic"
## [533] "cataclysmically" "catastrophe"
## [535] "catastrophes" "catastrophic"
## [537] "catastrophically" "catastrophies"
## [539] "caustic" "caustically"
## [541] "cautionary" "cave"
## [543] "censure" "chafe"
## [545] "chaff" "chagrin"
## [547] "challenging" "chaos"
## [549] "chaotic" "chasten"
## [551] "chastise" "chastisement"
## [553] "chatter" "chatterbox"
## [555] "cheap" "cheapen"
## [557] "cheaply" "cheat"
## [559] "cheated" "cheater"
## [561] "cheating" "cheats"
## [563] "checkered" "cheerless"
## [565] "cheesy" "chide"
## [567] "childish" "chill"
## [569] "chilly" "chintzy"
## [571] "choke" "choleric"
## [573] "choppy" "chore"
## [575] "chronic" "chunky"
## [577] "clamor" "clamorous"
## [579] "clash" "cliche"
## [581] "cliched" "clique"
## [583] "clog" "clogged"
## [585] "clogs" "cloud"
## [587] "clouding" "cloudy"
## [589] "clueless" "clumsy"
## [591] "clunky" "coarse"
## [593] "cocky" "coerce"
## [595] "coercion" "coercive"
## [597] "cold" "coldly"
## [599] "collapse" "collude"
## [601] "collusion" "combative"
## [603] "combust" "comical"
## [605] "commiserate" "commonplace"
## [607] "commotion" "commotions"
## [609] "complacent" "complain"
## [611] "complained" "complaining"
## [613] "complains" "complaint"
## [615] "complaints" "complex"
## [617] "complicated" "complication"
## [619] "complicit" "compulsion"
## [621] "compulsive" "concede"
## [623] "conceded" "conceit"
## [625] "conceited" "concen"
## [627] "concens" "concern"
## [629] "concerned" "concerns"
## [631] "concession" "concessions"
## [633] "condemn" "condemnable"
## [635] "condemnation" "condemned"
## [637] "condemns" "condescend"
## [639] "condescending" "condescendingly"
## [641] "condescension" "confess"
## [643] "confession" "confessions"
## [645] "confined" "conflict"
## [647] "conflicted" "conflicting"
## [649] "conflicts" "confound"
## [651] "confounded" "confounding"
## [653] "confront" "confrontation"
## [655] "confrontational" "confuse"
## [657] "confused" "confuses"
## [659] "confusing" "confusion"
## [661] "confusions" "congested"
## [663] "congestion" "cons"
## [665] "conscons" "conservative"
## [667] "conspicuous" "conspicuously"
## [669] "conspiracies" "conspiracy"
## [671] "conspirator" "conspiratorial"
## [673] "conspire" "consternation"
## [675] "contagious" "contaminate"
## [677] "contaminated" "contaminates"
## [679] "contaminating" "contamination"
## [681] "contempt" "contemptible"
## [683] "contemptuous" "contemptuously"
## [685] "contend" "contention"
## [687] "contentious" "contort"
## [689] "contortions" "contradict"
## [691] "contradiction" "contradictory"
## [693] "contrariness" "contravene"
## [695] "contrive" "contrived"
## [697] "controversial" "controversy"
## [699] "convoluted" "corrode"
## [701] "corrosion" "corrosions"
## [703] "corrosive" "corrupt"
## [705] "corrupted" "corrupting"
## [707] "corruption" "corrupts"
## [709] "corruptted" "costlier"
## [711] "costly" "counter-productive"
## [713] "counterproductive" "coupists"
## [715] "covetous" "coward"
## [717] "cowardly" "crabby"
## [719] "crack" "cracked"
## [721] "cracks" "craftily"
## [723] "craftly" "crafty"
## [725] "cramp" "cramped"
## [727] "cramping" "cranky"
## [729] "crap" "crappy"
## [731] "craps" "crash"
## [733] "crashed" "crashes"
## [735] "crashing" "crass"
## [737] "craven" "cravenly"
## [739] "craze" "crazily"
## [741] "craziness" "crazy"
## [743] "creak" "creaking"
## [745] "creaks" "credulous"
## [747] "creep" "creeping"
## [749] "creeps" "creepy"
## [751] "crept" "crime"
## [753] "criminal" "cringe"
## [755] "cringed" "cringes"
## [757] "cripple" "crippled"
## [759] "cripples" "crippling"
## [761] "crisis" "critic"
## [763] "critical" "criticism"
## [765] "criticisms" "criticize"
## [767] "criticized" "criticizing"
## [769] "critics" "cronyism"
## [771] "crook" "crooked"
## [773] "crooks" "crowded"
## [775] "crowdedness" "crude"
## [777] "cruel" "crueler"
## [779] "cruelest" "cruelly"
## [781] "cruelness" "cruelties"
## [783] "cruelty" "crumble"
## [785] "crumbling" "crummy"
## [787] "crumple" "crumpled"
## [789] "crumples" "crush"
## [791] "crushed" "crushing"
## [793] "cry" "culpable"
## [795] "culprit" "cumbersome"
## [797] "cunt" "cunts"
## [799] "cuplrit" "curse"
## [801] "cursed" "curses"
## [803] "curt" "cuss"
## [805] "cussed" "cutthroat"
## [807] "cynical" "cynicism"
## [809] "d*mn" "damage"
## [811] "damaged" "damages"
## [813] "damaging" "damn"
## [815] "damnable" "damnably"
## [817] "damnation" "damned"
## [819] "damning" "damper"
## [821] "danger" "dangerous"
## [823] "dangerousness" "dark"
## [825] "darken" "darkened"
## [827] "darker" "darkness"
## [829] "dastard" "dastardly"
## [831] "daunt" "daunting"
## [833] "dauntingly" "dawdle"
## [835] "daze" "dazed"
## [837] "dead" "deadbeat"
## [839] "deadlock" "deadly"
## [841] "deadweight" "deaf"
## [843] "dearth" "death"
## [845] "debacle" "debase"
## [847] "debasement" "debaser"
## [849] "debatable" "debauch"
## [851] "debaucher" "debauchery"
## [853] "debilitate" "debilitating"
## [855] "debility" "debt"
## [857] "debts" "decadence"
## [859] "decadent" "decay"
## [861] "decayed" "deceit"
## [863] "deceitful" "deceitfully"
## [865] "deceitfulness" "deceive"
## [867] "deceiver" "deceivers"
## [869] "deceiving" "deception"
## [871] "deceptive" "deceptively"
## [873] "declaim" "decline"
## [875] "declines" "declining"
## [877] "decrement" "decrepit"
## [879] "decrepitude" "decry"
## [881] "defamation" "defamations"
## [883] "defamatory" "defame"
## [885] "defect" "defective"
## [887] "defects" "defensive"
## [889] "defiance" "defiant"
## [891] "defiantly" "deficiencies"
## [893] "deficiency" "deficient"
## [895] "defile" "defiler"
## [897] "deform" "deformed"
## [899] "defrauding" "defunct"
## [901] "defy" "degenerate"
## [903] "degenerately" "degeneration"
## [905] "degradation" "degrade"
## [907] "degrading" "degradingly"
## [909] "dehumanization" "dehumanize"
## [911] "deign" "deject"
## [913] "dejected" "dejectedly"
## [915] "dejection" "delay"
## [917] "delayed" "delaying"
## [919] "delays" "delinquency"
## [921] "delinquent" "delirious"
## [923] "delirium" "delude"
## [925] "deluded" "deluge"
## [927] "delusion" "delusional"
## [929] "delusions" "demean"
## [931] "demeaning" "demise"
## [933] "demolish" "demolisher"
## [935] "demon" "demonic"
## [937] "demonize" "demonized"
## [939] "demonizes" "demonizing"
## [941] "demoralize" "demoralizing"
## [943] "demoralizingly" "denial"
## [945] "denied" "denies"
## [947] "denigrate" "denounce"
## [949] "dense" "dent"
## [951] "dented" "dents"
## [953] "denunciate" "denunciation"
## [955] "denunciations" "deny"
## [957] "denying" "deplete"
## [959] "deplorable" "deplorably"
## [961] "deplore" "deploring"
## [963] "deploringly" "deprave"
## [965] "depraved" "depravedly"
## [967] "deprecate" "depress"
## [969] "depressed" "depressing"
## [971] "depressingly" "depression"
## [973] "depressions" "deprive"
## [975] "deprived" "deride"
## [977] "derision" "derisive"
## [979] "derisively" "derisiveness"
## [981] "derogatory" "desecrate"
## [983] "desert" "desertion"
## [985] "desiccate" "desiccated"
## [987] "desititute" "desolate"
## [989] "desolately" "desolation"
## [991] "despair" "despairing"
## [993] "despairingly" "desperate"
## [995] "desperately" "desperation"
## [997] "despicable" "despicably"
## [999] "despise" "despised"
## [1001] "despoil" "despoiler"
## [1003] "despondence" "despondency"
## [1005] "despondent" "despondently"
## [1007] "despot" "despotic"
## [1009] "despotism" "destabilisation"
## [1011] "destains" "destitute"
## [1013] "destitution" "destroy"
## [1015] "destroyer" "destruction"
## [1017] "destructive" "desultory"
## [1019] "deter" "deteriorate"
## [1021] "deteriorating" "deterioration"
## [1023] "deterrent" "detest"
## [1025] "detestable" "detestably"
## [1027] "detested" "detesting"
## [1029] "detests" "detract"
## [1031] "detracted" "detracting"
## [1033] "detraction" "detracts"
## [1035] "detriment" "detrimental"
## [1037] "devastate" "devastated"
## [1039] "devastates" "devastating"
## [1041] "devastatingly" "devastation"
## [1043] "deviate" "deviation"
## [1045] "devil" "devilish"
## [1047] "devilishly" "devilment"
## [1049] "devilry" "devious"
## [1051] "deviously" "deviousness"
## [1053] "devoid" "diabolic"
## [1055] "diabolical" "diabolically"
## [1057] "diametrically" "diappointed"
## [1059] "diatribe" "diatribes"
## [1061] "dick" "dictator"
## [1063] "dictatorial" "die"
## [1065] "die-hard" "died"
## [1067] "dies" "difficult"
## [1069] "difficulties" "difficulty"
## [1071] "diffidence" "dilapidated"
## [1073] "dilemma" "dilly-dally"
## [1075] "dim" "dimmer"
## [1077] "din" "ding"
## [1079] "dings" "dinky"
## [1081] "dire" "direly"
## [1083] "direness" "dirt"
## [1085] "dirtbag" "dirtbags"
## [1087] "dirts" "dirty"
## [1089] "disable" "disabled"
## [1091] "disaccord" "disadvantage"
## [1093] "disadvantaged" "disadvantageous"
## [1095] "disadvantages" "disaffect"
## [1097] "disaffected" "disaffirm"
## [1099] "disagree" "disagreeable"
## [1101] "disagreeably" "disagreed"
## [1103] "disagreeing" "disagreement"
## [1105] "disagrees" "disallow"
## [1107] "disapointed" "disapointing"
## [1109] "disapointment" "disappoint"
## [1111] "disappointed" "disappointing"
## [1113] "disappointingly" "disappointment"
## [1115] "disappointments" "disappoints"
## [1117] "disapprobation" "disapproval"
## [1119] "disapprove" "disapproving"
## [1121] "disarm" "disarray"
## [1123] "disaster" "disasterous"
## [1125] "disastrous" "disastrously"
## [1127] "disavow" "disavowal"
## [1129] "disbelief" "disbelieve"
## [1131] "disbeliever" "disclaim"
## [1133] "discombobulate" "discomfit"
## [1135] "discomfititure" "discomfort"
## [1137] "discompose" "disconcert"
## [1139] "disconcerted" "disconcerting"
## [1141] "disconcertingly" "disconsolate"
## [1143] "disconsolately" "disconsolation"
## [1145] "discontent" "discontented"
## [1147] "discontentedly" "discontinued"
## [1149] "discontinuity" "discontinuous"
## [1151] "discord" "discordance"
## [1153] "discordant" "discountenance"
## [1155] "discourage" "discouragement"
## [1157] "discouraging" "discouragingly"
## [1159] "discourteous" "discourteously"
## [1161] "discoutinous" "discredit"
## [1163] "discrepant" "discriminate"
## [1165] "discrimination" "discriminatory"
## [1167] "disdain" "disdained"
## [1169] "disdainful" "disdainfully"
## [1171] "disfavor" "disgrace"
## [1173] "disgraced" "disgraceful"
## [1175] "disgracefully" "disgruntle"
## [1177] "disgruntled" "disgust"
## [1179] "disgusted" "disgustedly"
## [1181] "disgustful" "disgustfully"
## [1183] "disgusting" "disgustingly"
## [1185] "dishearten" "disheartening"
## [1187] "dishearteningly" "dishonest"
## [1189] "dishonestly" "dishonesty"
## [1191] "dishonor" "dishonorable"
## [1193] "dishonorablely" "disillusion"
## [1195] "disillusioned" "disillusionment"
## [1197] "disillusions" "disinclination"
## [1199] "disinclined" "disingenuous"
## [1201] "disingenuously" "disintegrate"
## [1203] "disintegrated" "disintegrates"
## [1205] "disintegration" "disinterest"
## [1207] "disinterested" "dislike"
## [1209] "disliked" "dislikes"
## [1211] "disliking" "dislocated"
## [1213] "disloyal" "disloyalty"
## [1215] "dismal" "dismally"
## [1217] "dismalness" "dismay"
## [1219] "dismayed" "dismaying"
## [1221] "dismayingly" "dismissive"
## [1223] "dismissively" "disobedience"
## [1225] "disobedient" "disobey"
## [1227] "disoobedient" "disorder"
## [1229] "disordered" "disorderly"
## [1231] "disorganized" "disorient"
## [1233] "disoriented" "disown"
## [1235] "disparage" "disparaging"
## [1237] "disparagingly" "dispensable"
## [1239] "dispirit" "dispirited"
## [1241] "dispiritedly" "dispiriting"
## [1243] "displace" "displaced"
## [1245] "displease" "displeased"
## [1247] "displeasing" "displeasure"
## [1249] "disproportionate" "disprove"
## [1251] "disputable" "dispute"
## [1253] "disputed" "disquiet"
## [1255] "disquieting" "disquietingly"
## [1257] "disquietude" "disregard"
## [1259] "disregardful" "disreputable"
## [1261] "disrepute" "disrespect"
## [1263] "disrespectable" "disrespectablity"
## [1265] "disrespectful" "disrespectfully"
## [1267] "disrespectfulness" "disrespecting"
## [1269] "disrupt" "disruption"
## [1271] "disruptive" "diss"
## [1273] "dissapointed" "dissappointed"
## [1275] "dissappointing" "dissatisfaction"
## [1277] "dissatisfactory" "dissatisfied"
## [1279] "dissatisfies" "dissatisfy"
## [1281] "dissatisfying" "dissed"
## [1283] "dissemble" "dissembler"
## [1285] "dissension" "dissent"
## [1287] "dissenter" "dissention"
## [1289] "disservice" "disses"
## [1291] "dissidence" "dissident"
## [1293] "dissidents" "dissing"
## [1295] "dissocial" "dissolute"
## [1297] "dissolution" "dissonance"
## [1299] "dissonant" "dissonantly"
## [1301] "dissuade" "dissuasive"
## [1303] "distains" "distaste"
## [1305] "distasteful" "distastefully"
## [1307] "distort" "distorted"
## [1309] "distortion" "distorts"
## [1311] "distract" "distracting"
## [1313] "distraction" "distraught"
## [1315] "distraughtly" "distraughtness"
## [1317] "distress" "distressed"
## [1319] "distressing" "distressingly"
## [1321] "distrust" "distrustful"
## [1323] "distrusting" "disturb"
## [1325] "disturbance" "disturbed"
## [1327] "disturbing" "disturbingly"
## [1329] "disunity" "disvalue"
## [1331] "divergent" "divisive"
## [1333] "divisively" "divisiveness"
## [1335] "dizzing" "dizzingly"
## [1337] "dizzy" "doddering"
## [1339] "dodgey" "dogged"
## [1341] "doggedly" "dogmatic"
## [1343] "doldrums" "domineer"
## [1345] "domineering" "donside"
## [1347] "doom" "doomed"
## [1349] "doomsday" "dope"
## [1351] "doubt" "doubtful"
## [1353] "doubtfully" "doubts"
## [1355] "douchbag" "douchebag"
## [1357] "douchebags" "downbeat"
## [1359] "downcast" "downer"
## [1361] "downfall" "downfallen"
## [1363] "downgrade" "downhearted"
## [1365] "downheartedly" "downhill"
## [1367] "downside" "downsides"
## [1369] "downturn" "downturns"
## [1371] "drab" "draconian"
## [1373] "draconic" "drag"
## [1375] "dragged" "dragging"
## [1377] "dragoon" "drags"
## [1379] "drain" "drained"
## [1381] "draining" "drains"
## [1383] "drastic" "drastically"
## [1385] "drawback" "drawbacks"
## [1387] "dread" "dreadful"
## [1389] "dreadfully" "dreadfulness"
## [1391] "dreary" "dripped"
## [1393] "dripping" "drippy"
## [1395] "drips" "drones"
## [1397] "droop" "droops"
## [1399] "drop-out" "drop-outs"
## [1401] "dropout" "dropouts"
## [1403] "drought" "drowning"
## [1405] "drunk" "drunkard"
## [1407] "drunken" "dubious"
## [1409] "dubiously" "dubitable"
## [1411] "dud" "dull"
## [1413] "dullard" "dumb"
## [1415] "dumbfound" "dump"
## [1417] "dumped" "dumping"
## [1419] "dumps" "dunce"
## [1421] "dungeon" "dungeons"
## [1423] "dupe" "dust"
## [1425] "dusty" "dwindling"
## [1427] "dying" "earsplitting"
## [1429] "eccentric" "eccentricity"
## [1431] "effigy" "effrontery"
## [1433] "egocentric" "egomania"
## [1435] "egotism" "egotistical"
## [1437] "egotistically" "egregious"
## [1439] "egregiously" "election-rigger"
## [1441] "elimination" "emaciated"
## [1443] "emasculate" "embarrass"
## [1445] "embarrassing" "embarrassingly"
## [1447] "embarrassment" "embattled"
## [1449] "embroil" "embroiled"
## [1451] "embroilment" "emergency"
## [1453] "emphatic" "emphatically"
## [1455] "emptiness" "encroach"
## [1457] "encroachment" "endanger"
## [1459] "enemies" "enemy"
## [1461] "enervate" "enfeeble"
## [1463] "enflame" "engulf"
## [1465] "enjoin" "enmity"
## [1467] "enrage" "enraged"
## [1469] "enraging" "enslave"
## [1471] "entangle" "entanglement"
## [1473] "entrap" "entrapment"
## [1475] "envious" "enviously"
## [1477] "enviousness" "epidemic"
## [1479] "equivocal" "erase"
## [1481] "erode" "erodes"
## [1483] "erosion" "err"
## [1485] "errant" "erratic"
## [1487] "erratically" "erroneous"
## [1489] "erroneously" "error"
## [1491] "errors" "eruptions"
## [1493] "escapade" "eschew"
## [1495] "estranged" "evade"
## [1497] "evasion" "evasive"
## [1499] "evil" "evildoer"
## [1501] "evils" "eviscerate"
## [1503] "exacerbate" "exagerate"
## [1505] "exagerated" "exagerates"
## [1507] "exaggerate" "exaggeration"
## [1509] "exasperate" "exasperated"
## [1511] "exasperating" "exasperatingly"
## [1513] "exasperation" "excessive"
## [1515] "excessively" "exclusion"
## [1517] "excoriate" "excruciating"
## [1519] "excruciatingly" "excuse"
## [1521] "excuses" "execrate"
## [1523] "exhaust" "exhausted"
## [1525] "exhaustion" "exhausts"
## [1527] "exhorbitant" "exhort"
## [1529] "exile" "exorbitant"
## [1531] "exorbitantance" "exorbitantly"
## [1533] "expel" "expensive"
## [1535] "expire" "expired"
## [1537] "explode" "exploit"
## [1539] "exploitation" "explosive"
## [1541] "expropriate" "expropriation"
## [1543] "expulse" "expunge"
## [1545] "exterminate" "extermination"
## [1547] "extinguish" "extort"
## [1549] "extortion" "extraneous"
## [1551] "extravagance" "extravagant"
## [1553] "extravagantly" "extremism"
## [1555] "extremist" "extremists"
## [1557] "eyesore" "f**k"
## [1559] "fabricate" "fabrication"
## [1561] "facetious" "facetiously"
## [1563] "fail" "failed"
## [1565] "failing" "fails"
## [1567] "failure" "failures"
## [1569] "faint" "fainthearted"
## [1571] "faithless" "fake"
## [1573] "fall" "fallacies"
## [1575] "fallacious" "fallaciously"
## [1577] "fallaciousness" "fallacy"
## [1579] "fallen" "falling"
## [1581] "fallout" "falls"
## [1583] "false" "falsehood"
## [1585] "falsely" "falsify"
## [1587] "falter" "faltered"
## [1589] "famine" "famished"
## [1591] "fanatic" "fanatical"
## [1593] "fanatically" "fanaticism"
## [1595] "fanatics" "fanciful"
## [1597] "far-fetched" "farce"
## [1599] "farcical" "farcical-yet-provocative"
## [1601] "farcically" "farfetched"
## [1603] "fascism" "fascist"
## [1605] "fastidious" "fastidiously"
## [1607] "fastuous" "fat"
## [1609] "fat-cat" "fat-cats"
## [1611] "fatal" "fatalistic"
## [1613] "fatalistically" "fatally"
## [1615] "fatcat" "fatcats"
## [1617] "fateful" "fatefully"
## [1619] "fathomless" "fatigue"
## [1621] "fatigued" "fatique"
## [1623] "fatty" "fatuity"
## [1625] "fatuous" "fatuously"
## [1627] "fault" "faults"
## [1629] "faulty" "fawningly"
## [1631] "faze" "fear"
## [1633] "fearful" "fearfully"
## [1635] "fears" "fearsome"
## [1637] "feckless" "feeble"
## [1639] "feeblely" "feebleminded"
## [1641] "feign" "feint"
## [1643] "fell" "felon"
## [1645] "felonious" "ferociously"
## [1647] "ferocity" "fetid"
## [1649] "fever" "feverish"
## [1651] "fevers" "fiasco"
## [1653] "fib" "fibber"
## [1655] "fickle" "fiction"
## [1657] "fictional" "fictitious"
## [1659] "fidget" "fidgety"
## [1661] "fiend" "fiendish"
## [1663] "fierce" "figurehead"
## [1665] "filth" "filthy"
## [1667] "finagle" "finicky"
## [1669] "fissures" "fist"
## [1671] "flabbergast" "flabbergasted"
## [1673] "flagging" "flagrant"
## [1675] "flagrantly" "flair"
## [1677] "flairs" "flak"
## [1679] "flake" "flakey"
## [1681] "flakieness" "flaking"
## [1683] "flaky" "flare"
## [1685] "flares" "flareup"
## [1687] "flareups" "flat-out"
## [1689] "flaunt" "flaw"
## [1691] "flawed" "flaws"
## [1693] "flee" "fleed"
## [1695] "fleeing" "fleer"
## [1697] "flees" "fleeting"
## [1699] "flicering" "flicker"
## [1701] "flickering" "flickers"
## [1703] "flighty" "flimflam"
## [1705] "flimsy" "flirt"
## [1707] "flirty" "floored"
## [1709] "flounder" "floundering"
## [1711] "flout" "fluster"
## [1713] "foe" "fool"
## [1715] "fooled" "foolhardy"
## [1717] "foolish" "foolishly"
## [1719] "foolishness" "forbid"
## [1721] "forbidden" "forbidding"
## [1723] "forceful" "foreboding"
## [1725] "forebodingly" "forfeit"
## [1727] "forged" "forgetful"
## [1729] "forgetfully" "forgetfulness"
## [1731] "forlorn" "forlornly"
## [1733] "forsake" "forsaken"
## [1735] "forswear" "foul"
## [1737] "foully" "foulness"
## [1739] "fractious" "fractiously"
## [1741] "fracture" "fragile"
## [1743] "fragmented" "frail"
## [1745] "frantic" "frantically"
## [1747] "franticly" "fraud"
## [1749] "fraudulent" "fraught"
## [1751] "frazzle" "frazzled"
## [1753] "freak" "freaking"
## [1755] "freakish" "freakishly"
## [1757] "freaks" "freeze"
## [1759] "freezes" "freezing"
## [1761] "frenetic" "frenetically"
## [1763] "frenzied" "frenzy"
## [1765] "fret" "fretful"
## [1767] "frets" "friction"
## [1769] "frictions" "fried"
## [1771] "friggin" "frigging"
## [1773] "fright" "frighten"
## [1775] "frightening" "frighteningly"
## [1777] "frightful" "frightfully"
## [1779] "frigid" "frost"
## [1781] "frown" "froze"
## [1783] "frozen" "fruitless"
## [1785] "fruitlessly" "frustrate"
## [1787] "frustrated" "frustrates"
## [1789] "frustrating" "frustratingly"
## [1791] "frustration" "frustrations"
## [1793] "fuck" "fucking"
## [1795] "fudge" "fugitive"
## [1797] "full-blown" "fulminate"
## [1799] "fumble" "fume"
## [1801] "fumes" "fundamentalism"
## [1803] "funky" "funnily"
## [1805] "funny" "furious"
## [1807] "furiously" "furor"
## [1809] "fury" "fuss"
## [1811] "fussy" "fustigate"
## [1813] "fusty" "futile"
## [1815] "futilely" "futility"
## [1817] "fuzzy" "gabble"
## [1819] "gaff" "gaffe"
## [1821] "gainsay" "gainsayer"
## [1823] "gall" "galling"
## [1825] "gallingly" "galls"
## [1827] "gangster" "gape"
## [1829] "garbage" "garish"
## [1831] "gasp" "gauche"
## [1833] "gaudy" "gawk"
## [1835] "gawky" "geezer"
## [1837] "genocide" "get-rich"
## [1839] "ghastly" "ghetto"
## [1841] "ghosting" "gibber"
## [1843] "gibberish" "gibe"
## [1845] "giddy" "gimmick"
## [1847] "gimmicked" "gimmicking"
## [1849] "gimmicks" "gimmicky"
## [1851] "glare" "glaringly"
## [1853] "glib" "glibly"
## [1855] "glitch" "glitches"
## [1857] "gloatingly" "gloom"
## [1859] "gloomy" "glower"
## [1861] "glum" "glut"
## [1863] "gnawing" "goad"
## [1865] "goading" "god-awful"
## [1867] "goof" "goofy"
## [1869] "goon" "gossip"
## [1871] "graceless" "gracelessly"
## [1873] "graft" "grainy"
## [1875] "grapple" "grate"
## [1877] "grating" "gravely"
## [1879] "greasy" "greed"
## [1881] "greedy" "grief"
## [1883] "grievance" "grievances"
## [1885] "grieve" "grieving"
## [1887] "grievous" "grievously"
## [1889] "grim" "grimace"
## [1891] "grind" "gripe"
## [1893] "gripes" "grisly"
## [1895] "gritty" "gross"
## [1897] "grossly" "grotesque"
## [1899] "grouch" "grouchy"
## [1901] "groundless" "grouse"
## [1903] "growl" "grudge"
## [1905] "grudges" "grudging"
## [1907] "grudgingly" "gruesome"
## [1909] "gruesomely" "gruff"
## [1911] "grumble" "grumpier"
## [1913] "grumpiest" "grumpily"
## [1915] "grumpish" "grumpy"
## [1917] "guile" "guilt"
## [1919] "guiltily" "guilty"
## [1921] "gullible" "gutless"
## [1923] "gutter" "hack"
## [1925] "hacks" "haggard"
## [1927] "haggle" "hairloss"
## [1929] "halfhearted" "halfheartedly"
## [1931] "hallucinate" "hallucination"
## [1933] "hamper" "hampered"
## [1935] "handicapped" "hang"
## [1937] "hangs" "haphazard"
## [1939] "hapless" "harangue"
## [1941] "harass" "harassed"
## [1943] "harasses" "harassment"
## [1945] "harboring" "harbors"
## [1947] "hard" "hard-hit"
## [1949] "hard-line" "hard-liner"
## [1951] "hardball" "harden"
## [1953] "hardened" "hardheaded"
## [1955] "hardhearted" "hardliner"
## [1957] "hardliners" "hardship"
## [1959] "hardships" "harm"
## [1961] "harmed" "harmful"
## [1963] "harms" "harpy"
## [1965] "harridan" "harried"
## [1967] "harrow" "harsh"
## [1969] "harshly" "hasseling"
## [1971] "hassle" "hassled"
## [1973] "hassles" "haste"
## [1975] "hastily" "hasty"
## [1977] "hate" "hated"
## [1979] "hateful" "hatefully"
## [1981] "hatefulness" "hater"
## [1983] "haters" "hates"
## [1985] "hating" "hatred"
## [1987] "haughtily" "haughty"
## [1989] "haunt" "haunting"
## [1991] "havoc" "hawkish"
## [1993] "haywire" "hazard"
## [1995] "hazardous" "haze"
## [1997] "hazy" "head-aches"
## [1999] "headache" "headaches"
## [2001] "heartbreaker" "heartbreaking"
## [2003] "heartbreakingly" "heartless"
## [2005] "heathen" "heavy-handed"
## [2007] "heavyhearted" "heck"
## [2009] "heckle" "heckled"
## [2011] "heckles" "hectic"
## [2013] "hedge" "hedonistic"
## [2015] "heedless" "hefty"
## [2017] "hegemonism" "hegemonistic"
## [2019] "hegemony" "heinous"
## [2021] "hell" "hell-bent"
## [2023] "hellion" "hells"
## [2025] "helpless" "helplessly"
## [2027] "helplessness" "heresy"
## [2029] "heretic" "heretical"
## [2031] "hesitant" "hestitant"
## [2033] "hideous" "hideously"
## [2035] "hideousness" "high-priced"
## [2037] "hiliarious" "hinder"
## [2039] "hindrance" "hiss"
## [2041] "hissed" "hissing"
## [2043] "ho-hum" "hoard"
## [2045] "hoax" "hobble"
## [2047] "hogs" "hollow"
## [2049] "hoodium" "hoodwink"
## [2051] "hooligan" "hopeless"
## [2053] "hopelessly" "hopelessness"
## [2055] "horde" "horrendous"
## [2057] "horrendously" "horrible"
## [2059] "horrid" "horrific"
## [2061] "horrified" "horrifies"
## [2063] "horrify" "horrifying"
## [2065] "horrifys" "hostage"
## [2067] "hostile" "hostilities"
## [2069] "hostility" "hotbeds"
## [2071] "hothead" "hotheaded"
## [2073] "hothouse" "hubris"
## [2075] "huckster" "hum"
## [2077] "humid" "humiliate"
## [2079] "humiliating" "humiliation"
## [2081] "humming" "hung"
## [2083] "hurt" "hurted"
## [2085] "hurtful" "hurting"
## [2087] "hurts" "hustler"
## [2089] "hype" "hypocricy"
## [2091] "hypocrisy" "hypocrite"
## [2093] "hypocrites" "hypocritical"
## [2095] "hypocritically" "hysteria"
## [2097] "hysteric" "hysterical"
## [2099] "hysterically" "hysterics"
## [2101] "idiocies" "idiocy"
## [2103] "idiot" "idiotic"
## [2105] "idiotically" "idiots"
## [2107] "idle" "ignoble"
## [2109] "ignominious" "ignominiously"
## [2111] "ignominy" "ignorance"
## [2113] "ignorant" "ignore"
## [2115] "ill-advised" "ill-conceived"
## [2117] "ill-defined" "ill-designed"
## [2119] "ill-fated" "ill-favored"
## [2121] "ill-formed" "ill-mannered"
## [2123] "ill-natured" "ill-sorted"
## [2125] "ill-tempered" "ill-treated"
## [2127] "ill-treatment" "ill-usage"
## [2129] "ill-used" "illegal"
## [2131] "illegally" "illegitimate"
## [2133] "illicit" "illiterate"
## [2135] "illness" "illogic"
## [2137] "illogical" "illogically"
## [2139] "illusion" "illusions"
## [2141] "illusory" "imaginary"
## [2143] "imbalance" "imbecile"
## [2145] "imbroglio" "immaterial"
## [2147] "immature" "imminence"
## [2149] "imminently" "immobilized"
## [2151] "immoderate" "immoderately"
## [2153] "immodest" "immoral"
## [2155] "immorality" "immorally"
## [2157] "immovable" "impair"
## [2159] "impaired" "impasse"
## [2161] "impatience" "impatient"
## [2163] "impatiently" "impeach"
## [2165] "impedance" "impede"
## [2167] "impediment" "impending"
## [2169] "impenitent" "imperfect"
## [2171] "imperfection" "imperfections"
## [2173] "imperfectly" "imperialist"
## [2175] "imperil" "imperious"
## [2177] "imperiously" "impermissible"
## [2179] "impersonal" "impertinent"
## [2181] "impetuous" "impetuously"
## [2183] "impiety" "impinge"
## [2185] "impious" "implacable"
## [2187] "implausible" "implausibly"
## [2189] "implicate" "implication"
## [2191] "implode" "impolite"
## [2193] "impolitely" "impolitic"
## [2195] "importunate" "importune"
## [2197] "impose" "imposers"
## [2199] "imposing" "imposition"
## [2201] "impossible" "impossiblity"
## [2203] "impossibly" "impotent"
## [2205] "impoverish" "impoverished"
## [2207] "impractical" "imprecate"
## [2209] "imprecise" "imprecisely"
## [2211] "imprecision" "imprison"
## [2213] "imprisonment" "improbability"
## [2215] "improbable" "improbably"
## [2217] "improper" "improperly"
## [2219] "impropriety" "imprudence"
## [2221] "imprudent" "impudence"
## [2223] "impudent" "impudently"
## [2225] "impugn" "impulsive"
## [2227] "impulsively" "impunity"
## [2229] "impure" "impurity"
## [2231] "inability" "inaccuracies"
## [2233] "inaccuracy" "inaccurate"
## [2235] "inaccurately" "inaction"
## [2237] "inactive" "inadequacy"
## [2239] "inadequate" "inadequately"
## [2241] "inadverent" "inadverently"
## [2243] "inadvisable" "inadvisably"
## [2245] "inane" "inanely"
## [2247] "inappropriate" "inappropriately"
## [2249] "inapt" "inaptitude"
## [2251] "inarticulate" "inattentive"
## [2253] "inaudible" "incapable"
## [2255] "incapably" "incautious"
## [2257] "incendiary" "incense"
## [2259] "incessant" "incessantly"
## [2261] "incite" "incitement"
## [2263] "incivility" "inclement"
## [2265] "incognizant" "incoherence"
## [2267] "incoherent" "incoherently"
## [2269] "incommensurate" "incomparable"
## [2271] "incomparably" "incompatability"
## [2273] "incompatibility" "incompatible"
## [2275] "incompetence" "incompetent"
## [2277] "incompetently" "incomplete"
## [2279] "incompliant" "incomprehensible"
## [2281] "incomprehension" "inconceivable"
## [2283] "inconceivably" "incongruous"
## [2285] "incongruously" "inconsequent"
## [2287] "inconsequential" "inconsequentially"
## [2289] "inconsequently" "inconsiderate"
## [2291] "inconsiderately" "inconsistence"
## [2293] "inconsistencies" "inconsistency"
## [2295] "inconsistent" "inconsolable"
## [2297] "inconsolably" "inconstant"
## [2299] "inconvenience" "inconveniently"
## [2301] "incorrect" "incorrectly"
## [2303] "incorrigible" "incorrigibly"
## [2305] "incredulous" "incredulously"
## [2307] "inculcate" "indecency"
## [2309] "indecent" "indecently"
## [2311] "indecision" "indecisive"
## [2313] "indecisively" "indecorum"
## [2315] "indefensible" "indelicate"
## [2317] "indeterminable" "indeterminably"
## [2319] "indeterminate" "indifference"
## [2321] "indifferent" "indigent"
## [2323] "indignant" "indignantly"
## [2325] "indignation" "indignity"
## [2327] "indiscernible" "indiscreet"
## [2329] "indiscreetly" "indiscretion"
## [2331] "indiscriminate" "indiscriminately"
## [2333] "indiscriminating" "indistinguishable"
## [2335] "indoctrinate" "indoctrination"
## [2337] "indolent" "indulge"
## [2339] "ineffective" "ineffectively"
## [2341] "ineffectiveness" "ineffectual"
## [2343] "ineffectually" "ineffectualness"
## [2345] "inefficacious" "inefficacy"
## [2347] "inefficiency" "inefficient"
## [2349] "inefficiently" "inelegance"
## [2351] "inelegant" "ineligible"
## [2353] "ineloquent" "ineloquently"
## [2355] "inept" "ineptitude"
## [2357] "ineptly" "inequalities"
## [2359] "inequality" "inequitable"
## [2361] "inequitably" "inequities"
## [2363] "inescapable" "inescapably"
## [2365] "inessential" "inevitable"
## [2367] "inevitably" "inexcusable"
## [2369] "inexcusably" "inexorable"
## [2371] "inexorably" "inexperience"
## [2373] "inexperienced" "inexpert"
## [2375] "inexpertly" "inexpiable"
## [2377] "inexplainable" "inextricable"
## [2379] "inextricably" "infamous"
## [2381] "infamously" "infamy"
## [2383] "infected" "infection"
## [2385] "infections" "inferior"
## [2387] "inferiority" "infernal"
## [2389] "infest" "infested"
## [2391] "infidel" "infidels"
## [2393] "infiltrator" "infiltrators"
## [2395] "infirm" "inflame"
## [2397] "inflammation" "inflammatory"
## [2399] "inflammed" "inflated"
## [2401] "inflationary" "inflexible"
## [2403] "inflict" "infraction"
## [2405] "infringe" "infringement"
## [2407] "infringements" "infuriate"
## [2409] "infuriated" "infuriating"
## [2411] "infuriatingly" "inglorious"
## [2413] "ingrate" "ingratitude"
## [2415] "inhibit" "inhibition"
## [2417] "inhospitable" "inhospitality"
## [2419] "inhuman" "inhumane"
## [2421] "inhumanity" "inimical"
## [2423] "inimically" "iniquitous"
## [2425] "iniquity" "injudicious"
## [2427] "injure" "injurious"
## [2429] "injury" "injustice"
## [2431] "injustices" "innuendo"
## [2433] "inoperable" "inopportune"
## [2435] "inordinate" "inordinately"
## [2437] "insane" "insanely"
## [2439] "insanity" "insatiable"
## [2441] "insecure" "insecurity"
## [2443] "insensible" "insensitive"
## [2445] "insensitively" "insensitivity"
## [2447] "insidious" "insidiously"
## [2449] "insignificance" "insignificant"
## [2451] "insignificantly" "insincere"
## [2453] "insincerely" "insincerity"
## [2455] "insinuate" "insinuating"
## [2457] "insinuation" "insociable"
## [2459] "insolence" "insolent"
## [2461] "insolently" "insolvent"
## [2463] "insouciance" "instability"
## [2465] "instable" "instigate"
## [2467] "instigator" "instigators"
## [2469] "insubordinate" "insubstantial"
## [2471] "insubstantially" "insufferable"
## [2473] "insufferably" "insufficiency"
## [2475] "insufficient" "insufficiently"
## [2477] "insular" "insult"
## [2479] "insulted" "insulting"
## [2481] "insultingly" "insults"
## [2483] "insupportable" "insupportably"
## [2485] "insurmountable" "insurmountably"
## [2487] "insurrection" "intefere"
## [2489] "inteferes" "intense"
## [2491] "interfere" "interference"
## [2493] "interferes" "intermittent"
## [2495] "interrupt" "interruption"
## [2497] "interruptions" "intimidate"
## [2499] "intimidating" "intimidatingly"
## [2501] "intimidation" "intolerable"
## [2503] "intolerablely" "intolerance"
## [2505] "intoxicate" "intractable"
## [2507] "intransigence" "intransigent"
## [2509] "intrude" "intrusion"
## [2511] "intrusive" "inundate"
## [2513] "inundated" "invader"
## [2515] "invalid" "invalidate"
## [2517] "invalidity" "invasive"
## [2519] "invective" "inveigle"
## [2521] "invidious" "invidiously"
## [2523] "invidiousness" "invisible"
## [2525] "involuntarily" "involuntary"
## [2527] "irascible" "irate"
## [2529] "irately" "ire"
## [2531] "irk" "irked"
## [2533] "irking" "irks"
## [2535] "irksome" "irksomely"
## [2537] "irksomeness" "irksomenesses"
## [2539] "ironic" "ironical"
## [2541] "ironically" "ironies"
## [2543] "irony" "irragularity"
## [2545] "irrational" "irrationalities"
## [2547] "irrationality" "irrationally"
## [2549] "irrationals" "irreconcilable"
## [2551] "irrecoverable" "irrecoverableness"
## [2553] "irrecoverablenesses" "irrecoverably"
## [2555] "irredeemable" "irredeemably"
## [2557] "irreformable" "irregular"
## [2559] "irregularity" "irrelevance"
## [2561] "irrelevant" "irreparable"
## [2563] "irreplacible" "irrepressible"
## [2565] "irresolute" "irresolvable"
## [2567] "irresponsible" "irresponsibly"
## [2569] "irretating" "irretrievable"
## [2571] "irreversible" "irritable"
## [2573] "irritably" "irritant"
## [2575] "irritate" "irritated"
## [2577] "irritating" "irritation"
## [2579] "irritations" "isolate"
## [2581] "isolated" "isolation"
## [2583] "issue" "issues"
## [2585] "itch" "itching"
## [2587] "itchy" "jabber"
## [2589] "jaded" "jagged"
## [2591] "jam" "jarring"
## [2593] "jaundiced" "jealous"
## [2595] "jealously" "jealousness"
## [2597] "jealousy" "jeer"
## [2599] "jeering" "jeeringly"
## [2601] "jeers" "jeopardize"
## [2603] "jeopardy" "jerk"
## [2605] "jerky" "jitter"
## [2607] "jitters" "jittery"
## [2609] "job-killing" "jobless"
## [2611] "joke" "joker"
## [2613] "jolt" "judder"
## [2615] "juddering" "judders"
## [2617] "jumpy" "junk"
## [2619] "junky" "junkyard"
## [2621] "jutter" "jutters"
## [2623] "kaput" "kill"
## [2625] "killed" "killer"
## [2627] "killing" "killjoy"
## [2629] "kills" "knave"
## [2631] "knife" "knock"
## [2633] "knotted" "kook"
## [2635] "kooky" "lack"
## [2637] "lackadaisical" "lacked"
## [2639] "lackey" "lackeys"
## [2641] "lacking" "lackluster"
## [2643] "lacks" "laconic"
## [2645] "lag" "lagged"
## [2647] "lagging" "laggy"
## [2649] "lags" "laid-off"
## [2651] "lambast" "lambaste"
## [2653] "lame" "lame-duck"
## [2655] "lament" "lamentable"
## [2657] "lamentably" "languid"
## [2659] "languish" "languor"
## [2661] "languorous" "languorously"
## [2663] "lanky" "lapse"
## [2665] "lapsed" "lapses"
## [2667] "lascivious" "last-ditch"
## [2669] "latency" "laughable"
## [2671] "laughably" "laughingstock"
## [2673] "lawbreaker" "lawbreaking"
## [2675] "lawless" "lawlessness"
## [2677] "layoff" "layoff-happy"
## [2679] "lazy" "leak"
## [2681] "leakage" "leakages"
## [2683] "leaking" "leaks"
## [2685] "leaky" "lech"
## [2687] "lecher" "lecherous"
## [2689] "lechery" "leech"
## [2691] "leer" "leery"
## [2693] "left-leaning" "lemon"
## [2695] "lengthy" "less-developed"
## [2697] "lesser-known" "letch"
## [2699] "lethal" "lethargic"
## [2701] "lethargy" "lewd"
## [2703] "lewdly" "lewdness"
## [2705] "liability" "liable"
## [2707] "liar" "liars"
## [2709] "licentious" "licentiously"
## [2711] "licentiousness" "lie"
## [2713] "lied" "lier"
## [2715] "lies" "life-threatening"
## [2717] "lifeless" "limit"
## [2719] "limitation" "limitations"
## [2721] "limited" "limits"
## [2723] "limp" "listless"
## [2725] "litigious" "little-known"
## [2727] "livid" "lividly"
## [2729] "loath" "loathe"
## [2731] "loathing" "loathly"
## [2733] "loathsome" "loathsomely"
## [2735] "lone" "loneliness"
## [2737] "lonely" "loner"
## [2739] "lonesome" "long-time"
## [2741] "long-winded" "longing"
## [2743] "longingly" "loophole"
## [2745] "loopholes" "loose"
## [2747] "loot" "lorn"
## [2749] "lose" "loser"
## [2751] "losers" "loses"
## [2753] "losing" "loss"
## [2755] "losses" "lost"
## [2757] "loud" "louder"
## [2759] "lousy" "loveless"
## [2761] "lovelorn" "low-rated"
## [2763] "lowly" "ludicrous"
## [2765] "ludicrously" "lugubrious"
## [2767] "lukewarm" "lull"
## [2769] "lumpy" "lunatic"
## [2771] "lunaticism" "lurch"
## [2773] "lure" "lurid"
## [2775] "lurk" "lurking"
## [2777] "lying" "macabre"
## [2779] "mad" "madden"
## [2781] "maddening" "maddeningly"
## [2783] "madder" "madly"
## [2785] "madman" "madness"
## [2787] "maladjusted" "maladjustment"
## [2789] "malady" "malaise"
## [2791] "malcontent" "malcontented"
## [2793] "maledict" "malevolence"
## [2795] "malevolent" "malevolently"
## [2797] "malice" "malicious"
## [2799] "maliciously" "maliciousness"
## [2801] "malign" "malignant"
## [2803] "malodorous" "maltreatment"
## [2805] "mangle" "mangled"
## [2807] "mangles" "mangling"
## [2809] "mania" "maniac"
## [2811] "maniacal" "manic"
## [2813] "manipulate" "manipulation"
## [2815] "manipulative" "manipulators"
## [2817] "mar" "marginal"
## [2819] "marginally" "martyrdom"
## [2821] "martyrdom-seeking" "mashed"
## [2823] "massacre" "massacres"
## [2825] "matte" "mawkish"
## [2827] "mawkishly" "mawkishness"
## [2829] "meager" "meaningless"
## [2831] "meanness" "measly"
## [2833] "meddle" "meddlesome"
## [2835] "mediocre" "mediocrity"
## [2837] "melancholy" "melodramatic"
## [2839] "melodramatically" "meltdown"
## [2841] "menace" "menacing"
## [2843] "menacingly" "mendacious"
## [2845] "mendacity" "menial"
## [2847] "merciless" "mercilessly"
## [2849] "mess" "messed"
## [2851] "messes" "messing"
## [2853] "messy" "midget"
## [2855] "miff" "militancy"
## [2857] "mindless" "mindlessly"
## [2859] "mirage" "mire"
## [2861] "misalign" "misaligned"
## [2863] "misaligns" "misapprehend"
## [2865] "misbecome" "misbecoming"
## [2867] "misbegotten" "misbehave"
## [2869] "misbehavior" "miscalculate"
## [2871] "miscalculation" "miscellaneous"
## [2873] "mischief" "mischievous"
## [2875] "mischievously" "misconception"
## [2877] "misconceptions" "miscreant"
## [2879] "miscreants" "misdirection"
## [2881] "miser" "miserable"
## [2883] "miserableness" "miserably"
## [2885] "miseries" "miserly"
## [2887] "misery" "misfit"
## [2889] "misfortune" "misgiving"
## [2891] "misgivings" "misguidance"
## [2893] "misguide" "misguided"
## [2895] "mishandle" "mishap"
## [2897] "misinform" "misinformed"
## [2899] "misinterpret" "misjudge"
## [2901] "misjudgment" "mislead"
## [2903] "misleading" "misleadingly"
## [2905] "mislike" "mismanage"
## [2907] "mispronounce" "mispronounced"
## [2909] "mispronounces" "misread"
## [2911] "misreading" "misrepresent"
## [2913] "misrepresentation" "miss"
## [2915] "missed" "misses"
## [2917] "misstatement" "mist"
## [2919] "mistake" "mistaken"
## [2921] "mistakenly" "mistakes"
## [2923] "mistified" "mistress"
## [2925] "mistrust" "mistrustful"
## [2927] "mistrustfully" "mists"
## [2929] "misunderstand" "misunderstanding"
## [2931] "misunderstandings" "misunderstood"
## [2933] "misuse" "moan"
## [2935] "mobster" "mock"
## [2937] "mocked" "mockeries"
## [2939] "mockery" "mocking"
## [2941] "mockingly" "mocks"
## [2943] "molest" "molestation"
## [2945] "monotonous" "monotony"
## [2947] "monster" "monstrosities"
## [2949] "monstrosity" "monstrous"
## [2951] "monstrously" "moody"
## [2953] "moot" "mope"
## [2955] "morbid" "morbidly"
## [2957] "mordant" "mordantly"
## [2959] "moribund" "moron"
## [2961] "moronic" "morons"
## [2963] "mortification" "mortified"
## [2965] "mortify" "mortifying"
## [2967] "motionless" "motley"
## [2969] "mourn" "mourner"
## [2971] "mournful" "mournfully"
## [2973] "muddle" "muddy"
## [2975] "mudslinger" "mudslinging"
## [2977] "mulish" "multi-polarization"
## [2979] "mundane" "murder"
## [2981] "murderer" "murderous"
## [2983] "murderously" "murky"
## [2985] "muscle-flexing" "mushy"
## [2987] "musty" "mysterious"
## [2989] "mysteriously" "mystery"
## [2991] "mystify" "myth"
## [2993] "nag" "nagging"
## [2995] "naive" "naively"
## [2997] "narrower" "nastily"
## [2999] "nastiness" "nasty"
## [3001] "naughty" "nauseate"
## [3003] "nauseates" "nauseating"
## [3005] "nauseatingly" "na\xefve"
## [3007] "nebulous" "nebulously"
## [3009] "needless" "needlessly"
## [3011] "needy" "nefarious"
## [3013] "nefariously" "negate"
## [3015] "negation" "negative"
## [3017] "negatives" "negativity"
## [3019] "neglect" "neglected"
## [3021] "negligence" "negligent"
## [3023] "nemesis" "nepotism"
## [3025] "nervous" "nervously"
## [3027] "nervousness" "nettle"
## [3029] "nettlesome" "neurotic"
## [3031] "neurotically" "niggle"
## [3033] "niggles" "nightmare"
## [3035] "nightmarish" "nightmarishly"
## [3037] "nitpick" "nitpicking"
## [3039] "noise" "noises"
## [3041] "noisier" "noisy"
## [3043] "non-confidence" "nonexistent"
## [3045] "nonresponsive" "nonsense"
## [3047] "nosey" "notoriety"
## [3049] "notorious" "notoriously"
## [3051] "noxious" "nuisance"
## [3053] "numb" "obese"
## [3055] "object" "objection"
## [3057] "objectionable" "objections"
## [3059] "oblique" "obliterate"
## [3061] "obliterated" "oblivious"
## [3063] "obnoxious" "obnoxiously"
## [3065] "obscene" "obscenely"
## [3067] "obscenity" "obscure"
## [3069] "obscured" "obscures"
## [3071] "obscurity" "obsess"
## [3073] "obsessive" "obsessively"
## [3075] "obsessiveness" "obsolete"
## [3077] "obstacle" "obstinate"
## [3079] "obstinately" "obstruct"
## [3081] "obstructed" "obstructing"
## [3083] "obstruction" "obstructs"
## [3085] "obtrusive" "obtuse"
## [3087] "occlude" "occluded"
## [3089] "occludes" "occluding"
## [3091] "odd" "odder"
## [3093] "oddest" "oddities"
## [3095] "oddity" "oddly"
## [3097] "odor" "offence"
## [3099] "offend" "offender"
## [3101] "offending" "offenses"
## [3103] "offensive" "offensively"
## [3105] "offensiveness" "officious"
## [3107] "ominous" "ominously"
## [3109] "omission" "omit"
## [3111] "one-sided" "onerous"
## [3113] "onerously" "onslaught"
## [3115] "opinionated" "opponent"
## [3117] "opportunistic" "oppose"
## [3119] "opposition" "oppositions"
## [3121] "oppress" "oppression"
## [3123] "oppressive" "oppressively"
## [3125] "oppressiveness" "oppressors"
## [3127] "ordeal" "orphan"
## [3129] "ostracize" "outbreak"
## [3131] "outburst" "outbursts"
## [3133] "outcast" "outcry"
## [3135] "outlaw" "outmoded"
## [3137] "outrage" "outraged"
## [3139] "outrageous" "outrageously"
## [3141] "outrageousness" "outrages"
## [3143] "outsider" "over-acted"
## [3145] "over-awe" "over-balanced"
## [3147] "over-hyped" "over-priced"
## [3149] "over-valuation" "overact"
## [3151] "overacted" "overawe"
## [3153] "overbalance" "overbalanced"
## [3155] "overbearing" "overbearingly"
## [3157] "overblown" "overdo"
## [3159] "overdone" "overdue"
## [3161] "overemphasize" "overheat"
## [3163] "overkill" "overloaded"
## [3165] "overlook" "overpaid"
## [3167] "overpayed" "overplay"
## [3169] "overpower" "overpriced"
## [3171] "overrated" "overreach"
## [3173] "overrun" "overshadow"
## [3175] "oversight" "oversights"
## [3177] "oversimplification" "oversimplified"
## [3179] "oversimplify" "oversize"
## [3181] "overstate" "overstated"
## [3183] "overstatement" "overstatements"
## [3185] "overstates" "overtaxed"
## [3187] "overthrow" "overthrows"
## [3189] "overturn" "overweight"
## [3191] "overwhelm" "overwhelmed"
## [3193] "overwhelming" "overwhelmingly"
## [3195] "overwhelms" "overzealous"
## [3197] "overzealously" "overzelous"
## [3199] "pain" "painful"
## [3201] "painfull" "painfully"
## [3203] "pains" "pale"
## [3205] "pales" "paltry"
## [3207] "pan" "pandemonium"
## [3209] "pander" "pandering"
## [3211] "panders" "panic"
## [3213] "panick" "panicked"
## [3215] "panicking" "panicky"
## [3217] "paradoxical" "paradoxically"
## [3219] "paralize" "paralyzed"
## [3221] "paranoia" "paranoid"
## [3223] "parasite" "pariah"
## [3225] "parody" "partiality"
## [3227] "partisan" "partisans"
## [3229] "passe" "passive"
## [3231] "passiveness" "pathetic"
## [3233] "pathetically" "patronize"
## [3235] "paucity" "pauper"
## [3237] "paupers" "payback"
## [3239] "peculiar" "peculiarly"
## [3241] "pedantic" "peeled"
## [3243] "peeve" "peeved"
## [3245] "peevish" "peevishly"
## [3247] "penalize" "penalty"
## [3249] "perfidious" "perfidity"
## [3251] "perfunctory" "peril"
## [3253] "perilous" "perilously"
## [3255] "perish" "pernicious"
## [3257] "perplex" "perplexed"
## [3259] "perplexing" "perplexity"
## [3261] "persecute" "persecution"
## [3263] "pertinacious" "pertinaciously"
## [3265] "pertinacity" "perturb"
## [3267] "perturbed" "pervasive"
## [3269] "perverse" "perversely"
## [3271] "perversion" "perversity"
## [3273] "pervert" "perverted"
## [3275] "perverts" "pessimism"
## [3277] "pessimistic" "pessimistically"
## [3279] "pest" "pestilent"
## [3281] "petrified" "petrify"
## [3283] "pettifog" "petty"
## [3285] "phobia" "phobic"
## [3287] "phony" "picket"
## [3289] "picketed" "picketing"
## [3291] "pickets" "picky"
## [3293] "pig" "pigs"
## [3295] "pillage" "pillory"
## [3297] "pimple" "pinch"
## [3299] "pique" "pitiable"
## [3301] "pitiful" "pitifully"
## [3303] "pitiless" "pitilessly"
## [3305] "pittance" "pity"
## [3307] "plagiarize" "plague"
## [3309] "plasticky" "plaything"
## [3311] "plea" "pleas"
## [3313] "plebeian" "plight"
## [3315] "plot" "plotters"
## [3317] "ploy" "plunder"
## [3319] "plunderer" "pointless"
## [3321] "pointlessly" "poison"
## [3323] "poisonous" "poisonously"
## [3325] "pokey" "poky"
## [3327] "polarisation" "polemize"
## [3329] "pollute" "polluter"
## [3331] "polluters" "polution"
## [3333] "pompous" "poor"
## [3335] "poorer" "poorest"
## [3337] "poorly" "posturing"
## [3339] "pout" "poverty"
## [3341] "powerless" "prate"
## [3343] "pratfall" "prattle"
## [3345] "precarious" "precariously"
## [3347] "precipitate" "precipitous"
## [3349] "predatory" "predicament"
## [3351] "prejudge" "prejudice"
## [3353] "prejudices" "prejudicial"
## [3355] "premeditated" "preoccupy"
## [3357] "preposterous" "preposterously"
## [3359] "presumptuous" "presumptuously"
## [3361] "pretence" "pretend"
## [3363] "pretense" "pretentious"
## [3365] "pretentiously" "prevaricate"
## [3367] "pricey" "pricier"
## [3369] "prick" "prickle"
## [3371] "prickles" "prideful"
## [3373] "prik" "primitive"
## [3375] "prison" "prisoner"
## [3377] "problem" "problematic"
## [3379] "problems" "procrastinate"
## [3381] "procrastinates" "procrastination"
## [3383] "profane" "profanity"
## [3385] "prohibit" "prohibitive"
## [3387] "prohibitively" "propaganda"
## [3389] "propagandize" "proprietary"
## [3391] "prosecute" "protest"
## [3393] "protested" "protesting"
## [3395] "protests" "protracted"
## [3397] "provocation" "provocative"
## [3399] "provoke" "pry"
## [3401] "pugnacious" "pugnaciously"
## [3403] "pugnacity" "punch"
## [3405] "punish" "punishable"
## [3407] "punitive" "punk"
## [3409] "puny" "puppet"
## [3411] "puppets" "puzzled"
## [3413] "puzzlement" "puzzling"
## [3415] "quack" "qualm"
## [3417] "qualms" "quandary"
## [3419] "quarrel" "quarrellous"
## [3421] "quarrellously" "quarrels"
## [3423] "quarrelsome" "quash"
## [3425] "queer" "questionable"
## [3427] "quibble" "quibbles"
## [3429] "quitter" "rabid"
## [3431] "racism" "racist"
## [3433] "racists" "racy"
## [3435] "radical" "radicalization"
## [3437] "radically" "radicals"
## [3439] "rage" "ragged"
## [3441] "raging" "rail"
## [3443] "raked" "rampage"
## [3445] "rampant" "ramshackle"
## [3447] "rancor" "randomly"
## [3449] "rankle" "rant"
## [3451] "ranted" "ranting"
## [3453] "rantingly" "rants"
## [3455] "rape" "raped"
## [3457] "raping" "rascal"
## [3459] "rascals" "rash"
## [3461] "rattle" "rattled"
## [3463] "rattles" "ravage"
## [3465] "raving" "reactionary"
## [3467] "rebellious" "rebuff"
## [3469] "rebuke" "recalcitrant"
## [3471] "recant" "recession"
## [3473] "recessionary" "reckless"
## [3475] "recklessly" "recklessness"
## [3477] "recoil" "recourses"
## [3479] "redundancy" "redundant"
## [3481] "refusal" "refuse"
## [3483] "refused" "refuses"
## [3485] "refusing" "refutation"
## [3487] "refute" "refuted"
## [3489] "refutes" "refuting"
## [3491] "regress" "regression"
## [3493] "regressive" "regret"
## [3495] "regreted" "regretful"
## [3497] "regretfully" "regrets"
## [3499] "regrettable" "regrettably"
## [3501] "regretted" "reject"
## [3503] "rejected" "rejecting"
## [3505] "rejection" "rejects"
## [3507] "relapse" "relentless"
## [3509] "relentlessly" "relentlessness"
## [3511] "reluctance" "reluctant"
## [3513] "reluctantly" "remorse"
## [3515] "remorseful" "remorsefully"
## [3517] "remorseless" "remorselessly"
## [3519] "remorselessness" "renounce"
## [3521] "renunciation" "repel"
## [3523] "repetitive" "reprehensible"
## [3525] "reprehensibly" "reprehension"
## [3527] "reprehensive" "repress"
## [3529] "repression" "repressive"
## [3531] "reprimand" "reproach"
## [3533] "reproachful" "reprove"
## [3535] "reprovingly" "repudiate"
## [3537] "repudiation" "repugn"
## [3539] "repugnance" "repugnant"
## [3541] "repugnantly" "repulse"
## [3543] "repulsed" "repulsing"
## [3545] "repulsive" "repulsively"
## [3547] "repulsiveness" "resent"
## [3549] "resentful" "resentment"
## [3551] "resignation" "resigned"
## [3553] "resistance" "restless"
## [3555] "restlessness" "restrict"
## [3557] "restricted" "restriction"
## [3559] "restrictive" "resurgent"
## [3561] "retaliate" "retaliatory"
## [3563] "retard" "retarded"
## [3565] "retardedness" "retards"
## [3567] "reticent" "retract"
## [3569] "retreat" "retreated"
## [3571] "revenge" "revengeful"
## [3573] "revengefully" "revert"
## [3575] "revile" "reviled"
## [3577] "revoke" "revolt"
## [3579] "revolting" "revoltingly"
## [3581] "revulsion" "revulsive"
## [3583] "rhapsodize" "rhetoric"
## [3585] "rhetorical" "ricer"
## [3587] "ridicule" "ridicules"
## [3589] "ridiculous" "ridiculously"
## [3591] "rife" "rift"
## [3593] "rifts" "rigid"
## [3595] "rigidity" "rigidness"
## [3597] "rile" "riled"
## [3599] "rip" "rip-off"
## [3601] "ripoff" "ripped"
## [3603] "risk" "risks"
## [3605] "risky" "rival"
## [3607] "rivalry" "roadblocks"
## [3609] "rocky" "rogue"
## [3611] "rollercoaster" "rot"
## [3613] "rotten" "rough"
## [3615] "rremediable" "rubbish"
## [3617] "rude" "rue"
## [3619] "ruffian" "ruffle"
## [3621] "ruin" "ruined"
## [3623] "ruining" "ruinous"
## [3625] "ruins" "rumbling"
## [3627] "rumor" "rumors"
## [3629] "rumours" "rumple"
## [3631] "run-down" "runaway"
## [3633] "rupture" "rust"
## [3635] "rusts" "rusty"
## [3637] "rut" "ruthless"
## [3639] "ruthlessly" "ruthlessness"
## [3641] "ruts" "sabotage"
## [3643] "sack" "sacrificed"
## [3645] "sad" "sadden"
## [3647] "sadly" "sadness"
## [3649] "sag" "sagged"
## [3651] "sagging" "saggy"
## [3653] "sags" "salacious"
## [3655] "sanctimonious" "sap"
## [3657] "sarcasm" "sarcastic"
## [3659] "sarcastically" "sardonic"
## [3661] "sardonically" "sass"
## [3663] "satirical" "satirize"
## [3665] "savage" "savaged"
## [3667] "savagery" "savages"
## [3669] "scaly" "scam"
## [3671] "scams" "scandal"
## [3673] "scandalize" "scandalized"
## [3675] "scandalous" "scandalously"
## [3677] "scandals" "scandel"
## [3679] "scandels" "scant"
## [3681] "scapegoat" "scar"
## [3683] "scarce" "scarcely"
## [3685] "scarcity" "scare"
## [3687] "scared" "scarier"
## [3689] "scariest" "scarily"
## [3691] "scarred" "scars"
## [3693] "scary" "scathing"
## [3695] "scathingly" "sceptical"
## [3697] "scoff" "scoffingly"
## [3699] "scold" "scolded"
## [3701] "scolding" "scoldingly"
## [3703] "scorching" "scorchingly"
## [3705] "scorn" "scornful"
## [3707] "scornfully" "scoundrel"
## [3709] "scourge" "scowl"
## [3711] "scramble" "scrambled"
## [3713] "scrambles" "scrambling"
## [3715] "scrap" "scratch"
## [3717] "scratched" "scratches"
## [3719] "scratchy" "scream"
## [3721] "screech" "screw-up"
## [3723] "screwed" "screwed-up"
## [3725] "screwy" "scuff"
## [3727] "scuffs" "scum"
## [3729] "scummy" "second-class"
## [3731] "second-tier" "secretive"
## [3733] "sedentary" "seedy"
## [3735] "seethe" "seething"
## [3737] "self-coup" "self-criticism"
## [3739] "self-defeating" "self-destructive"
## [3741] "self-humiliation" "self-interest"
## [3743] "self-interested" "self-serving"
## [3745] "selfinterested" "selfish"
## [3747] "selfishly" "selfishness"
## [3749] "semi-retarded" "senile"
## [3751] "sensationalize" "senseless"
## [3753] "senselessly" "seriousness"
## [3755] "sermonize" "servitude"
## [3757] "set-up" "setback"
## [3759] "setbacks" "sever"
## [3761] "severe" "severity"
## [3763] "sh*t" "shabby"
## [3765] "shadowy" "shady"
## [3767] "shake" "shaky"
## [3769] "shallow" "sham"
## [3771] "shambles" "shame"
## [3773] "shameful" "shamefully"
## [3775] "shamefulness" "shameless"
## [3777] "shamelessly" "shamelessness"
## [3779] "shark" "sharply"
## [3781] "shatter" "shemale"
## [3783] "shimmer" "shimmy"
## [3785] "shipwreck" "shirk"
## [3787] "shirker" "shit"
## [3789] "shiver" "shock"
## [3791] "shocked" "shocking"
## [3793] "shockingly" "shoddy"
## [3795] "short-lived" "shortage"
## [3797] "shortchange" "shortcoming"
## [3799] "shortcomings" "shortness"
## [3801] "shortsighted" "shortsightedness"
## [3803] "showdown" "shrew"
## [3805] "shriek" "shrill"
## [3807] "shrilly" "shrivel"
## [3809] "shroud" "shrouded"
## [3811] "shrug" "shun"
## [3813] "shunned" "sick"
## [3815] "sicken" "sickening"
## [3817] "sickeningly" "sickly"
## [3819] "sickness" "sidetrack"
## [3821] "sidetracked" "siege"
## [3823] "sillily" "silly"
## [3825] "simplistic" "simplistically"
## [3827] "sin" "sinful"
## [3829] "sinfully" "sinister"
## [3831] "sinisterly" "sink"
## [3833] "sinking" "skeletons"
## [3835] "skeptic" "skeptical"
## [3837] "skeptically" "skepticism"
## [3839] "sketchy" "skimpy"
## [3841] "skinny" "skittish"
## [3843] "skittishly" "skulk"
## [3845] "slack" "slander"
## [3847] "slanderer" "slanderous"
## [3849] "slanderously" "slanders"
## [3851] "slap" "slashing"
## [3853] "slaughter" "slaughtered"
## [3855] "slave" "slaves"
## [3857] "sleazy" "slime"
## [3859] "slog" "slogged"
## [3861] "slogging" "slogs"
## [3863] "sloooooooooooooow" "sloooow"
## [3865] "slooow" "sloow"
## [3867] "sloppily" "sloppy"
## [3869] "sloth" "slothful"
## [3871] "slow" "slow-moving"
## [3873] "slowed" "slower"
## [3875] "slowest" "slowly"
## [3877] "sloww" "slowww"
## [3879] "slowwww" "slug"
## [3881] "sluggish" "slump"
## [3883] "slumping" "slumpping"
## [3885] "slur" "slut"
## [3887] "sluts" "sly"
## [3889] "smack" "smallish"
## [3891] "smash" "smear"
## [3893] "smell" "smelled"
## [3895] "smelling" "smells"
## [3897] "smelly" "smelt"
## [3899] "smoke" "smokescreen"
## [3901] "smolder" "smoldering"
## [3903] "smother" "smoulder"
## [3905] "smouldering" "smudge"
## [3907] "smudged" "smudges"
## [3909] "smudging" "smug"
## [3911] "smugly" "smut"
## [3913] "smuttier" "smuttiest"
## [3915] "smutty" "snag"
## [3917] "snagged" "snagging"
## [3919] "snags" "snappish"
## [3921] "snappishly" "snare"
## [3923] "snarky" "snarl"
## [3925] "sneak" "sneakily"
## [3927] "sneaky" "sneer"
## [3929] "sneering" "sneeringly"
## [3931] "snob" "snobbish"
## [3933] "snobby" "snobish"
## [3935] "snobs" "snub"
## [3937] "so-cal" "soapy"
## [3939] "sob" "sober"
## [3941] "sobering" "solemn"
## [3943] "solicitude" "somber"
## [3945] "sore" "sorely"
## [3947] "soreness" "sorrow"
## [3949] "sorrowful" "sorrowfully"
## [3951] "sorry" "sour"
## [3953] "sourly" "spade"
## [3955] "spank" "spendy"
## [3957] "spew" "spewed"
## [3959] "spewing" "spews"
## [3961] "spilling" "spinster"
## [3963] "spiritless" "spite"
## [3965] "spiteful" "spitefully"
## [3967] "spitefulness" "splatter"
## [3969] "split" "splitting"
## [3971] "spoil" "spoilage"
## [3973] "spoilages" "spoiled"
## [3975] "spoilled" "spoils"
## [3977] "spook" "spookier"
## [3979] "spookiest" "spookily"
## [3981] "spooky" "spoon-fed"
## [3983] "spoon-feed" "spoonfed"
## [3985] "sporadic" "spotty"
## [3987] "spurious" "spurn"
## [3989] "sputter" "squabble"
## [3991] "squabbling" "squander"
## [3993] "squash" "squeak"
## [3995] "squeaks" "squeaky"
## [3997] "squeal" "squealing"
## [3999] "squeals" "squirm"
## [4001] "stab" "stagnant"
## [4003] "stagnate" "stagnation"
## [4005] "staid" "stain"
## [4007] "stains" "stale"
## [4009] "stalemate" "stall"
## [4011] "stalls" "stammer"
## [4013] "stampede" "standstill"
## [4015] "stark" "starkly"
## [4017] "startle" "startling"
## [4019] "startlingly" "starvation"
## [4021] "starve" "static"
## [4023] "steal" "stealing"
## [4025] "steals" "steep"
## [4027] "steeply" "stench"
## [4029] "stereotype" "stereotypical"
## [4031] "stereotypically" "stern"
## [4033] "stew" "sticky"
## [4035] "stiff" "stiffness"
## [4037] "stifle" "stifling"
## [4039] "stiflingly" "stigma"
## [4041] "stigmatize" "sting"
## [4043] "stinging" "stingingly"
## [4045] "stingy" "stink"
## [4047] "stinks" "stodgy"
## [4049] "stole" "stolen"
## [4051] "stooge" "stooges"
## [4053] "stormy" "straggle"
## [4055] "straggler" "strain"
## [4057] "strained" "straining"
## [4059] "strange" "strangely"
## [4061] "stranger" "strangest"
## [4063] "strangle" "streaky"
## [4065] "strenuous" "stress"
## [4067] "stresses" "stressful"
## [4069] "stressfully" "stricken"
## [4071] "strict" "strictly"
## [4073] "strident" "stridently"
## [4075] "strife" "strike"
## [4077] "stringent" "stringently"
## [4079] "struck" "struggle"
## [4081] "struggled" "struggles"
## [4083] "struggling" "strut"
## [4085] "stubborn" "stubbornly"
## [4087] "stubbornness" "stuck"
## [4089] "stuffy" "stumble"
## [4091] "stumbled" "stumbles"
## [4093] "stump" "stumped"
## [4095] "stumps" "stun"
## [4097] "stunt" "stunted"
## [4099] "stupid" "stupidest"
## [4101] "stupidity" "stupidly"
## [4103] "stupified" "stupify"
## [4105] "stupor" "stutter"
## [4107] "stuttered" "stuttering"
## [4109] "stutters" "sty"
## [4111] "stymied" "sub-par"
## [4113] "subdued" "subjected"
## [4115] "subjection" "subjugate"
## [4117] "subjugation" "submissive"
## [4119] "subordinate" "subpoena"
## [4121] "subpoenas" "subservience"
## [4123] "subservient" "substandard"
## [4125] "subtract" "subversion"
## [4127] "subversive" "subversively"
## [4129] "subvert" "succumb"
## [4131] "suck" "sucked"
## [4133] "sucker" "sucks"
## [4135] "sucky" "sue"
## [4137] "sued" "sueing"
## [4139] "sues" "suffer"
## [4141] "suffered" "sufferer"
## [4143] "sufferers" "suffering"
## [4145] "suffers" "suffocate"
## [4147] "sugar-coat" "sugar-coated"
## [4149] "sugarcoated" "suicidal"
## [4151] "suicide" "sulk"
## [4153] "sullen" "sully"
## [4155] "sunder" "sunk"
## [4157] "sunken" "superficial"
## [4159] "superficiality" "superficially"
## [4161] "superfluous" "superstition"
## [4163] "superstitious" "suppress"
## [4165] "suppression" "surrender"
## [4167] "susceptible" "suspect"
## [4169] "suspicion" "suspicions"
## [4171] "suspicious" "suspiciously"
## [4173] "swagger" "swamped"
## [4175] "sweaty" "swelled"
## [4177] "swelling" "swindle"
## [4179] "swipe" "swollen"
## [4181] "symptom" "symptoms"
## [4183] "syndrome" "taboo"
## [4185] "tacky" "taint"
## [4187] "tainted" "tamper"
## [4189] "tangle" "tangled"
## [4191] "tangles" "tank"
## [4193] "tanked" "tanks"
## [4195] "tantrum" "tardy"
## [4197] "tarnish" "tarnished"
## [4199] "tarnishes" "tarnishing"
## [4201] "tattered" "taunt"
## [4203] "taunting" "tauntingly"
## [4205] "taunts" "taut"
## [4207] "tawdry" "taxing"
## [4209] "tease" "teasingly"
## [4211] "tedious" "tediously"
## [4213] "temerity" "temper"
## [4215] "tempest" "temptation"
## [4217] "tenderness" "tense"
## [4219] "tension" "tentative"
## [4221] "tentatively" "tenuous"
## [4223] "tenuously" "tepid"
## [4225] "terrible" "terribleness"
## [4227] "terribly" "terror"
## [4229] "terror-genic" "terrorism"
## [4231] "terrorize" "testily"
## [4233] "testy" "tetchily"
## [4235] "tetchy" "thankless"
## [4237] "thicker" "thirst"
## [4239] "thorny" "thoughtless"
## [4241] "thoughtlessly" "thoughtlessness"
## [4243] "thrash" "threat"
## [4245] "threaten" "threatening"
## [4247] "threats" "threesome"
## [4249] "throb" "throbbed"
## [4251] "throbbing" "throbs"
## [4253] "throttle" "thug"
## [4255] "thumb-down" "thumbs-down"
## [4257] "thwart" "time-consuming"
## [4259] "timid" "timidity"
## [4261] "timidly" "timidness"
## [4263] "tin-y" "tingled"
## [4265] "tingling" "tired"
## [4267] "tiresome" "tiring"
## [4269] "tiringly" "toil"
## [4271] "toll" "top-heavy"
## [4273] "topple" "torment"
## [4275] "tormented" "torrent"
## [4277] "tortuous" "torture"
## [4279] "tortured" "tortures"
## [4281] "torturing" "torturous"
## [4283] "torturously" "totalitarian"
## [4285] "touchy" "toughness"
## [4287] "tout" "touted"
## [4289] "touts" "toxic"
## [4291] "traduce" "tragedy"
## [4293] "tragic" "tragically"
## [4295] "traitor" "traitorous"
## [4297] "traitorously" "tramp"
## [4299] "trample" "transgress"
## [4301] "transgression" "trap"
## [4303] "traped" "trapped"
## [4305] "trash" "trashed"
## [4307] "trashy" "trauma"
## [4309] "traumatic" "traumatically"
## [4311] "traumatize" "traumatized"
## [4313] "travesties" "travesty"
## [4315] "treacherous" "treacherously"
## [4317] "treachery" "treason"
## [4319] "treasonous" "trick"
## [4321] "tricked" "trickery"
## [4323] "tricky" "trivial"
## [4325] "trivialize" "trouble"
## [4327] "troubled" "troublemaker"
## [4329] "troubles" "troublesome"
## [4331] "troublesomely" "troubling"
## [4333] "troublingly" "truant"
## [4335] "tumble" "tumbled"
## [4337] "tumbles" "tumultuous"
## [4339] "turbulent" "turmoil"
## [4341] "twist" "twisted"
## [4343] "twists" "two-faced"
## [4345] "two-faces" "tyrannical"
## [4347] "tyrannically" "tyranny"
## [4349] "tyrant" "ugh"
## [4351] "uglier" "ugliest"
## [4353] "ugliness" "ugly"
## [4355] "ulterior" "ultimatum"
## [4357] "ultimatums" "ultra-hardline"
## [4359] "un-viewable" "unable"
## [4361] "unacceptable" "unacceptablely"
## [4363] "unacceptably" "unaccessible"
## [4365] "unaccustomed" "unachievable"
## [4367] "unaffordable" "unappealing"
## [4369] "unattractive" "unauthentic"
## [4371] "unavailable" "unavoidably"
## [4373] "unbearable" "unbearablely"
## [4375] "unbelievable" "unbelievably"
## [4377] "uncaring" "uncertain"
## [4379] "uncivil" "uncivilized"
## [4381] "unclean" "unclear"
## [4383] "uncollectible" "uncomfortable"
## [4385] "uncomfortably" "uncomfy"
## [4387] "uncompetitive" "uncompromising"
## [4389] "uncompromisingly" "unconfirmed"
## [4391] "unconstitutional" "uncontrolled"
## [4393] "unconvincing" "unconvincingly"
## [4395] "uncooperative" "uncouth"
## [4397] "uncreative" "undecided"
## [4399] "undefined" "undependability"
## [4401] "undependable" "undercut"
## [4403] "undercuts" "undercutting"
## [4405] "underdog" "underestimate"
## [4407] "underlings" "undermine"
## [4409] "undermined" "undermines"
## [4411] "undermining" "underpaid"
## [4413] "underpowered" "undersized"
## [4415] "undesirable" "undetermined"
## [4417] "undid" "undignified"
## [4419] "undissolved" "undocumented"
## [4421] "undone" "undue"
## [4423] "unease" "uneasily"
## [4425] "uneasiness" "uneasy"
## [4427] "uneconomical" "unemployed"
## [4429] "unequal" "unethical"
## [4431] "uneven" "uneventful"
## [4433] "unexpected" "unexpectedly"
## [4435] "unexplained" "unfairly"
## [4437] "unfaithful" "unfaithfully"
## [4439] "unfamiliar" "unfavorable"
## [4441] "unfeeling" "unfinished"
## [4443] "unfit" "unforeseen"
## [4445] "unforgiving" "unfortunate"
## [4447] "unfortunately" "unfounded"
## [4449] "unfriendly" "unfulfilled"
## [4451] "unfunded" "ungovernable"
## [4453] "ungrateful" "unhappily"
## [4455] "unhappiness" "unhappy"
## [4457] "unhealthy" "unhelpful"
## [4459] "unilateralism" "unimaginable"
## [4461] "unimaginably" "unimportant"
## [4463] "uninformed" "uninsured"
## [4465] "unintelligible" "unintelligile"
## [4467] "unipolar" "unjust"
## [4469] "unjustifiable" "unjustifiably"
## [4471] "unjustified" "unjustly"
## [4473] "unkind" "unkindly"
## [4475] "unknown" "unlamentable"
## [4477] "unlamentably" "unlawful"
## [4479] "unlawfully" "unlawfulness"
## [4481] "unleash" "unlicensed"
## [4483] "unlikely" "unlucky"
## [4485] "unmoved" "unnatural"
## [4487] "unnaturally" "unnecessary"
## [4489] "unneeded" "unnerve"
## [4491] "unnerved" "unnerving"
## [4493] "unnervingly" "unnoticed"
## [4495] "unobserved" "unorthodox"
## [4497] "unorthodoxy" "unpleasant"
## [4499] "unpleasantries" "unpopular"
## [4501] "unpredictable" "unprepared"
## [4503] "unproductive" "unprofitable"
## [4505] "unprove" "unproved"
## [4507] "unproven" "unproves"
## [4509] "unproving" "unqualified"
## [4511] "unravel" "unraveled"
## [4513] "unreachable" "unreadable"
## [4515] "unrealistic" "unreasonable"
## [4517] "unreasonably" "unrelenting"
## [4519] "unrelentingly" "unreliability"
## [4521] "unreliable" "unresolved"
## [4523] "unresponsive" "unrest"
## [4525] "unruly" "unsafe"
## [4527] "unsatisfactory" "unsavory"
## [4529] "unscrupulous" "unscrupulously"
## [4531] "unsecure" "unseemly"
## [4533] "unsettle" "unsettled"
## [4535] "unsettling" "unsettlingly"
## [4537] "unskilled" "unsophisticated"
## [4539] "unsound" "unspeakable"
## [4541] "unspeakablely" "unspecified"
## [4543] "unstable" "unsteadily"
## [4545] "unsteadiness" "unsteady"
## [4547] "unsuccessful" "unsuccessfully"
## [4549] "unsupported" "unsupportive"
## [4551] "unsure" "unsuspecting"
## [4553] "unsustainable" "untenable"
## [4555] "untested" "unthinkable"
## [4557] "unthinkably" "untimely"
## [4559] "untouched" "untrue"
## [4561] "untrustworthy" "untruthful"
## [4563] "unusable" "unusably"
## [4565] "unuseable" "unuseably"
## [4567] "unusual" "unusually"
## [4569] "unviewable" "unwanted"
## [4571] "unwarranted" "unwatchable"
## [4573] "unwelcome" "unwell"
## [4575] "unwieldy" "unwilling"
## [4577] "unwillingly" "unwillingness"
## [4579] "unwise" "unwisely"
## [4581] "unworkable" "unworthy"
## [4583] "unyielding" "upbraid"
## [4585] "upheaval" "uprising"
## [4587] "uproar" "uproarious"
## [4589] "uproariously" "uproarous"
## [4591] "uproarously" "uproot"
## [4593] "upset" "upseting"
## [4595] "upsets" "upsetting"
## [4597] "upsettingly" "urgent"
## [4599] "useless" "usurp"
## [4601] "usurper" "utterly"
## [4603] "vagrant" "vague"
## [4605] "vagueness" "vain"
## [4607] "vainly" "vanity"
## [4609] "vehement" "vehemently"
## [4611] "vengeance" "vengeful"
## [4613] "vengefully" "vengefulness"
## [4615] "venom" "venomous"
## [4617] "venomously" "vent"
## [4619] "vestiges" "vex"
## [4621] "vexation" "vexing"
## [4623] "vexingly" "vibrate"
## [4625] "vibrated" "vibrates"
## [4627] "vibrating" "vibration"
## [4629] "vice" "vicious"
## [4631] "viciously" "viciousness"
## [4633] "victimize" "vile"
## [4635] "vileness" "vilify"
## [4637] "villainous" "villainously"
## [4639] "villains" "villian"
## [4641] "villianous" "villianously"
## [4643] "villify" "vindictive"
## [4645] "vindictively" "vindictiveness"
## [4647] "violate" "violation"
## [4649] "violator" "violators"
## [4651] "violent" "violently"
## [4653] "viper" "virulence"
## [4655] "virulent" "virulently"
## [4657] "virus" "vociferous"
## [4659] "vociferously" "volatile"
## [4661] "volatility" "vomit"
## [4663] "vomited" "vomiting"
## [4665] "vomits" "vulgar"
## [4667] "vulnerable" "wack"
## [4669] "wail" "wallow"
## [4671] "wane" "waning"
## [4673] "wanton" "war-like"
## [4675] "warily" "wariness"
## [4677] "warlike" "warned"
## [4679] "warning" "warp"
## [4681] "warped" "wary"
## [4683] "washed-out" "waste"
## [4685] "wasted" "wasteful"
## [4687] "wastefulness" "wasting"
## [4689] "water-down" "watered-down"
## [4691] "wayward" "weak"
## [4693] "weaken" "weakening"
## [4695] "weaker" "weakness"
## [4697] "weaknesses" "weariness"
## [4699] "wearisome" "weary"
## [4701] "wedge" "weed"
## [4703] "weep" "weird"
## [4705] "weirdly" "wheedle"
## [4707] "whimper" "whine"
## [4709] "whining" "whiny"
## [4711] "whips" "whore"
## [4713] "whores" "wicked"
## [4715] "wickedly" "wickedness"
## [4717] "wild" "wildly"
## [4719] "wiles" "wilt"
## [4721] "wily" "wimpy"
## [4723] "wince" "wobble"
## [4725] "wobbled" "wobbles"
## [4727] "woe" "woebegone"
## [4729] "woeful" "woefully"
## [4731] "womanizer" "womanizing"
## [4733] "worn" "worried"
## [4735] "worriedly" "worrier"
## [4737] "worries" "worrisome"
## [4739] "worry" "worrying"
## [4741] "worryingly" "worse"
## [4743] "worsen" "worsening"
## [4745] "worst" "worthless"
## [4747] "worthlessly" "worthlessness"
## [4749] "wound" "wounds"
## [4751] "wrangle" "wrath"
## [4753] "wreak" "wreaked"
## [4755] "wreaks" "wreck"
## [4757] "wrest" "wrestle"
## [4759] "wretch" "wretched"
## [4761] "wretchedly" "wretchedness"
## [4763] "wrinkle" "wrinkled"
## [4765] "wrinkles" "wrip"
## [4767] "wripped" "wripping"
## [4769] "writhe" "wrong"
## [4771] "wrongful" "wrongly"
## [4773] "wrought" "yawn"
## [4775] "zap" "zapped"
## [4777] "zaps" "zealot"
## [4779] "zealous" "zealously"
## [4781] "zombie"We will use the match function to test whether words in the Unabomber manifesto match either the positive or negative lexical corpus
length(una2)## [1] 14382match(una2, pos) #boolean checks for matches between manifesto and positive corpus, na if no match## [1] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [15] NA 48 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1077 NA
## [29] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [43] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1073 NA NA
## [57] NA NA NA 1073 NA NA NA 48 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [71] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [85] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [99] NA NA 1458 NA NA NA NA NA 439 NA NA NA NA NA
## [113] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 55 NA NA NA NA
## [127] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [141] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [155] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [169] NA 1467 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [183] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA 1186 NA
## [197] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [211] NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [225] NA NA 294 1380 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 365
## [239] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [253] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [267] 832 NA 294 NA 1482 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA
## [281] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA
## [295] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA
## [309] NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA 990
## [323] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [337] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [351] 404 NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [365] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [379] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [393] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [407] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 857 NA NA NA
## [421] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [435] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1592 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [449] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1351 NA
## [463] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1578 NA 309 NA NA NA NA NA
## [477] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 408
## [491] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1333 NA NA
## [505] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [519] NA 1701 252 NA NA NA NA 1701 252 NA NA NA NA NA
## [533] 1701 832 1729 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [547] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [561] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 577 NA NA NA
## [575] NA NA NA 294 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [589] 1701 1729 NA 335 NA NA NA 1224 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [603] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1568 NA NA NA NA 335 NA
## [617] NA NA 1568 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 111
## [631] 1186 NA NA NA NA NA 407 NA NA NA NA 1420 NA NA
## [645] NA 1420 NA NA NA NA 1589 NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA
## [659] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [673] NA NA 1186 NA NA NA 360 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [687] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1729
## [701] 1567 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1729 1743 NA
## [715] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1729 1743 NA
## [729] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [743] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1743 NA NA 1335 NA NA
## [757] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1380 NA NA NA
## [771] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1376 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [785] 673 NA NA NA 1992 NA NA 1701 NA NA 1701 NA NA NA
## [799] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1701 1907 NA NA NA 1701 NA NA
## [813] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [827] NA NA NA NA NA NA 490 NA NA NA 1335 NA NA NA
## [841] NA NA NA NA NA 1193 320 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [855] NA NA 320 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1371 NA NA NA
## [869] NA NA NA NA NA NA 191 NA NA NA NA 67 NA 832
## [883] NA NA NA NA NA 67 NA NA NA NA 1359 443 333 NA
## [897] NA NA NA NA NA NA 67 NA NA NA NA NA 1568 NA
## [911] 906 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [925] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [939] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 19 NA NA NA
## [953] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [967] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [981] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [995] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1009] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1023] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1073 NA NA NA
## [1037] NA NA NA 964 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1051] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1065] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1603 NA NA NA NA NA
## [1079] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1093] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1107] NA 1192 NA NA NA NA 1192 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1192
## [1121] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1135] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 990 NA
## [1149] 1186 NA NA NA 857 NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA
## [1163] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1177] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1701 NA NA NA
## [1191] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1192 NA NA NA NA NA
## [1205] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 906 NA
## [1219] NA 1271 NA NA NA NA 766 NA 1061 NA NA NA NA NA
## [1233] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1247] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1261] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1275] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 67 NA NA
## [1289] NA NA NA 1343 NA 972 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1303] 1467 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1317] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1331] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1345] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1359] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1373] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 832
## [1387] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1401] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1415] 1499 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1429] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1443] NA NA 1186 NA 964 NA 543 NA NA NA NA NA 1082 NA
## [1457] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 764 NA NA NA
## [1471] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1485] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA NA 1186
## [1499] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1513] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1527] NA 1098 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1541] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 294 NA NA NA NA NA
## [1555] NA NA NA NA NA 1722 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1569] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 778 NA
## [1583] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1597] NA NA NA NA 1578 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1611] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1625] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1639] NA NA NA 322 1760 344 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1653] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1430 NA 1727 NA
## [1667] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1681] NA NA 447 NA NA 1568 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1695] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1709] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1723] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1737] NA NA 1987 NA 777 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1751] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1569 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1765] NA 1014 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1779] NA NA NA NA NA 1346 NA NA NA NA 1014 NA NA NA
## [1793] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1807] 1098 NA NA NA NA 1565 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1821] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA 1568 NA NA
## [1835] NA NA NA NA 1614 1987 NA NA 1187 NA NA NA NA NA
## [1849] NA NA 1011 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1863] NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1987 NA 22
## [1877] NA 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1891] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA NA NA NA NA
## [1905] 1987 NA NA NA 1401 NA NA NA 1193 NA NA NA NA 1987
## [1919] 1193 NA NA 1343 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1933] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 777 1987 964 NA 1343 NA
## [1947] NA NA NA 1569 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1961] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1566 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [1975] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 697 NA NA
## [1989] NA NA 777 NA NA NA 1569 NA NA NA NA 1568 NA NA
## [2003] NA NA NA NA 1568 NA NA NA NA 957 NA NA NA NA
## [2017] NA 857 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2031] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2045] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2059] 1729 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1987 NA NA NA NA NA
## [2073] 155 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2087] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1568 NA 1325
## [2101] NA NA NA NA NA 1566 NA NA NA NA 832 NA NA NA
## [2115] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 155
## [2129] NA NA NA NA 335 NA NA NA 28 NA NA NA NA NA
## [2143] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2157] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2171] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2185] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 832 NA NA NA NA
## [2199] NA NA 1566 NA 1186 NA NA 1773 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2213] NA NA NA 671 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2227] NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA
## [2241] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2255] NA NA NA NA NA 294 NA NA NA 1380 NA NA NA 964
## [2269] NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2283] NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2297] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2311] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1367 NA NA
## [2325] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA
## [2339] NA NA NA 1746 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2353] NA NA 1908 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1884 NA 1271
## [2367] 1408 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2381] NA NA NA NA NA 1673 NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA 453
## [2395] NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA 1673 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2409] NA 577 1746 NA 1367 NA NA NA NA NA 1412 NA NA NA
## [2423] NA NA 1412 NA NA 1412 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2437] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2451] NA NA 1186 NA NA 1782 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2465] NA NA NA NA NA 496 1186 NA NA 1111 NA NA NA NA
## [2479] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1702 1111 NA NA NA 49 NA NA
## [2493] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1405 NA
## [2507] NA NA 1111 NA 1111 NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA
## [2521] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1111 NA NA NA NA 48 NA NA
## [2535] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1412 NA NA NA
## [2549] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2563] NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2577] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 404 NA NA NA NA NA
## [2591] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2605] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2619] NA NA 1412 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2633] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 490 NA NA
## [2647] NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA 1077 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2661] 1225 336 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA
## [2675] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2689] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 155 NA 1186 NA
## [2703] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 973 NA
## [2717] 1566 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1412 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2731] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA NA NA 1186 NA
## [2745] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA
## [2759] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2773] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1498 NA NA NA NA NA 1186
## [2787] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1566 NA NA 1566 NA NA NA 1566
## [2801] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1569 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2815] NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2829] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186
## [2843] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2857] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2871] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1987 NA NA NA NA NA 1098 NA
## [2885] NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA 1701 NA NA NA NA NA
## [2899] NA NA NA 1568 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2913] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2927] NA 1568 NA NA NA NA 1186 NA 1568 NA NA NA NA NA
## [2941] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [2955] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA
## [2969] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 316
## [2983] 1736 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA 1186 NA NA
## [2997] 777 NA NA NA NA NA 777 NA NA NA NA 1565 777 NA
## [3011] NA 1568 NA NA NA NA 1566 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1098
## [3025] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3039] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3053] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 456
## [3067] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3081] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3095] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1735 NA NA NA NA
## [3109] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1921 NA 1921 NA NA NA
## [3123] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1727 NA
## [3137] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3151] NA NA NA 1568 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3165] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA NA NA NA NA
## [3179] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3193] 1380 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1616 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3207] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1578 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3221] NA 1075 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1578 1186 NA NA NA NA
## [3235] NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3249] NA NA NA 1578 NA NA NA 335 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3263] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1727 NA NA NA NA NA
## [3277] 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3291] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3305] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3319] NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3333] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3347] NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA
## [3361] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3375] NA NA 1608 NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA
## [3389] NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA
## [3403] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3417] NA NA 1987 1987 NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA
## [3431] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA
## [3445] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 528 NA NA NA
## [3459] NA NA NA 1554 NA NA NA 964 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3473] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3487] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3501] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1325 NA NA NA NA NA 1987
## [3515] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3529] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA 1218
## [3543] NA NA NA NA NA NA 48 NA NA NA NA NA 1498 NA
## [3557] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 671 NA 1186 NA NA NA
## [3571] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3585] NA NA NA NA NA 777 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3599] NA NA 1978 NA NA 1730 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3613] NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 777 NA 777 28 NA
## [3627] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1730 NA NA NA NA NA
## [3641] NA NA NA NA NA 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA
## [3655] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3669] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3683] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA
## [3697] NA NA NA NA 1566 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3711] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3725] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [8709] NA NA NA NA NA NA 969 1729 NA NA NA NA NA 671
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## [8807] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [8863] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 671 NA NA NA
## [8877] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [8891] NA 1760 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [8905] NA NA 1760 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1987 NA
## [8919] NA NA 1568 NA NA NA NA NA NA 574 1014 NA NA NA
## [8933] NA NA NA NA NA NA 832 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [8947] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [8961] NA NA NA NA NA NA 858 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [8975] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [8989] NA NA 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1735 NA NA
## [9003] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1735 NA NA 132 NA NA NA
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## [9031] NA NA NA 1522 NA NA 1522 NA NA NA NA 1073 NA NA
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## [9073] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1634 NA 1227 NA
## [9087] NA NA NA NA 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 832 NA
## [9101] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [9115] NA NA NA NA NA NA 766 439 766 439 964 NA NA NA
## [9129] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1760 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1760
## [9143] NA 1073 NA NA NA NA NA NA 957 NA NA NA NA NA
## [9157] NA NA NA 1565 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [9269] NA NA NA NA NA 884 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [9297] 1075 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1367 1073
## [9311] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [9325] NA NA NA NA NA 1987 NA 226 NA NA 857 NA 294 1760
## [9339] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 476 NA NA NA
## [9353] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1989 NA NA 1634 NA NA NA NA
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## [9479] NA NA 1978 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [9493] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [9521] NA NA NA NA NA 513 NA NA NA NA NA NA 932 NA
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## [9563] NA NA NA NA 1960 NA NA NA NA NA 384 NA NA NA
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## [9591] NA NA 884 NA 764 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1722 NA
## [9605] NA 1011 NA 1987 NA NA NA 1605 NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [9633] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1476 NA NA NA NA NA
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## [9689] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1343 NA NA NA 1820 NA
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## [9969] NA NA NA NA 1734 NA NA NA NA NA NA 407 NA NA
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## [9997] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 761 NA NA NA NA 1729
## [10011] NA NA NA NA NA 940 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [10039] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 764 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [10053] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 764 NA
## [10067] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1283 NA 940 NA NA NA NA NA
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## [10515] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA
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## [10725] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1367 NA
## [10739] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 916 NA NA NA NA
## [10753] NA NA NA NA 857 1376 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [10767] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1367 NA NA 451 NA NA NA
## [10781] NA NA NA NA NA 130 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [10795] NA NA 1073 NA NA NA NA 1992 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [10809] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1336 NA
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## [10837] 764 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 50 NA NA
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## [10865] 1073 NA NA NA NA NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [10907] NA NA NA 1467 NA 1186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [11691] NA NA NA NA 1098 1647 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [12097] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 365 NA 1193 NA NA NA
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## [12349] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 673 NA NA NA
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## [12377] NA NA NA NA NA 671 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [12671] 1022 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 336 NA NA NA
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## [12699] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1568 NA NA NA 1192 NA NA
## [12713] 404 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186
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## [12895] NA NA NA 1701 155 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [13203] 1565 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [13245] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 294 NA NA
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## [13371] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 191 NA NA NA NA
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## [13455] NA NA NA NA 490 NA NA 766 NA NA NA NA 766 NA
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## [13483] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1368 NA NA
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## [13511] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13525] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 766 NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [13553] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1368 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [13581] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13595] NA NA 1987 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1987 NA NA
## [13609] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1818 NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [13637] NA 750 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 48 NA
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## [13707] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1367 NA 1476
## [13721] 384 NA NA NA NA 513 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13735] NA NA NA NA NA NA 832 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13749] NA NA NA NA NA 846 1149 NA NA NA 1967 NA NA NA
## [13763] 832 NA NA NA 703 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 703
## [13777] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1186
## [13791] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 472 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13805] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA
## [13819] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 777 NA NA NA NA NA
## [13833] NA NA NA NA NA NA 766 NA NA 766 1736 NA NA NA
## [13847] 490 NA NA NA NA NA NA 766 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13861] NA NA NA NA NA NA 1760 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13875] NA NA NA 832 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13889] NA 495 NA NA 1978 NA NA 52 NA NA NA 490 NA NA
## [13903] 1873 832 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [13931] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13945] NA NA NA NA NA 1325 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [13973] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 492 NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [13987] NA NA NA NA NA NA 766 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14001] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14015] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 55
## [14029] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14043] NA NA 1978 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14057] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 49 NA NA 940 NA
## [14071] NA NA NA NA 1515 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14085] 1746 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14099] NA NA NA 1701 NA NA NA NA NA 1831 1746 NA NA NA
## [14113] NA NA NA NA NA 476 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14127] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1701 NA 462 NA NA
## [14141] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 294 NA 1005 NA NA NA
## [14155] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14169] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14183] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1701 803 NA NA NA NA NA
## [14197] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14211] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1251 NA NA NA NA 1118
## [14225] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 NA
## [14239] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1908
## [14253] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14267] NA NA 122 NA NA NA NA NA 1193 NA NA NA NA NA
## [14281] NA NA 964 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14295] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14309] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14323] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 490 NA NA 766
## [14337] NA NA NA NA 766 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14351] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14365] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [14379] 1077 NA NA 766PosSent <- sum(!is.na(match(una2, pos))) #sum positive matches - observations that are not NA
NegSent <- sum(!is.na(match(una2, neg))) #sum manifesto to negative matches - observations that are not NATo derive an overall sentiment score, it’s simply positive word count minus negative word count
PosSent - NegSent## [1] -167We find that there is slightly more negative than positive sentiment among content words in the Unabomber Manifesto. Well, duh!
Wordcloud
Plots in concentric circles by word frequency – uses the wordcloud package
set.seed(123) #prevents resampling, samples once then locks in that random sample
wordcloud(una2, min.freq = 2, max.words = 300, random.order = FALSE, rot.per = 0.25,
colors = brewer.pal(10, "Spectral"))
Frequency sorting
unacorp <- Corpus(VectorSource(una2))
wtm <- TermDocumentMatrix(unacorp)
m <- as.matrix(wtm) #to a regular matrix
v <- sort(rowSums(m), decreasing = TRUE)
d <- data.frame(word = names(v), freq = v)
barplot(d[1:25, ]$freq, las = 2, names.arg = d[1:25, ]$word, col = "green", main = "Most frequent",
ylab = "Word frequencies") #most frequent